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Gini M, Manousakas M, Karydas AG, Eleftheriadis K. Mass size distributions, composition and dose estimates of particulate matter in Saharan dust outbreaks. Environ Pollut 2022; 298:118768. [PMID: 34990737 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study highlights the importance of examining the contribution of Saharan dust (SD) sources not only in terms of overall mass contribution but also in terms of composition, size distribution and inhaled dose. The effect of SD intrusions on PM and the respective major and trace metals mass concentrations and size distributions was investigated in a suburban site in Athens, Greece. SD events were associated, on average, with lower boundary layer heights (BLH) compared to the non-Sahara (nSD) dust days. During SD events, PM1-10 concentrations showed an increasing trend with increasing atmospheric BLH, in contrary to the fine PM (PM1). Generally, increased PM1 and CO (i.e. anthropogenic origin) levels were observed for BLH lower than around 500 m. The average contribution of SD to PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentration was roughly equal to 30.9% and 19.4%, respectively. The mass size distributions of PM and specific major and trace elements (Na, Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe, and Zn) displayed a somewhat different behavior with respect to the mass origin (Algeria-Tunisia vs Libya-Egypt), affecting in turn the regional deposition of inhaled aerosol in the human respiratory tract (HRT). The average PM deposited mass in the upper and lower HRT was 80.1% (Head) and 26.9% (Lung; Tracheobronchial and Pulmonary region) higher for SD days than for nSD days. Higher doses were estimated in the upper and lower HRT for the majority of the elements, when SD intrusions occurred, supporting the increasingly growing interest in exploring the health effects of SD. Only the mass deposition for S, and Na in the lower HRT and Zn in the upper HRT was higher in the case of nSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gini
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, Athens, 15310, Greece.
| | - M Manousakas
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, Athens, 15310, Greece; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland
| | - A G Karydas
- Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", 15310, Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - K Eleftheriadis
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, Athens, 15310, Greece
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2
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Saraga D, Maggos T, Degrendele C, Klánová J, Horvat M, Kocman D, Kanduč T, Garcia Dos Santos S, Franco R, Gómez PM, Manousakas M, Bairachtari K, Eleftheriadis K, Kermenidou M, Karakitsios S, Gotti A, Sarigiannis D. Multi-city comparative PM 2.5 source apportionment for fifteen sites in Europe: The ICARUS project. Sci Total Environ 2021; 751:141855. [PMID: 32889477 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 is an air pollution metric widely used to assess air quality, with the European Union having set targets for reduction in PM2.5 levels and population exposure. A major challenge for the scientific community is to identify, quantify and characterize the sources of atmospheric particles in the aspect of proposing effective control strategies. In the frame of ICARUS EU2020 project, a comprehensive database including PM2.5 concentration and chemical composition (ions, metals, organic/elemental carbon, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) from three sites (traffic, urban background, rural) of five European cities (Athens, Brno, Ljubljana, Madrid, Thessaloniki) was created. The common and synchronous sampling (two seasons involved) and analysis procedure offered the prospect of a harmonized Positive Matrix Factorization model approach, with the scope of identifying the similarities and differences of PM2.5 key-source chemical fingerprints across the sampling sites. The results indicated that the average contribution of traffic exhausts to PM2.5 concentration was 23.3% (traffic sites), 13.3% (urban background sites) and 8.8% (rural sites). The average contribution of traffic non-exhausts was 12.6% (traffic), 13.5% (urban background) and 6.1% (rural sites). The contribution of fuel oil combustion was 3.8% at traffic, 11.6% at urban background and 18.7% at rural sites. Biomass burning contribution was 22% at traffic sites, 30% at urban background sites and 28% at rural sites. Regarding soil dust, the average contribution was 5% and 8% at traffic and urban background sites respectively and 16% at rural sites. Sea salt contribution was low (1-4%) while secondary aerosols corresponded to the 16-34% of PM2.5. The homogeneity of the chemical profiles as well as their relationship with prevailing meteorological parameters were investigated. The results showed that fuel oil combustion, traffic non-exhausts and soil dust profiles are considered as dissimilar while biomass burning, sea salt and traffic exhaust can be characterized as relatively homogenous among the sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Saraga
- National Centre for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', Atmospheric Chemistry & Innovative Technologies Laboratory, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece.
| | - T Maggos
- National Centre for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', Atmospheric Chemistry & Innovative Technologies Laboratory, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - C Degrendele
- Masaryk University, RECETOX Centre, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Klánová
- Masaryk University, RECETOX Centre, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Horvat
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - D Kocman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - T Kanduč
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - S Garcia Dos Santos
- Instituto de salud Carlos III, Área de Contaminación Atmosférica, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental, Ctra. Majadahonda a Pozuelo, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Franco
- Instituto de salud Carlos III, Área de Contaminación Atmosférica, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental, Ctra. Majadahonda a Pozuelo, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Morillo Gómez
- Instituto de salud Carlos III, Área de Contaminación Atmosférica, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental, Ctra. Majadahonda a Pozuelo, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Manousakas
- National Centre for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - K Bairachtari
- National Centre for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', Atmospheric Chemistry & Innovative Technologies Laboratory, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - K Eleftheriadis
- National Centre for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - M Kermenidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), Environmental Engineering Laboratory, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - S Karakitsios
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), Environmental Engineering Laboratory, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Gotti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), Environmental Engineering Laboratory, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - D Sarigiannis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), Environmental Engineering Laboratory, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Manousakas M, Diapouli E, Belis CΑ, Vasilatou V, Gini M, Lucarelli F, Querol X, Eleftheriadis K. Quantitative assessment of the variability in chemical profiles from source apportionment analysis of PM10 and PM2.5 at different sites within a large metropolitan area. Environ Res 2021; 192:110257. [PMID: 33031811 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to assess the differences between the chemical profiles of the major anthropogenic and natural PM sources in two areas with different levels of urbanization and traffic density within the same urban agglomeration. A traffic site and an urban background site in the Athens Metropolitan Area have been selected for this comparison. For both sites, eight sources were identified, with seven of them being common for the two sites (Mineral Dust, non-Exhaust Emissions, Exhaust Emissions, Heavy Oil Combustion, Sulfates & Organics, Sea Salt and Biomass Burning) and one, site-specific (Nitrates for the traffic site and Aged Sea Salt for the urban background site). The similarity between the source profiles was quantified using two statistical analysis tools, Pearson correlation (PC) and Standardized Identity Distance (SID). According to Pearson coefficients five out of the eight source profiles present high (PC > 0.8) correlation (Mineral Dust, Biomass Burning, Sea Salt, Sulfates and Heavy Oil Combustion), one presented moderate (0.8 > PC > 0.6) correlation (Exhaust) and two low/no (PC < 0.6) correlation (non-Exhaust, Nitrates/Aged Sea Salt). The source profiles that appear to be more correlated are those of sources that are not expected to have high spatial variability because there are either natural/secondary and thus have a regional character or are emitted outside the urban agglomeration and are transported to both sites. According to SID four out of the eight sources have high statistical correlation (SID < 1) in the two sites (Mineral Dust, Sea salt, Sulfates, Heavy Oil Combustion). Biomass Burning was found to be the source that yielded different results from the two methodologies. The careful examination of the source profile of that source revealed the reason for this discrepancy. SID takes all the species of the profile equally into account, while PC might be disproportionally affected by a few numbers of species with very high concentrations. It is suggested, based on the findings of this work, that the combined use of both tools can lead the users to a thorough evaluation of the similarity of source profiles. This work is, to the best of our knowledge, the first time a study is focused on the quantitative comparison of the source profiles for sites inside the same urban agglomeration using statistical indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Manousakas
- E.R.L., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, 15310, Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece; Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310, Ag. Paraskevi, Greece; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232, Villigen, Switzerland.
