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Yang L, Xia C, Jiang J, Chen X, Zhou Y, Yuan C, Bai L, Meng S, Cao G. Removal of antibiotics and estrogens by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132628. [PMID: 37783143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The separation behavior of a variety of emerging contaminants, including nine antibiotics and six estrogens commonly reported in natural environment, by four commercial nanofiltration and reverse osmosis (NF/RO) membranes at various water conditions (pH, concentration) was investigated. The contaminant rejection at pH 6.0 followed a decreasing trend of XLE (94%-100%) ≈ NF90 (88%-100%) > NF270 (25%-85%) > DL (16%-75%). The dense structures of NF90 and XLE reflected by their small effective pore radii (0.30-0.31 nm) contributed mainly to their high rejection, demonstrating the important role of size exclusion. For the negatively charged loose NF270 and DL membranes (0.40-0.45 nm), charge repulsion made additional contribution, which is markedly reflected by their greater rejection to charged antibiotics than neutral estrogens (45%-85% vs. 25%-60% by NF270). The correlation between rejection data and normalized molecular sizes at pH 4.0 and 9.0 intuitively demonstrated the individual role of size exclusion and charge repulsion. The adsorption by membranes was mainly responsible for the initial compound reduction in feedwater by 6%-25% within 3 h, while only 0.3%-5.6% was attributed to self-degradation. The adsorption capacity was determined, which might be mainly governed by hydrophobic interaction. The resolved controlling factors and mechanisms will contribute to the accurate prediction and membrane selection for trace contaminant removal by membrane process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyan Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Caiping Xia
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Jielun Jiang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Xueming Chen
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Rural Waste Recycling Technology, College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, PR China
| | - Yanbo Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Cheng Yuan
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Lichun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track, Ministry of Education, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, PR China
| | - Shujuan Meng
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Guomin Cao
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
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Ma QG, Wan YP, Liu ZH, Dang Z. Simultaneous trace determination of three natural estrogens and their sulfate and glucuronide conjugates in municipal waste and river water samples with UPLC-MS/MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:27357-27371. [PMID: 36378384 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Analytical method for three natural estrogens (NEs) and their sulfate and glucuronide conjugates in waste and river waters using solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) has been available, but problems including poor recovery exist. In order to solve these, some optimizations have been performed in this work. For sample preparation, both rinse and elution solutions were optimized, in which 6 mL of MeOH/water (1:9, v/v), MeOH/Ace/water (10:2:88, v/v/v), and MeOH/NH4OH/water (10:2:88, v/v/v) were determined as the rinse solution, while 6 mL of 2.0% NH4OH/MeOH was determined as the elution solution for conjugated NEs (C-NEs). For mobile phase, addition of NH4F could obviously enhance the signal response of the nine target compounds, and the optimized addition concentration was 0.5 mmol/L. The developed efficient method was validated and showed excellent linearity for each target compound (R2 > 0.998), low limit of quantifications (LOQs, 0.07-1.29 ng/L) in four different water matrices, and excellent recovery efficiencies of 81.0-116.1% in influent, effluent, ultra-pure, and river water samples with low relative standard deviations (RSDs, 0.6-13.6%). The optimized method was successfully applied to influent, effluent, and Pearl River water, among which three NEs were all detected, while five C-NEs were found in the influent, three C-NEs were detected in the effluent, and two C-NEs were found in the Pearl River water, indicating the wide distribution of NEs and C-NEs in different water environments. This work provided a reliable and efficient analytical method for simultaneous trace determination of NEs and C-NEs, which had satisfactory absolute recoveries with low RSDs, low LOQs, and time-saving for both analysis and nitrogen drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Guang Ma
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Ping Wan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
