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Ricciardi M, Pironti C, Comite V, Bergomi A, Fermo P, Bontempo L, Camin F, Proto A, Motta O. A multi-analytical approach for the identification of pollutant sources on black crust samples: Stable isotope ratio of carbon, sulphur, and oxygen. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175557. [PMID: 39153633 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
This study is focused on the identification of pollutant sources on black crust (BC) samples from the Monumental Cemetery of Milan (Italy), through a multi-analytical approach based on the determination of stable isotope ratios of carbon, sulphur, and oxygen. Six black crust samples, mainly developed on marble sculptures over a time span of 100-150 years, were analysed. For the first time, δ13C was measured for BC samples: δ13C values of the pulverized samples (from -1.2 to +1.3 ‰) are very close to the values obtained from the carbonate matrix, whereas after the removal of the matrix through acidification, δ13C values of BC samples from Milan range from -27.2 to -22.1 ‰, with no significant variation between samples with different ratios of organic carbon to elemental carbon. In sum, the δ13C values obtained for all BC samples fall within the range of anthropogenic emissions such as vehicle traffic, coal combustion and industrial emissions. δ34S and δ18O values of sulphate from BC samples range from -6.3 to +7.0 ‰ and from +7.6 to +10.5 ‰, respectively. Coupling the analysis of the oxygen isotope ratio with that of sulphur enables a more precise identification of the origin of sulphates: the observed isotopic composition falls in the range typical for anthropogenic emission of sulphur dioxide. Overall, in this study, C, S and O isotopes were combined for the first time to assess pollutant sources on black crust samples: this multi-stable isotope approach allowed to show that the BC formation on monuments from the Monumental Cemetery of Milan mostly results from anthropogenic emissions from fossil fuels combustion by road vehicles and factories, as well as domestic heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ricciardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Concetta Pironti
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 21, Naples 80126, Italy
| | - Valeria Comite
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Bergomi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Fermo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luana Bontempo
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Center, Food Quality and Nutrition Department, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Federica Camin
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Center, Food Quality and Nutrition Department, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy; Centre Agriculture Food Environment C3A, University of Trento, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Antonio Proto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Oriana Motta
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy
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Ricciardi M, Faggiano A, Fiorentino A, Carotenuto M, Bergomi A, Comite V, Motta O, Proto A, Fermo P. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in black crusts on stone monuments in Milan: detection, quantification, distributions, and source assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-35134-4. [PMID: 39340603 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-35134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
In the field of conservation of cultural heritage, one must always consider the environmental conditions in which the works of art are located and the level of atmospheric pollution to which they are exposed, especially in the case of monuments stored outdoors. The present study is focused on the detection and the quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in black crust samples from the Monumental Cemetery of Milan (Italy), and the assessment of their sources through the analysis of the distributions of the different compounds in the samples, together with the use of diagnostic ratios. Six black crust samples taken from funerary monuments were analyzed. Fourteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were identified (naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene) by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD), with a total concentration from 0.72 to 3.81 μg/g (mean of 1.87 μg/g). The known carcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene accounted for 5-10% of the total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the samples analyzed, with concentrations up to 0.20 μg/g. Moreover, the study of the distribution and diagnostic ratios allowed us to confirm that anthropogenic sources such as traffic and the proximity of the train station are the major causes of the degradation of the monuments contained in this Cemetery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ricciardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy.
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121, Florence, Italy.