| | - E Diapouli
- E.R.L., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, 15310, Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece.
| | - C Α Belis
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, via Fermi, 2748 21027, Ispra, Italy
| | - V Vasilatou
- E.R.L., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, 15310, Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - M Gini
- E.R.L., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, 15310, Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - F Lucarelli
- National, Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) - Florence Section, Sesto F.no (Fi), Italy
| | - X Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - K Eleftheriadis
- E.R.L., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, 15310, Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
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Grydaki N, Colbeck I, Mendes L, Eleftheriadis K, Whitby C. Bioaerosols in the Athens Metro: Metagenetic insights into the PM 10 microbiome in a naturally ventilated subway station. Environ Int 2021; 146:106186. [PMID: 33126062 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To date, few studies have examined the aerosol microbial content in Metro transportation systems. Here we characterised the aerosol microbial abundance, diversity and composition in the Athens underground railway system. PM10 filter samples were collected from the naturally ventilated Athens Metro Line 3 station "Nomismatokopio". Quantitative PCR of the 16S rRNA gene and high throughput amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was performed on DNA extracted from PM10 samples. Results showed that, despite the bacterial abundance (mean = 2.82 × 105 16S rRNA genes/m3 of air) being, on average, higher during day-time and weekdays, compared to night-time and weekends, respectively, the differences were not statistically significant. The average PM10 mass concentration on the platform was 107 μg/m3. However, there was no significant correlation between 16S rRNA gene abundance and overall PM10 levels. The Athens Metro air microbiome was mostly dominated by bacterial and fungal taxa of environmental origin (e.g. Paracoccus, Sphingomonas, Cladosporium, Mycosphaerella, Antrodia) with a lower contribution of human commensal bacteria (e.g. Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus). This study highlights the importance of both outdoor air and commuters as sources in shaping aerosol microbial communities. To our knowledge, this is the first study to characterise the mycobiome diversity in the air of a Metro environment based on amplicon sequencing of the ITS region. In conclusion, this study presents the first microbial characterisation of PM10 in the Athens Metro, contributing to the growing body of microbiome exploration within urban transit networks. Moreover, this study shows the vulnerability of public transport to airborne disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Grydaki
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ Essex, UK
| | - I Colbeck
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ Essex, UK
| | - L Mendes
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety - Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - K Eleftheriadis
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety - Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - C Whitby
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ Essex, UK.
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5
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Almeida SM, Manousakas M, Diapouli E, Kertesz Z, Samek L, Hristova E, Šega K, Alvarez RP, Belis CA, Eleftheriadis K. Ambient particulate matter source apportionment using receptor modelling in European and Central Asia urban areas. Environ Pollut 2020; 266:115199. [PMID: 32777678 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the results of a PM2.5 source apportionment study conducted in urban background sites from 16 European and Asian countries. For some Eastern Europe and Central Asia cities this was the first time that quantitative information on pollution source contributions to ambient particulate matter (PM) has been performed. More than 2200 filters were sampled and analyzed by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE), and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) to measure the concentrations of chemical elements in fine particles. Samples were also analyzed for the contents of black carbon, elemental carbon, organic carbon, and water-soluble ions. The Positive Matrix Factorization receptor model (EPA PMF 5.0) was used to characterize similarities and heterogeneities in PM2.5 sources and respective contributions in the cities that the number of collected samples exceeded 75. At the end source apportionment was performed in 11 out of the 16 participating cities. Nine major sources were identified to have contributed to PM2.5: biomass burning, secondary sulfates, traffic, fuel oil combustion, industry, coal combustion, soil, salt and "other sources". From the averages of sources contributions, considering 11 cities 16% of PM2.5 was attributed to biomass burning, 15% to secondary sulfates, 13% to traffic, 12% to soil, 8.0% to fuel oil combustion, 5.5% to coal combustion, 1.9% to salt, 0.8% to industry emissions, 5.1% to "other sources" and 23% to unaccounted mass. Characteristic seasonal patterns were identified for each PM2.5 source. Biomass burning in all cities, coal combustion in Krakow/POL, and oil combustion in Belgrade/SRB and Banja Luka/BIH increased in Winter due to the impact of domestic heating, whereas in most cities secondary sulfates reached higher levels in Summer as a consequence of the enhanced photochemical activity. During high pollution days the largest sources of fine particles were biomass burning, traffic and secondary sulfates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Almeida
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066, Bobadela-LRS, Portugal.
