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Mariño-Narvaez C, Puertas-Gonzalez JA, Romero-Gonzalez B, Kraneis MC, Peralta-Ramirez MI. Pregnant women's mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic according to the trimester of pregnancy. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37942780 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2023.2279039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to analyse the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women according to the pregnancy trimester, comparing their psychopathological symptomatology, pregnancy-specific stress, resilience and perceived stress to those of women pregnant before the pandemic. METHODS A total of 797 pregnant women participated in the study, one group of 393 women pregnant before the pandemic and the other of 404 women pregnant during the pandemic. Student-t test was used to analyse continuous data and the Chi-square test was used for categorical data. RESULTS Psychopathological symptomatology was significantly higher in six subscales of the SCL-90-R in pregnant women during COVID-19: somatisation, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, phobic anxiety, obsessions-compulsions, mainly on the first two trimesters. There is also a higher level of pregnancy-specific stress in pregnant women during the pandemic on the first two trimesters, most likely due to the hypervigilance and fears related to the COVID-19 disease. Nevertheless, perceived stress, usually elevated during pregnancy, was lower in women pregnant during the pandemic in comparison to those pregnant before, as a positive consequence of being on lockdown and diminishing the exposure to daily stressful situations. CONCLUSIONS Knowing the struggles these women go through during each trimester of pregnancy can be the key to a better health professional-patient relationship, consequently having a positive impact on their mental and physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose A Puertas-Gonzalez
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Borja Romero-Gonzalez
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Valladolid, Soria, Spain
| | - Marie-Christin Kraneis
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Peralta-Ramirez
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Garcia-Leon MA, Martin-Tortosa PL, Cambio-Ledesma A, Caparros-Gonzalez RA. The COVID-19 Pandemic and Psychopathological symptoms in pregnant women in Spain. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2023; 41:503-515. [PMID: 35261321 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2022.2047623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the COVID-19 pandemic, pregnant women are exposed to potentially harmful stressors that might affect their health. The direct consequences that SARS-CoV-2 may have on perinatal mental health are still unknown. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychopathological symptoms in a sample of Spanish pregnant women. METHODS A sample of 186 pregnant women was assessed using the revised Symptoms Check List-90 during the first lockdown in Spain. RESULTS The results showed clinical scores on the obsession and compulsion, anxiety and phobic anxiety subscales, as well as on the severity indexes. Phobic anxiety was the only variable that was inversely correlated with age and the number of previous miscarriages. A linear regression model showed that age was inversely associated with phobic anxiety scores. A younger age was associated with higher levels of phobic anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that younger pregnant women and women in the first trimester of pregnancy were more vulnerable to the effects of stress and concerns about COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angeles Garcia-Leon
- FIDMAG Sisters Hospitallers Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Rafael A Caparros-Gonzalez
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
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Puertas-Gonzalez JA, Romero-Gonzalez B, Mariño-Narvaez C, Gonzalez-Perez R, Sosa-Sanchez IO, Peralta-Ramirez MI. Can we influence the neurological development and hair cortisol concentration of offspring by reducing the stress of the mother during pregnancy? A randomized controlled trial. Stress Health 2023; 39:753-765. [PMID: 36638545 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effects of a stress management cognitive behavioural therapy followed during pregnancy on subsequent childhood on hair cortisol at birth and on neurodevelopment and Hair Cortisol Concentrations (HCC) at 6 months of age. The study sample included 48 pregnant women, divided into two groups: 24 women in the Therapy Group (TG) and 24 women who received standard pregnancy care (control group (CG); CG). To test the therapy efficacy, an evaluation of the HCC and psychological stress, psychopathological symptomatology and resilience was conducted before and after the treatment. The level of cortisol in their hair was obtained during pregnancy and that of their babies at birth. Six months after birth, a cortisol sample was taken from the hair and the babies' neurodevelopment was evaluated based on a Bayley-III test. The TG presented reductions in psychological stress and psychopathological symptomatology after treatment. On the other hand, the CG increased their cortisol concentrations between the pre and post intervention, remaining stable in the TG. Moreover, results showed that TG babies had lower cortisol concentrations at birth and obtained significantly higher cognitive and motor development scores at 6 months. These findings support that providing psychological care to pregnant women may not only have a benefit on these women's mental state, but may also benefit the neurodevelopment of their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Puertas-Gonzalez