| | - Antonio Faggiano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonino Fiorentino
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121, Florence, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Carotenuto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Andrea Bergomi
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121, Florence, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Comite
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Oriana Motta
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121, Florence, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Antonio Proto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Fermo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
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Islam N, Roy K, Barman P, Rabha S, Bora HK, Khare P, Konwar R, Saikia BK. Chemical and toxicological studies on black crust formed over historical monuments as a probable health hazard. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 464:132939. [PMID: 37988938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Studies to date have mostly investigated environmental factors responsible for deterioration of historical monuments. Black crusts formed on historical monuments are considered as factor for deterioration of structures or as an indicator of environmental status of the surrounding area. Black crust formed on historical monuments has never been investigated as a health hazard. Herein, for the first time, we performed in vitro and in vivo toxicology studies of black crust formed on three culturally-rich historical monuments (Rang Ghar, Kareng Ghar, and Talatal Ghar) of the Indian subcontinent to test their toxicological effect. Black crust suspension in ultrapure water was found not to be considerably toxic to the cells upon direct short-term exposure. However, the sub-acute nasal exposure of the black crust suspension in Swiss albino mice produced lung-specific pathologies and mortality. Additionally, structural formation of the black crust along with the speciation of potentially hazardous elements (PHEs), polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs), and other metals were investigated. Overall, these results indicate the potential of black crust deposited on historical monuments as health hazard owing to the atmospheric pollution of the surroundings. However, it may be noted that black crust and its components have very low possibility of health implication unless they are disturbed without proper care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazrul Islam
- Coal & Energy Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat 785006, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Kallol Roy
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Biotechnology Group, Biological Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
| | - Pankaj Barman
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Biotechnology Group, Biological Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
| | - Shahadev Rabha
- Coal & Energy Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat 785006, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Himangsu Kousik Bora
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Biotechnology Group, Biological Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
| | - Puja Khare
- Crop Production and Protection Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rituraj Konwar
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Biotechnology Group, Biological Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
| | - Binoy K Saikia
- Coal & Energy Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat 785006, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Wilhelm K, Longman J, Standish CD, De Kock T. The Historic Built Environment As a Long-Term Geochemical Archive: Telling the Time on the Urban "Pollution Clock". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:12362-12375. [PMID: 37436401 PMCID: PMC10448721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
This study introduces a novel methodology for utilizing historic built environments as reliable long-term geochemical archives, addressing a gap in the reconstruction of past anthropogenic pollution levels in urban settings. For the first time, we employ high-resolution laser ablation mass spectrometry for lead isotope (206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/206Pb) analysis on 350-year-old black crust stratigraphies found on historic built structures, providing insights into past air pollution signatures. Our findings reveal a gradual shift in the crust stratigraphy toward lower 206Pb/207Pb and higher 208Pb/206Pb isotope ratios from the older to the younger layers, indicating changes in lead sources over time. Mass balance analysis of the isotope data shows black crust layers formed since 1669 primarily contain over 90% Pb from coal burning, while other lead sources from a set of modern pollution including but not limited to leaded gasoline (introduced after 1920) become dominant (up to 60%) from 1875 onward. In contrast to global archives such as ice cores that provide integrated signals of long-distance pollution, our study contributes to a deeper understanding of localized pollution levels, specifically in urban settings. Our approach complements multiple sources of evidence, enhancing our understanding of air pollution dynamics and trends, and the impact of human activities on urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Wilhelm
- Oxford
Resilient Buildings and Landscapes Laboratory (OxRBL), School of Geography
and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, U.K.
| | - Jack Longman
- Marine
Isotope Geochemistry, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine
Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Department
of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST, United
Kingdom
| | - Christopher D. Standish
- School
of Ocean & Earth Sciences, University
of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, U.K.
| | - Tim De Kock
- Antwerp
Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES), Faculty of Design, University of Antwerp Blindestraat 9, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
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Marble Chromatic Alteration Study Using Non-Invasive Analytical Techniques and Evaluation of the Most Suitable Cleaning Treatment: The Case of a Bust Representing Queen Margherita di Savoia at the U.S. Embassy in Rome. ANALYTICA 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/analytica3040028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the application of different cleaning procedures, the marble used for the portrait bust of Queen Margherita di Savoia continued to show permanent discoloration, consisting of an unevenly distributed grayish alteration, mainly on the front part. In this work, a multi-analytical, non-invasive approach was proposed using spectrocolorimetry, reflectance spectroscopy and multispectral imaging. The initial assumption, suggesting the presence of altered protective materials based on organic products (such as waxes or oils,) applied in the past according to traditional practices, was excluded, revealing instead the presence of deposits of particulate matter, which penetrated inside the crystalline structure of the marble, leading to a variation in its shade. Cleaning tests were also carried out to define the best product, using sustainable chemicals such as Polar Varnish Rescue®, alkoxyde surfactant, disodium EDTA, GLDA and Politect® Base in order to identify the best methodology and materials for sustainable cleaning, respecting the integrity of the original matter. Politect® Base demonstrated better action in comparison to the other products tested, and similar results were obtained with GLDA, which could be applied in areas where the Politect® is less efficient (e.g., lace).
