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Islam N, Roy K, Barman P, Rabha S, Bora HK, Khare P, Konwar R, Saikia BK. Chemical and toxicological studies on black crust formed over historical monuments as a probable health hazard. J Hazard Mater 2024; 464:132939. [PMID: 37988938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Studies to date have mostly investigated environmental factors responsible for deterioration of historical monuments. Black crusts formed on historical monuments are considered as factor for deterioration of structures or as an indicator of environmental status of the surrounding area. Black crust formed on historical monuments has never been investigated as a health hazard. Herein, for the first time, we performed in vitro and in vivo toxicology studies of black crust formed on three culturally-rich historical monuments (Rang Ghar, Kareng Ghar, and Talatal Ghar) of the Indian subcontinent to test their toxicological effect. Black crust suspension in ultrapure water was found not to be considerably toxic to the cells upon direct short-term exposure. However, the sub-acute nasal exposure of the black crust suspension in Swiss albino mice produced lung-specific pathologies and mortality. Additionally, structural formation of the black crust along with the speciation of potentially hazardous elements (PHEs), polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs), and other metals were investigated. Overall, these results indicate the potential of black crust deposited on historical monuments as health hazard owing to the atmospheric pollution of the surroundings. However, it may be noted that black crust and its components have very low possibility of health implication unless they are disturbed without proper care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazrul Islam
- Coal & Energy Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat 785006, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Kallol Roy
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Biotechnology Group, Biological Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
| | - Pankaj Barman
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Biotechnology Group, Biological Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
| | - Shahadev Rabha
- Coal & Energy Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat 785006, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Himangsu Kousik Bora
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Biotechnology Group, Biological Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
| | - Puja Khare
- Crop Production and Protection Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rituraj Konwar
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Biotechnology Group, Biological Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
| | - Binoy K Saikia
- Coal & Energy Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat 785006, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Kapoor TS, Navinya C, Anurag G, Lokhande P, Rathi S, Goel A, Sharma R, Arya R, Mandal TK, Jithin KP, Nagendra S, Imran M, Kumari J, Muthalagu A, Qureshi A, Najar TA, Jehangir A, Haswani D, Raman RS, Rabha S, Saikia B, Lian Y, Pandithurai G, Chaudhary P, Sinha B, Dhandapani A, Iqbal J, Mukherjee S, Chatterjee A, Venkataraman C, Phuleria HC. Reassessing the availability of crop residue as a bioenergy resource in India: A field-survey based study. J Environ Manage 2023; 341:118055. [PMID: 37141725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Second-generation bioenergy, a carbon neutral or negative renewable resource, is crucial to achieving India's net-zero emission targets. Crop residues are being targeted as a bioenergy resource as they are otherwise burned on-field, leading to significant pollutant emissions. But estimating their bioenergy potential is problematic because of broad assumptions about their surplus fractions. Here, we use comprehensive surveys and multivariate regression models to estimate the bioenergy potential of surplus crop residues in India. These are with high sub-national and crop disaggregation that can facilitate the development of efficient supply chain mechanisms for its widespread usage. The estimated potential for 2019 of 1313 PJ can increase the present bioenergy installed capacity by 82% but is likely insufficient alone to meet India's bioenergy targets. The shortage of crop residue for bioenergy, combined with the sustainability concerns raised by previous studies, imply a need to reassess the strategy for the use of this resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taveen S Kapoor
- Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Chimurkar Navinya
- Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Gupta Anurag
- Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India; Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Pradnya Lokhande
- Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Shubham Rathi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Anubha Goel
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India; Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Renuka Sharma
- Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Rahul Arya
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, 110012, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Tuhin K Mandal
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - K P Jithin
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Shiva Nagendra
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Mohd Imran
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, 110 016, India
| | - Jyoti Kumari
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, 110 016, India
| | - Akila Muthalagu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, 502284, India
| | - Asif Qureshi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, 502284, India; Department of Climate Change, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, 502284, India
| | - Tanveer Ahmad Najar
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Arshid Jehangir
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Diksha Haswani
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, India
| | - Ramya Sunder Raman
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, India
| | - Shahadev Rabha
- Coal & Energy Division, CSIR North-East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat, 785006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Binoy Saikia
- Coal & Energy Division, CSIR North-East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat, 785006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Yang Lian
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, 411008, India