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain
- Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment Department, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Borja Romero-Gonzalez
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Education, Campus Duques de Soria, University of Valladolid, Soria, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Gonzalez-Perez
- Department of Pharmacology, CIBERehd, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Maria Isabel Peralta-Ramirez
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain
- Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment Department, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Saez-Sanz N, Peralta-Ramirez I, Gonzalez-Perez R, Vazquez-Justo E, Caracuel A. Resilience, Stress, and Cortisol Predict Cognitive Performance in Older Adults. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11081072. [PMID: 37107906 PMCID: PMC10137485 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11081072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to determine the relationship between stress, resilience, and cognitive performance in older people without dementia. METHOD multiple linear regressions were performed using measures of cognitive performance as dependent variables, and measures of stress and resilience as predictors in a sample of 63 Spanish elderly people. RESULTS participants reported low levels of stress during their lifetime. In addition to socio-demographic variables, greater stress was related to better delayed recall and worse letter-number sequencing and block design. Higher capillary cortisol was associated with lower flexibility on the Stroop task. Regarding protective factors, we found that greater psychological resilience was related to higher scores on the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-III, letter-number sequencing, and verbal fluency. CONCLUSION in older people with low stress, apart from age, gender, and education, psychological resilience is a significant predictor of global cognitive status, working memory, and fluency. Likewise, stress is related to verbal memory functioning, working memory, and visuoconstructive abilities. Capillary cortisol level predicts cognitive flexibility. These findings may help to identify risk and protective factors for cognitive decline in older people. Training-based programs to reduce stress and increase psychological resilience may play an important role in preventing cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Saez-Sanz
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Department of Psychology and Anthropology, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Isabel Peralta-Ramirez
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Department of Personality, Evaluation, and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Raquel Gonzalez-Perez
- Department of Pharmacology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), School of Pharmacy, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Enrique Vazquez-Justo
- Center for Research, Development and Innovation (CIDI-IEES), European Institute for Higher Studies, 4824-909 Fafe, Portugal
| | - Alfonso Caracuel
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Suarez A, Yakupova V. The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on birth satisfaction and birth experiences in Russian women. Front Glob Womens Health 2022; 3:1040879. [PMID: 36619591 PMCID: PMC9810808 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2022.1040879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Women's satisfaction with their childbirth experiences has significant impacts on their health and the health of their children. Recently, childbirth and maternity care systems have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to investigate the association of birth satisfaction with mode of birth, medical interventions, support during labour, type of childbirth healthcare plan and antenatal education in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia. Methods 1,645 Russian women who gave birth during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic and 611 matched controls who gave birth in the previous year participated in an anonymous Internet survey about their childbirth experience. The survey included questions regarding women's demographic and obstetric characteristics as well as their childbirth experiences. Birth satisfaction was measured using the Birth Satisfaction Scale Revised Indicator (BSS-RI). Results Birth satisfaction scores did not show notable changes before and during the pandemic (Pearson Chi-square = 19.7, p = 0.22). Women had lower BSS-RI scores if they tested positive for COVID-19 during labour (F = 9.18, p = 0.002), but not during pregnancy or postpartum (p > 0.32). In both cohorts women who had vaginal births rated birth satisfaction higher than those who had caesarean births. The more medical interventions there were, the lower were the BSS-RI scores (B = -0.234, 95% CI: -0.760; -0.506, p < 0.001), but only during the pandemic. Birth satisfaction was higher if women had a support person present during labour (F > 7.44, p < 0.001), which was not possible for over 70% of participants during the pandemic. In both cohorts birth satisfaction was associated with the childbirth healthcare plan (F > 5.27, p < 0.001), but not with antenatal education (F < 0.15, p > 0.43). Conclusions Our study highlights the significant impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the birth experiences of Russian women. Sustaining the rights of women to informed decisions during labour, respect for their preferred childbirth healthcare plan, presence of the birth team of choice and professional support for home birth are essential for higher birth satisfaction and better health outcomes for mothers and their infants.