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Wang F, Fu Y, Li D, Huang Y, Wei S. Study on the mechanism of the black crust formation on the ancient marble sculptures and the effect of pollution in Beijing area. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10442. [PMID: 36091957 PMCID: PMC9459681 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In Beijing area, the precious stone objects often suffer from the black crusts on the specific parts of the objects, in order to understand the forming mechanism of the black crusts, samples from the stone sculptures in Beijing Stone Carving Art Museum, ZHIHUA Temple and Museum of Western Zhou Yandu Relics were taken and studied. Nondestructive measurement was carried out firstly to acquire main elements of the samples by portable X-ray spectrum (pXRF). Morphology and microstructure of typical black crust samples were examined by ultra-depth of field microscope (UDFM) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Compositions of black crusts and body rocks were evaluated with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra and mapping. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS) were used to identify the major pollution sources leading to the black crusts. Through this study, the composition of the black crusts was revealed. Different gypsum crystals and carbonaceous species were found. Pollutant elements analysis and pyrolysis products provide indicators of the pollution sources. As consequence of strong photochemical oxidation processes and the high temperature from June to September in Beijing, more acid rain precursors can be formed. Frequent sulphation process occurs on the CaCO3/CaMg(CO3)2 surface. Combining morphology results and atmospheric data, the formation of black crusts in Beijing can be deduced.
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Pozo-Antonio JS, Cardell C, Comite V, Fermo P. Characterization of black crusts developed on historic stones with diverse mineralogy under different air quality environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:29438-29454. [PMID: 34302602 PMCID: PMC9001199 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15514-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Black crusts (BCs) are one of the most critical alteration forms found on stones belonging to architectural heritage. Since they could be considered as passive samplers of atmospheric pollution, it would be plausible to establish relations between the air contamination and the BCs. With this aim, we have characterized BCs collected on historic buildings from two Spanish cities (Granada and Vigo) with different polluted atmospheres, as well as formed on stone substrates of varied mineralogy and texture. Likewise, in order to assess the impact of the atmospheric pollutants on the growth of BCs, quartz fiber filters were used as surrogate substrates and placed nearby the studied buildings to collect and analyze the aerosol particulate matter (PM). To this end, an array of complementary analytical techniques was used to evaluate the mineralogy, chemical composition, and texture of the BCs and to establish the correlation with the ions, OC (organic carbon), and EC (elemental carbon) detected in the PM on the quartz fiber filters. As result, BCs developed on carbonate substrates from Granada show more complex structure than those from Vigo, which are thinner because of frequent rain episodes. In both cities, NaCl, Pb-Cl, and Ca-Cl-rich particles, Ca-phosphate particles and clusters of Ba-sulfate-rich particles were detected. However, metal-rich rounded particles were more abundant in Granada's BCs, including soot particles. BCs from Granada were richer in carbonaceous components (OC and EC) than the Vigo's BCs. Although in the filters PM did not show EC-mainly due to traffic-, in the BCs from both locations OC and EC were detected. Therefore, this different composition was related to the mineralogy of the stones and the higher pollution of Granada in contrast to the industrial and sea-exposed city of Vigo.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Santiago Pozo-Antonio
- CINTECX, GESSMin group, Dpto. de Enxeñaría de Recursos Naturais e Medio Ambiente, Universidade de Enxeñaría de Minas e Enerxía, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Carolina Cardell
- Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Valeria Comite
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Via Golgi 19, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Fermo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Via Golgi 19, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Pargoletti E, Comite V, Fermo P, Sabatini V, Annunziata L, Ortenzi MA, Farina H, Cappelletti G. Calcitic-based stones protection by a low-fluorine modified methacrylic coating. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:29455-29466. [PMID: 34312747 PMCID: PMC9001578 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pollutants, such as NOx, SO2, and particulate matter, together with water percolation inside the stone pores, represent the main causes of cultural heritage decay. In order to avoid these undesired phenomena, the application of protective coatings represents a reliable solution. In this context, the present study focused on the synthesis of low-fluorine content methacrylic-based (MMA) polymeric resins characterized by seven F atoms (namely F7 monomer) in the lateral chains. Four different percentages (1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0%) of the present monomer were adopted to obtain a final polymeric structure showing the desired hydrophobicity, processability, and structural and thermal stability (even after accelerated UV aging tests). MMA_F7(1.0) seemed to be the optimal one; therefore, it was further applied onto Candoglia marble. Specifically, the treated substrates showed good surface hydrophobicity, water repellency, and water vapor transpirability. No color variation was observed even after a 1.5-year exposure in a real polluted environment (Monza Cathedral). Interestingly, the application of this coating hindered the atmospheric nitrates penetration inside the stones and, at the same time, it limited the sulfates (gypsum) formation, thus revealing a very promising marbles protection resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Pargoletti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Valeria Comite
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Paola Fermo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Valentina Sabatini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Luisa Annunziata
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- CRC Materiali Polimerici “LaMPo”, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Aldo Ortenzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- CRC Materiali Polimerici “LaMPo”, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Hermes Farina
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- CRC Materiali Polimerici “LaMPo”, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cappelletti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- CRC Materiali Polimerici “LaMPo”, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Fermo P, Colella M, Malagodi M, Fiocco G, Albano M, Marchioron S, Guglielmi V, Comite V. Study of a surface coating present on a Renaissance Piety from the Museum of Ancient Art (Castello Sforzesco, Milan). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:29498-29509. [PMID: 34498183 PMCID: PMC8425584 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The surface coating present on a marble Piety dating to the Renaissance period and stored at the Castello Sforzesco-Museum of Ancient Art (Milan, Italy) was studied and chemically characterised. For this purpose, both portable non-invasive (XRF and colorimetric measurements) and micro-invasive techniques (FTIR-ATR and SEM-EDS), have been applied. The statue has been recently submitted to a restoration, since its surface appeared dark and yellowed, before an exhibition at the Louvre Museum and the original appearance of the marble surface recovered thanks to the surface coating removal. Through the analytical characterisation carried out before and after the marble cleaning, the presence of a degradation layer composed by gypsum was evidenced on the stone. The origin of this layer is ascribable to the exposure of the statue to outdoor environment and interaction with atmospheric pollution. The chemical nature of the coating applied at the end of nineteenth century also responsible for the surface alteration was hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fermo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi, 19 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Colella
- Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Noto 8, Milan, Italy
- Centro studio e conservazione opere d’arte Piccolo Chiostro s.r.l., via C. Procaccini n.4 Fabbrica del Vapore, 20154 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Malagodi
- Arvedi Laboratory of non-Invasive Diagnostics, CISRiC, University of Pavia, Via Bell’Aspa 3, 26100 Cremona, Italy
- Department of Musicology and Cultural Heritage, University of Pavia, Corso Garibaldi 178, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Giacomo Fiocco
- Arvedi Laboratory of non-Invasive Diagnostics, CISRiC, University of Pavia, Via Bell’Aspa 3, 26100 Cremona, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Michela Albano
- Arvedi Laboratory of non-Invasive Diagnostics, CISRiC, University of Pavia, Via Bell’Aspa 3, 26100 Cremona, Italy
- Department of Physics, Polytechnic of Milan, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchioron
- Centro studio e conservazione opere d’arte Piccolo Chiostro s.r.l., via C. Procaccini n.4 Fabbrica del Vapore, 20154 Milano, Italy
| | - Vittoria Guglielmi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi, 19 Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Comite
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi, 19 Milan, Italy
