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Baysal A, Saygin H, Soyocak A, Onat B. Year-long and seasonal differences of PM 2.5 chemical characteristics and their role in the viability of human lung epithelial cells (A549). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2024; 59:261-272. [PMID: 38952018 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2024.2370680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Fine particulate matters-PM2.5 in the air can have considerable negative effects on human health and the environment. Various human cell-based studies examined the effect of PM2.5 on human health in different cities of the world using various chemical parameters. Unfortunately, limited information is available regarding the relationship between toxicity and chemical characteristics of PM2.5 collected in Istanbul, Türkiye, located in one of the most populated cities in the world. To investigate the chemical characteristics and cytotoxicity of PM2.5 in Istanbul, samples were collected for 12 months, then potentially toxic metals, oxidative potential, and particle indicators (e.g., functional groups and elements) were determined, and the cytotoxicity of PM2.5 on human A549 lung alveolar epithelial cells was examined. The mean PM2.5 mass concentration was 24.0 ± 17.4 µg m-3 and higher in cold months compared to other seasons. Moreover, the results of the metals, elemental, and functional groups indicated that seasonal and monthly characteristics were influenced by the regional anthropogenic sources and photochemistry input. The cytotoxicity results also showed that the viability of A549 cells was reduced with the exposure of PM2.5 (30-53%) and higher cytotoxicity was obtained in summer compared to the other seasons due to the impact of the metals, elements, and oxidative characteristics of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asli Baysal
- Chemistry Department, Science and Letters Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasan Saygin
- Application and Research Center for Advanced Studies, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahu Soyocak
- Medical Biology Department, Medical Faculty, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burcu Onat
- Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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2
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Świetlik R, Trojanowska M. Chemical Fractionation in Environmental Studies of Potentially Toxic Particulate-Bound Elements in Urban Air: A Critical Review. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10030124. [PMID: 35324749 PMCID: PMC8948661 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10030124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, studies of heavy metal air pollution have increasingly gone beyond determining total concentrations of individual toxic metals. Chemical fractionation of potentially toxic elements in airborne particles is becoming an important part of these studies. This review covers the articles that have been published over the last three decades. Attention was paid to the issue of atmospheric aerosol sampling, sample pretreatment, sequential extraction schemes and conditions of individual extractions. Geochemical forms of metals occurring in the air in urban areas were considered in detail. Based on the data sets from chemical fractionation of particulate matter samples by three sequential extraction procedures (SEPs)—Fernández Espinosa, BCR and Chester’s—the compilation of the chemical distribution patterns of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn was prepared. The human health risk posed by these toxic and/or carcinogenic elements via inhalation of atmospheric particles was estimated for two categories of polluted urban areas: the commonly encountered pollution level and the high pollution level.
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Mondal S, Singh G. PM 2.5-bound trace elements in a critically polluted industrial coal belt of India: seasonal patterns, source identification, and human health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10.1007/s11356-021-12876-z. [PMID: 33625706 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12876-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of trace elements like Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, and As in atmospheric particulate matter (PM2.5) was estimated to investigate their seasonal variation, potential sources, and health risk at Jharia coalfield, India, during May 2018 to April 2019. Measured PM2.5 (170 ± 45 μg/m3) exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (2009) by a factor of 4.25, the Clean Air Act, National Ambient Air Quality Standards (40 CFR part 50) by a factor of 11, and Air Quality Guidelines of World Health Organization (2005) by a factor of 16. Mean concentration of the trace elements were observed in the order of Fe > Mn > Cu > Zn > Cr > Pb > Co > Ni > Cd > As, highest being perceived at the monitoring sites affected by coal mine fire. The significantly higher HQ values posed by PM2.5-bound Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and As and higher HI values (multi-elemental exposure) indicated potential non-carcinogenic risk to the residents of Dhanbad. Higher ECR values in the coal mining areas of JCF indicated higher carcinogenic risk to the population (adults > children) of Dhanbad due to inhalation of PM2.5-bound Cr. Spontaneous combustion of coal in the mines, active mine fire, associated mining activities, heavy vehicular emission, and re-suspended road dust were recognized as the potential sources of the trace elements from the results of PCA and Pearson correlation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Mondal
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India
| | - Gurdeep Singh
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India.
