Electrochemical detection of chloramphenicol using palladium nanoparticles decorated reduced graphene oxide

MOF-derived Co2CuS4 nanoparticles with gold-decorated reduced graphene oxide for electrochemical determination of chloramphenicol in real samples

Despite the beneficial effects of antibiotics such as chloramphenicol (CAP), they exert some destructive impacts on human health. We designed an electrochemical sensor based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/Au/Co2CuS4 nanohybrid for determination of CAP in food and biological samples. The Co2CuS4 was synthesized from binuclear metal-organic framework (CoCu-BDC) through a two-step process. Nanohybrid was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The rGO/Au/Co2CuS4 provides more active sites and good electrical conductivity to reduce charge transfer resistance and improve the electrocatalytic activity for determination of CAP. The prepared sensor has a wide linear range from 7 to 141 nM with a limit of detection of 2.5 nM and a limit of quantification of 21.92 nM. It also provided high selectivity and repeatability with a relative standard deviation of 2.6%. Stability studies showed that the electrode has acceptable performance with efficiency of 95% after 33 days.

Validation of electrochemical device setup for detection of dual antibiotic drug release from hydrogel

Due to antimicrobial resistance that occurs throughout the world, antibiotic-releasing hydrogel with at least two drugs that synergistically treat stubborn bacteria is preferable for infection prevention. Hydrogel can serve as a drug reservoir to gradually release drugs in a therapeutic window to effectively treat microorganisms with minimal side effects. The study and development of drug releasing hydrogels requires a reliable, straightforward, cost-effective, fast, and low labor-intensive drug detection technique. In this study, we validate the electrochemical technique and device setup for real-time determination of dual antibacterial drugs released from a hydrogel. Concentrations of two representative antibacterial drugs, tetracycline (TC) and chloramphenicol (CAP), were determined using square wave voltammetry (SWV) mode that yields the lower limit of detection at 2.5 µM for both drugs. Measurement accuracy and repeatability were verified by 36 known drug combination concentrations. Capability in long-term measurement was confirmed by the measurement stability which was found to last for at least 72 h. Stirring was revealed as one of the significant factors for accurate real-time detection. Real-time measurement was ultimately performed to demonstrate the determination of multiple drug releases from a drug releasing hydrogel and validated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All the results support that the electrochemical technique with the proposed device design and setup can be used to accurately and simultaneously determine dual drugs that are released from a hydrogel in real-time.

Ultrasensitive detection strategy for CAP by molecularity imprinted SERS sensor based on multiple synergistic enhancement of SiO2@AuAg with MOFs@Au signal carrier

Chloramphenicol (CAP) residue in food can cause great harm to human health, it is important to develop a rapid and sensitive method to detect CAP. Here, molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was combined with metal-organic frameworks@Au (MOFs@Au) collaborative construction surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based aptasensor for CAP ultrasensitive detection. MOFs@Au first carried the Raman signal molecule toluidine blue (TB) and aptamer to form MOFs@Au@TB@Apt. In addition, rMIP (CAP was removed) was dropped onto the uniform three-dimensional (3D) SERS substrate SiO2@AuAg to form SiO2@AuAg@rMIP. In the presence of target CAP, it could be specifically captured with rMIP by covalent interaction and was recognised by the aptamer. During this time, SiO2@AuAg@rMIP@CAP could selectively connect MOFs@Au@TB@Apt to realise synergistic enhance the Raman signal. Based on this principle, the proposed SERS aptasensor exhibits excellent sensitivity with a detection limit of 7.59×10-13 M for CAP, providing a new strategy for trace detection in food.

Flake-like structure of SrTiO3 nanoparticles dispersed on graphene oxide: A selective and sensitive electrochemical sensor for determination of chloramphenicol in milk and honey samples

The use of Chloramphenicol (CAP), a potent antibiotic with broad-spectrum capabilities in food-producing animals has been restricted by the European Union and several other countries due to its severe side effects. Thus, CAP must be detected quickly and sensitively. In this investigation, the preparation of SrTiO3 nanoparticles was carried out utilizing a hydrothermal technique. The as-synthesized strontium titanate was decorated on the graphene oxide (SrTiO3/GO) using an ultrasonication method. An electrochemical sensor was developed by employing a modified electrode consisting of SrTiO3/GO, which can accurately detect CAP in food samples. The synergistic effect of SrTiO3 and GO could improve the peak current response. Remarkably, the SrTiO3/GO-modified glassy carbon electrode has a LOD and sensitivity of 6.08 µM nM and 2.771 µA·μM-1·cm-2, respectively. This modified electrode was evaluated in food samples and had an outstanding reaction with a high percentage of recovery, which makes it a potential electrocatalyst for CAP detection.