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Puertas-Gonzalez JA, Mariño-Narvaez C, Romero-Gonzalez B, Vilar-López R, Peralta-Ramirez MI. Resilience, stress and anxiety in pregnancy before and throughout the pandemic: a structural equation modelling approach. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-11. [PMID: 35698485 PMCID: PMC9178340 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03305-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study explored and compared the link between resilience and pregnancy-related stress, perceived stress, and anxiety, employing two structural equation models. One model focused on pregnant women before the outbreak of the pandemic, and the other on pregnancies throughout the pandemic. For this purpose, a total sample of 690 women during their pregnancy were collected: the Pre-Pandemic Group (P-PG) was composed of 341 pregnant women evaluated prior to the pandemic; and 349 pregnant women assessed at the time of the pandemic constituted the Pandemic Group (PG). The resilience, pregnancy-related stress, perceived stress, and anxiety symptomatology of the women were assessed. For both samples, resilience was found to lower levels of pregnancy-specific stress, as well as general perceived stress, and anxiety symptomatology. Furthermore, pregnancy-specific stress and perceived stress showed a covariance relationship and, that these, in turn, increased the anxiety. Moreover, the PG showed greater levels of pregnancy-specific stress, anxiety, somatisations, and obsessions-compulsions, while the P-PG presented higher perceived stress levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Puertas-Gonzalez
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain
- Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment Department, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Borja Romero-Gonzalez
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Education, University of Valladolid, Campus Duques de Soria, Soria, Spain
| | - Raquel Vilar-López
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain
- Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment Department, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Peralta-Ramirez
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain
- Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment Department, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Stress and Psychopathology Reduction in Pregnant Women through Online Cognitive Behavioural Therapy during COVID-19: A Feasibility Study. Behav Sci (Basel) 2021; 11:bs11070100. [PMID: 34356717 PMCID: PMC8301144 DOI: 10.3390/bs11070100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The global pandemic has affected the psychological health of the population, including pregnant women. Due to the difficulty of offering conventional therapies to reduce stress in this population, studies are needed to show the effect of online therapies. Therefore, the objective was to test the effect of online cognitive behavioural therapy in pregnant women during the pandemic on the main variables of stress and psychopathology. Methods: The sample consisted of 16 pregnant women who participated in a weekly cognitive behavioural intervention for 8 weeks. Prenatal concerns, general stress, stress vulnerability, resilience and psychopathology were assessed. Results: The results show a reduction in prenatal concerns, perceived stress, stress vulnerability and psychopathology, as well as an increase in resilience. Conclusions: Online cognitive behavioural intervention may be effective in pregnant women, so it is important to conduct a randomised controlled trial to certify these findings.
