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Pateraki S, Asimakopoulos DN, Maggos T, Assimakopoulos VD, Bougiatioti A, Bairachtari K, Vasilakos C, Mihalopoulos N. Chemical characterization, sources and potential health risk of PM 2.5 and PM 1 pollution across the Greater Athens Area. Chemosphere 2020; 241:125026. [PMID: 31606570 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With the principal aim to assess the typical Mediterranean profile of the PM2.5 and PM1 pollution, three intensive monitoring campaigns took place simultaneously within different types of environment across an urban location of the basin. Focusing on the PM components with numerous anthropogenic sources and increased potential health risk, the samples were chemically analyzed for 20 p.m.-bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Carbonaceous and ionic constituents were quantified as well. In order to uncover the spatiotemporal variation of the PM profile the key sources were identified, the seasonal effects and the role of the prevailing mesoscale atmospheric circulation were evaluated and most importantly the potential health risk was estimated. In general, the pollution status of the basin was the result of a complex interaction between the local and external input with Particulate Organic Matter (POM) and Secondary Inorganic Aerosols (SIA) being the main aerosols' components. PM1 was a better indicator of the anthropogenic emissions while according to the results of factor analysis the co-existence of various combustion sources was determinant. Chemically, the maxima of the ΣPAHs, the differentiation of their structure in accordance with their molecular weight and the distribution of the individual compounds confirmed the significance of the emission sources. Similarly, the estimated carcinogenicity/mutagenicity was emission-dependent with the maximum contribution coming from B[a]P, IndP, B[ghi]Per, B[e]P and B[b]F. Seasonally, the highest potential health risk of the PAHs' mixture was recorded during the cold season while meteorologically, it was mostly associated with the south flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- St Pateraki
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 152 36, Athens, Greece.
| | - D N Asimakopoulos
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Athens, University Campus, Building PHYS-5, 157 84, Athens, Greece
| | - Th Maggos
- Environmental Research Laboratory/ INT-RP, National Centre for Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, 153 10, Athens, Greece
| | - V D Assimakopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 152 36, Athens, Greece
| | - A Bougiatioti
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 152 36, Athens, Greece
| | - K Bairachtari
- Environmental Research Laboratory/ INT-RP, National Centre for Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, 153 10, Athens, Greece
| | - Ch Vasilakos
- Environmental Research Laboratory/ INT-RP, National Centre for Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, 153 10, Athens, Greece
| | - N Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 152 36, Athens, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Chemistry Department, University of Crete, 2208, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
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Pateraki S, Manousakas M, Bairachtari K, Kantarelou V, Eleftheriadis K, Vasilakos C, Assimakopoulos VD, Maggos T. The traffic signature on the vertical PM profile: Environmental and health risks within an urban roadside environment. Sci Total Environ 2019; 646:448-459. [PMID: 30055502 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to investigate the traffic-impacted vertical aerosols profile and its relationship with potential carcinogenicity and/or mutagenicity, samples of different sized airborne particles were collected in parallel at the 1st and 5th floor of a 19 m high building located next to one of the busiest roads of Athens. The maximum daily concentrations were 65.9, 42.5 and 38.5 μg/m3, for PM10, PM2.5 and PM1, respectively. The vertical concentration ratio decreased with increasing height verifying the role of the characteristics of the area (1st/5th floor: 1.21, 1.13, 1.09 for PM10, PM2.5 and PM1, respectively). Chemically, strengthening the previous hypothesis, the collected particles were mainly carbonaceous (68%-93%) with the maximum budget of the polyaromatic hydrocarbons being recorded near the surface (1st/5th floor: 1.84, 1.07, 1.15 for PM10, PM2.5 and PM1, respectively). The detected PM-bound PAHs along with the elements as well as the carbonaceous and ionic constituents were used in a source apportionment study. Exhaust and non-exhaust emissions, a mixed source of biomass burning and high temperature combustion processes (natural gas, gasoline/diesel engines), sea salt, secondary and soil particles were identified as the major contributing sources to the PM pollution of the investigated area. With respect to the health hazards, the calculation of the Benzo[a]Pyrene toxicity equivalency factors underlined the importance of the height of residence in buildings for the level of the exposure (1st/5th floor: B[a]PTEQ: 1.82, 1.12, 1.10, B[a]PMEQ: 1.85, 1.13, 1.09 for PM10, PM2.5 and PM1, respectively). Finally, despite its verified significance as a surrogate compound for the mixture of the hydrocarbons (its contribution up to 72%, 79% on the level of the 1st and 5th floor, respectively), the importance of the incorporation of PAH species in addition to B[a]P when assessing PAH toxicity was clearly documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- St Pateraki
- Environmental Research Laboratory/I.N.RA.S.T.E.S., N.C.S.R 'Demokritos', 15310, Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece.
