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Haug H, Klein L, Sauerwald T, Poelke B, Beauchamp J, Roloff A. Sampling Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Consumer Products: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-22. [PMID: 36306209 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2136484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are common constituents of many consumer products. Although many VOCs are generally considered harmless at low concentrations, some compound classes represent substances of concern in relation to human (inhalation) exposure and can elicit adverse health effects, especially when concentrations build up, such as in indoor settings. Determining VOC emissions from consumer products, such as toys, utensils or decorative articles, is of utmost importance to enable the assessment of inhalation exposure under real-world scenarios with respect to consumer safety. Due to the diverse sizes and shapes of such products, as well as their differing uses, a one-size-fits-all approach for measuring VOC emissions is not possible, thus, sampling procedures must be chosen carefully to best suit the sample under investigation. This review outlines the different sampling approaches for characterizing VOC emissions from consumer products, including headspace and emission test chamber methods. The advantages and disadvantages of each sampling technique are discussed in relation to their time and cost efficiency, as well as their suitability to realistically assess VOC inhalation exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Haug
- Department of Sensory Analytics and Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luise Klein
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tilman Sauerwald
- Department of Sensory Analytics and Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
| | - Birte Poelke
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Beauchamp
- Department of Sensory Analytics and Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
| | - Alexander Roloff
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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2
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Understanding the early-stage release of volatile organic compounds from rapeseed oil during deep-frying of tubers by targeted and omics-inspired approaches using PTR-MS and gas chromatography. Food Res Int 2022; 160:111716. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Wojnowski W, Marć M, Kalinowska K, Kosmela P, Zabiegała B. Emission Profiles of Volatiles during 3D Printing with ABS, ASA, Nylon, and PETG Polymer Filaments. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123814. [PMID: 35744939 PMCID: PMC9229569 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this short communication we characterize the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing using four polymer materials, namely polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified (PETG), acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA), Nylon, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Detailed emission profiles are obtained during thermal degradation of the polymers as a function of temperature and also in real-time during 3D printing. Direct quantitative measurement was performed using proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS). Qualitative determination of the volatiles emitted from the printed elements at various temperatures was accomplished using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The emission rates of VOCs differ significantly between the different polymer filaments, with the emission from Nylon and PETG more than an order of magnitude lower than that of ABS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Wojnowski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.M.); (K.K.); (B.Z.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence:
| | - Mariusz Marć
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.M.); (K.K.); (B.Z.)
| | - Kaja Kalinowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.M.); (K.K.); (B.Z.)
| | - Paulina Kosmela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Bożena Zabiegała
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.M.); (K.K.); (B.Z.)
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4
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Ground Tire Rubber Modified by Elastomers via Low-Temperature Extrusion Process: Physico-Mechanical Properties and Volatile Organic Emission Assessment. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030546. [PMID: 35160532 PMCID: PMC8839703 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, low-temperature extrusion of ground tire rubber was performed as a pro-ecological waste tires recycling method. During this process, ground tire rubber was modified with constant content of dicumyl peroxide and a variable amount of elastomer (in the range: 2.5–15 phr). During the studies, three types of elastomers were used: styrene-butadiene rubber, styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene grafted with maleic anhydride and ethylene-octene copolymer. Energy consumption measurements, curing characteristics, physico-mechanical properties and volatile organic compounds emitted from modified reclaimed GTR were determined. The VOCs emission profile was investigated using a passive sampling technique, miniature emission chambers system and static headspace analysis and subsequently quantitative or qualitative analysis by gas chromatography. The VOCs analysis showed that in the studied conditions the most emitted volatile compounds are dicumyl peroxide decomposition by-products, such as: α-methylstyrene, acetophenone, α-cumyl alcohol, methyl cumyl ether, while the detection level of benzothiazole (devulcanization “marker”) was very low. Moreover, it was found that the mechanical properties of the obtained materials significantly improved with a higher content of styrene-butadiene rubber and styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene grafted with maleic anhydride while the opposite trend was observed for ethylene-octene copolymer content.