| | - M Manousakas
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, INRaSTES, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarhou Gregoriou E' and Neapoleos, Agia Paraskevi, 15341, Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - E Diapouli
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, INRaSTES, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarhou Gregoriou E' and Neapoleos, Agia Paraskevi, 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - Z Kertesz
- ICER Centre, Institute for Nuclear Research, Bem ter 18C, 4026, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - L Samek
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, ul. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - E Hristova
- National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 66 Tzarigradko Chaussee, 1784, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - K Šega
- Environmental Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health (IMROH), Ksaverska cesta 2, P.O. Box 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - R Padilla Alvarez
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Physics Section, Nuclear Science and Instrumentation Laboratory, Vienna International Centre, Wagramer strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - C A Belis
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate Energy, Transport and Climate, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, Ispra (VA), 21027, Italy
| | - K Eleftheriadis
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, INRaSTES, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarhou Gregoriou E' and Neapoleos, Agia Paraskevi, 15341, Athens, Greece
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Correia C, Martins V, Cunha-Lopes I, Faria T, Diapouli E, Eleftheriadis K, Almeida SM. Particle exposure and inhaled dose while commuting in Lisbon. Environ Pollut 2020; 257:113547. [PMID: 31733963 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While commuting, individuals are exposed to high concentrations of urban air pollutants that can lead to adverse health effects. This study aims to assess commuters' exposure to particulate matter (PM) when travelling by car, bicycle, metro and bus in Lisbon. Mass concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were higher in the metro. On the other hand, the highest BC and PN0.01-1 average concentrations were found in car and bus mode, respectively. In cars, the outdoor concentrations and the type of ventilation appeared to affect the indoor concentrations. In fact, the use of ventilation led to a decrease of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations and to an increase of BC concentrations. The highest inhaled doses were mostly observed in bicycle journeys, due to the longest travel periods combined with enhanced physical activity and, consequently, highest inhalation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Correia
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066, Bobadela-LRS, Portugal.
| | - V Martins
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066, Bobadela-LRS, Portugal
| | - I Cunha-Lopes
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066, Bobadela-LRS, Portugal
| | - T Faria
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066, Bobadela-LRS, Portugal
| | - E Diapouli
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Athens, 15310, Greece
| | - K Eleftheriadis
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Athens, 15310, Greece
| | - S M Almeida
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066, Bobadela-LRS, Portugal
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Popovicheva O, Diapouli E, Makshtas A, Shonija N, Manousakas M, Saraga D, Uttal T, Eleftheriadis K. East Siberian Arctic background and black carbon polluted aerosols at HMO Tiksi. Sci Total Environ 2019; 655:924-938. [PMID: 30577143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of Arctic pollution is hampered by a lack of aerosol studies in Northern Siberia. Black carbon observations were carried out at the Hydrometeorological Observatory Tiksi, a coast of Laptev sea, from September 2014 to September 2016. Aerosol sampling was accompanied by physico-chemical characterization. BC climatology showed a seasonal variation with highest concentrations from January to March (up to 450ng/m3) and lowest ones for June and September (about 20ng/m3). Stagnant weather and stable atmosphere stratification resulted in accumulation of pollution, in dependence on the wind direction and air mass transportation. Carbon fractions, functionalities, ions, and elements are associated to marine, biogenic, and continental sources. In September low OC, aliphatic, carbonyls, amines, and hydroxyls characterize background aerosols. Na+/Cl- ratio much higher than in sea-salt indicates a strong Cl depletion. Increased OC, aromatic, carbonyls, and nitrocompounds as well as waste burning markers K+, Cl-, and PO42- confirm impacts from Tiksi landfill burns. BC pollution episodes are differentiated through increased EBC and sulfates, related to gas flaring, industrial and residential emissions transported from Western Siberia while the increase of carbonyls, hydroxyl, and aromatic indicate emissions sources from Yakutia and Tiksi urban area. Arctic Haze aerosols are characterized by increased concentrations of SO42- in comparison with OC, much higher abundance of oxygenated compounds with respect to alkanes of anthropogenic origin. In summer rich organic chemistry indicates impacts of biogenic, local urban, and shipping sources as well as secondary aerosol formation influenced by emissions from low latitude Siberia.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Popovicheva
- Scobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - E Diapouli
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - A Makshtas
- Arctic Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg 199397, Russia
| | - N Shonija
- Chemical Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - M Manousakas
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - D Saraga
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - T Uttal
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - K Eleftheriadis
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece.
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Pateraki S, Manousakas M, Bairachtari K, Kantarelou V, Eleftheriadis K, Vasilakos C, Assimakopoulos VD, Maggos T. The traffic signature on the vertical PM profile: Environmental and health risks within an urban roadside environment. Sci Total Environ 2019; 646:448-459. [PMID: 30055502 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to investigate the traffic-impacted vertical aerosols profile and its relationship with potential carcinogenicity and/or mutagenicity, samples of different sized airborne particles were collected in parallel at the 1st and 5th floor of a 19 m high building located next to one of the busiest roads of Athens. The maximum daily concentrations were 65.9, 42.5 and 38.5 μg/m3, for PM10, PM2.5 and PM1, respectively. The vertical concentration ratio decreased with increasing height verifying the role of the characteristics of the area (1st/5th floor: 1.21, 1.13, 1.09 for PM10, PM2.5 and PM1, respectively). Chemically, strengthening the previous hypothesis, the collected particles were mainly carbonaceous (68%-93%) with the maximum budget of the polyaromatic hydrocarbons being recorded near the surface (1st/5th floor: 1.84, 1.07, 1.15 for PM10, PM2.5 and PM1, respectively). The detected PM-bound PAHs along with the elements as well as the carbonaceous and ionic constituents were used in a source apportionment study. Exhaust and non-exhaust emissions, a mixed source of biomass burning and high temperature combustion processes (natural gas, gasoline/diesel engines), sea salt, secondary and soil particles were identified as the major contributing sources to the PM pollution of the investigated area. With respect to the health hazards, the calculation of the Benzo[a]Pyrene toxicity equivalency factors underlined the importance of the height of residence in buildings for the level of the exposure (1st/5th floor: B[a]PTEQ: 1.82, 1.12, 1.10, B[a]PMEQ: 1.85, 1.13, 1.09 for PM10, PM2.5 and PM1, respectively). Finally, despite its verified significance as a surrogate compound for the mixture of the hydrocarbons (its contribution up to 72%, 79% on the level of the 1st and 5th floor, respectively), the importance of the incorporation of PAH species in addition to B[a]P when assessing PAH toxicity was clearly documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- St Pateraki
- Environmental Research Laboratory/I.N.RA.S.T.E.S., N.C.S.R 'Demokritos', 15310, Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece.