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Bolesta W, Głodniok M, Styszko K. From Sewage Sludge to the Soil-Transfer of Pharmaceuticals: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10246. [PMID: 36011880 PMCID: PMC9408069 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge, produced in the process of wastewater treatment and managed for agriculture, poses the risk of disseminating all the pollutants contained in it. It is tested for heavy metals or parasites, but the concentration of pharmaceuticals in the sludge is not controlled. The presence of these micropollutants in sludge is proven and there is no doubt about their negative impact on the environment. The fate of these micropollutants in the soil is a new and important issue that needs to be known to finally assess the safety of the agricultural use of sewage sludge. The article will discuss issues related to the presence of pharmaceuticals in sewage sludge and their physicochemical properties. The changes that pharmaceuticals undergo have a significant impact on living organisms. This is important for the implementation of a circular economy, which fits perfectly into the agricultural use of stabilized sewage sludge. Research should be undertaken that clearly shows that there is no risk from pharmaceuticals or vice versa: they contribute to the strict definition of maximum allowable concentrations in sludge, which will become an additional criterion in the legislation on municipal sewage sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Bolesta
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
- Water and Sewage Company in Żory, ul. Wodociągowa 10, 44-240 Zory, Poland
| | - Marcin Głodniok
- Central Mining Institute, Plac Gwarków 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Styszko
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
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Huang F, Karu K, Campos LC. Simultaneous measurement of free and conjugated estrogens in surface water using capillary liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Analyst 2021; 146:2689-2704. [PMID: 33751008 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02335c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Given detrimental impacts induced by estrogens at trace level, determination of them is significant but challenging due to their low content in environmental samples and inherent weak ionisation. A modified derivatisation-based methodology was applied for the first time to detect estrogen in free and conjugated forms including some isomers simultaneously using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSn). Derivatisation reaction with previously used 1,2-dimethyl-1H-imidazole-5-sulphonyl chloride allowed significant increase of mass spectrometric signal of analytes and also provided distinctive fragmentation for their confirmation even in complicated matrix. Then satisfactory recovery (>75%) for the majority of analytes was achieved following optimisation of solid phase extraction (SPE) factors. The linearity was validated over a wide concentration with the correlation coefficient around 0.995. The repeatability of this methodology was also confirmed via the intra-day and inter-day precision and was less than 11.73%. Validation of method quantification limits (MQLs) for all chosen estrogens was conducted using 1000 mL surface water, ranging from 7.0 to 132.3 pg L-1. The established methodology was applied to profile presence of targeted estrogens in natural surface water samples. Out of the ten compounds of interest, three free estrogens (E1, E2, E3) and two sulphate estrogens (E1-3S and E2-3S) were found over their MQLs, being in the range of 0.05-0.32 ng L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Huang
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Kersti Karu
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Luiza C Campos
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Tao HY, Zhang J, Shi J, Guo W, Liu X, Zhang M, Ge H, Li XY. Occurrence and emission of phthalates, bisphenol A, and oestrogenic compounds in concentrated animal feeding operations in Southern China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111521. [PMID: 33254396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs), bisphenol A (BPA), and oestrogenic compounds have become major concerns due to their endocrine-disrupting effect. However, few studies related to the occurrence of PAEs, BPA, and oestrogen in food and compost from different growth age livestock have been conducted. In this study, faeces, urine and food samples were collected from a typical livestock (cow) and a special livestock (pigeon) from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). The daily total oestrogen excretion of a single cow ranged from 192 μg/day to 671 μg/day, which was significantly higher than that of a single pigeon (0-0.01 μg/day). Conjugated oestrogens represented 22.0-46.0% of the total oestrogens excreted from cow faeces and 80.7-91.8% of those from cow urine, indicating that the form of the excreted oestrogens depends on the livestock species and type of excrement. BPA was all detected in all livestock manure and food, and the concentration in pigeon was 9.2-40.2 ng/g and 23.1 ng/g respectively, while that in cattle was 50.5-72.0 ng/g and 41.1 ng/g respectively. The results indicated that the food is significant sources of BPA entering the process of cow and pigeon breeding. Diethyl phthalate (DEP) was detected at high frequency in pigeon faeces samples, suggesting that pigeons were highly exposed to these plasticisers. The total oestradiol equivalent quantity (EEQt) of livestock origin in aquatic environments was estimated to be 2.99 ng/L, which was higher than the baseline hazard value (1 ng/L) (Xu et al., 2018). The study provides data on the emissions and sources of PAEs, BPA, and oestrogenic compounds from different livestock in CAFOs and demonstrates that food is a significant source of BPA entering livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Yu Tao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Environmental Engineering Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Environmental Engineering Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianghong Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Wei Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Mengtao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Ge