| | - M Manousakas
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, I.N.RA.S.T.E.S., N.C.S.R 'Demokritos', 15310, Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - K Bairachtari
- Environmental Research Laboratory/I.N.RA.S.T.E.S., N.C.S.R 'Demokritos', 15310, Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - V Kantarelou
- Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - K Eleftheriadis
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, I.N.RA.S.T.E.S., N.C.S.R 'Demokritos', 15310, Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Ch Vasilakos
- Environmental Research Laboratory/I.N.RA.S.T.E.S., N.C.S.R 'Demokritos', 15310, Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - V D Assimakopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 152 36 Athens, Greece
| | - Th Maggos
- Environmental Research Laboratory/I.N.RA.S.T.E.S., N.C.S.R 'Demokritos', 15310, Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
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Assimakopoulos VD, Bekiari T, Pateraki S, Maggos T, Stamatis P, Nicolopoulou P, Assimakopoulos MN. Assessing personal exposure to PM using data from an integrated indoor-outdoor experiment in Athens-Greece. Sci Total Environ 2018; 636:1303-1320. [PMID: 29913592 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An integrated indoor-outdoor 15-day PM sampling campaign in a general area close to the centre of Athens, targeted to examine personal exposure. All microenvironments (MEs) (second and fourth floor flats, cafes, cars, restaurants, underground metro, outdoor etc.) frequented by the residents were included in the study. The instrumentation used was both stationary (low volume samplers) and portable/wearable to be able to measure continuously PM10, PM2.5, PM1 and analyze chemically PM2.5 and PM1 samples. The study showed that the residences' air quality was determined by the type and intensity of outdoor sources and their vertical distance from the street. Indoor activities such as cooking, cleaning further increased PM levels and formulated the air quality, while particulate accumulation was evident. In general, PM2.5 concentrations were higher outdoors, 11-43 μg/m3, than in the second floor flat as well as on days within different MEs, 13-33 μg/m3 and 8-35 μg/m3, respectively and finally in the fourth floor 10-18 μg/m3. PM2.5 chemical composition was typical of a Mediterranean urban area predominantly composed on average of OC/EC (33%), sulfate (13%), ammonium (9%), nitrate (5%) and crustal material (Cl-, Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+) (5%). On days when other MEs were visited crustal material increased on average to 16%. The PM levels measured with the portable instrumentation at all mEs showed that the persons were exposed to higher PM10 concentrations in the subway (avg. 218 μg/m3) due to the resuspension of crustal material, while maximum PM2.5 and PM1 were experienced in cafes where smoking was allowed (avg. 126 and 108 μg/m3, respectively). Using the car resulted to the lowest PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 exposure (58, 10 and 6 μg/m3, respectively). Total exposure to particulates depended both on the time spent in each ME and on the mixture of MEs visited in 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- V D Assimakopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Suitable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 P. Penteli, Greece.