| | - M Manousakas
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, I.N.RA.S.T.E.S., N.C.S.R 'Demokritos', 15310, Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - K Bairachtari
- Environmental Research Laboratory/I.N.RA.S.T.E.S., N.C.S.R 'Demokritos', 15310, Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - V Kantarelou
- Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - K Eleftheriadis
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, I.N.RA.S.T.E.S., N.C.S.R 'Demokritos', 15310, Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Ch Vasilakos
- Environmental Research Laboratory/I.N.RA.S.T.E.S., N.C.S.R 'Demokritos', 15310, Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - V D Assimakopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 152 36 Athens, Greece
| | - Th Maggos
- Environmental Research Laboratory/I.N.RA.S.T.E.S., N.C.S.R 'Demokritos', 15310, Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
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9
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Masson O, Steinhauser G, Wershofen H, Mietelski JW, Fischer HW, Pourcelot L, Saunier O, Bieringer J, Steinkopff T, Hýža M, Møller B, Bowyer TW, Dalaka E, Dalheimer A, de Vismes-Ott A, Eleftheriadis K, Forte M, Gasco Leonarte C, Gorzkiewicz K, Homoki Z, Isajenko K, Karhunen T, Katzlberger C, Kierepko R, Kövendiné Kónyi J, Malá H, Nikolic J, Povinec PP, Rajacic M, Ringer W, Rulík P, Rusconi R, Sáfrány G, Sykora I, Todorović D, Tschiersch J, Ungar K, Zorko B. Potential Source Apportionment and Meteorological Conditions Involved in Airborne 131I Detections in January/February 2017 in Europe. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:8488-8500. [PMID: 29979581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Traces of particulate radioactive iodine (131I) were detected in the European atmosphere in January/February 2017. Concentrations of this nuclear fission product were very low, ranging 0.1 to 10 μBq m-3 except at one location in western Russia where they reached up to several mBq m-3. Detections have been reported continuously over an 8-week period by about 30 monitoring stations. We examine possible emission source apportionments and rank them considering their expected contribution in terms of orders of magnitude from typical routine releases: radiopharmaceutical production units > sewage sludge incinerators > nuclear power plants > spontaneous fission of uranium in soil. Inverse modeling simulations indicate that the widespread detections of 131I resulted from the combination of multiple source releases. Among them, those from radiopharmaceutical production units remain the most likely. One of them is located in Western Russia and its estimated source term complies with authorized limits. Other existing sources related to 131I use (medical purposes or sewage sludge incineration) can explain detections on a rather local scale. As an enhancing factor, the prevailing wintertime meteorological situations marked by strong temperature inversions led to poor dispersion conditions that resulted in higher concentrations exceeding usual detection limits in use within the informal Ring of Five (Ro5) monitoring network.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Masson
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, (IRSN) , Fontenay-aux-Roses , 92262 , France
| | - G Steinhauser
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection , Hannover , 30419 , Germany
| | - H Wershofen
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) , Braunschweig , 38116 , Germany
| | - J W Mietelski
- The Henryk Nievodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics , Polish Academy of Sciences (IFJ) , Kraków , 31-342 , Poland
| | - H W Fischer
- University of Bremen, Institute of Environmental Physics , Bremen , 28359 , Germany
| | - L Pourcelot
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, (IRSN) , Fontenay-aux-Roses , 92262 , France
| | - O Saunier
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, (IRSN) , Fontenay-aux-Roses , 92262 , France
| | - J Bieringer
- Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (BfS) , Freiburg , 79098 , Germany
| | - T Steinkopff
- Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) , Offenbach , 63067 , Germany
| | - M Hýža
- National Radiation Protection Institute (NRPI) , Prague , 140 00 , Czech Republic
| | - B Møller
- Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority (NRPA) , Svanvik , NO-9925 , Norway
| | - T W Bowyer
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) , P.O. Box 999, Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - E Dalaka
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR "Demokritos", Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory , Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki , 15310 , Greece
| | - A Dalheimer
- Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) , Offenbach , 63067 , Germany
| | - A de Vismes-Ott
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, (IRSN) , Fontenay-aux-Roses , 92262 , France
| | - K Eleftheriadis
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR "Demokritos", Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory , Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki , 15310 , Greece
| | - M Forte
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente (ARPA Lombardia) , Milan , 20129 , Italy
| | - C Gasco Leonarte
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) , Madrid , 28040 , Spain
| | - K Gorzkiewicz
- The Henryk Nievodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics , Polish Academy of Sciences (IFJ) , Kraków , 31-342 , Poland
| | - Z Homoki
- ″Frédéric Joliot-Curie" National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, (OSSKI) , POB 101, Budapest , H-1775 , Hungary
| | - K Isajenko
- Central Laboratory for Radiological Protection (CLOR) , Warsaw , PL 03-134 , Poland
| | - T Karhunen
- Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK) , P.O. Box 14, Helsinki , 00811 , Finland
| | - C Katzlberger
- Radiation Protection and Radiochemistry , Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES) , Wien , 1220 , Austria
| | - R Kierepko
- The Henryk Nievodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics , Polish Academy of Sciences (IFJ) , Kraków , 31-342 , Poland
| | - J Kövendiné Kónyi
- ″Frédéric Joliot-Curie" National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, (OSSKI) , POB 101, Budapest , H-1775 , Hungary
| | - H Malá
- National Radiation Protection Institute (NRPI) , Prague , 140 00 , Czech Republic
| | - J Nikolic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences , Belgrade , 11001 , Serbia
| | - P P Povinec
- Comenius University , Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics , Bratislava , 84248 , Slovakia
| | - M Rajacic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences , Belgrade , 11001 , Serbia
| | - W Ringer
- Radioecology and Radon , Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES) , Linz , 4020 , Austria
| | - P Rulík
- National Radiation Protection Institute (NRPI) , Prague , 140 00 , Czech Republic
| | - R Rusconi
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente (ARPA Lombardia) , Milan , 20129 , Italy
| | - G Sáfrány
- ″Frédéric Joliot-Curie" National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, (OSSKI) , POB 101, Budapest , H-1775 , Hungary
| | - I Sykora
- Comenius University , Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics , Bratislava , 84248 , Slovakia
| | - D Todorović
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences , Belgrade , 11001 , Serbia
| | - J Tschiersch
- Helmholtz Zentrum München , German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU) , Neuherberg , 85764 , Germany
| | - K Ungar
- Health Canada (HC-SC), Radiation Protection Bureau , Ottawa , A.L. 6302A, Ontario K1A 1C1 , Canada
| | - B Zorko
- Jozef Stefan Institute (IJS) , Ljubljana , 1000 , Slovenia
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10
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Perrone MG, Vratolis S, Georgieva E, Török S, Šega K, Veleva B, Osán J, Bešlić I, Kertész Z, Pernigotti D, Eleftheriadis K, Belis CA. Sources and geographic origin of particulate matter in urban areas of the Danube macro-region: The cases of Zagreb (Croatia), Budapest (Hungary) and Sofia (Bulgaria). Sci Total Environ 2018; 619-620:1515-1529. [PMID: 29734626 PMCID: PMC5821697 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of main PM pollution sources and their geographic origin in three urban sites of the Danube macro-region (Zagreb, Budapest and Sofia) were determined by combining receptor and Lagrangian models. The source contribution estimates were obtained with the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) receptor model and the results were further examined using local wind data and backward trajectories obtained with FLEXPART. Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) analysis was applied to identify the geographical source areas for the PM sources subject to long-range transport. Gas-to-particle transformation processes and primary emissions from biomass burning are the most important contributors to PM in the studied sites followed by re-suspension of soil (crustal material) and traffic. These four sources can be considered typical of the Danube macro-region because they were identified in all the studied locations. Long-range transport was observed of: a) sulphate-enriched aged aerosols, deriving from SO2 emissions in combustion processes in the Balkans and Eastern Europe and b) dust from the Saharan and Karakum deserts. The study highlights that PM pollution in the studied urban areas of the Danube macro-region is the result of both local sources and long-range transport from both EU and no-EU areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Perrone