A new SERS quantitative analysis strategy for ultratrace chloramphenicol with Fe3O4@MIP nanocatalytic probe

Three functional magnetic nanocatalytic probe, which integrates recognition, catalytic amplification, and separation enrichment, is a new approach to construct a simple, fast, highly selective, and sensitive analytical method. In this article, a new magnetic nanosurface molecularly imprinted polymer nanoprobe (Fe3O4@MIP) with trifunctionality was rapidly prepared using a microwave-assisted method with magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a substrate, chloramphenicol (CAP) as a template molecule, and methacrylic acid as a functional monomer. The characterized nanoprobe was found that could specifically recognize CAP, strongly catalyze the new indicator nanoreaction of fructose (DF)-HAuCl4. The gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) exhibit strong resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effects. Upon addition of CAP, the SERS/RRS signals were linearly weakened. Accordingly, a new SERS/RRS analysis platform for highly sensitive and selective determination of CAP was constructed. The SERS linear range was 0.0125-0.1 nmol/L, with detection limit (DL) of 0.004 nmol/L CAP. Furthermore, it could be combined with magnet-enriched separation to further improve the sensitivity, with a DL of 0.04 pmol/L CAP. The SERS method has been used for the determination of CAP in real samples, with relative standard deviations of 2.37-9.89 % and the recovery of 95.24-107.1 %.

Dual-Track Multifunctional Bimetallic Metal-Organic Frameworks for Antibiotic Enrichment and Detection

The improper use and overuse of antibiotics have led to significant burdens and detrimental effects on the environment, food supply, and human health. Herein, a magnetic solid-phase extraction program and an optical immunosensor based on bimetallic Ce/Zr-UiO 66 for the detection of antibiotics are developed. A magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2@Ce/Zr-UiO 66 metal-organic framework (MOF) is prepared to extract and enrich chloramphenicol from fish, wastewater, and urine samples, and a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-Ce/Zr-UiO 66@bovine serum protein-chloramphenicol probe is used for the sensitive detection of chloramphenicol based on the dual-effect catalysis of Ce and HRP. In this manner, the application of Ce/Zr-UiO 66 in integrating sample pretreatment and antibiotic detection is systematically investigated and the associated mechanisms are explored. It is concluded that Ce/Zr-UiO 66 is a versatile dual-track material exhibiting high enrichment efficiency (6.37 mg g-1) and high sensitivity (limit of detection of 51.3 pg mL-1) for chloramphenicol detection and serving as a multifunctional MOF for safeguarding public health and hygiene.

Copper Oxide Anchored Carbon Nanofibers: A Versatile Platform for Multiplex Detection of Antibiotics, Heavy Metals and Pesticides

Electrochemical sensors offer promising prospects for real-time pollutant monitoring. In this study, copper oxide-dispersed graphitic carbon nanofibers (CuO-CNFs) grown via chemical vapour deposition were employed as a robust platform for detecting a variety of environmental pollutants. This array-based sensor adeptly identifies three different classes of analytes, i. e., antibiotics (chloramphenicol (CP) and tylosin tartrate (TT)), heavy metals (cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb)), and pesticides (quinalphos (QP) and imidacloprid (IP)). Electron collection is facilitated by a glassy carbon electrode, while various physico-electrochemical methods delve into the properties of CuO-CNFs. The CuO-CNF-modified GCE array rapidly discerns (<15 sec) a broad linear range: 1-20 ppm for CP, 1-13.33 ppm for TT, 0.66-11.66 ppm for Cd, 20-33.33 ppm for Pb, 1.6-11.6 ppm for QP, and 5-25 ppm for IP, boasting quantification limits of 1.0, 1.0, 0.66, 20.0, 1.6, and 5.0 ppm for CP, TT, Cd, Pb, QP, and IP, respectively. Notably, this sensor achieves simultaneous identification of mixed analytes, including CP and TT, Cd and Pb, and QP and IP, within real tap water. Furthermore, the electrochemical sensor exhibits robustness; heightened sensitivity, selectivity, and stability; a swift response; and impressive reproducibility in detecting CP, TT, Cd, Pb, QP, and IP within aqueous samples. Consequently, this array-based electrochemical sensor has emerged as a rapid and simultaneous detection tool for diverse pollutant residues in surface and groundwater samples.

Ag@Au core-shell nanoparticle-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering coupled with chemometrics for rapid determination of chloramphenicol residue in fish

The alarming increase in drug-resistant bacteria in fish resulting from the misuse of antibiotics poses a significant threat to ecosystems and human health. Therefore, the development of a reliable approach for detecting antibiotic residues in fish is crucial. In this study, a rapid and simple method for detecting chloramphenicol (CAP) residue in tilapia was developed using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) combined with chemometric algorithms. Silver and gold core-shell nanoparticles (Ag@Au CSNPs) were used as SERS nanosensors to achieve strong signal amplification with an enhancement factor of 2.67 × 106. The results demonstrated that the variable combination population analysis-partial least square (VCPA-PLS) model combined with the standard normal variable transformation pretreatment method exhibited the best predictive performance with a detection limit of 1 × 10-5 µg/mL. Thus, an SERS technique was established based on Ag@Au CSNPs combined with VCPA-PLS to rapidly detect CAP in tilapia.