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4
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A novel calibration strategy for the analysis of airborne particulate matter by direct solid sampling ETV-ICP-MS. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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5
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Research Progress of HP Characteristics, Hazards, Control Technologies, and Measures in China after 2013. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10120767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, hazy weather (hazy weather (HW) has frequently invaded peoples’ lives in China, resulting in the disturbance of social operation, so it is urgent to resolve the haze pollution (HP) problem. A comprehensive understanding of HP is essential to further effectively alleviate or even eliminate it. In this study, HP characteristics in China, after 2013, were presented. It was found that the situation of HP is getting better year by year while it has been a pattern of high levels in the north and low levels in the south. In most regions of China, the contribution of a secondary source for HP is relatively large, and that of traffic is greater in the regions with rapid economic development. Hazards of HP were then summarized. Not only does HP cause harm to human health, but it also has effects on human production and quality of life, furthermore, property and atmospheric environment cannot be ignored. Next, the source and non-source control technologies of HP were first reviewed to recognize the weakness of HP control in China. This review provides more systematic information about HP problems and the future development directions of HP research were proposed to further effectively control HP in China.
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Chemical Characteristics of Fine Particulate Matter in Poland in Relation with Data from Selected Rural and Urban Background Stations in Europe. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app9010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution by particulate matter (PM) is recognized as a one of the most important environmental issue. A particular attention is being paid to fine PM fraction (PM2.5, PM1.0) due to its detrimental impact on human health and long-term persistence in the air. Presented work is an in-depth bibliometric study on the concentrations and chemical composition of PM2.5 among 27 rural and 38 urban/urban background stations dispersed across the Europe. Obtained results indicate that the chemical composition of PM2.5, in terms of mass concentrations and percentage contribution of main chemical constituents, is relatively different in various parts of Europe. Urban and urban background stations are typically characterized by higher share of total carbon (TC) in PM2.5, compared to rural background sites, mostly pronounced during the heating periods. The share of the secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) is typically higher at rural background stations, especially in North-Western Europe. In general, the relative contribution of SIA in PM2.5 mass, both at rural and urban background stations, showed more or less pronounced seasonal variation, opposite to Polish measurement sites. Moreover, Poland stands out from the majority of the European stations by strong dominance of total carbon over secondary inorganic aerosol.
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Yang X, Wang T, Xia M, Gao X, Li Q, Zhang N, Gao Y, Lee S, Wang X, Xue L, Yang L, Wang W. Abundance and origin of fine particulate chloride in continental China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 624:1041-1051. [PMID: 29929221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Particulate chloride can be converted to nitryl chloride (ClNO2) through heterogeneous reactions with dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), and photolysis of ClNO2 affects atmospheric oxidative capacity. However, the characteristics and sources of chloride, especially those with an anthropogenic origin, are poorly characterized, which makes it difficult to evaluate the effects of ClNO2 on radical chemistry and air quality in polluted regions. Aerosol composition data from the literature were compiled to derive the spatial distributions of particulate chloride across China, and hourly aerosol composition data collected at a highly polluted inland urban site in eastern China and at a coastal site in southern China were analysed to gain further insights into non-oceanic sources of chloride. The results show that particulate chloride is concentrated mainly in fine particles and that high chloride loadings are observed in the inland urban areas of northern and western China with higher Cl-/Na+ mass ratios (2.46 to 5.00) than sea water (1.81), indicative of significant contributions from anthropogenic sources. At the inland urban site, the fine chloride displays distinct seasonality, with higher levels in winter and summer. Correlation analysis and positive matrix factorization (PMF) results indicate that coal combustion and residential biomass burning are the main sources (84.8%) of fine chloride in winter, and open biomass burning is the major sources (52.7%) in summer. The transport of plumes from inland polluted areas leads to elevated fine chloride in coastal areas. A simulation with WRF-Chem model confirmed a minor contribution of sea-salt aerosol to fine chloride at the inland site during summer with winds from the East Sea. The widespread sources of chloride, together with abundant NOx and ozone, suggest significant ClNO2 production and subsequent enhanced photochemical processes over China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Men Xia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaomen Gao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; School of Resources and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qinyi Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Naiwen Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Civil Engineering, The Chu Hai College of Higher Education, Castle Peak Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuncheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Perrone MG, Vratolis S, Georgieva E, Török S, Šega K, Veleva B, Osán J, Bešlić I, Kertész Z, Pernigotti D, Eleftheriadis K, Belis CA. Sources and geographic origin of particulate matter in urban areas of the Danube macro-region: The cases of Zagreb (Croatia), Budapest (Hungary) and Sofia (Bulgaria). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:1515-1529. [PMID: 29734626 PMCID: PMC5821697 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of main PM pollution sources and their geographic origin in three urban sites of the Danube macro-region (Zagreb, Budapest and Sofia) were determined by combining receptor and Lagrangian models. The source contribution estimates were obtained with the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) receptor model and the results were further examined using local wind data and backward trajectories obtained with FLEXPART. Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) analysis was applied to identify the geographical source areas for the PM sources subject to long-range transport. Gas-to-particle transformation processes and primary emissions from biomass burning are the most important contributors to PM in the studied sites followed by re-suspension of soil (crustal material) and traffic. These four sources can be considered typical of the Danube macro-region because they were identified in all the studied locations. Long-range transport was observed of: a) sulphate-enriched aged aerosols, deriving from SO2 emissions in combustion processes in the Balkans and Eastern Europe and b) dust from the Saharan and Karakum deserts. The study highlights that PM pollution in the studied urban areas of the Danube macro-region is the result of both local sources and long-range transport from both EU and no-EU areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Perrone
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - S Vratolis
- N.C.S.R. Demokritos, 15341 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - E Georgieva
- National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 66 Blvd Tzarigradsko chaussee, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - S Török
- Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly Thege Miklos Utca 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - K Šega
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, p.p. 291, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - B Veleva
- National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 66 Blvd Tzarigradsko chaussee, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - J Osán
- Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly Thege Miklos Utca 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - I Bešlić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, p.p. 291, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Z Kertész
- Institute for Nuclear Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Bem square 18/c, 4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - D Pernigotti
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, via Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
| | | | - C A Belis
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, via Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
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9
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Shaltout AA, Harfouche M, Ahmed SI, Czyzycki M, Karydas AG. Synchrotron radiation total reflection X-ray fluorescence (SR-TXRF) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) of fractionated air particulates collected from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Baysal A, Saygin H, Ustabasi GS. Interaction of PM2.5 airborne particulates with ZnO and TiO 2 nanoparticles and their effect on bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 190:34. [PMID: 29264728 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6408-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A significant knowledge gap in nanotechnology is the absence of standardized protocols for examining and comparison the effect of metal oxide nanoparticles on different environment media. Despite the large number of studies on ecotoxicity of nanoparticles, most of them disregard the particles physicochemical transformation under real exposure conditions and interaction with different environmental components like air, soil, water, etc. While one of the main exposure ways is inhalation and/or atmosphere for human and environment, there is no investigation between airborne particulates and nanoparticles. In this study, some metal oxide nanoparticle (ZnO and TiO2) transformation and behavior in PM2.5 air particulate media were examined and evaluated by the influence on nanoparticle physicochemical properties (size, surface charge, surface functionalization) and on bacterium (Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus/Gram-negative Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria) by testing in various concentrations of PM2.5 airborne particulate media to contribute to their environmental hazard and risk assessment in atmosphere. PM2.5 airborne particulate media affected their toxicity and physicochemical properties when compared the results obtained in controlled conditions. ZnO and TiO2 surfaces were functionalized mainly with sulfoxide groups in PM2.5 air particulates. In addition, tested particles were not observed to be toxic in controlled conditions. However, these were observed inhibition in PM2.5 airborne particulates media by the exposure concentration. These observations and dependence of the bacteria viability ratio explain the importance of particulate matter-nanoparticle interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asli Baysal
- Health Services Vocational School of Higher Education, T.C. Istanbul Aydin University, Sefakoy Kucukcekmece, 34295, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Hasan Saygin
- Application and Research Center for Advanced Studies, T.C. Istanbul Aydin University, Sefakoy Kucukcekmece, 34295, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gul Sirin Ustabasi
- Health Services Vocational School of Higher Education, T.C. Istanbul Aydin University, Sefakoy Kucukcekmece, 34295, Istanbul, Turkey
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11