| | - T Bekiari
- Pathology Department, University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - S Pateraki
- Environmental Research Laboratory/INT-RP, National Center for Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", 153 10, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - Th Maggos
- Environmental Research Laboratory/INT-RP, National Center for Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", 153 10, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - P Stamatis
- Pathology Department, University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - P Nicolopoulou
- Pathology Department, University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - M N Assimakopoulos
- Department of Environmental Physics-Meteorology, Faculty of Physics, University of Athens, University Campus, 15784 Athens, Greece
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Pateraki S, Asimakopoulos DN, Bougiatioti A, Maggos T, Vasilakos C, Mihalopoulos N. Assessment of PM₂.₅ and PM₁ chemical profile in a multiple-impacted Mediterranean urban area: origin, sources and meteorological dependence. Sci Total Environ 2014; 479-480:210-220. [PMID: 24561927 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter in the PM2.5 and PM1 size ranges has been sampled at three sites within the Mediterranean urban area of the Athens Basin, representing background, roadside-industrialized and coastal background locations. With the principal aim to identify the sources and discriminate the contribution of the regional input versus the local one, simultaneous chemical characterization with respect to carbonaceous and ionic species was also carried out on the collected samples. In general, the average recorded values were within the Mediterranean concentration range. The constant prevalence of the ionic mass (52%-79%) over one of the carbonaceous, being combined with the occurrence of its maximum rates at the coastal background environment (74%-79% and 73%-77% for PM2.5 and PM1, respectively) leads to the hypothesis that the fine PM pollution in the basin, especially for the remote locations, is evidently governed by the external intrusion. Even at the polluted atmosphere of the roadside-industrialized environment, the PM mass was regionally originated, with the corresponding input reaching up to 87% (northward flow). Applying factor analysis on the PM2.5 database it came obvious that the sources which were responsible for the configured PM burden were not fully differentiated not only between the different types of environment but also between the exceedances and the clean air events. The contribution of the secondary, marine and combustion processes was constant at all the stations of the network, while a continuous input of crustal particles characterized both the roadside-industrialized and the coastal atmosphere. Finally, the episodic values show a general common signal of secondary mixed ΡΜ emissions, high influence of both regional and local pollution spikes, confirming the earlier findings for the significance of transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- St Pateraki
- Environmental Research Laboratory/I.N.RA.S.T.E.S., National Centre for Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, P.O. Box 60228, 153 10 Athens, Greece; Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Athens, University Campus, Building PHYS-5, 157 84 Athens, Greece
| | - D N Asimakopoulos
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Athens, University Campus, Building PHYS-5, 157 84 Athens, Greece
| | - A Bougiatioti
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Chemistry Department, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Th Maggos
- Environmental Research Laboratory/I.N.RA.S.T.E.S., National Centre for Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, P.O. Box 60228, 153 10 Athens, Greece
| | - Ch Vasilakos
- Environmental Research Laboratory/I.N.RA.S.T.E.S., National Centre for Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, P.O. Box 60228, 153 10 Athens, Greece
| | - N Mihalopoulos
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Chemistry Department, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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Pateraki S, Assimakopoulos VD, Maggos T, Fameli KM, Kotroni V, Vasilakos C. Particulate matter pollution over a Mediterranean urban area. Sci Total Environ 2013; 463-464:508-524. [PMID: 23831797 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the aerosols' (PM10, PM2.5, and PM1) spatial and temporal distribution in different types of environment in a Mediterranean urban region, the Greater Athens Area based on data from a sampling campaign that took place during the cold and warm period of 2008. The influence of the atmospheric circulation patterns, the possible local transport mechanisms, as well as the differentiation of the PM behaviour from that of the inorganic pollutants (NOx, O3), are analysed and discussed. Furthermore, the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions (CAMx) was applied for selected sampling dates and its results were evaluated against measurements in order to interpret qualitatively the configured picture of the air pollution above the GAA. Analysis of the measurement data show that local sources such as traffic and