Nanomaterials Based on 2,7,12,17-Tetra-tert-butyl-5,10,15,20-tetraaza-21H,23H-porphine Exhibiting Bifunctional Sensitivity for Monitoring Chloramphenicol and Co2

Monitoring antibiotic retention in human body fluids after treatment and controlling heavy metal content in water are important requirements for a healthy society. Therefore, the approach proposed in this study is based on developing new optical sensors using porphyrin or its bifunctional hybrid materials made with AuNPs to accomplish the accurate detection of chloramphenicol and cobalt. To produce the new optical chloramphenicol sensors, 2,7,12,17-tetra-tert-butyl-5,10,15,20-tetraaza-21H,23H-porphine (TBAP) was used, both alone in an acid medium and as a hybrid material with AuNPs in a water-DMSO acidified environment. The same hybrid material in the unchanged water-DMSO medium was the sensing material used for Co2+ monitoring. The best results of the hybrid materials were explained by the synergistic effects between the TBAP azaporphyrin and AuNPs. Chloramphenicol was accurately detected in the range of concentrations between 3.58 × 10-6 M and 3.37 × 10-5 M, and the same hybrid material quantified Co2+ in the concentration range of 8.92 × 10-5 M-1.77 × 10-4 M. In addition, we proved that AuNPs can be used for the detection of azaporphyrin (from 2.66 × 10-5 M to 3.29 × 10-4 M), making them a useful tool to monitor porphyrin retention after cancer imaging procedures or in porphyria disease. In conclusion, we harnessed the multifunctionality of this azaporphyrin and of its newly obtained AuNP plasmonic hybrids to detect chloramphenicol and Co2+ quickly, simply, and with high precision.

Determination of chloramphenicol in food using nanomaterial-based electrochemical and optical sensors-A review

Chloramphenicol (CAP) is a widely used antibiotic for the treatment of sick animals owing to its potent action and low cost. However, the accumulation of CAP in the human body can cause irreversible aplastic anemia and hematopoietic toxicity. Accordingly, development of various analytical techniques for the rapid detection of CAP in animal products and the related processed foods is necessary. Among these analytical techniques, electrochemical and optical sensors offer many advantages for CAP detection, including high sensitivity, simple operation and fast analysis speed. In this review, we summarize recent application of carbon nanomaterials, metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles and metal organic framework in the development of electrochemical and optical sensors for CAP detection (2010-2022). Based on the advantages and disadvantages of nanomaterials, electrochemical and optical sensors are summarized in this review. The preparation and synthesis of electrochemical and optical sensors and nanomaterials in the field of rapid detection are prospected.

A Highly Selective Electrochemical Sensor Based on Molecularly Imprinted Copolymer Functionalized with Arginine for the Detection of Chloramphenicol in Honey

Developing an efficient method for chloramphenicol (CAP) detection is of great significance for food safety. Arginine (Arg) was selected as a functional monomer. Benefiting from its excellent electrochemical performance, which is different from traditional functional monomers, it can be combined with CAP to form a highly selective molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) material. It overcomes the shortcoming of poor MIP sensitivity faced by traditional functional monomers, and achieves high sensitivity detection without compounding other nanomaterials, greatly reducing the preparation difficulty and cost investment of the sensor. The possible binding sites between CAP and Arg molecules were calculated by molecular electrostatic potential (MEP). A low-cost, non-modified MIP electrochemical sensor was developed for the high-performance detection of CAP. The prepared sensor has a wide linear range from 1 × 10^-12 mol L^-1 to 5 × 10^-4 mol L^-1, achieves a very low concentration CAP detection, and the detection limit is 1.36 × 10^-13 mol L^-1. It also exhibits excellent selectivity, anti-interference, repeatability, and reproducibility. The detection of CAP in actual honey samples was achieved, which has important practical value in food safety.

Facile Synthesis of Hollow Fe3O4-rGO Nanocomposites for the Electrochemical Detection of Acetaminophen

Acetaminophen (AC) is one of the most popular pharmacologically active substances used as an analgesic and antipyretic drug. Herein, a new type of hollow Fe₃O₄-rGO/GCE electrode was prepared for electrochemical detection of AC through a three-step approach involving a solvothermal method for the synthesis of hollow Fe₃O₄ and the chemical reduction of graphene oxide (GO) for reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and Fe₃O₄-rGO nanocomposites modified on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface. The as-prepared Fe₃O₄-rGO nanocomposites were characterized using a transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and a magnetic measurement system (SQUID-VSM). The magnetic Fe₃O₄-rGO/GCE electrodes were employed for the electrochemical detection of AC using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and square wave voltammetry (SWV) and exhibited an ultra-high selectivity and accuracy, a low detection limit of 0.11 µmol/L with a wider linear range from 5 × 10^-7 to 10^-4 mol/L, and high recovery between 100.52% and 101.43%. The obtained Fe₃O₄-rGO-modified GCE displays great practical significance for the detection of AC in drug analysis.