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Baysal A, Baltaci H, Ozbek N, Destanoglu O, Ustabasi GS, Gumus G. Chemical characterization of surface snow in Istanbul (NW Turkey) and their association with atmospheric circulations. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:275. [PMID: 28523580 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5982-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of the impurities in natural snow is important in realizing its atmospheric quality, soil characteristics, and the pollution caused to the environment. Knowledge of the occurrence of major ions and trace metals in the snow in the megacity of Istanbul is very limited. This manuscript attempts to understand the origin of major soluble ions (fluoride, acetate, formate, chlorite, chloride, nitrite, chlorate, bromide, nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, and perchlorate) and some trace metals (Fe, Mn, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cu) in winter surface snow, collected in Istanbul, Turkey. The sampling of the surface snow was conducted after each precipitation during the winter of 2015-2016 at three sites in the city. Besides the statistical evaluation of the major ions, and some trace metal concentrations, the chemical variations along with atmospheric circulations, which are important modification mechanisms that influence the concentrations, were investigated in the study. At examined locations and times, 12 major anions were investigated and in these anions fluoride, chlorite, chlorate, bromide, and perchlorate in the snow samples were below the detection limit; only SO42-, NO3-, and CI- were found to be in the range of 1.11-17.90, 0.75-4.52, and 0.19-3.01 mg/L. Also, according to the trace element determination, the concentration was found to be 29.2-53.7, 2.0-16.1, 1.0-2.2, 50.1-71.1, 24.2-35.2, ND-7.9, 43.2-106.6, and 3.0-17.7 μg/L for Fe, Mn, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Cu, respectively. The major anions and investigated trace elements here originated mainly from anthropogenic and atmospheric circulation and mainly influenced by northerly and southerly circulation patterns. While the main limitations in the present study may be the low number of samples that may not be entirely representative, accurately reflect identification, or support other previously observed local measurements, we believe that the type of data presented in this study has the potential to be used in the field of environmental risk assessment and, as result, for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asli Baysal
- Health Services Vocational School of Higher Education, T.C. Istanbul Aydin University, 34295 Sefakoy Kucukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Hakki Baltaci
- Turkish State Meteorological Service, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nil Ozbek
- Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Orhan Destanoglu
- Department of Chemistry, The Council of Forensic Medicine, 34196, Bahcelievler Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gul Sirin Ustabasi
- Health Services Vocational School of Higher Education, T.C. Istanbul Aydin University, 34295 Sefakoy Kucukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulcin Gumus
- Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Caggiano R, Calamita G, Sabia S, Trippetta S. Biomonitoring of atmospheric pollution: a novel approach for the evaluation of natural and anthropogenic contribution to atmospheric aerosol particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:8578-8587. [PMID: 28194674 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8534-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of the potential natural and anthropogenic contribution to atmospheric aerosol particles by using lichen-bag technique was performed in the Agri Valley (Basilicata region, southern Italy). This is an area of international concern since it houses one of the largest European on-shore reservoirs and the biggest oil/gas pre-treatment plant (i.e., Centro Olio Val d'Agri (COVA)) within an anthropized context. In particular, the concentrations of 17 trace elements (Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Ti, and Zn) were measured in lichen bags exposed in 59 selected monitoring points over periods of 6 months (from October 2011 to April 2012) and 12 months (from October 2011 to October 2012). The general origin of the main air masses affecting the sampling site during the study period was assessed by the back trajectories clustering calculated using the HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. The results allowed the identification and characterization of the crustal material, smoke, sea salt, sulfate, and anthropogenic trace element contributions to the atmospheric aerosol particles in the study area. Finally, the application of the trend surface analysis (TSA) allowed the study of the spatial distribution of the considered contributions highlighting the existence of a continuous broad variation of these contributions in the area of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Caggiano
- IMAA, Istituto di Metodologie per l'Analisi Ambientale, CNR, C.da S. Loja, Z.I, 85050, Tito Scalo (PZ), Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Calamita
- IMAA, Istituto di Metodologie per l'Analisi Ambientale, CNR, C.da S. Loja, Z.I, 85050, Tito Scalo (PZ), Italy
| | - Serena Sabia
- IMAA, Istituto di Metodologie per l'Analisi Ambientale, CNR, C.da S. Loja, Z.I, 85050, Tito Scalo (PZ), Italy
| | - Serena Trippetta
- IMAA, Istituto di Metodologie per l'Analisi Ambientale, CNR, C.da S. Loja, Z.I, 85050, Tito Scalo (PZ), Italy
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13
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Determination of particulate phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their nitrated and oxygenated derivatives using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1472:88-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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14
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Ozbek N, Baltaci H, Baysal A. Investigation of fluorine content in PM2.5 airborne particles of Istanbul, Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:13169-13177. [PMID: 27023803 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6506-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine determination in airborne samples is important due to its spread into the air from both natural and artificial sources. It can travel by wind over large distances before depositing on the Earth's surface. Its concentration in various matrices are limited and controlled by the regulations for causing health risks associated with environmental exposures. In this work, fluorine was determined in PM2.5 airborne samples by high-resolution continuum source electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. For these purpose, the PM2.5 airborne particulates were collected on quartz filters using high-volume samplers (500 L/min) in Istanbul (Turkey) for 96 h during January to June in 2 years. Then, instrumental and experimental parameters were optimized for the analyte in airborne samples. The validity of the method for the analyte was tested using standard reference material, and certified values were found in the limits of 95 % confidence level. The fluorine concentrations and meteorological conditions were compared statistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nil Ozbek