industry dominate over the prevailing PM loads, especially at the 'hot spot' areas. Moreover, the synoptic circulation patterns associated with calm conditions and southerly flows lead to high particulate pollution levels that also affect the urban background stations. Saharan dust outbreaks appeared to increase the particles' diameter as well as the number of E.U. limit value exceedances within the stations of our network. Without any dependence on the characteristics of the investigated atmosphere, PM1 always constituted the greatest part of the PM2.5 mass while PM10, especially during the Saharan dust episodes, was mainly constituted by the coarse fraction. The numerical modelling approach of the geographical distribution of PM10, PM2.5, NOx and O3 justified the design of the sampling campaign, indicating the need for the systematic and parallel monitoring and modelling of the pollutants' dispersion in order to understand the particulate pollution problem in the GAA and to aid to the formulation of pollution control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- St Pateraki
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Athens, University Campus, Building PHYS-5, 157 84 Athens, Greece; Environmental Research Laboratory/INT-RP, National Centre for Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, P.O.B. 60228, 153 10 Athens, Greece
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Pateraki S, Assimakopoulos VD, Bougiatioti A, Kouvarakis G, Mihalopoulos N, Vasilakos C. Carbonaceous and ionic compositional patterns of fine particles over an urban Mediterranean area. Sci Total Environ 2012; 424:251-263. [PMID: 22425278 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A carefully designed experimental study based on the monitoring of fine airborne particles, was carried out at three different locations (suburban background, traffic-industrial, coastal background) of an urban Mediterranean area, the Athens Basin. Understanding of the PM(2.5) and PM(1) nature has an important policy implication. In total, five hundred and nineteen samples were chemically analyzed with respect to carbonaceous (organic/elemental carbon) and ionic (NH(4)(+), K(+), Mg(2+), Ca(2+), NO(3)(-), Cl(-), SO(4)(2-)) species. The dataset consists one of the very few in the Mediterranean which simultaneously deals with the carbonaceous and ionic components of fine aerosol fractions, especially for PM(1). Daily PM(2.5) averages often exceeded the E.U. limit values, with their mass being mainly composed of PM(1). The most important constituents of secondary particles were SO(4)(2-) and organic carbon, with both accounting for 56.4%-64.3% and 60.5%-62.3% of the total PM(2.5) and PM(1) mass, respectively. Regional sources, marine/crustal elements, combustion sources and traffic were indicated by factor analysis as the greatest contributors to the mass of both PM(2.5) and PM(1) fractions, accounting for 85.3% and 83.6%, respectively of the total variance in the system. It is worthy to note, the key role of the prevailing atmospheric conditions to the configuration of the obtained picture of the particulate pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- St Pateraki
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Athens, University Campus, building PHYS-5, 157 84, Athens, Greece.
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Pateraki S, Asimakopoulos DN, Flocas HA, Maggos T, Vasilakos C. The role of meteorology on different sized aerosol fractions (PM₁₀, PM₂.₅, PM₂.₅-₁₀). Sci Total Environ 2012; 419:124-135. [PMID: 22285081 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The scope of the present study is to assess the influence of meteorology on different diameter particles (PM(10), PM(2.5), PM(2.5-10)) during a 53 months long experimental campaign at an urban Mediterranean area. Except for the investigation of the wind, temperature and relative humidity role, day by day synoptic conditions were classified over the Attica peninsula in order to explore as well, the role of the synoptic scale atmospheric circulation. The strong dependence of the aerosols character on their various sources, not only explain the different diameter particles behavior and their differentiation with the inorganic pollutants but also highlights the need for an effective emission policy. High PM(10) and PM(2.5-10) concentrations found to be closely related to the southwesterly regime, suggesting long range transport from the 'polluted' south sector while the general prevalence of the secondary particles generation revealed the health hazard. PM(2.5) showed a weaker correlation than the bigger particles with both the circulation patterns and the parameters' fluctuations. Temporal pollutants variations were clearly governed by the emissions patterns while the low wind speed was not necessarily a good indicator of high concentration levels. Finally it was found that only during the open/close anticyclonic days and the southwesterly wind regime the morning levels were continuously higher than those of the night.
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Affiliation(s)
- St Pateraki
- Environmental Research Laboratory/INT-RP, National Center for Scientific Research DEMOKRITOS, 153 10, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, PO Box 60228 Athens, Greece.