ZnO/C nanocomposite grafted molecularly imprinted polymers as photoelectrochemical sensing interface for ultrasensitive and selective detection of chloramphenicol

Nanomaterials-based photoelectrochemical (PEC) detection is becoming a rapidly-developing analytical technique in chemical and biological assays due to its unique advantages of easy miniaturization, high sensitivity, and rapid turnaround time. Herein, a molecularly imprinted polymer-assisted PEC sensor based on ZnO/C nanocomposite was successfully fabricated for the highly sensitive and selective determination of chloramphenicol (CAP). Benefiting from the hydrophilic functional groups (-OH, -COOH) and large surface area of bio-templated ZnO/C nanocomposite, the tight grafting of MIP with excellent recognition ability on substrate is easier and more stable than traditional PEC sensor, thus significantly increasing the performance. Under optimal conditions, the PEC sensor exhibited significant CAP detection performance in the range of 0.01-5000 ng mL^-1 with a detection LOD of 5.08 pg mL^-1 (S/N = 3) and successfully applied to the detection of CAP in milk sample. Our results show that ZnO/C nanocomposite and MIP can act as an efficient photo-responsible matrix to fabricate PEC sensor, providing important application potentials for pollutants control in food and environment.

A Pyridine Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Grafted Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite for the Sensitive Detection of Chloramphenicol by a Direct Electrochemical Method

A novel direct electrochemical sensor, based on a pyridine diketopyrrolopyrrole/graphene oxide nanocomposite-modified glass carbon electrode (PDPP/GO/GCE), was developed herein for chloramphenicol (CAP) detection. In this research, PDPP was grafted onto GO by C-N bonds and π-π conjugation, which were synergistically confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The morphology study shows that PDPP was uniformly dispersed on the GO in the form of particles. The constructed PDPP/GO/GCE showed the strongest response signal to CAP in the evaluation of electrocatalytic activity by cyclic voltammetry compared to that of GO-modified and unmodified GCE, revealing that the introduction of PDPP can effectively improve the electrocatalytic activity of sensors. Moreover, PDPP/GO/GCE had a noticeable current signal when the concentration of CAP was as low as 0.001 uM and had a wide line range (0.01-780 uM) with a low limit of detection (1.64 nM). The sensor properties of the as-obtained PDPP/GO/GCE involved anti-interference, reproducibility, and stability, which were also evaluated and revealed satisfactory results.

Electrochemical Aptasensor Based on Au Nanoparticles Decorated Porous Carbon Derived from Metal-Organic Frameworks for Ultrasensitive Detection of Chloramphenicol

A facile and sensitive electrochemical aptamer sensor (aptasensor) based on Au nanoparticles-decorated porous carbon (AuNPs/PC) composite was developed for the efficient determination of the antibiotic drug chloramphenicol (CAP). AuNPs modified metal-organic framework (AuNPs/ZIF-8) is applied as a precursor to synthesize the porous carbon with homogeneous AuNPs distribution through a direct carbonization step under nitrogen atmosphere. The as-synthesized AuNPs/PC exhibits high surface area and improved conductivity. Moreover, the loading AuNPs could enhance the attachment of the aptamers on the surface of electrode through the Au–S bond. When added to CAP, poorly conductive aptamer-CAP complexes are formed on the sensor surface, which increases the hindrance to electron transfer resulting in a decrease in electrochemical signal. Based on this mechanism, the developed CAP aptasensor represents a wide linear detection range of 0.1 pM to 100 nM with a low detection limit of 0.03 pM (S/N = 3). In addition, the proposed aptasensor was employed for the analysis of CAP in honey samples and provided satisfactory recovery.

Recent Advances in Metal Nanocomposite-Based Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors for Pharmaceutical Analysis

Rising rates of drug abuse and pharmaceutical pollution throughout the world as a consequence of increased drug production and utilization pose a serious risk to public health and to environmental integrity. It is thus critical that reliable analytical approaches to detecting drugs and their metabolites in a range of sample matrices be developed. Recent advances in the design of nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors have enabled promising new approaches to pharmaceutical analysis. In particular, the development of a range of novel metal nanocomposites with enhanced catalytic properties has provided a wealth of opportunities for the design of rapid and reliable platforms for the detection of specific pharmaceutical compounds. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of representative metal nanocomposites with synergistic properties and their recent (2017-2022) application in the context of electrochemical sensing as a means of detecting specific antibiotic, tuberculostatic, analgesic, antineoplastic, antipsychotic, and antihypertensive drugs. In discussing these applications, we further explore a variety of testing-related principles, fabrication approaches, characterization techniques, and parameters associated with the sensitivity and selectivity of these sensor platforms before surveying the future outlook regarding the fabrication of next-generation (bio)sensor platforms for use in pharmaceutical analysis.