- Faculty of Science and Letters Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakki Baltaci
- Istanbul Technical University, Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, 34469, Maslak, İstanbul, Turkey
- Turkish State Meteorological Service, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Asli Baysal
- T.C. Istanbul Aydin University, Health Services Vocational School of Higher Education, 34295 Sefakoy Kucukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey.
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15
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Baysal A, Akman S. Determination of Mercury in Istanbul Airborne Particles Using Solid Sampling High-Resolution Continuum Source Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2015.1125360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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17
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Liang CS, Duan FK, He KB, Ma YL. Review on recent progress in observations, source identifications and countermeasures of PM2.5. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 86:150-170. [PMID: 26595670 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, PM2.5 (atmospheric fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) have received so much attention that the observations, source appointment and countermeasures of it have been widely studied due to its harmful impacts on visibility, mood (mental health), physical health, traffic safety, construction, economy and nature, as well as its complex interaction with climate. A review on the PM2.5 related research is necessary. We start with summary of chemical composition and characteristics of PM2.5 that contains both macro and micro observation results and analysis, wherein the temporal variability of concentrations of PM2.5 and major components in many recent reports is embraced. This is closely followed by an overview of source appointment, including the composition and sources of PM2.5 in different countries in the six inhabitable continents based on the best available results. Besides summarizing PM2.5 pollution countermeasures by policy, planning, technology and ideology, the World Air Day is proposed to be established to inspire and promote the crucial social action in energy-saving and emission-reduction. Some updated knowledge of the important topics (such as formation and evolution mechanisms of hazes, secondary aerosols, aerosol mass spectrometer, organic tracers, radiocarbon, emissions, solutions for air pollution problems, etc.) is also included in the present review by logically synthesizing the studies. In addition, the key research challenges and future directions are put forward. Despite our efforts, our understanding of the recent reported observations, source identifications and countermeasures of PM2.5 is limited, and subsequent efforts both of the authors and readers are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Sheng Liang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Feng-Kui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Ke-Bin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yong-Liang Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Borgie M, Dagher Z, Ledoux F, Verdin A, Cazier F, Martin P, Hachimi A, Shirali P, Greige-Gerges H, Courcot D. Comparison between ultrafine and fine particulate matter collected in Lebanon: Chemical characterization, in vitro cytotoxic effects and metabolizing enzymes gene expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 205:250-260. [PMID: 26093079 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
During the last few years, the induction of toxicological mechanisms by atmospheric ultrafine particles (UFP) has become one of the most studied topics in toxicology and a subject of huge debates. Fine particles (FP) and UFP collected at urban and rural sites in Lebanon were studied for their chemical composition and toxicological effects. UFP were found more enriched in trace elements, secondary inorganic ions, total carbon and organic compounds than FP. For toxicological analysis, BEAS-2B cells were exposed for 24, 48 and 72 h to increasing concentrations of FP, water-UFP suspension (UFPw) and UFP organic extract (UFPorg). Our findings showed that UFP caused earlier alterations of mitochondrial metabolism and membrane integrity from the lowest concentrations. Moreover, a significant induction of CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and AhRR genes expression was showed after cells exposure to UFPorg and to a lesser extent to UFPw and FP samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Borgie
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France; Bioactive Molecules Research Group, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technologies, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Zeina Dagher
- Bioactive Molecules Research Group, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technologies, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences-2, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Frédéric Ledoux
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Anthony Verdin
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Fabrice Cazier
- Centre Commun de Mesures, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel 1, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Perrine Martin
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Adam Hachimi
- Micropolluants Technologie, 4 Rue de Bort Les Orgues, 57070 Saint Julien Les Metz, France
| | - Pirouz Shirali
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Hélène Greige-Gerges
- Bioactive Molecules Research Group, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technologies, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences-2, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dominique Courcot
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France.