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Marć M, Tsakovski S, Tobiszewski M. Emissions and toxic units of solvent, monomer and additive residues released to gaseous phase from latex balloons. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110700. [PMID: 33476666 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the VOCs emissions from commercially available latex balloons. Nine compounds are determined to be emitted from 13 types of balloons of different colors and imprints in 30 and 60 °C. The average values of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) emitted from studied samples ranged from 0.054 up to 7.18 μg g-1 and from 0.27 up to 36.11 μg g-1 for 30 °C and 60 °C, respectively. The dataset is treated with principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple curve resolution (MCR) to characterize its internal patterns. Here two groups on compounds are recognized - the first one related to balloon material, the second one being emissions of compounds previously adsorbed on balloon material. The toxicity assessment of MCR modeled balloons' emissions was performed by toxic unit (TU) approach. The obtained TUs were summed to give toxicity emission assessment. The incorporation of TUs allows to identify the balloons with the most toxic emissions- imprinted ones in 60 °C. The compounds of the highest TUs are hexanal and benzene. FTIR analysis shows that all balloons are made of the same polymeric material - isoprene, so all differences in emissions are related to different additives like pigments, imprints or these responsible for opaqueness. Analyzing the obtained research results it was noticed that latex balloons might be considered as an important source of emission of aliphatic and monoaromatic hydrocarbons to the gaseous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Marć
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Stefan Tsakovski
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", Sofia, 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Marek Tobiszewski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
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Zedler Ł, Burger P, Wang S, Formela K. Ground Tire Rubber Modified by Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer: Processing, Physico-Mechanical Properties, Volatile Organic Compounds Emission and Recycling Possibility. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13204669. [PMID: 33092105 PMCID: PMC7594032 DOI: 10.3390/ma13204669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ground tire rubber (GTR) was reclaimed and modified with 10 phr of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer via low-temperature extrusion process. Processing, physico-mechanical properties, volatile organic compounds emission, and recycling possibility were investigated. In order to better understand the impact of used modifiers, their efficiency was compared with trans-polyoctenamer, which is an additive that is commercially dedicated to waste rubber recycling. The results showed that a relatively small amount of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer improves the mechanical properties of modified reclaimed GTR and also allows further recycling by multiple processing without the deterioration of performance after three cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Zedler
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80–233 Gdańsk, Poland; (Ł.Z.); (P.B.)
| | - Paulina Burger
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80–233 Gdańsk, Poland; (Ł.Z.); (P.B.)
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Krzysztof Formela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80–233 Gdańsk, Poland; (Ł.Z.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Galeja M, Wypiór K, Wachowicz J, Kędzierski P, Hejna A, Marć M, Klewicz K, Gabor J, Okła H, Swinarew AS. POM/EVA Blends with Future Utility in Fused Deposition Modeling. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13132912. [PMID: 32610478 PMCID: PMC7372422 DOI: 10.3390/ma13132912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyoxymethylene (POM) is one of the most popular thermoplastic polymers used in the industry. Therefore, the interest in its potential applications in rapid prototyping is understandable. Nevertheless, its low dimensional stability causes the warping of 3D prints, limiting its applications. This research aimed to evaluate the effects of POM modification with ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 wt.%) on its processing (by melt flow index), structure (by X-ray microcomputed tomography), and properties (by static tensile tests, surface resistance, contact angle measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis), as well as very rarely analyzed emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (by headspace analysis). Performed modifications decreased stiffness and strength of the material, simultaneously enhancing its ductility, which simultaneously increased the toughness even by more than 50% for 7.5 wt.% EVA loading. Such an effect was related to an improved linear flow rate resulting in a lack of defects inside the samples. The decrease of the melting temperature and the slight increase of thermal stability after the addition of EVA broadened the processing window for 3D printing. The 3D printing trials on two different printers showed that the addition of EVA copolymer increased the possibility of a successful print without defects, giving space for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Galeja
- Department of Material Engineering, Central Mining Institute, Pl. Gwarków 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland; (M.G.); (K.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Klaudiusz Wypiór
- Department of Material Engineering, Central Mining Institute, Pl. Gwarków 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland; (M.G.); (K.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Jan Wachowicz
- Department of Material Engineering, Central Mining Institute, Pl. Gwarków 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland; (M.G.); (K.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Przemysław Kędzierski
- Department of Acoustics, Electronics and IT Solutions, Central Mining Institute, Pl. Gwarków 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Aleksander Hejna
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Mariusz Marć
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Krzysztof Klewicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Jadwiga Gabor
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; (J.G.); (H.O.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Hubert Okła
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; (J.G.); (H.O.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Andrzej Szymon Swinarew
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; (J.G.); (H.O.); (A.S.S.)
- Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
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8
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Marć M. Emissions of selected monoaromatic hydrocarbons as a factor affecting the removal of single-use polymer barbecue and kitchen utensils from everyday use. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137485. [PMID: 32135294 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The main focus of this study is the emission of monoaromatic hydrocarbons because these are the preliminary factors of potential solvent and monomer residues present in single-use plastic barbecue and kitchen utensils comprising polystyrene, polypropylene, natural cellulose, and biodegradable polymers intended for use with hot meal or beverages. Herein, the emissions of monoaromatic hydrocarbons (styrene, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene compounds and the total volatile organic compounds (TVOC)) from nine types of disposable plastic utensils are reported. Seventy two samples of single-use plastic utensils were conditioned at 40 and 80 °C using a stationary emission microchamber system. The average TVOC released from the studied polystyrene, polypropylene, and natural or biodegradable utensils were (2.3 ± 1.3), (1.01 ± 0.15), and (0.48 ± 0.37) μg g-1, respectively, at 40 °C and (11.1 ± 1.2), (46.1 ± 9.5), and (5.5 ± 1.1) μg g-1, respectively, at 80 °C. Significant emissions of styrene (ranged from 3.5 up to 15.3 × 103 ng∙g-1), toluene (from 2.8 up to 0.53 × 103 ng∙g-1), and ethylbenzene (from 3.7 up to 5.7 × 103 ng∙g-1) from the studied samples were observed, especially at 80 °C. Thus, elevated temperatures increase the potential emission of solvent and monomer residues from plastics and could affect the quality of consumed meals or beverages, such as taste. Additionally, to determine the possible interactions between the measured chemical compounds in the plastic utensils, the Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Marć
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland.
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Banton MI, Bus JS, Collins JJ, Delzell E, Gelbke HP, Kester JE, Moore MM, Waites R, Sarang SS. Evaluation of potential health effects associated with occupational and environmental exposure to styrene - an update. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2019; 22:1-130. [PMID: 31284836 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2019.1633718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The potential chronic health risks of occupational and environmental exposure to styrene were evaluated to update health hazard and exposure information developed since the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis risk assessment for styrene was performed in 2002. The updated hazard assessment of styrene's health effects indicates human cancers and ototoxicity remain potential concerns. However, mechanistic research on mouse lung tumors demonstrates these tumors are mouse-specific and of low relevance to human cancer risk. The updated toxicity database supports toxicity reference levels of 20 ppm (equates to 400 mg urinary metabolites mandelic acid + phenylglyoxylic acid/g creatinine) for worker inhalation exposure and 3.7 ppm and 2.5 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, for general population inhalation and oral exposure. No cancer risk value estimates are proposed given the established lack of relevance of mouse lung tumors and inconsistent epidemiology evidence. The updated exposure assessment supports inhalation and ingestion routes as important. The updated risk assessment found estimated risks within acceptable ranges for all age groups of the general population and workers with occupational exposures in non-fiber-reinforced polymer composites industries and fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRP) workers using closed-mold operations or open-mold operations with respiratory protection. Only FRP workers using open-mold operations not using respiratory protection have risk exceedances for styrene and should be considered for risk management measures. In addition, given the reported interaction of styrene exposure with noise, noise reduction to sustain levels below 85 dB(A) needs be in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Banton
- a Gorge View Consulting LLC , Hood River , OR , USA
| | - J S Bus
- b Health Sciences , Exponent , Midland , MI , USA
| | - J J Collins
- c Health Sciences , Saginaw Valley State University , Saginaw , MI , USA
| | - E Delzell
- d Private consultant , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | | | - J E Kester
- f Kester Consulting LLC , Wentzville , MO , USA
| | | | - R Waites
- h Sabic , Innovative Plastics US LLC , Mount Vernon , IN , USA
| | - S S Sarang
- i Shell Health , Shell International , Houston , TX , USA