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Li
- Environmental Engineering Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Aborkhees G, Raina-Fulton R, Thirunavokkarasu O. Determination of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Water and Wastewater Samples by Liquid Chromatography-Negative Ion Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173906. [PMID: 32867135 PMCID: PMC7503312 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-negative ion electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of bisphenol A, 4-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol, diethylstilbestrol, 17β-estradiol, estriol, estrone, 17α-ethinylestradiol, prednisone, and prednisolone. This method used solid-phase extraction with an elution solvent of acetonitrile to improve the stability of the analytes. To maintain the stability of analytes analyses were completed within five days. The recoveries ranged from 84 to 112% and the relative standard deviation of analysis of duplicate samples was <10%. The limits of quantitation were 1–10 ng/L. Surface water and wastewater were obtained from five wastewater treatment plants in Saskatchewan. Matrix effects were moderate to severe. Using standard addition calibration, all analytes except diethylstilbestrol and 17α-ethinyl estradiol were detected. There was a low frequency of detection of the target analytes in upstream and downstream water, indicating good removal efficiency during the wastewater treatment process. Bisphenol A and 4-nonylphenol were the only analytes detected downstream. Bisphenol A was the most frequently detected in raw wastewater (133 to 403 ng/L). Estriol was detected more often in raw wastewater than estrone or 17β-estradiol. This is the first Canadian study with the detection of prednisone and prednisolone with concentrations at 198–350 ng/L in raw wastewater at 60% of the wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Aborkhees
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Trace Analysis Facility, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada;
| | - Renata Raina-Fulton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Trace Analysis Facility, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-306-585-4012
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Pu H, Huang Z, Sun DW, Fu H. Recent advances in the detection of 17β-estradiol in food matrices: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 59:2144-2157. [PMID: 31084362 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1611539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of endocrine disrupting chemicals has become a global issue. As one of the hormonally active compounds, 17β-estradiol produces the strongest estrogenic effect when it enters the organism exogenously including food intakes, bringing potential harmfulness such as malfunction of the endocrine system. Therefore, in order to assure food safety and avoid potential risks of 17β-estradiol to humans, it is of great significance to develop rapid, sensitive and selective approaches for the detection of 17β-estradiol in food matrices. In this review, the harmfulness and main sources of 17β-estradiol are firstly introduced, followed by the description of the principles and applications of different approaches for 17β-estradiol detection including high performance liquid chromatography, electrochemistry, Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence and colorimetry. Particularly, applications in detecting 17β-estradiol in food matrices over the years of 2010-2018 are discussed. Finally, advantages and limitations of these detection methods are highlighted and perspectives on future developments in the detection methods for 17β-estradiol are also proposed. Although many detection approaches can achieve trace or ultratrace detection of 17β-estradiol, further studies should be focused on the development of in-situ and real-time methods to monitor and evaluate 17β-estradiol for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Pu
- a School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China.,b Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou , China.,c Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhibin Huang
- a School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China.,b Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou , China.,c Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou , China
| | - Da-Wen Sun
- a School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China.,b Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou , China.,c Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou , China.,d Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology (FRCFT), Agriculture and Food Science Centre , University College Dublin, National University of Ireland , Belfield , Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - Haohua Fu