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Comite V, Miani A, Ricca M, La Russa M, Pulimeno M, Fermo P. The impact of atmospheric pollution on outdoor cultural heritage: an analytic methodology for the characterization of the carbonaceous fraction in black crusts present on stone surfaces. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111565. [PMID: 34192555 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has reduced tourism in both museums and historical sites with negative economic effect. The wellbeing and good preservation of monuments is a key factor to encourage again tourism. Historical monuments exposed to outdoor pollution are subjected to well known degradation phenomenon including the formation on their surface of black crusts (BCs) causing blackening and deterioration of the monuments and, as a consequence, a worst fruition by the visitors. The aim of this research is the development and validation of a novel method to characterize and quantify the various components present in the black crusts. SO2 together with the carbonaceous fraction (i.e. OC, organic carbon, and EC, elemental carbon) represent the main atmospheric pollutants involved in the process of BCs formation which consists in the partial transformation of the carbonate substrate into gypsum where black particles are embedded. A new methodology based on the use of TGA/DSC (Thermogravimetric Analysis/Differential scanning calorimetry) and CHN (Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen) analysis was set up allowing to determine organic carbon and elemental carbon together with other components such as gypsum. Four standard mixtures simulating BCs composition were prepared and analysed by the set-up methodology. The new procedure was subsequently applied to study real BCs samples taken from monuments and historical buildings placed in cities heavily affected by atmospheric pollution and by PCA (principal component analysis) their main features, from the point of view of carbonaceous fraction, were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Comite
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Alessandro Miani
- Italian Society of Environmental Medicine, (SIMA), Milan, 20123, Italy; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Michela Ricca
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze Della Terra (DiBEST), Università Della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036, CS, Italy
| | - Mauro La Russa
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze Della Terra (DiBEST), Università Della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036, CS, Italy
| | - Manuela Pulimeno
- Staff UNESCO, Chair on Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, 80138, Italy
| | - Paola Fermo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy; Italian Society of Environmental Medicine, (SIMA), Milan, 20123, Italy.
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Wang X, Hao X, Zhao Y, Tong T, Wu H, Ma L, Shen X, Tong H. Systematic study of the material, structure and lacquering techniques of lacquered wooden coffins from the Eastern Regius Tombs of the Qing Dynasty, China. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Oliveira MLS, Neckel A, Pinto D, Maculan LS, Zanchett MRD, Silva LFO. Air pollutants and their degradation of a historic building in the largest metropolitan area in Latin America. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 277:130286. [PMID: 33770688 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Historic buildings that comprise the cultural heritage of humanity are in need of preservation on a worldwide scale in regard to degradation resultant from atmospheric pollutants. The Brazilian Public Market, located in the historic center of the mega city of São Paulo, is the object of this research, due to its representation of historical Brazilian architecture. The general objective of this manuscript is to analyze the influence of air pollutants on the degradation of the historic São Paulo Public Market in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Methodologically, between May 2018 and April 2019, samples of sedimented dust were collected at five points on the side walls of the market's historic structure, for the analysis of accumulated ultrafine particles (UFPs) and nanoparticles (NPs). A total of 20 samples of particulate matter were collected using self-made passive samplers (SMPSs). Using SMPSs, 12 months of accumulation and deposition were used to sample the atmospheric PM1. The results demonstrate the presence of dangerous elements such as: As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn. Note that EDS coupled with microscopy techniques, points out the risks to human health, due to the presence of these dangerous elements that accumulate in the building's structure. The results show that 85% of the NPs sampled contained Pb, and 56% contained Pb and Ti, which are harmful to both historic buildings and human health. Air pollution enables the further deterioration of the São Paulo Public Market, which is in need of restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos L S Oliveira
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia; Universidad de Lima, Departamento de Ingeniería civil y Arquitectura, Avenida Javier Prado Este 4600, Santiago de Surco, 1503, Peru
| | - Alcindo Neckel
- Faculdade Meridional, IMED, 304- Passo Fundo, RS, 99070-220, Brazil.
| | - Diana Pinto
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | | | | | - Luis F O Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia.