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8
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Caparros-Gonzalez RA, Torre-Luque ADL, Romero-Gonzalez B, Quesada-Soto JM, Alderdice F, Peralta-Ramírez MI. Stress During Pregnancy and the Development of Diseases in the offspring: A Systematic-Review and Meta-Analysis. Midwifery 2021; 97:102939. [PMID: 33647755 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2021.102939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this systematic-review and meta-analysis was to assess whether high maternal stress during pregnancy is associated with the development of pediatric pathology. DESIGN Epidemiological peer-reviewed studies published in English or Spanish assessing associations between maternal stress during pregnancy and psychiatric and medical diseases were selected. PARTICIPANTS We retrieved 73,024 citations; 42 studies meeting inclusion criteria were assessed. Overall sample included 65,814,076 women. FINDINGS Overall odds ratio for the development of a medical disease was OR=1.24 (CI95=1.11, 1.39), Z=3.85, p<.01. Overall odds ratio for psychiatric disorders was OR=1.28 (CI95=1.06, 1.56), Z=2.54, p<.02. Multivariate meta-analysis showed a significant coefficient for autism spectrum disorder studies, B=0.42, SE=0.16, Z=2.67, p<.01. We found a significant overall effect size for autism spectrum disorder (OR=1.45 [CI95=1.24, 1.70], Z=4.69, p<.01). In terms of medical diseases, studies including obesity and infantile colic presented a significant overall effect size, as OR=1.20 (CI95=1.03, 1.39), Z=2.41, p<.02. The highest effect size was found regarding the first trimester (B=1.62, SE=0.16, Z=9.90, p<.01). KEY CONCLUSIONS We concluded that exposure to high levels of stress during pregnancy are associated with autism spectrum disorder, obesity, and infantile colic in offspring. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Maternal stress during pregnancy should be addressed to tackle its potential impact in health across the life span.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Borja Romero-Gonzalez
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Fiona Alderdice
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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9
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Mariño-Narvaez C, Puertas-Gonzalez JA, Romero-Gonzalez B, Peralta-Ramirez MI. Giving birth during the COVID-19 pandemic: The impact on birth satisfaction and postpartum depression. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2021; 153:83-88. [PMID: 33368216 PMCID: PMC9087776 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective To understand how giving birth during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic affected women based on birth parameters (gestational age, type of birth and body weight at birth), satisfaction with childbirth, and development of postpartum depression. Methods This is a cross‐sectional study of 162 Spanish women. They were divided into two groups: those who gave birth before the pandemic (n = 82; from September 1, 2019 to March 1, 2020) and during the pandemic (n = 75; from April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2020). They were assessed using psychological instruments for postpartum childbirth satisfaction and postpartum depression. Results It was found that women who gave birth during the pandemic suffered higher levels of stress during childbirth (U = 2652.50; P = 0.040) and gave a worse rating of the quality of care received (U = 2703.50; P = 0.041). In addition, the percentage of postpartum depression was much higher in women who gave birth during the pandemic (χ2 = 4.31; P = 0.038). Conclusion Giving birth during the COVID‐19 pandemic could have an impact on greater dissatisfaction with childbirth, as well as increasing the risk of postpartum depression. Women who gave birth during the pandemic showed higher dissatisfaction with childbirth and more postpartum depression symptoms than those who gave birth before the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Mariño-Narvaez
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain.,Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose A Puertas-Gonzalez
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain.,Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Borja Romero-Gonzalez
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain.,Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Peralta-Ramirez
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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10
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Hair cortisol levels in pregnancy as a possible determinant of fetal sex: a longitudinal study. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2021; 12:902-907. [PMID: 33407972 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174420001300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Stress during pregnancy has been widely studied and associated to different variables, usually with negative results for the health of the mother and the newborn, such as having a higher risk of suffering postpartum depression, premature birth, obstetrics complications or low birthweight, among others. However, there are not many lines of research that study the role that the sex of the baby plays on this specific stress and vice versa. Thus, the main objective was to analyse the relationship between the sex of the offspring and the stress of the mothers in the first trimester of pregnancy. In order to achieve this, 108 women had their biological stress measured (trough hair cortisol levels) and psychological stress evaluated (the Prenatal Distress Questionnaire (PSS), the Perceived Stress Scale (PDQ) and the Stress Vulnerability Inventory (IVE)). The results revealed significant differences in maternal hair cortisol levels in the first trimester based on the sex of the baby they had given birth to (t = -2.04; P < 0.05): the concentration of the hormone was higher if the baby was a girl (164.36:54.45-284.87 pg/mg) than if it was a boy (101.13:37.95-193.56 pg/mg). These findings show that the sex of the future baby could be conditioned, among many other variables, by the mother´s stress levels during conception and first weeks of pregnancy. Further research is needed in this area to support our findings.