- e Tang Renshen Group Co., Ltd , Zhuzhou , China
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Louros VL, Lima DL, Leitão JH, Esteves VI, Nadais HG. Determination of estrone and 17α‐ethinylestradiol in digested sludge by ultrasonic liquid extraction and high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1585-1592. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitória L. Louros
- CESAM & Department of Environment and PlanningUniversity of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal
| | - Diana L.D. Lima
- CESAM & Department of ChemistryUniversity of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal
- Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, ESTESC‐Coimbra Health SchoolDepartment of Complementary Sciences Coimbra Portugal
| | - Jorge H. Leitão
- iBB‐Institute for Bioengineering and BiosciencesInstituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | | | - Helena G. Nadais
- CESAM & Department of Environment and PlanningUniversity of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal
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Martín-Pozo L, de Alarcón-Gómez B, Rodríguez-Gómez R, García-Córcoles MT, Çipa M, Zafra-Gómez A. Analytical methods for the determination of emerging contaminants in sewage sludge samples. A review. Talanta 2019; 192:508-533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Chen Q, Li Z, Hua X. Fate of estrogens in a pilot-scale step-feed anoxic/oxic wastewater treatment system controlling by nitrogen and phosphorus removal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:12981-12991. [PMID: 29479651 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1584-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The control measures for estrogens in the aquatic environment are topics of growing concern. It is a meaningful issue to finding optimal process parameters for efficient removal of estrogens with the purpose of efficient total nitrogen (TN) or total phosphorus (TP) removal in sewage treatment plants. The present paper is concerned with the relationships between the estrogen removal and TN or TP removal in a pilot-scale three-stage anoxic/oxic (A/O) system treating real municipal wastewater. The total removal efficiency for estrone (E1) and 17β-estradiol (E2) and their sulfate and glucuronide conjugates were on average 87% in the pilot-scale system. The concentrations of the sulfate and glucuronide conjugates of estrogens (E1 and E2) in the system were much lower than the estrogens, which might be caused by the rapid degradation of conjugates in the pilot-scale system. The average removal efficiencies of E1 and E2 and their sulfate and glucuronide conjugates were significantly lower under high TP removal conditions than those under high TN removal conditions that suggested that the ammonia oxidation promotes estrogen degradation. When the system achieved efficient TN removal, the concentrations of both E1 and E2 were generally lower in the aerobic zones than those in the anoxic zones. Instead, when the system achieved efficient TP removal conditions, the estrogen concentrations were higher in the aerobic zones than in the anoxic zones. However, it was thought that the variation of the concentrations of the estrogen conjugates had weak influence on concentrations of the free estrogens. The increase of the free estrogens in the aerobic zones could be attributed to the release of the estrogens adsorbed on the sludge. The variation of estrogens in a three-stage A/O system can be properly estimated and measured by a binary linear regression model with the variables of TP and TON (NO2--N and NO3--N), which is probably the important information for the improvement and optimization of wastewater treatment processes to obtain higher removal efficiency for estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingcai Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zebing Li
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base Nuclear Resources & Environment, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Hua
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China
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Wei N, Zheng Z, Wang Y, Tao Y, Shao Y, Zhu S, You J, Zhao XE. Rapid and sensitive determination of multiple endocrine-disrupting chemicals by ultrasound-assisted in situ derivatization dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:937-950. [PMID: 28370680 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in environment samples and food stuffs are an increasing serious public health issue due to their potency to interfere and deregulate several aspects of the endocrine system. Because of their extremely low abundance, it remains a challenging task to develop a sensitive detection method. METHODS 4'-Carbonyl chloride rosamine (CCR) was used as a derivatization reagent for EDCs for the first time. A new ultrasound-assisted in situ derivatization/dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UA-DLLME with in situ derivatization) method for multiple EDCs including five estrogens, two alkylphenols, eight bisphenols, seven parabens and triclosan coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS) has been developed and validated. RESULTS The ionization efficiency of EDCs was greatly enhanced through the introduction of a permanent charged moiety of CCR into the derivatives during electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS analysis. The main variables potentially affecting the UA-DLLME with in situ derivatization process are optimized. The recoveries and matrix effects of 23 EDCs for the spiking samples were in the range of 83.0-116.0% and 85.8-114.6%, respectively. Good method reproducibility was achieved. CONCLUSIONS The limits of detection (LODs) for 23 EDCs were 0.05-0.40 ng/L and 0.03-0.25 ng/g (dry weight, d.w.) for environment samples and food stuffs, respectively. The proposed method has been demonstrated to be suitable for simultaneous determination of multiple EDCs in real samples with high sensitivity, speediness, and good sample clean-up ability. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wei