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Zhang F, Wang ZW, Cheng HR, Lv XP, Gong W, Wang XM, Zhang G. Seasonal variations and chemical characteristics of PM(2.5) in Wuhan, central China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 518-519:97-105. [PMID: 25747369 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 samples were collected at an urban site (WD) and a suburban site (TH) in Wuhan from August 2012 to July 2013. The mass concentrations of water-soluble inorganic ions, carbonaceous species and elements of PM2.5 were measured. The annual mean concentrations of PM2.5 were 106.5 μg/m(3) and 114.9 μg/m(3) at WD and TH, respectively. The chemical compositions of PM2.5 at WD were similar to those at TH and the fractions of the major components of PM2.5 in Wuhan were in the following order of trace elements<chloride<EC (elemental carbon)<ammonium<nitrate<soil dust<sulfate<OM (organic matter). As the secondary ionic aerosols (SIA) and dominant ions, SO4(2-), NO3(-) and NH4(+) all exhibited strong seasonal distributions, consistently with the lowest values in summer and the highest in winter. OM was the most abundant component in PM2.5, the lowest concentrations of which were observed in summer at both sites, while the highest concentrations of OC (organic carbon) appeared in winter at WD and autumn at TH, respectively. The highest OC concentration observed in autumn was tightly related to the biomass burning near the suburban site. The crustal elements (Mg, K, Ca and Fe) dominated the 20 detected elements in PM2.5, with the highest concentrations in spring in Wuhan, which might be due to frequent sandstorm from north carrying abundant soil dusts in spring in China. Ten trace elements (Cu, Ga, Ag, Tl, Ca, As, Zn, Pb, Se and Cd) were enriched in PM2.5 and the higher EF for Ag, Pb, Se and Cd in PM2.5 indicated that the air pollution from vehicle exhaust emission and coal burning in Wuhan was serious and noteworthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zu-wu Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hai-rong Cheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Xiao-pu Lv
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Wei Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping & Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xin-ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Szigeti T, Óvári M, Dunster C, Kelly FJ, Lucarelli F, Záray G. Changes in chemical composition and oxidative potential of urban PM(2.5) between 2010 and 2013 in Hungary. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 518-519:534-44. [PMID: 25777959 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive chemical characterization and oxidative potential (OP) assessment of PM2.5 was carried out at an urban site of Budapest between June 2010 and May 2013 to investigate the seasonal variability of particulate phase air pollutants and their oxidative activity. Chemical analyses included the determination of the concentration of trace elements, major water-soluble inorganic ions and carbonaceous fractions (total carbon, water-soluble organic carbon, organic carbon, elemental carbon). The OP of PM2.5 was assessed by antioxidant depletion using a synthetic respiratory tract lining fluid containing ascorbate, reduced glutathione and urate. The mean PM2.5 mass concentration (21.0 μg m(-3)) was just below the 25 μg m(-3) annual mean PM2.5 limit value set by the European Commission and showed a seasonal pattern with higher levels during winter. On average, 84% of the gravimetric mass could be reconstructed by the chemical measurements. Organic matter and secondary inorganic ions were the most dominant PM2.5 constituents contributing 40 and 29% of its mass, respectively. Changes in the yearly concentrations were not identified for the investigated compounds between 2010 and 2013. Temporal differences in both ascorbate and glutathione oxidation could be observed during the 3-year long sampling period; however, no clear seasonal trend was apparent. OP metrics were associated mainly with traffic-related trace elements; however, other PM sources (i.e., long-range transport, secondary aerosol formation) could also contribute to particulate OP in Budapest. The weak correlation between OP metrics and PM2.5 mass concentration suggests the possibility of using OP as an additional metric in epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Szigeti
- Cooperative Research Centre for Environmental Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Satellite Trace Elements Institute to UNESCO, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Mihály Óvári
- Cooperative Research Centre for Environmental Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Satellite Trace Elements Institute to UNESCO, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Christina Dunster
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, UK.