Carbon nanomaterials for the detection of pesticide residues in food: A review

In agricultural fields, pesticides are widely used, but their residual presence in the environment poses a threat to humans, animals, insects, and ecosystems. The overuse of pesticides for pest control, enhancement of crop yield, etc. leaves behind a significant residual amount in the environment. Various robust, reliable, and reusable methods using a wide class of composites have been developed for the monitoring and controlling of pesticides. Researchers have discovered that carbon nanomaterials have a wide range of characteristics such as high porosity, conductivity and easy electron transfer that can be successfully used to detect pesticide residues from food. This review emphasizes the role of carbon nanomaterials in the field of pesticide residue analysis in different food matrices. The carbon nanomaterials including carbon nanotubes, carbon dots, carbon nanofibers, graphene/graphene oxides, and activated carbon fibres are discussed in the review. In addition, the review examines future prospects in this research area to help improve detection techniques for pesticides analysis.

A review on nanomaterial-based electrodes for the electrochemical detection of chloramphenicol and furazolidone antibiotics

To grow food for people, antibiotics were used, and these antibiotics can accumulate in the human body through food metabolism, which may have remarkably harmful effects on human health and safety. Therefore, low-cost sensors are needed for the detection of antibiotic residues in food samples. Recently, nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors such as carbon nanoparticles, graphene nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, and metal-organic nanostructures have been successfully used as sensing materials for the detection of chloramphenicol (CP) and furazolidone (FZ) antibiotics. However, additional efforts are still needed to fabricate effective multi-functional nanomaterial-based electrodes for the preparation of portable electrochemical sensor devices. The current review focuses on a quick introduction to CP and FZ antibiotics, followed by an outline of the current electrochemical analytical methods. In addition, we have discussed in-depth different nanoparticle supports for the electrochemical detection of CP and FZ in different matrices such as food, environmental, and biological samples. Finally, a summary of the current problems and future perspectives in this area are also highlighted.

Fluorescence determination of chloramphenicol in milk powder using carbon dot decorated silver metal-organic frameworks

Carbon dot decorated silver metal-organic frameworks (CD-MOFs) were successfully synthesized at room temperature by adding CDs during the formation of Ag-MOFs. The CD-MOFs have excellent optical property, stability, and good fluorescence intensity in water compared with other solvents. The fluorescence intensity of CD-MOFs was relatively stable in the range of pH 5-9. It was used to construct a sensitive and reliable fluorescent sensor for the determination of chloramphenicol (CAP). When the CAP was introduced into the CD-MOFs, the fluorescence at 427 nm was quenched at the excitation wavelength of 332 nm. Wide linear relationships were established for CAP with a limit of detection of 44 nM. The fluorescent sensor has been applied to determine CAP in milk powder sample with satisfied recoveries (104 to 109%) and good precision (< 4%). The photoinduced electron-transfer is the most important mechanism contributing to the fluorescence quenching. The synthesized CD-MOFs provide a new orientation for fluorescence determination of chloramphenicol in real samples.

Electrochemiluminescent sensor based on an aggregation-induced emission probe for bioanalytical detection

In recent years, with the rapid development of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensors, more luminophores have been designed to achieve high-throughput and reliable analysis. Impressively, after the proposed fantastic concept of "aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence (AIECL)" by Cola, the application of AIECL emitters provides more abundant choices for the further improvement of ECL sensors. In this review, we briefly report the phenomenon, principle and representative applications of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and AIECL emitters. Moreover, it is noteworthy that the cases of AIECL sensors for bioanalytical detection are summarized in detail, from 2017 to now. Finally, inspired by the applications of AIECL emitters, relevant prospects and challenges for AIECL sensors are proposed, which is of great significance for exploring more advanced bioanalytical detection technology.

Advances of Drugs Electroanalysis Based on Direct Electrochemical Redox on Electrodes: A Review

The strong development of mankind is inseparable from the proper use of drugs, and the electroanalytical research of drugs occupies an important position in the field of analytical chemistry. This review mainly elaborates the research progress of drugs electroanalysis based on direct electrochemical redox on various electrodes for the recent decade from 2011 to 2021. At first, we summarize some frequently used electrochemical data processing and electrochemical mechanism research derivation methods in the literature. Then, according to the drug therapeutic and application/usage purposes, the research progress of drugs electrochemical analysis is classified and discussed, where we focus on drugs electrochemical reaction mechanism. At the same time, the comparisons of electrochemical sensing performance of the drugs on various electrodes from recent studies are listed, so that readers can more intuitively compare and understand the electroanalytical sensing performance of each modified electrode for each of the drug. Finally, this review discusses the shortcomings and prospects of the drugs electroanalysis based on direct electrochemical redox research.