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - S Vratolis
- N.C.S.R. Demokritos, 15341 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - E Georgieva
- National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 66 Blvd Tzarigradsko chaussee, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - S Török
- Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly Thege Miklos Utca 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - K Šega
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, p.p. 291, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - B Veleva
- National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 66 Blvd Tzarigradsko chaussee, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - J Osán
- Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly Thege Miklos Utca 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - I Bešlić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, p.p. 291, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Z Kertész
- Institute for Nuclear Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Bem square 18/c, 4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - D Pernigotti
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, via Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
| | | | - C A Belis
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, via Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
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11
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Sarigiannis DA, Handakas EJ, Kermenidou M, Zarkadas I, Gotti A, Charisiadis P, Makris K, Manousakas M, Eleftheriadis K, Karakitsios SP. Monitoring of air pollution levels related to Charilaos Trikoupis Bridge. Sci Total Environ 2017; 609:1451-1463. [PMID: 28800688 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Charilaos Trikoupis bridge is the longest cable bridge in Europe that connects Western Greece with the rest of the country. In this study, six air pollution monitoring campaigns (including major regulated air pollutants) were carried out from 2013 to 2015 at both sides of the bridge, located in the urban areas of Rio and Antirrio respectively. Pollution data were statistically analyzed and air quality was characterized using US and European air quality indices. From the overall campaign, it was found that air pollution levels were below the respective regulatory thresholds, but once at the site of Antirrio (26.4 and 52.2μg/m3 for PM2.5 and ΡΜ10, respectively) during the 2nd winter period. Daily average PM10 and PM2.5 levels from two monitoring sites were well correlated to gaseous pollutant (CO, NO, NO2, NOx and SO2) levels, meteorological parameters and factor scores from Positive Matrix Factorization during the 3-year period. Moreover, the elemental composition of PM10 and PM2.5 was used for source apportionment. That analysis revealed that major emission sources were sulfates, mineral dust, biomass burning, sea salt, traffic and shipping emissions for PM10 and PM2.5, for both Rio and Antirrio. Seasonal variation indicates that sulfates, mineral dust and traffic emissions increased during the warm season of the year, while biomass burning become the dominant during the cold season. Overall, the contribution of the Charilaos Trikoupis bridge to the vicinity air pollution is very low. This is the result of the relatively low daily traffic volume (~10,000 vehicles per day), the respective traffic fleet composition (~81% of the traffic fleet are private vehicles) and the speed limit (80km/h) which does not favor traffic emissions. In addition, the strong and frequent winds further contribute to the rapid dispersion of the emitted pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Sarigiannis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, University Campus, Thessaloniki 54,124, Greece; School for Advanced Study (IUSS), Piazzale della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - E J Handakas
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, University Campus, Thessaloniki 54,124, Greece
| | - M Kermenidou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, University Campus, Thessaloniki 54,124, Greece
| | - I Zarkadas
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, University Campus, Thessaloniki 54,124, Greece
| | - A Gotti
- School for Advanced Study (IUSS), Piazzale della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - P Charisiadis
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in Association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - K Makris
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in Association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - M Manousakas
- E.R.L., Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - K Eleftheriadis
- E.R.L., Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - S P Karakitsios
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, University Campus, Thessaloniki 54,124, Greece; School for Advanced Study (IUSS), Piazzale della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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12
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Argyropoulos G, Samara C, Diapouli E, Eleftheriadis K, Papaoikonomou K, Kungolos A. Source apportionment of PM 10 and PM 2.5 in major urban Greek agglomerations using a hybrid source-receptor modeling process. Sci Total Environ 2017; 601-602:906-917. [PMID: 28582736 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid source-receptor modeling process was assembled, to apportion and infer source locations of PM10 and PM2.5 in three heavily-impacted urban areas of Greece, during the warm period of 2011, and the cold period of 2012. The assembled process involved application of an advanced computational procedure, the so-called Robotic Chemical Mass Balance (RCMB) model. Source locations were inferred using two well-established probability functions: (a) the Conditional Probability Function (CPF), to correlate the output of RCMB with local wind directional data, and (b) the Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF), to correlate the output of RCMB with 72h air-mass back-trajectories, arriving at the receptor sites, during sampling. Regarding CPF, a higher-level conditional probability function was defined as well, from the common locus of CPF sectors derived for neighboring receptor sites. With respect to PSCF, a non-parametric bootstrapping method was applied to discriminate the statistically significant values. RCMB modeling showed that resuspended dust is actually one of the main barriers for attaining the European Union (EU) limit values in Mediterranean urban agglomerations, where the drier climate favors build-up. The shift in the energy mix of Greece (caused by the economic recession) was also evidenced, since biomass burning was found to contribute more significantly to the sampling sites belonging to the coldest climatic zone, particularly during the cold period. The CPF analysis showed that short-range transport of anthropogenic emissions from urban traffic to urban background sites was very likely to have occurred, within all the examined urban agglomerations. The PSCF analysis confirmed that long-range transport of primary and/or secondary aerosols may indeed be possible, even from distances over 1000km away from study areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Argyropoulos
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - C Samara
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E Diapouli
- National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos", Institute of Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection, Environmental Research Laboratory, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - K Eleftheriadis
- National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos", Institute of Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection, Environmental Research Laboratory, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - K Papaoikonomou
- Department of Planning and Regional Development, University of Thessaly, 38334 Volos, Greece
| | - A Kungolos
- Department of Planning and Regional Development, University of Thessaly, 38334 Volos, Greece
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13