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Romero-Gonzalez B, Martin CR, Caparros-Gonzalez RA, Quesada-Soto JM, Peralta-Ramirez MI. Spanish validation and factor structure of the Prenatal Distress Questionnaire Revised (NuPDQ). J Reprod Infant Psychol 2020; 40:242-253. [PMID: 33327777 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2020.1861227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Due to an absence of maternal stress being measured in routine prenatal care by clinicians, prenatal stress has become a serious problem which is associated with poorer obstetric outcomes, as well as worse maternal and infant health. For that reason, the aim of this study was the translation, validation and adaptation of Prenatal Distress Questionnaire Revised (NuPDQ) in a Spanish sample.Methods: Three-hundred and seventy-one pregnant women were assessed using the NuPDQ, the Prenatal Distress Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. The NuPDQ was translated into Spanish by the backtranslation method and administered to participants.Results: A confirmatory factor analysis revealed the established unidimensional structure to be a poor fit to data with the Spanish version. An exploratory factor analysis suggested a five-factor structure with 14 items. The instrument had good reliability, convergent and discriminant validity psychometric properties.Conclusions: The five-factor 14-item NuPDQ is useful to assess pregnancy-specific stress in Spanish pregnant women. It may be appropriate to use this instrument in order to identify pregnant women with high pregnancy-specific stress to try to prevent negative consequences derived from those high levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Romero-Gonzalez
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Brain, Mind and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Colin R Martin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | | | - Juan M Quesada-Soto
- Brain, Mind and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Romero-Gonzalez B, Caparros-Gonzalez RA, Gonzalez-Perez R, Garcia-Leon MA, Arco-Garcia L, Peralta-Ramirez MI. "I am pregnant. Am I different?": Psychopathology, psychological stress and hair cortisol levels among pregnant and non-pregnant women. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 131:235-243. [PMID: 33032186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy is a life process that brings about a series of associated changes, both physical and psychological, in women. The psychopathological changes occurring in pregnant women due to the simple fact of this new vital stage are unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the psychopathological symptoms present during pregnancy with those present in non-pregnant women, as well as the perceived stress and hair cortisol levels. For this, a group of non-pregnant women (n = 171) were compared with pregnant women who were in the first trimester (n = 124), second trimester (n = 200) and third trimester (n = 190). Moreover, 77 women were followed up to verify their psychopathological course of pregnancy. Differences were found between pregnant and non-pregnant women relating to a wide range of psychopathological symptoms, perceived stress and hair cortisol levels. The symptoms were greater in the group of pregnant women. By studying different types of psychopathological symptoms associated with pregnancy, it is possible to assign psychological interventions to given characteristics of pregnant women. In addition, we can broaden our knowledge about the psychological aspects of pregnancy and the changes associated with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Romero-Gonzalez
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Brain, Mind and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Gonzalez-Perez
- Department of Pharmacology, CIBERehd, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Garcia-Leon
- FIDMAG, Germanes Hospitalaries Research Foundation. Consorcio de Investigación en Red en Salud Mental CIBERSAM. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Arco-Garcia
- Crecer Juntos, Gabinete de Pedagogia, Psicologia y Logopedia, Maracena, Granada, Spain
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13
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Marceau K, Wang W, Robertson O, Shirtcliff EA. A systematic review of hair cortisol during pregnancy: Reference ranges and methodological considerations. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 122:104904. [PMID: 33080521 PMCID: PMC8634732 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study systematically reviewed 56 articles that assessed hair cortisol concentrations during pregnancy collected from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science on 8/9/19 and updated on 6/29/20. Our goals were to establish reference ranges by trimester based on published studies. The majority of any given sample (e.g., 70 %, the range of -1SD to +1SD) is expected to fall between 0 and 34.15 pg/mg in trimester 1 and 2, and between 8.59 and 44 pg/mg in trimester 3, with very wide ranges (e.g., values of >250 pg/mg) and substantially higher values (e.g., averages of 200's-300's reaching as high as 768 pg/mg) coming out of one specific lab. Delineating a reference range for hair cortisol concentrations across pregnancy is challenging because of known factors like differences in values returned by different laboratories and assay types. We observed inconsistency in descriptions of the data and data preparation steps post-assay. Key findings include that only half of the studies examining all three trimesters showed a constant increase in mean levels (most retrospectively assessed via segmenting), with considerable variability in patterns of change. None of the studies reported individual patterns of change. Examining within-person changes are an important next step for the field. We conclude that researchers should more clearly report decisions around outliers, units, and specifics of data transformations in the future in order to improve our ability to compare findings across studies, to understand differences in HCC values reported, and potentially to understand differences in reported associations of HCC with other phenotypes in the literature.