| | - G Pandithurai
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Pooja Chaudhary
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, 140306, India
| | - Baerbel Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, 140306, India
| | - Abisheg Dhandapani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India
| | - Jawed Iqbal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India
| | - Sauryadeep Mukherjee
- National Facility on Astroparticle Physics and Space Science, Bose Institute, 16, A.J.C. Bose Road, Darjeeling, 734101, India
| | - Abhijit Chatterjee
- National Facility on Astroparticle Physics and Space Science, Bose Institute, 16, A.J.C. Bose Road, Darjeeling, 734101, India; Environmental Science Section, Bose Institute, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Chandra Venkataraman
- Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Harish C Phuleria
- Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India; Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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Qadri AM, Singh GK, Paul D, Gupta T, Rabha S, Islam N, Saikia BK. Variabilities of δ 13C and carbonaceous components in ambient PM 2.5 in Northeast India: Insights into sources and atmospheric processes. Environ Res 2022; 214:113801. [PMID: 35787367 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A year-long sampling campaign of ambient PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 mm) at a regional station in the North-Eastern Region (NER) of India was performed to understand the sources and formation of carbonaceous aerosols. Mass concentration, carbon fractions (organic and elemental carbon), and stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) of PM2.5 were measured and studied along with cluster analysis and Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) modelling. PM2.5 mass concentration was observed to be highest during winter and post-monsoon seasons when the meteorological conditions were relatively stable compared to other seasons. Organic carbon (OC) concentration was more than two times higher in the post-monsoon and winter seasons than in the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. Air mass back trajectory cluster analysis showed the dominance of local and regional air masses during winter and post-monsoon periods. In contrast, long-range transported air masses influenced the background site in pre-monsoon and monsoon. Air mass data and PSCF analysis indicated that aerosols during winter and post-monsoon are dominated by freshly generated emissions from local sources along with the influence from regional transport of polluted aerosols. On the contrary, the long-range transported air masses containing aged aerosols were dominant during pre-monsoon. No significant variability was observed in the range of δ13C values (-28.2‰ to -26.4‰) during the sampled seasons. The δ13C of aerosols indicates major sources to be combustion of biomass/biofuels (C3 plant origin), biogenic aerosols, and secondary aerosols. The δ13C variability and cluster/PSCF modelling suggest that aged aerosols (along with enhanced photo-oxidation derived secondary aerosols) influenced the final δ13C during the pre-monsoon. On the other hand, lower δ13C in winter and post-monsoon is attributed to the freshly emitted aerosols from biomass/biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Mateen Qadri
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208 016, India
| | - Gyanesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208 016, India
| | - Debajyoti Paul
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208 016, India.
| | - Tarun Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208 016, India
| | - Shahadev Rabha
- Coal & Energy Group, Materials Science & Technology Division, CSIR North-East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat, 785006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Nazrul Islam
- Coal & Energy Group, Materials Science & Technology Division, CSIR North-East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat, 785006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Binoy K Saikia
- Coal & Energy Group, Materials Science & Technology Division, CSIR North-East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat, 785006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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Islam N, Rabha S, Subramanyam KSV, Saikia BK. Geochemistry and mineralogy of coal mine overburden (waste): A study towards their environmental implications. Chemosphere 2021; 274:129736. [PMID: 33540311 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Open-cast mining of coal generates waste material, including rock and soil with different minerals, and traditionally dumped as waste over the valuable lands worldwide. Overburden (OB) is devoid of actual soil characteristics, low micro and macronutrient content, and a sufficient amount of rare earth elements, silicate, sulphate, and clay minerals. This study aimed to determine the geochemistry and mineralogy of OB samples collected from Makum coalfield, Margherita of Northeast (NE) India. The geochemical and mineralogical analyses of overburden (OB) were carried out by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), High resolution-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (HR-ICP-MS), Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) techniques. This study shows potentially hazardous elements (PHEs), including Pb, Co Cu, Cr, Ni, and Zn, and their association with minerals observed in OB samples. The major oxides (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, CaO, K2O, and Na2O) are present in all the overburden samples analyzed by the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique. Various minerals such as quartz, kaolinite, gypsum, melanterite, rozenite, hematite, and pyrite were identified. The overburden samples contain considerable amounts of rare earth elements and yttrium (REY; as received basis) with an average of 26.3 (ppm). The presence of abundant minerals and REY opens up a new avenue for the gainful and sustainable utilization of such waste materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazrul Islam
- Coal & Energy Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shahadev Rabha
- Coal & Energy Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - K S V Subramanyam
- CSIR- National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Binoy K Saikia
- Coal & Energy Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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5