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Rovella N, Aly N, Comite V, Randazzo L, Fermo P, Barca D, Alvarez de Buergo M, La Russa MF. The environmental impact of air pollution on the built heritage of historic Cairo (Egypt). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:142905. [PMID: 33127125 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, many researchers investigated the relation between environmental pollution and the degradation phenomena on the built heritage, because of their rapid increase and growing harmfulness. Consequently, the identification of the main pollution sources has become essential to define mitigation actions against degradation and alteration phenomena of the stone materials. In this way, the present paper is focused on the study of the effect of air pollution on archaeological buildings in Historic Cairo. A multi-methodological approach was used to obtain information about the chemical composition of examined black crusts and to clarify their correlation with the air pollution, specifically the heavy metals and the carbonaceous fraction, their main sources, and their impact on the state of conservation of the studied sites. All specimens were characterized by polarized optical microscopy (POM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Electron Probe Micro Analyser coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EPMA-EDS), laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). The study conducted on heavy metals and carbonaceous fraction showed that the greatest contribution of the accumulation of pollutants is attributable to vehicular traffic and industrial activities, the main polluting sources in Cairo city. Furthermore, the comparison with other studies conducted on the carbonaceous fraction in the black crusts coming from both European and non-European cities, has allowed to discriminate the contribution of the primary and secondary polluting sources. Finally, the correlation of the data obtained on the heavy metals and the carbonaceous fraction allowed to formulate important hypothesis about the processes of sulphation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rovella
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Nevin Aly
- Department of Science and Engineering Mathematics, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, 43512 Suez, Egypt.
| | - Valeria Comite
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Luciana Randazzo
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Paola Fermo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Donatella Barca
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
| | | | - Mauro Francesco La Russa
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
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Wilhelm K, Longman J, Orr SA, Viles H. Stone-built heritage as a proxy archive for long-term historical air quality: A study of weathering crusts on three generations of stone sculptures on Broad Street, Oxford. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 759:143916. [PMID: 33338691 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Black crusts on historic buildings are mainly known for their aesthetic and deteriorative impacts, yet they also can advance air pollution research. Past air pollutants accumulate in distinct layers of weathering crusts. Recent studies have used these crusts to reconstruct pollution to improve our understanding of its effects on stone-built heritage. However, the majority of the studies provide only coarse resolution reconstruction of pollution, able to distinguish between 'inner = old' and 'outer = modern' crust layers. In contrast, very few studies have linked distinct periods of exposure to pollution variations in the composition of these crusts. Here we address this research gap by developing a finer-scale resolution pollution record. Our study explored the unique configuration of limestone sculptures in central Oxford, which have been exposed over the last 350 years to three different periods of atmospheric pollution; the early Industrial Revolution, the Victorian period and the 20th century. When the first two generations of sculptures were moved to less polluted areas, their 'pollution clocks' were stopped. Here we discuss the potential of investigating the 'pollution clock' recorded in the geochemical makeup of each sculpture generation's weathering crust layers. We found the analysed crusts record clear changes related to the evolution of modes of transport and industrial and technological development in Oxford. Higher levels of Arsenic (As), Selenium (Se) are linked to pollution from coal burning during Victorian times and Lead (Pb) indicated leaded petrol use in modern times. Our work shows that stone-built heritage with a known history of air pollution exposure allows improving the pollution reconstruction resolution of these weathering crusts. The results provide the basis for calibrating long-term geochemical archives. This approach may be used to reconstruct past air quality and has the potential to inform stone weathering research and conservation, in addition to improving the reconstruction of historical pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Wilhelm
- Oxford Resilient Buildings and Landscapes Laboratory (OxRBL), School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK.
| | - Jack Longman
- Marine Isotope Geochemistry, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Scott Allan Orr
- Bartlett School Environment, Energy and Resources, Faculty of the Built Environment, University College London, UK.
| | - Heather Viles
- Oxford Resilient Buildings and Landscapes Laboratory (OxRBL), School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK.
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Sequential SEM-EDS, PLM, and MRS Microanalysis of Individual Atmospheric Particles: A Useful Tool for Assigning Emission Sources. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9020037. [PMID: 33670617 PMCID: PMC7922855 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the particulate matter (PM) from three different monitoring stations in the Monterrey Metropolitan Area in Mexico were investigated for their compositional, morphological, and optical properties. The main aim of the research was to decipher the different sources of the particles. The methodology involved the ex situ sequential analysis of individual particles by three analytical techniques: scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), polarized light microscopy (PLM), and micro-Raman spectroscopy (MRS). The microanalysis was performed on samples of total suspended particles. Different morphologies were observed for particles rich in the same element, including prismatic, spherical, spheroidal, and irregular morphologies. The sequential microanalysis by SEM-EDS/PLM/MRS revealed that Fe-rich particles with spherical and irregular morphologies were derived from anthopogenic sources, such as emissions from the metallurgical industry and the wear of automobile parts, respectively. In contrast, Fe-rich particles with prismatic morphologies were associated with natural sources. In relation to carbon (C), the methodology was able to distinguish between the C-rich particles that came from different anthopogenic sources—such as the burning of fossil fuels, biomass, or charcoal—and the metallurgical industry. The optical properties of the Si-rich particles depended, to a greater extent, on their chemical composition than on their morphology, which made it possible to quickly and accurately differentiate aluminosilicates from quartz. The methodology demonstrated in this study was useful for performing the speciation of the particles rich in different elements. This differentiation helped to assign their possible emission sources.