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis & Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Zhenjia Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian, 271018, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis & Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yanduo Tao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, P.R. China
| | - Yun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, P.R. China
| | - Shuyun Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis & Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jinmao You
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis & Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, P.R. China
| | - Xian-En Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis & Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, P.R. China
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Liu X, Shi J, Bo T, Meng Y, Zhan X, Zhang M, Zhang Y. Distributions and ecological risk assessment of estrogens and bisphenol A in an arid and semiarid area in northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:7216-7225. [PMID: 28101707 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Free estrogens (estrone, E1; 17β-estradiol, 17β-E2; estriol, E3; and 17α-ethinylestradiol, EE2), their corresponding sulfate and glucuronide conjugates, and bisphenol A (BPA) were investigated in water and sediments in the Fen River catchment, an arid and semiarid area in northwest China. E1 and BPA were frequently detected in the wet and dry sampling seasons. In addition to the sulfate conjugates, other conjugated estrogens were not detected in water and sediments. The concentrations of these compounds in water generally increased from upstream to downstream. The concentrations in water samples of most sites were higher in the wet season than those in the dry season, but concentrations in sediments of most sites were higher in the dry season than those in the wet season. The distributions of these compounds in sediments were positively correlated with the total organic carbon (TOC) contents of sediments (0.3 < R 2 < 0.6, p < 0.01) and concentrations in water (0.25 < R 2 < 0.50, p < 0.01). In this catchment, E1 was the main contributor to endocrine disrupting risk. The surface water in most of the tributaries and the sewage in the drainage channels were at risk. The pore waters of sediments were at risk at most sampling sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Liu
- Hefei University of Technology (Xuancheng Campus), Xuancheng, Anhui, 242000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jianghong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
| | - Ting Bo
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yaobin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster (Ministry of Education), Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xinmin Zhan
- Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Mengtao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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13
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Analysis of 17-β-estradiol and 17-α-ethinylestradiol in biological and environmental matrices — A review. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Vortex-assisted hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction technique combined with high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection for the determination of oestrogens in milk samples. Food Chem 2015; 172:385-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Shi J, Liu X, Chen Q, Zhang H. Spatial and seasonal distributions of estrogens and bisphenol A in the Yangtze River Estuary and the adjacent East China Sea. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 111:336-343. [PMID: 24997937 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Surface water and sediments in the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) and the adjacent East China Sea (ECS) were sampled to investigate the spatial and seasonal distributions of Estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and bisphenol A (BPA). E1 and BPA were the dominant compounds detected. The zones of the highest E1 and BPA concentrations in water were located at the mouth of the Huangpu River and the outfalls of wastewater treatment plants. The zones of the highest concentrations in sediments were mainly located in the down reach of the estuary and the adjacent sea. The relationship between E1 and BPA in sediments with those in water was not significant (BPA: r=0.16, p=0.21; E1: r=0.18, p=0.24), but positive correlations with the total organic carbon (TOC) contents of sediments (BPA: r=0.57, p<0.01; E1: r=0.33, p=0.04) and negative correlations with the sand contents of sediments (BPA: r=-0.52, p<0.01; E1: r=-0.16, p=0.23) were found. The TOC contents were the major factor influencing the E1 and BPA distributions in sediments. The hierarchical cluster analysis further indicated the spatial distributions of BPA and E1 in sediments were obviously affected by TOC and sediment particle sizes, whilst the distributions varied slightly with seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Qingcai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