Past and Present of Electrochemical Sensors and Methods for Amphenicol Antibiotic Analysis

Amphenicols are broad-spectrum antibiotics. Despite their benefits, they also present toxic effects and therefore their presence in animal-derived food was regulated. Various analytical methods have been reported for their trace analysis in food and environmental samples, as well as in the quality control of pharmaceuticals. Among these methods, the electrochemical ones are simpler, more rapid and cost-effective. The working electrode is the core of any electroanalytical method because the selectivity and sensitivity of the determination depend on its surface activity. Therefore, this review offers a comprehensive overview of the electrochemical sensors and methods along with their performance characteristics for chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol and florfenicol detection, with a focus on those reported in the last five years. Electrode modification procedures and analytical applications of the recently described devices for amphenicol electroanalysis in various matrices (pharmaceuticals, environmental, foods), together with the sample preparation methods were discussed. Therefore, the information and the concepts contained in this review can be a starting point for future new findings in the field of amphenicol electrochemical detection.

New insight into degradation of chloramphenicol using a nanoporous Pd/Co3O4cathode: characterization and pathways analysis

The growing chloramphenicol (CAP) in wastewater brought a serious threat to the activity of activated sludge and the spread of antibiotics resistance bacteria. In this study, a highly ordered nanoporous Co₃O₄layer on Co foil through anodization was prepared as cathode for nitro-group reduction and electrodeposited with Pd particles for dechlorination to reduce CAP completely. After 3 h treatment, almost 100% of CAP was reduced. Co²⁺ions in Co₃O₄served as catalytic sites for electrons transfer to CAP through a redox circle Co²⁺-Co³⁺-Co²⁺, which triggered nitro-group reduction at first. With the presence of Pd particles, more atomic H* were generated for dechlorination, which increased 22% of reduction efficiency after 3 h treatment. Therefore, a better capacity was achieved by Pd/Co₃O₄cathode (K = 0.0245 min^-1,Kis reaction constant) than by other cathodes such as Fe/Co₃O₄(K = 0.0182 min^-1), Cu/Co₃O₄(K = 0.0164 min^-1), and pure Co₃O₄(K = 0.0106 min^-1). From the proposed reaction pathway, the ultimate product was carbonyl-reduced AM (dechlorinated aromatic amine product of CAP) without antibacterial activity, which demonstrated this cathodic technology was a feasible way for wastewater pre-treatment.

Rational design of ruddlesden–popper phase Mn2SnO4 for ultra-sensitive and highly selective detection of chloramphenicol in real-life samples

A low-cost and eco-friendly Mn2SnO4/GCE electrochemical sensor was fabricated to detect chloramphenicol present in milk powder and eye drops.

Simple construction of GdBiVO4 assembled on reduced graphene oxide for selective and sensitive electrochemical detection of chloramphenicol in food samples

In the present study, the influence of phase purity and crystallinity on the electrochemical properties of well-designed GdBiVO4@rGO nanocomposite, fabricated by the facile hydrothermal method for the detection of chloramphenicol (CP), is reported.

A facile one-pot synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles embed N-doped graphene modified magnetic screen printed electrode for electrochemical sensing of chloramphenicol and diethylstilbestrol

Trace determination of antibacterial agents is crucial to minimize risks of human intoxication and in the prevention of serious environmental impacts. Herein, a simple one-pot solvothermal synthesis approach for a magnetic iron oxide embed nitrogen-doped graphene (MIO@NG) nanohybrid was fabricated without the addition of any extra reductant and its application towards ultrasensitive chloramphenicol (CAP) and diethylstilbestrol (DES) electrochemical sensor is demonstrated to screen for antibiotic residue contamination in milk samples. The prepared nanohybrid was modified on a magnetic screen-printed electrode (MSPE) to make it portable for on-site detection. The determination of two additive drugs, CAP and DES, was achieved based on the reduction current response at MIO@NG modified MSPE (MIO@NG/MSPE) to eliminate interference as far as possible. Uniform dispersed MIO nanoparticles are grown in situ on the surface of nitrogen-doped graphene sheets. The morphology of MIO@NG was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. The chemical structure of the prepared MIO@NG was characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). Moreover, the superparamagnism property was investigated by vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The electrochemical properties of MIO@NG were evaluated with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV). Sensor performance was evaluated by testing the electrochemical activity of CAP and DES in the presence of interferences. The MIO@NG modified electrode presented superior electrochemical performance, including high sensitivity, high catalytic activity, ultimate sensitivity, very fast detection, selectivity, and excellent performance. The MIO@NG modified electrode demonstrated a detection limit of 10 nM for the detection of CAP and 6.5 nM for DES with satisfactory recovery in real samples.

The electrochemiluminescence coreactant accelerator of metal-organic frameworks grafted with N-(aminobutyl)-N-(ethylisoluminol) for the ultrasensitive detection of chloramphenicol