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Enhanced Historical Limestone Protection by New Organic/Inorganic Additive-Modified Resins. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Cultural Heritage deterioration is a spontaneous decay process due to water percolation and air pollutant deposition. In this context, novel acrylic (Twinswet, TW) and siloxane-based (Alpha®SI30) resins were exploited starting from commercial products and then modified by adding either a commercial polysiloxane-based additive (TegoPhobe 1500N) or a precursor of SiO2 nanoparticles (Tetraethyl ortosilicate, TEOS) to improve the Vicenza stone surface hydrophobicity. Properties of the coated materials were studied using different techniques such as water contact angle (WCA), capillary absorption, colorimetric and water vapor permeability measurements. Accelerated UV aging and eight-month outdoor exposure tests (at Milan University campus) were also performed to determine the coatings durability. Notably, the addition of both additives slightly enhanced the surface hydrophobicity resulting in WCAs of about 140°, and decreased the water absorption especially for Alpha-based resins. Conversely, a reduction of water vapor permeability was observed, even if within the threshold value of 50%. Concerning the color variation, Alpha®SI30 preserved the stone external aspect; instead, TW smoothly modified the surface color. All of the studied coatings were stable to both UV aging and outdoor exposure. Hence, the present modified commercial coatings revealed to be very promising for the protection of historical monuments.
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Pozo-Antonio JS, Noya-Pintos D, Sanmartín P. Moving toward Smart Cities: Evaluation of the Self-Cleaning Properties of Si-Based Consolidants Containing Nanocrystalline TiO 2 Activated by either UV-A or UV-B Radiation. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112577. [PMID: 33147858 PMCID: PMC7692194 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the self-cleaning ability and durability of Si-based consolidants (an ethyl silicate consolidant and a consolidant based on nanosized silica) spiked with nanocrystalline TiO2 activated by either UV-A radiation (spectral region between 340 and 400 nm, and main peak at 365 nm) or UV-B radiation (spectral region between 270 and 420 nm, and main peak at 310 nm). Granite samples were coated with consolidant, to which nanocrystalline TiO2 was added at different concentrations (0.5, 1, and 3%, by wt.). Diesel soot was then applied to the coated surfaces, and the samples were exposed to UV-A or UV-B radiation for 1650 h. The surface color changes, relative to the color of untreated granite, were determined every 330 h by color spectrophotometry. Slight color changes indicated a recovery of the reference color due to the degradation of the soot. The final surfaces of both the untreated and treated surfaces were compared by stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The main findings were that: (1) In general, the consolidant containing nanosized silica induced the most intense photocatalytic activity. In the more compact xerogel coating formed by the nanosized silica, more TiO2 nanoparticles were available to interact with the radiation. (2) For all consolidant mixtures, soot degradation remained constant or decreased over time, except with ethyl silicate with 0.5 wt % TiO2 (no self-cleaning capacity). (3) Soot degradation increased with the concentration of TiO2. (4) The UV-B radiation was the most effective in terms of soot degradation, except for the surface coated with the ethyl silicate and 3% wt. TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Santiago Pozo-Antonio
- Dpto. Enxeñaría dos Recursos Naturais e Medio Ambiente, Escola de Enxeñaría de Minas e Enerxía, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- CINTECX, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniel Noya-Pintos
- Escola Superior de Conservación e Restauración de Bens Culturais de Galicia, 36002 Pontevedra, Spain;
| | - Patricia Sanmartín
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
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