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16
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Kumar R, Gaurav, Heena, Malik AK, Kabir A, Furton KG. Efficient analysis of selected estrogens using fabric phase sorptive extraction and high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1359:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Wang P, Qiu X, Yang Y. Determination of Estrogens in Human Urine by Vortex-Assisted Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Based on Floating Organic Acid Droplet Combined with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence Detection. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2014.913522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peijin Wang
- a Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , Yunnan , China
| | - Xiaoyan Qiu
- b Yunnan Institute of Standardization Kunming , Kunming , Yunnan , China
| | - Yaling Yang
- a Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , Yunnan , China
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18
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Zhang H, Shi J, Liu X, Zhan X, Chen Q. Occurrence and removal of free estrogens, conjugated estrogens, and bisphenol A in manure treatment facilities in East China. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 58:248-257. [PMID: 24768704 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of four free estrogens, four conjugated estrogens, and bisphenol A (BPA) was investigated in three cow farms, four swine farms, and five chicken farms. The daily total estrogen (free and conjugated) excretions of a cow were 145.23-179.27 μg/d mainly through feces (92%), while swine excreted 42.56-219.25 μg/d of estrogens mainly through urine (98-99%). Estrogen conjugates contributed 14.6-48.8% to the total estrogen excretions in cow feces and more than 98% in swine urine. A chicken excreted 0.66-12.78 μg/d of total estrogens through feces, among which 34.2-100% was contributed by conjugated estrogens. The total estrogen removal efficiencies of manure anaerobic digesters and composters were 14.7-21.8% and less than 70.1%, respectively. Estrogens (E1, 17β-E2, E1-3S, and E2-3S) still existed in treated manure at concentrations up to 2695 ± 181 ng/L (anaerobic digestate) and at contents up to 80.8 ± 6.0 ng/g (compost). BPA was found in feces and compost samples at similar contents (nd-25 ng/g), and approximately 60-70% of BPA was removed in wastewater treatment facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Jianghong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Xinmin Zhan
- Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Qingcai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
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Zhang H, Shi J, Liu X, Zhan X, Dang J, Bo T. Occurrence of free estrogens, conjugated estrogens, and bisphenol A in fresh livestock excreta and their removal by composting in North China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:9939-9947. [PMID: 24828825 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An efficient pretreatment and analytical method was developed to investigate the occurrence and fate of four free estrogens (estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (17β-E2), estriol (E3), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2)), four conjugated estrogens (estrone-3-sulfate sodium salt (E1-3S), 17β-estradiol-3-sulfate sodium salt (E2-3S), estrone-3-glucuronide sodium salt (E1-3G), and 17β-estradiol-3-glucuronide sodium salt (E2-3G)), and bisphenol A (BPA) in three livestock farms raising beef cattle, cows, sheep, swine, and chickens in Qi County, which is located in North China. The results demonstrated that one cow and one beef cattle excreted 956.25-1,270.41 and 244.38-319.99 μg/day of total (free and conjugated) estrogen, respectively, primarily through feces (greater than 91%), while swine excreted 260.09-289.99 μg/day of estrogens, primarily through urine (98-99%). The total estrogen excreted in sheep and broiler chicken feces was calculated to be 21.64-28.67 and 4.62-5.40 μg/day, respectively. It was determined that conjugated estrogens contributed to 21.1-21.9% of the total estrogen excreted in cow feces and more than 98% of the total estrogen excreted in swine urine. After composting, the concentration of total estrogen decreased by 18.7-59.6%; however, increased levels of BPA were measured. In treated compost samples, estrogens were detected at concentrations up to 74.0 ng/g, which indicates a potential risk of estrogens entering the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
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20