In this work, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are utilized as effective ECL coreactant accelerator to enhance the ECL responses of N-(aminobutyl)-N-(ethylisoluminol) (ABEI). Zn-based MOFs (MOF-Zn-1) were prepared by chelating Zn ions with melamine and thiophenedicarboxylic acid (TPDA), which observably accelerated the electrocatalytic oxidation of tripropylamine (TPA). Then, ABEI-MOF-Zn-1 as a high-performance ECL emitter was synthesized via an amide reaction between ABEI and mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) modified MOF-Zn-1. Strikingly, the ABEI-MOF-Zn-1 showed the 18-fold increase in the ECL signals relative to pure ABEI by using TPA as a coreactant. Moreover, ferrocene (Fc) as a quencher was first linked with capture DNA (cDNA), and then used to modify the ABEI-MOF-Zn-1, thereby constructing a label-free ECL biosensor. After the linkage between chloramphenicol (CAP) and aptamer DNA (aptDNA), the ECL response was definitely recovered by releasing L-DNA from double-stranded DNA (dsDNA, hybridization of aptDNA and L-DNA). The resultant sensor showed a wide linear range of 1.00 nM-0.10 mM (R² = 0.99) and a low limit of detection (LOD) down to 0.11 nM for detecting CAP. This work developed a novel pattern to design an efficient ECL enhanced emitter, coupled by expanding its potential applications in clinical diagnosis.

Photochemical decoration of silver nanoparticles on silver vanadate nanorods as an efficient SERS probe for ultrasensitive detection of chloramphenicol residue in real samples

Aquaculture and farming industries have been seriously threatened by the illegal use of antibiotics as feed-additives to benefit the animal growth. Although various conventional chemical sensing approaches have been widely explored for the trace-level detection of antibiotics, the effective and accurate monitoring techniques are still highly demanded. Herein, we propose a novel surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate with the heterogeneous integration of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on silver vanadate nanorods (β-AgVO₃ NRs) for the ultrasensitive detection of popular antibiotic, chloramphenicol (CAP). The photochemical decoration of Ag NPs on the surface of β-AgVO₃ NRs remarkably enhances the Raman signal intensity of CAP molecules by the synergistic action of the mechanisms of electromagnetic and chemical enhancement. The structural features of Ag-NPs@β-AgVO₃-NRs favor the formation of hotspots at the interface between NPs and NRs by enhanced surface area and numerous active sites for the interaction with CAP molecules. The SERS measurement of CAP molecules on the Ag-NPs@β-AgVO₃-NRs shows a trace-level limit of detection (10^-10 M), high uniformity (5.29%), good reproducibility (3.89%), and high analytical enhancement factor (2.05 × 10⁸). The proposed SERS substrate possesses excellent detection ability in monitoring real samples like tap water, milk and eye drops.

MOF-derived hollow NiCo2O4/C composite for simultaneous electrochemical determination of furazolidone and chloramphenicol in milk and honey

Herein, bimetallic Co/Ni-MOF derived hollow NiCo₂O₄@C composite modified glassy carbon electrode (NiCo₂O₄@C/GCE) is constructed and applied to simultaneously detect furazolidone (FZD) and chloramphenicol (CAP) for the first time. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption-desorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirm that NiCo₂O₄@C has hollow and mesoporous structure, abundant carbon matrixes, sufficient oxygen defects and mixed-valence metallic elements. These advantages make NiCo₂O₄@C/GCE show distinguished electrocatalytic performance toward the simultaneous determination of FZD and CAP. The NiCo₂O₄@C/GCE shows wide linear ranges of 0.5-240 µM for FZD and 0.5-320 µM for CAP, low limit of detection of 8.47 nM for FZD and 35 nM for CAP. The mechanism studies show that reductions of FZD and CAP on NiCo₂O₄@C/GCE are both four-electron and four-proton processes. Moreover, the sensor obtains desirable recoveries for the simultaneous determination of FZD (95.85%-103.9%) and CAP (95.72%-104.4%) in milk and honey by standard addition method.

Intertwined Carbon Nanotubes and Ag Nanowires Constructed by Simple Solution Blending as Sensitive and Stable Chloramphenicol Sensors

Chloramphenicol (CAP) is a harmful compound associated with human hematopathy and neuritis, which was widely used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent in agriculture and aquaculture. Therefore, it is significant to detect CAP in aquatic environments. In this work, carbon nanotubes/silver nanowires (CNTs/AgNWs) composite electrodes were fabricated as the CAP sensor. Distinguished from in situ growing or chemical bonding noble metal nanomaterials on carbon, this CNTs/AgNWs composite was formed by simple solution blending. It was demonstrated that CNTs and AgNWs both contributed to the redox reaction of CAP in dynamics, and AgNWs was beneficial in thermodynamics as well. The proposed electrochemical sensor displayed a low detection limit of up to 0.08 μM and broad linear range of 0.1-100 μM for CAP. In addition, the CNTs/AgNWs electrodes exhibited good performance characteristics of repeatability and reproducibility, and proved suitable for CAP analysis in real water samples.