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Dutta M, Islam N, Rabha S, Narzary B, Bordoloi M, Saikia D, Silva LFO, Saikia BK. Acid mine drainage in an Indian high-sulfur coal mining area: Cytotoxicity assay and remediation study. J Hazard Mater 2020; 389:121851. [PMID: 31879117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Opencast mining causes significant environmental concern due to acid mine drainage (AMD) caused by the oxidation of pyrites and other sulfur-bearing minerals. The present study intends to determine the seasonal variability of AMD in the affected area of the Ledo opencast mining, the cytotoxicity of the AMD, and the AMD remediation process. The physicochemical properties of the collected samples were analyzed by using laboratory-based methods and sophisticated instrumental tools. The cytotoxicity study of AMD water was performed by using different cell lines such as normal rat muscle and human carcinoma cells. The study demonstrates that the mine water samples have high conductivity (1.30-2.49 ms cm-1) with high total dissolved solids (1068-1339 ppm) which can change the ionic composition of water. The concentration level of trace elements are also found to be higher than the permissible limit during monsoon season. A simple laboratory-based remediation process of AMD has been carried out in the current study by using size segregated pulverized limestone and the process reveals the decrease in elemental concentrations of AMD water. This study will be useful to develop a remediation technique to minimize the concentration levels of hazardous elements and ions in the AMD water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhulika Dutta
- School of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology, Meghalaya, India; Polymer Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, India; Department of Chemistry, CNB College, Bokakhat, 785612, India
| | - Nazrul Islam
- Polymer Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, India
| | - Shahadev Rabha
- Polymer Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, India
| | - Bardwi Narzary
- Natural Product Chemistry Group (CSTD), CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, India
| | - Manobjyoti Bordoloi
- Natural Product Chemistry Group (CSTD), CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, India
| | - Durlov Saikia
- School of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology, Meghalaya, India
| | - Luis F O Silva
- Departmentof Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, 080002, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Binoy K Saikia
- Polymer Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, India.
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Rabha S, Saikia BK. An environmental evaluation of carbonaceous aerosols in PM10 at micro- and nano-scale levels reveals the formation of carbon nanodots. Chemosphere 2020; 244:125519. [PMID: 31812765 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous aerosols play significant roles in air quality and the climate; their oxidation at the nano-scale level may possibly increase the reactivity and toxicity of atmospheric particulates. In the present study, a laboratory experiment on the atmospheric carbonaceous aerosol was done by using H2O2 as an oxidizing agent. An extensive study made with advanced analytical tools revealed the formation of photoluminescent carbon nanoparticles (carbon nanodots) in the carbonaceous aerosol. The carbon nanoparticles are mostly at the sp2 hybridization state and contain various surface functional groups such as carboxyl and carbonyl groups. The properties of these carbon nanoparticles resemble the engineered carbon nanoparticles such as carbon dots (CDs). The carbon nanoparticles, mainly less than 10 nm, are composed of carbon nanocrystals containing a few other elements such as Ca and Fe. Fluorescence spectroscopy revealed the characteristic excitation-dependent emission spectra of blue fluorescent carbon nanoparticles. The results indicate the presence of characteristic carbon nanoparticles in the carbonaceous aerosol in PM10, opening a new road for predicting environmental processes occurring in the atmospheric environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahadev Rabha
- Polymer Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NEIST Campus, Jorhat, 785006, India
| | - Binoy K Saikia
- Polymer Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NEIST Campus, Jorhat, 785006, India.
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Islam N, Rabha S, Silva LFO, Saikia BK. Air quality and PM 10-associated poly-aromatic hydrocarbons around the railway traffic area: statistical and air mass trajectory approaches. Environ Geochem Health 2019; 41:2039-2053. [PMID: 30783820 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Diesel engine railway traffic causes atmosphere pollution due to the exhaust emission which may be harmful to the passengers as well as workers. In this study, the air quality and PM10 concentrations were evaluated around a railway station in Northeast India where trains are operated with diesel engines. The gaseous pollutant (e.g. SO2, NO2, and NH3) was collected and measured by using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The advanced level characterizations of the PM10 samples were carried out by using ion chromatography, Fourier-transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry , X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy techniques to know their possible environmental contaminants. High-performance liquid chromatography technique was used to determine the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to estimate the possible atmospheric pollution level caused by the rail traffic in the enclosure. The average PM10 concentration was found to be 262.11 µg m-3 (maximum 24 hour) which indicates poor air quality (AQI category) around the rail traffic. The statistical and air mass trajectory analysis was also done to know their mutual correlation and source apportionment. This study will modify traditional studies where only models are used to simulate the origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazrul Islam
- Polymer Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NEIST Campus, Jorhat, Assam, 785006, India
| | - Shahadev Rabha
- Polymer Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NEIST Campus, Jorhat, Assam, 785006, India
| | - Luis F O Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, 080002, Colombia
| | - Binoy K Saikia
- Polymer Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NEIST Campus, Jorhat, Assam, 785006, India.
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