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Yang Y, Lu L, Zhang J, Yang Y, Wu Y, Shao B. Simultaneous determination of seven bisphenols in environmental water and solid samples by liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1328:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Hu Y, Zhang M, Tong C, Wu J, Liu W. Enrichment of steroid hormones in water with porous and hydrophobic polymer-based SPE followed by HPLC-UV determination. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3321-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinfen Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Man Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Changlun Tong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Microanalytical System; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
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22
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López-Jiménez F, Rosales-Marcano M, Rubio S. Restricted access property supramolecular solvents for combined microextraction of endocrine disruptors in sediment and sample cleanup prior to their quantification by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1303:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Sludge/water partition and biochemical transformation of estrone and 17β-estradiol in a pilot-scale step-feed anoxic/oxic wastewater treatment system. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Chen Q, Shi J, Liu X, Wu W, Liu B, Zhang H. Simulation of estrogen transport and behavior in laboratory soil columns using a cellular automata model. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2013; 146:51-62. [PMID: 23376816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A cellular automata model (CA model) was used to simulate the soil column leaching process of estrogens during the processes of migration and transformation. The results of the simulated leaching experiment showed that the first-order degradation rates of 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), 17β-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) were 0.131 h(-1) for E2, 0.099 h(-1) for E1 and 0.064 h(-1) for EE2 in the EE2 and E2 leaching process, and the first-order sorption rates were 5.94 h(-1) for E2, 5.63 h(-1) for EE2, 3.125 h(-1) for E1. Their sorption rates were positively correlated with the n-octanol/water partition coefficients. When the diffusion rate was low, its impact on the simulation results was insignificant. The increase in sorption and degradation rates caused the decrease in the total estrogens that leached. In addition, increasing the sorption rate could delay the emerging time of the maximum concentration of estrogen that leached, whereas increasing the degradation rate could shorten the emerging time of the maximum concentration of estrogen that leached. The comparison made between the experimental data and the simulation results of the CA model and the HYDRUS-1D software showed that the establishment of one-component and multi-component CA models could simulate EE2 and E2 soil column leaching processes, and the CA models achieve an intuitive, dynamic, and visual simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingcai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
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25
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Soares SFC, Gomes AA, Araujo MCU, Filho ARG, Galvão RKH. The successive projections algorithm. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Siritham C, Thammakhet C, Thavarungkul P, Kanatharana P. Online microchannel preconcentrator for carbofuran detection. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2013; 48:893-905. [PMID: 23998301 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2013.816556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A simple and rapid online microchannel preconcentrator coupled with an amperometric detection for the analysis of carbofuran using polyethylene glycol coated onto magnetic particle (PEG-magnetic particles) sorbents was developed. This simple-to-prepare microchannel preconcentrator used an external magnet to retain the PEG-magnetic particle sorbents inside the microchannel. Under optimum conditions, the system provided two linear ranges, from 0.01 to 10.0 mg L(-1) and from 10.0 to 130.0 mg L(-1) with a limit of detection of 8.7 ± 0.1 μg L(-1). The microchannel preconcentrator provided very good stability; it can be used for up to 326 consecutive injections of 5.0 mg L(-1) carbofuran with a relative standard deviation of less than 3%. The developed system provided a good microchannel-to-microchannel and a good electrode-to-electrode reproducibility (n = 6, %RSD < 1). It also provided an excellent selectivity when it was tested with two other carbamate pesticides, carbaryl and methomyl, with a 43 and 256 times higher detection sensitivity for carbofuran, respectively. The developed system was successfully applied to detect carbofuran in surface water samples obtained near vegetable plantation areas. The concentrations of carbofuran in these samples were found to be in the range of non-detectable to 0.047 ± 0.001 mg L(-1). The developed system is easy to operate and easy to couple with other analytical instruments and it could be easily adapted for the analysis of other polar organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charinrat Siritham
- Trace Analysis and Biosensor Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
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