N-Hydroxysuccinimide crosslinked graphene oxide–gold nanoflower modified SPE electrode for sensitive detection of chloramphenicol antibiotic

Here we introduce a composite material that consists of graphene oxide (GO) sheets crosslinked with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and functionalized with gold nanoflowers (AuNFs). Furthermore, a screen printed electrode (SPE) modified with the introduced composite is electrochemically reduced to obtain an SPE/rGO–NHS–AuNFs electrode for sensitive and selective determination of chloramphenicol (CAP) antibiotic drug. The morphological structure of the as-prepared nanocomposite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The proposed sensor demonstrated excellent performance with a linear concentration range of 0.05 to 100 μM and a detection limit of 1 nM. The proposed electrode offers a high level of selectivity, stability, reproducibility and a satisfactory recovery rate for electrochemical detection of CAP in real samples such as blood serum, poultry feed, milk, eggs, honey and powdered milk samples. This further demonstrates the practical feasibility of the proposed sensor in food analysis.

Here we introduce a composite material that consists of graphene oxide (GO) sheets crosslinked with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and functionalized with gold nanoflowers (AuNFs).

Ultrasensitive determination of chloramphenicol in pork and chicken meat samples using a portable electrochemical sensor: effects of 2D nanomaterials on the sensing performance and stability

This work contributes to a deeper understanding of the effects of functional 2D nanomaterials on the electrochemical sensing performance of SPE-based portable sensors for the rapid, accurate, and on-site determination of CAP in food samples.

Simultaneous Detection of Ascorbic Acid, Dopamine, and Uric Acid Using a Novel Electrochemical Sensor Based on Palladium Nanoparticles/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite

A fresh strategy based on two-step electrochemical reduction for the fabrication of palladium nanoparticles/reduced oxide nanocomposite-modified glass carbon electrode (PdNPs/rGO/GCE) was established in this study. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images showed that spherical PdNPs were evenly distributed on the surface of rGO-modified electrode (rGO/GCE), and the introduction of PdNPs has no effect on the morphology of rGO. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies revealed that the conductivity of PdNPs/rGO/GCE was higher than that of rGO/GCE and bare GCE. The electrochemical performances of PdNPs/rGO/GCE sensor were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and chronoamperometry using ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), and uric acid (UA) as analytes. At the optimized conditions, wide linear ranges of 0.5–3.5 mM (R² = 0.99), 3–15 μM (R² = 0.99) and 15–42 μM (R² = 0.99), and 0.3–1.4 mM (R² = 0.99) towards AA, DA, and UA in ternary mixture were observed, respectively. In addition to superior anti-interference capability, fast response (≤5 s), excellent reproducibility, and good long-term stability were also given by this sensor. These results suggested that PdNPs/rGO/GCE is promising for the simultaneous detection of AA, DA, and UA in practical application.

Nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors for the detection of pharmaceutical compounds

The surging growth of the pharmaceutical industry is a result of the rapidly increasing human population, which has inevitably led to new biomedical and environmental issues. Aside from the quality control of pharmaceutical production and drug delivery, there is an urgent need for precise, sensitive, portable, and cost-effective technologies to track patient overdosing and to monitor ambient water sources and wastewater for pharmaceutical pollutants. The development of advanced nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors for the detection of pharmaceutical compounds has garnered immense attention due to their advantages, such as high sensitivity and selectivity, real-time monitoring, and ease of use. This review article surveys state-of-the-art nanomaterials-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors for the detection and quantification of six classes of significant pharmaceutical compounds, including anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, and anti-cancer drugs. Important factors such as sensor/analyte interactions, design rationale, fabrication, characterization, sensitivity, and selectivity are discussed. Strategies for the development of high-performance electrochemical sensors and biosensors tailored toward specific pharmaceuticals are highlighted to provide readers and scientists with an extensive toolbox for the detection of a wide range of pharmaceuticals. Our aims are two-fold: (i) to inspire readers by further elucidating the properties and functionalities of existing nanomaterials for the detection of pharmaceuticals; and (ii) to provide examples of the potential opportunities that these devices have for the advanced sensing of pharmaceutical compounds toward safeguarding human health and ecosystems on a global scale.

Improved conductivity of flower-like MnWO4 on defect engineered graphitic carbon nitride as an efficient electrocatalyst for ultrasensitive sensing of chloramphenicol

Environmental hazards caused by chloramphenicol has attained special attention. Fast, accurate and reliable detection of chloramphenicol in foodstuffs and water samples is of utmost importance. Herein, we developed a g-C₃N₄/MnWO₄ composite for the selective and sensitive detection of chloramphenicol. Successful fabrication of g-C₃N₄/MnWO₄ composite was verified by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and x-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. Electrochemical characteristics were evaluated by using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The g-C₃N₄/MnWO₄ modified glassy carbon electrode has shown the highest electrocatalytic activity towards chloramphenicol with a decreased reduction potential of -0.547 V and increased cathodic peak current. The developed sensor has shown excellent performance for the detection of chloramphenicol with a sensitivity of 0.9986 μA nM^-1 cm^-2 and LOD of 1.03 nM in a broad linear range of 4.0-71 nM. In addition, the fabricated sensor has achieved anti-interference ability, good stability, excellent repeatability and remarkable reproducibility for the detection of chloramphenicol. The fabricated sensor applied for the determination of chloramphenicol in milk, human blood serum and sewage samples, in which significant and satisfactory results were achieved.