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Hejna A, Piszcz-Karaś K, Filipowicz N, Cieśliński H, Namieśnik J, Marć M, Klein M, Formela K. Structure and performance properties of environmentally-friendly biocomposites based on poly(ɛ-caprolactone) modified with copper slag and shale drill cuttings wastes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:1320-1331. [PMID: 30021299 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The potential application of two types of industrial wastes, drill cuttings (DC) and copper slag (CS), as silica-rich modifiers of poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) was investigated. Chemical structure and physical properties of DC and CS fillers were characterized using X-ray diffractometer, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, particle size and density measurements. PCL/DC and PCL/CS composites with a variable content of filler (5 to 50 parts by weight) were prepared by melt compounding in an internal mixer. It was observed that lower particle size of DC filler enhanced processing of biocomposites comparing to CS filler. Smaller particles of DC filler and thus the higher specific surface area, enabled better encapsulation of filler by polymer chains, hence lower porosity and consequently higher tensile properties comparing to PCL/CS biocomposites. It was noticed, that the impact of waste filler characteristics on tensile properties became negligible at higher loadings. This indicates weak interactions between waste filler and PCL matrix, due to aggregation of filler particles and formulation of voids in phase boundary. This phenomenon was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, headspace analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. Microbial tests revealed that prepared biocomposites show no toxic effect towards analyzed bacterial strains, therefore could be considered as environmentally-friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Natalia Filipowicz
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Huber Cieśliński
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Marć
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland; Department of Analytical and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Opole University, Opole, Poland
| | - Marek Klein
- Renewable Energy Department, The Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Formela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland.
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Szczepańska N, Marć M, Kudłak B, Simeonov V, Tsakovski S, Namieśnik J. Assessment of ecotoxicity and total volatile organic compound (TVOC) emissions from food and children's toy products. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 160:282-289. [PMID: 29857233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of new methods for identifying a broad spectrum of analytes, as well as highly selective tools to provide the most accurate information regarding the processes and relationships in the world, has been an area of interest for researchers for many years. The information obtained with these tools provides valuable data to complement existing knowledge but, above all, to identify and determine previously unknown hazards. Recently, attention has been paid to the migration of xenobiotics from the surfaces of various everyday objects and the resulting impacts on human health. Since children are among those most vulnerable to health consequences, one of the main subjects of interest is the migration of low-molecular-weight compounds from toys and products intended for children. This migration has become a stimulus for research aimed at determining the degree of release of compounds from popular commercially available chocolate/toy sets. One of main objectives of this research was to determine the impact of time on the ecotoxicity (with Vibrio fischeri bioluminescent bacteria) of extracts of products intended for children and to assess the correlation with total volatile organic compound emissions using basic chemometric methods. The studies on endocrine potential (with XenoScreen YES/YAS) of the extracts and showed that compounds released from the studied objects (including packaging foils, plastic capsules storing toys, most of toys studied and all chocolate samples) exhibit mostly androgenic antagonistic behavior while using artificial saliva as extraction medium increased the impact observed. The impact of time in most cases was positive one and increased with prolonging extraction time. The small-scale stationary environmental test chambers - μ-CTE™ 250 system was employed to perform the studies aimed at determining the profile of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) emissions. Due to this it was possible to state that objects from which the greatest amounts of contaminants are released are plastic containers (with emission rate falling down from 3273 to 2280 ng/g of material at 6 h of conditioning in elevated temperature).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Szczepańska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Marć
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Analytical and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Opole University, pl. Kopernika 11a, 45-040 Opole, Poland.
| | - Błażej Kudłak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Vasil Simeonov
- Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia "St. Kl. Okhridski", 1, J. Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stefan Tsakovski
- Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia "St. Kl. Okhridski", 1, J. Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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