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Pateraki S, Asimakopoulos DN, Maggos T, Vasilakos C. Particulate matter levels in a suburban Mediterranean area: analysis of a 53-month long experimental campaign. J Hazard Mater 2010; 182:801-811. [PMID: 20667425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.06.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Parallel measurements of ambient particulate matter mass in terms of PM(10), PM(2.5) and PM(2.5-10), conducted during a 53 months long experiment, between 2003 and 2008. The data constituting one of the longest simultaneous comparative data sets for the three PM fractions in Europe, collected at a suburban area of Athens, Aghia Paraskevi. Total means of mass concentrations for PM(10), PM(2.5) and PM(2.5-10) were in the order of 34.8, 18.0 and 23.8 microg/m(3), respectively. Seasonal variability of PM levels governed by the fact that the specific site is dominated by secondary aerosol emissions with the concentrations presenting a shift to the warm period. During the whole sampling period PM(10) were mainly composed of PM(2.5) while particles with the bigger diameter proved to be strongly correlated in all the cases. It would be interesting to mention that all the three aerosol fractions did not present any association with the inorganic pollutants. Stagnant conditions as well as the wind direction proved to be key mechanisms for the configuration of the air quality patterns. Saronic Gulf sea-breeze development enhanced the aerosol transportation from the industrialized greater area of Piraeus and the polluted center of the city, to the Northern suburbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- St Pateraki
- Environmental Research Laboratory/INT-RP, National Centre for Scientific Research DEMOKRITOS, 153 10, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, P.O.B. 60228 Athens, Greece.
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Pateraki S, Maggos T, Michopoulos J, Flocas HA, Asimakopoulos DN, Vasilakos C. Ions species size distribution in particulate matter associated with VOCs and meteorological conditions over an urban region. Chemosphere 2008; 72:496-503. [PMID: 18440047 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, PM1) and volatile organic compounds (benzene, toluene, m,p-xylene, o-xylene) samples were collected during winter and summer seasons of 2005 at two sites, representing an urban and a suburban region of the Greater Athens Area. Urban site traffic emissions were the major contributor to the concentration of PM2.5, PM10, toluene, and xylenes, while benzene and PM1 concentrations were presented in significant spatial variations. K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NO3-, Cl- and SO42- ions were analyzed for the chemical characterization of the collected PM samples. The results showed that Na+ cations and SO42- anions were the dominant species, during winter and summer, respectively, in both sites. The analysis of the synoptic scale and mesoscale atmospheric circulation during the experimental periods demonstrated that the meteorological conditions play a key role, not only in the variation but also in the distribution of the ionic concentrations at the three fractions of particulates and the dominant character (alkaline/acidic/neutral) of the particulates at the two sampling sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- St Pateraki
- Environmental Research Laboratory/INT-RP, National Centre for Scientific Research DEMOKRITOS, 153 10 Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, P.O. Box 60228, Athens, Greece.
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Vassilakos C, Saraga D, Maggos T, Michopoulos J, Pateraki S, Helmis CG. Temporal variations of PM2.5 in the ambient air of a suburban site in Athens, Greece. Sci Total Environ 2005; 349:223-31. [PMID: 16198683 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-three hour measurements of PM(2.5) particulate matter have been carried out during the period between the 1st April and the 13th November 2003 in a suburban area of Athens. The monitoring site was located in the National Research Center "DEMOKRITOS", on the foot of Hemittos Mountain and about 12 km away from the center of Athens. The site covers an area of 600 acres in a forest of pine trees close enough to the newly constructed Hemittos Mountain peripheral highway. PM(2.5) samples were collected on 47 mm filters, with the use of low volume gravimetric samplers while a meteorological station recorded meteorological data 6 m above the ground, nearby the sampling instrumentation. The daily average PM(2.5) concentration reached 21.1 microg m(-3) and all measurements were below U.S. Environmental Pollution Agency daily limit (65 microg m(-3)). A regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship among PM(2.5) concentrations and meteorological parameters. Additionally, PM(2.5) mass concentrations were correlated with other inorganic gaseous pollutants (O(3), NO, NO(2), SO(2)) while weekly and seasonal PM(2.5) variations were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch Vassilakos
- Environmental Research Laboratory/INT-RP, National Center for Scientific Research DEMOKRITOS, Athens, Greece.
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