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Psanis C, Triantafyllou E, Giamarelou M, Manousakas M, Eleftheriadis K, Biskos G. Particulate matter pollution from aviation-related activity at a small airport of the Aegean Sea Insular Region. Sci Total Environ 2017; 596-597:187-193. [PMID: 28432908 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented growth in aviation during the last years has resulted in a notable increase of local air pollution related to airports. The impacts of aviation on air quality can be extremely high particularly around airports serving remote insular regions with pristine atmospheric environments. Here we report measurements that show how the atmospheric aerosol is affected by the activity at a small airport in a remote region. More specifically, we provide measurements performed at the airport of Mytilene, Greece, a regional yet international airport that serves the entire island of Lesvos; the third largest island of the country. The measurements show that the activity during landing, taxiing and take-off of the aircrafts accounted for up to a 10-fold increase in particulate matter (PM) mass concentration in the vicinity of the airport. The number concentration of particles having diameters from 10 to 500nm also increased from ca. 4×102 to 8×105particlescm-3, while the mean particle diameter decreased to 20nm when aircrafts were present at the airport. Elemental analysis on particle samples collected simultaneously at the airport and at a remote site 3km away, showed that the former were significantly influenced by combustion sources, and specifically from the engines of the aircrafts. Our results show that despite their small size, local airports serving remote insular regions should be considered as important air pollution hotspots, raising concerns for the exposure of the people working and leaving in their vicinities to hazardous pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Psanis
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece
| | - E Triantafyllou
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece
| | - M Giamarelou
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece
| | - M Manousakas
- Environmental Radioactivity Lab, Demokritos National Center of Scientific Research, Institute of Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - K Eleftheriadis
- Environmental Radioactivity Lab, Demokritos National Center of Scientific Research, Institute of Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - G Biskos
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628-CN, The Netherlands; Energy Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus.
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14
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Papayannis A, Argyrouli A, Bougiatioti A, Remoundaki E, Vratolis S, Nenes A, Solomos S, Komppula M, Giannakaki E, Kalogiros J, Banks R, Eleftheriadis K, Mantas E, Diapouli E, Tzanis CG, Kazadzis S, Binietoglou I, Labzovskii L, Vande Hey J, Zerefos CS. From hygroscopic aerosols to cloud droplets: The HygrA-CD campaign in the Athens basin - An overview. Sci Total Environ 2017; 574:216-233. [PMID: 27639019 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The international experimental campaign Hygroscopic Aerosols to Cloud Droplets (HygrA-CD), organized in the Greater Athens Area (GAA), Greece from 15 May to 22 June 2014, aimed to study the physico-chemical properties of aerosols and their impact on the formation of clouds in the convective Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL). We found that under continental (W-NW-N) and Etesian (NE) synoptic wind flow and with a deep moist PBL (~2-2.5km height), mixed hygroscopic (anthropogenic, biomass burning and marine) particles arrive over the GAA, and contribute to the formation of convective non-precipitating PBL clouds (of ~16-20μm mean diameter) with vertical extent up to 500m. Under these conditions, high updraft velocities (1-2ms-1) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations (~2000cm-3 at 1% supersaturation), generated clouds with an estimated cloud droplet number of ~600cm-3. Under Saharan wind flow conditions (S-SW) a shallow PBL (<1-1.2km height) develops, leading to much higher CCN concentrations (~3500-5000cm-3 at 1% supersaturation) near the ground; updraft velocities, however, were significantly lower, with an estimated maximum cloud droplet number of ~200cm-3 and without observed significant PBL cloud formation. The largest contribution to cloud droplet number variance is attributed to the updraft velocity variability, followed by variances in aerosol number concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Papayannis
- Laser Remote Sensing Unit, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece.
| | - A Argyrouli
- Laser Remote Sensing Unit, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece
| | - A Bougiatioti
- Laser Remote Sensing Unit, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece; School of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332, GA, USA
| | - E Remoundaki
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece
| | - S Vratolis
- Laser Remote Sensing Unit, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece; ERL, INRSTES, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - A Nenes
- School of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332, GA, USA; ICE-HT, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas, 26504 Patras, Greece; Institute of Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece; School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332, GA, USA
| | - S Solomos
- Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - M Komppula
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio, Finland
| | - E Giannakaki
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Environmental Physics and Meteorology, Faculty of Physics, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - J Kalogiros
- Institute of Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - R Banks
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center-Centro Nacional de Supercomputación (BSC-CNS), Earth Sciences Department, Jordi Girona 29, Edificio Nexus II, Barcelona, Spain; Environmental Modelling Laboratory, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - K Eleftheriadis
- ERL, INRSTES, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - E Mantas
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece
| | - E Diapouli
- ERL, INRSTES, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - C G Tzanis
- Climate Research Group, Division of Environmental Physics and Meteorology, Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - S Kazadzis
- Institute of Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece; Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center, Switzerland
| | - I Binietoglou
- National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics, Magurele, Romania
| | - L Labzovskii
- National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics, Magurele, Romania; Research Center of Ecological Safety, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - J Vande Hey
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Earth Observation Science Group, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - C S Zerefos
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Navarino Environmental Observatory (N.E.O.), Messinia, Greece
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15
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Manousakas M, Papaefthymiou H, Diapouli E, Migliori A, Karydas AG, Bogdanovic-Radovic I, Eleftheriadis K. Assessment of PM2.5 sources and their corresponding level of uncertainty in a coastal urban area using EPA PMF 5.0 enhanced diagnostics. Sci Total Environ 2017; 574:155-164. [PMID: 27631196 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Datasets that include only the PM elemental composition and no other important constituents such as ions and OC, should be treated carefully when used for source apportionment. This work is demonstrating how a source apportionment study utilizing PMF 5.0 enhanced diagnostic tools can achieve an improved solution with documented levels of uncertainty for such a dataset. The uncertainty of the solution is rarely reported in source apportionment studies or it is reported partially. Reporting the uncertainty of the solution is very important especially in the case of small datasets. PM2.5 samples collected in Patras during the year 2011 were used. The concentrations of 22 elements (Z=11-33) were determined using PIXE. Source apportionment analysis revealed that PM2.5 emission sources were biomass burning (11%), sea salt (8%), shipping emissions (10%), vehicle emissions (33%), mineral dust (2%) and secondary sulfates (33%) while unaccounted mass was 3%. Although Patras city center is located in a very close proximity to the city's harbor, the contribution of shipping originating emissions was never before quantified. As rotational stability is hard to be achieved when a small dataset is used the rotational stability of the solution was thoroughly evaluated. A number of constraints were applied to the solution in order to reduce rotational ambiguity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Manousakas
- E.R.L., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece.