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, UK.
| | - Franco Lucarelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence/INFN, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Gyula Záray
- Cooperative Research Centre for Environmental Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Satellite Trace Elements Institute to UNESCO, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
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Mihucz VG, Szigeti T, Dunster C, Giannoni M, de Kluizenaar Y, Cattaneo A, Mandin C, Bartzis JG, Lucarelli F, Kelly FJ, Záray G. An integrated approach for the chemical characterization and oxidative potential assessment of indoor PM2.5. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Borgie M, Ledoux F, Verdin A, Cazier F, Greige H, Shirali P, Courcot D, Dagher Z. Genotoxic and epigenotoxic effects of fine particulate matter from rural and urban sites in Lebanon on human bronchial epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 136:352-362. [PMID: 25460656 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of air pollution by particulate matter (PM) is strongly required in Lebanon in the absence of an air quality law including updated air quality standards. Using two different PM2.5-0.3 samples collected at an urban and a rural site, we examined genotoxic/epigenotoxic effects of PM exposure within a human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B). Inorganic and organic contents evidence the major contribution of traffic and generating sets in the PM2.5-0.3 composition. Urban PM2.5-0.3 sample increased the phosphorylation of H2AX, the telomerase activity and the miR-21 up-regulation in BEAS-2B cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, urban PM2.5-0.3 induced a significant increase in CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and AhRR genes expression. The variable concentrations of transition metals and organic compounds detected in the collected PM2.5-0.3 samples might be the active agents leading to a cumulative DNA damage, critical for carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Borgie
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France; Groupe de Recherche Molécules Bioactives, Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et Technologies, Université Libanaise, Liban; Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Frédéric Ledoux
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France; Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Anthony Verdin
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France; Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Fabrice Cazier
- Centre Commun de Mesures, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel 1, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France; Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Hélène Greige
- Groupe de Recherche Molécules Bioactives, Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et Technologies, Université Libanaise, Liban; Département de Chimie et de Biochimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libanaise, Liban
| | - Pirouz Shirali
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France; Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Dominique Courcot
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France; Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.
| | - Zeina Dagher
- Groupe de Recherche Molécules Bioactives, Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et Technologies, Université Libanaise, Liban; Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libanaise, Liban
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Voutsa D, Samara C, Manoli E, Lazarou D, Tzoumaka P. Ionic composition of PM2.5 at urban sites of northern Greece: secondary inorganic aerosol formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:4995-5006. [PMID: 24363054 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the water-soluble ionic constituents (Na(+), K(+), NH4 (+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Cl(-), NO3 (-), SO4 (2-)) associated to PM2.5 particle fraction at two urban sites in the city of Thessaloniki, northern Greece, an urban traffic site (UT) and urban background site (UB). Ionic constituents represent a significant fraction of PM2.5 mass (29.6 at UT and 41.5 % at UB). The contribution of marine aerosol was low (<1.5 %). Secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) represent a significant fraction of PM2.5 mass contributing to 26.9 ± 12.4 % and 39.2 ± 13.2 % at UT and UB sites, respectively. Nitrate and sulfate are fully neutralized by ammonium under the existing conditions. The ionic constituents were evaluated in relation to their spatial and temporal variation, their gaseous precursors, meteorological conditions, local and long-range transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Voutsa
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54 124, Thessaloniki, Greece,
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Galindo N, Gil-Moltó J, Varea M, Chofre C, Yubero E. Seasonal and interannual trends in PM levels and associated inorganic ions in southeastern Spain. Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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