| | - H Papaefthymiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Achaia, Greece
| | - E Diapouli
- E.R.L., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - A Migliori
- Physics Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - A G Karydas
- Physics Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, NCSR "Demokritos", 153 10 Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | | | - K Eleftheriadis
- E.R.L., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
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Manousakas M, Papaefthymiou H, Eleftheriadis K, Katsanou K. Determination of water-soluble and insoluble elements in PM2.5 by ICP-MS. Sci Total Environ 2014; 493:694-700. [PMID: 24992462 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The elemental composition of water-soluble and acid-soluble fractions of PM2.5 samples from two different Greek cities (Patras and Megalopolis) was investigated. Patras and Megalopolis represent different environments. Specifically, Patras is an urban environment with proximity to a large port, while Megalopolis is a small city located close to lignite power plants. Both cities can serve as a representative example of European cities with similar characteristics. The concentration of 14 elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Fe, Sr, Ti, V and Zn) was determined in each fraction by ICP-MS. Microwave assisted digestion was used to digest the samples using a mixture of HNO3 and HF. For the determination of the water soluble fraction, water was chosen as the simplest and most universal extraction solvent. For the validation of the extraction procedure, the recoveries were tested on two certified reference materials (NIST SRM 1648 Urban Particulate Matter and NIST 1649a Urban Dust). Results showed that Zn has the highest total concentration (273 and 186 ng/m(3)) and Co the lowest (0.48 and 0.23 ng/m(3)) for Patras and Megalopolis samples, respectively. Nickel with 65% for Patras and As with 49% for Megalopolis displayed the highest solubility, whereas Fe (10%) and Ti (2%) the lowest ones, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Manousakas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 265 00 Rio-Patras, Greece
| | - H Papaefthymiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 265 00 Rio-Patras, Greece.
| | - K Eleftheriadis
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences, Energy Technology and Safety, Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - K Katsanou
- Laboratory of Hydrogeology, Department of Geology, University of Patras, 26500 Rio-Patras, Greece
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Potiriadis C, Anagnostakis MJ, Clouvas A, Eleftheriadis K, Florou E, Housiadas C, Ioannides K, Ioannidou A, Karangelos DI, Karfopoulos KL, Kehagia K, Kolovou M, Kritidis P, Manolopoulou M, Papastefanou K, Savva MI, Simopoulos SE, Stamoulis K, Stoulos S, Xanthos S, Xarchoulakos D. Environmental measurements and inspections on imported foods and feedstuffs in Greece after the Fukushima accident. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2013; 156:465-474. [PMID: 23604742 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nct094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The radionuclides released during the accident at the Fukushima Daichii nuclear power plant following the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami on 11 March 2011 were dispersed in the whole north hemisphere. Traces of (131)I, (134)Cs and (137)Cs reached Greece and were detected in air, grass, sheep milk, ground deposition, rainwater and drainage water. Members of Six Greek laboratories of the national network for environmental radioactivity monitoring have collaborated with the Greek Atomic Energy Commission (GAEC) and carried out measurements during the time period between 11 March 2011 and 10 May 2011 and reported their results to GAEC. These laboratories are sited in three Greek cities, Athens, Thessaloniki and Ioannina, covering a large part of the Greek territory. The concentrations of the radionuclides were studied as a function of time. The first indication for the arrival of the radionuclides in Greece originating from Fukushima accident took place on 24 March 2011. After 28 April 2011', concentrations of all the radionuclides were below the minimum detectable activities (<10 μBq m(-3) for (131)I). The range of concentration values in aerosol particles was 10-520 μBq m(-3) for (131)I, 10-200 μBq m(-3) for (134)Cs and 10-200 μBq m(-3) for (137)Cs and was 10-2200 μBq m(-3) for (131)I in gaseous phase. The ratios of (131)I/(137)Cs and (134)Cs/(137)Cs concentrations are also presented. For (131)I, the maximum concentration detected in grass was 2.2 Bq kg(-1). In the case of sheep milk, the maximum concentration detected for (131)I was 2 Bq l(-1). Furthermore, more than 200 samples of imported foodstuff have been measured in Greece, following the EC directives on the inspection of food and feeding stuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Potiriadis
- Greek Atomic Energy Commission, Agia Paraskevi GR-15310, Greece
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Kritidis P, Florou H, Eleftheriadis K, Evangeliou N, Gini M, Sotiropoulou M, Diapouli E, Vratolis S. Radioactive pollution in Athens, Greece due to the Fukushima nuclear accident. J Environ Radioact 2012; 114:100-104. [PMID: 22197531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
As a result of the nuclear accident in Fukushima Dai-ichi power plant, which started on March 11, 2011, radioactive pollutants were transferred by air masses to various regions of the Northern hemisphere, including Europe. Very low concentrations of (131)I, (137)Cs and (134)Cs in airborne particulate matter were measured in Athens, Greece during the period of March 24 to April 28, 2011. The maximum air concentration of (131)I was measured on April 6, 2011 and equaled 490 ± 35 μBq m(-3). The maximum values of the two cesium isotopes were measured on the same day and equaled 180 ± 40 μBq m(-3) for (137)Cs and 160 ± 30 μBq m(-3) for (134)Cs. The average activity ratio of (131)I/(137)Cs in air was 3.0 ± 0.5, while the corresponding ratio of (137)Cs/(134)Cs equaled 1.1 ± 0.3. No artificial radionuclides could be detected in air after April 28, 2011. Traces of (131)I as a result of radioactive deposition were measured in grass, soil, sheep milk and meat. The total deposition of (131)I (dry + wet) was 34 ± 4 Bq m(-2), and of (137)Cs was less than 10 Bq m(-2). The maximum concentration of (131)I in grass was 2.1 ± 0.4 Bg kg(-1), while (134)Cs was not detected. The maximum concentrations of (131)I and (137)Cs in sheep milk were 1.7 ± 0.16 Bq kg(-1) and 0.6 ± 0.12 Bq kg(-1) respectively. Concentrations of (131)I up to 1.3 ± 0.2 Bq kg(-1) were measured in sheep meat. Traces of (131)I were found in a number of soil samples. The radiological impact of the Fukushima nuclear accident in Athens region was practically negligible, especially as compared to that of the Chernobyl accident and also to that of natural radioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kritidis
- NCSR Demokritos, Institute of Nuclear Technology-Radiation Protection, Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece.
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Nyeki S, Halios CH, Baum W, Eleftheriadis K, Flentje H, Gröbner J, Vuilleumier L, Wehrli C. Ground-based aerosol optical depth trends at three high-altitude sites in Switzerland and southern Germany from 1995 to 2010. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Athanasopoulou E, Tombrou M, Russell AG, Karanasiou A, Eleftheriadis K, Dandou A. Implementation of road and soil dust emission parameterizations in the aerosol model CAMx: Applications over the greater Athens urban area affected by natural sources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Karanasiou A, Eleftheriadis K, Vratolis S, Zarbas P, Mihalopoulos N, Mitsakou C, Housiadas C, Lazaridis M, Ondracek J, Dzumbova L. Size Distribution of Inorganic Species and Their Inhaled Dose in a Detergent Industrial Workplace. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11267-007-9140-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mitsakou C, Housiadas C, Eleftheriadis K, Vratolis S, Helmis C, Asimakopoulos D. Lung deposition of fine and ultrafine particles outdoors and indoors during a cooking event and a no activity period. Indoor Air 2007; 17:143-52. [PMID: 17391237 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2006.00464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Some indoor activities increase the number concentration of small particles and, hence, enhance the dose delivered to the lungs. The received particle dose indoors may exceed noticeably the dose from ambient air under routine in-house activities like cooking. In the present work, the internal dose by inhalation of ultrafine and fine particles is assessed, using an appropriate mechanistic model of lung deposition, accommodating aerosol, and inhalation dynamics. The analysis is based on size distribution measurements (10-350 nm) of indoor and outdoor aerosol number concentrations in a typical residence in Athens, Greece. Four different cases are examined, namely, a cooking event, a no activity period indoors and the equivalent time periods outdoors. When the cooking event (frying of bacon-eggs with a gas fire) occurred, the amount of deposited particles deep into the lung of an individual indoors exceeded by up to 10 times the amount received by an individual at the same time period outdoors. The fine particle deposition depends on the level of physical exertion and the hygroscopic properties of the inhaled aerosol. The dose is not found linearly dependant on the indoor/outdoor concentrations during the cooking event, whereas it is during the no activity period. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The necessity for determining the dose in specific regions of the human lung, as well as the non-linear relationship between aerosol concentration and internal dose makes the application of dosimetry models important. Lung dose of fine and ultrafine particles, during a cooking event, is compared with the dose at no indoor activity and the dose received under outdoor exposure conditions. The dose is expressed in terms of number or surface of deposited particles. This permits to address the dosimetry of very small particles, which are released by many indoor sources but represent a slight fraction of the particulate matter mass. The enhancement of the internal dose resulting from fine and ultrafine particles generated during the cooking event vs. the dose when no indoor source is active is assessed. The results for those cases are also compared with the dose calculated for the measured aerosol outdoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mitsakou
- Demokritos National Centre for Scientific Research, Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
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Savidou A, Kehagia K, Eleftheriadis K. Concentration levels of 210Pb and 210Po in dry tobacco leaves in Greece. J Environ Radioact 2005; 85:94-102. [PMID: 16098642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Revised: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco leaves are large and have sticky exudates that retain the radon decay products once they deposit on the leaves. The study of 210Po in tobacco is required, because of the cumulative alpha-radiation dose delivered to humans from inhaled 210Po in cigarette smoke. 210Pb is the other element of interest since it is the 210Po precursor in the radioactive decay chain. In the present study, the concentrations of these two radionuclides were determined in tobacco samples from seven regions in Greece. 210Po was determined by alpha spectrometry using a surface barrier detector after radiochemical separation and spontaneous deposition of polonium on a nickel disk. The 210Pb activity in the samples was determined via the 210Po resulting from the decay of 210Pb. The results of the present study indicate that 210Po concentrations ranged from 3.6 to 17.0 mBqg(-1) (average 13.1 mBqg(-1)) of dry tobacco, while 210Pb concentrations ranged from 7.3 to 18.0 mBqg(-1) (average 13.4 mBqg(-1)). The mean value of the annual committed effective dose for smokers (20 cigarettes per day) of Greek tobacco was estimated to be 287 microSv (124 microSv from 210Po and 163 microSv from 210Pb). The inhalation dose for smokers is on average about 12 times higher than for non-smokers living in the mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Savidou
- Institute of Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection, NCSR Demokritos , 153 10 Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
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Lazaridis M, Spyridaki A, Solberg S, Kallos G, Svendby T, Flatøy F, Drossinos I, Housiadas C, Smolik J, Colbeck I, Varinou M, Gofa F, Eleftheriadis K, Zdimal V, Georgopoulos PG. Modeling of Combined Aerosol and Photooxidant Processes in the Mediterranean Area. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1023/b:wafo.0000044782.25884.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
Depleted uranium is a low-cost radioactive material that, in addition to other applications, is used by the military in kinetic energy weapons against armored vehicles. During the Gulf and Balkan conflicts concern has been raised about the potential health hazards arising from the toxic and radioactive material released. The aerosol produced during impact and combustion of depleted uranium munitions can potentially contaminate wide areas around the impact sites or can be inhaled by civilians and military personnel. Attempts to estimate the extent and magnitude of the dispersion were until now performed by complex modeling tools employing unclear assumptions and input parameters of high uncertainty. An analytical puff model accommodating diffusion with simultaneous deposition is developed, which can provide a reasonable estimation of the dispersion of the released depleted uranium aerosol. Furthermore, the period of the exposure for a given point downwind from the release can be estimated (as opposed to when using a plume model). The main result is that the depleted uranium mass is deposited very close to the release point. The deposition flux at a couple of kilometers from the release point is more than one order of magnitude lower than the one a few meters near the release point. The effects due to uncertainties in the key input variables are addressed. The most influential parameters are found to be atmospheric stability, height of release, and wind speed, whereas aerosol size distribution is less significant. The output from the analytical model developed was tested against the numerical model RPM-AERO. Results display satisfactory agreement between the two models.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mitsakou
- Institute of Nuclear Technology-Radiation Protection, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
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