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Romero-Gonzalez B, Puertas-Gonzalez JA, Strivens-Vilchez H, Gonzalez-Perez R, Peralta-Ramirez MI. Effects of cognitive-behavioural therapy for stress management on stress and hair cortisol levels in pregnant women: A randomised controlled trial. J Psychosom Res 2020; 135:110162. [PMID: 32485622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the effectiveness of a cognitive behavioural therapy for stress management in pregnant women in the reduction of psychological stress and hair cortisol levels. METHODS The trial was controlled and randomised, with a total of 78 pregnant women: control group (n-39) and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy group (n-39). To test the therapy's efficacy, an evaluation of the primary outcome (hair cortisol levels) and secondary outcomes (psychological stress, psychopathological symptomatology and resilience) was conducted before and after the treatment. The therapy was conducted during 8 sessions (one per week) in a group setting. The study was registered as a Randomised Controlled Trial with the code NCT03404141. RESULTS The results showed a group time interaction between hair cortisol levels, psychological stress (perceived and pregnancy-specific), and in the exacerbation and severity of psychopathological symptoms. These variables presented reductions after treatment only in the Cognitive Behavioural Therapy group. CONCLUSIONS Using a novel way of assessing chronic stress (psychological and objective measures as hair cortisol levels), this is the first study that has shown a decrease in both the levels of cortisol in hair and in psychological stress. This decline could have implications for maternal and fetal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Romero-Gonzalez
- Brain, Mind and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose A Puertas-Gonzalez
- Brain, Mind and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Gonzalez-Perez
- Department of Pharmacology, CIBERehd, School of Pharmacy, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitariaibs.GRANADA, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - M Isabel Peralta-Ramirez
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Romero-Gonzalez B, Caparros-Gonzalez RA, Cruz-Martinez M, Gonzalez-Perez R, Gallego-Burgos JC, Peralta-Ramirez MI. Neurodevelopment of high and low-risk pregnancy babies at 6 months of age. Midwifery 2020; 89:102791. [PMID: 32645601 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2020.102791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to compare neurodevelopment differences between babies born from low-risk pregnancies and babies born from high-risk pregnancies. STUDY DESIGN Longitudinal design SETTING: Spain PARTICIPANTS: A total of 91 women participated in the study, divided into two groups: 49 women in the low-risk pregnancy group and 42 women in the high-risk group. MEASUREMENT AND FINDINGS The average amount of cortisol in pregnant mothers' hair was determined in both groups. Following their birth, the babies' neurodevelopment was evaluated using the Bayley-III instrument at 6 months of age and a new sample of cortisol was obtained from both the baby and the mother. The results showed that pregnancy risk group could predict cognitive, fine motor, gross motor and general motor neurodevelopment. KEY CONCLUSIONS These results seem to show that an appropriate treatment tailored to the needs of individualised pregnancies may favor babies' neurodevelopment, including that of babies born from high-risk pregnancies. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH It is essential to take special care of pregnant women no matter their medical condition and offer them the best medical care available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Romero-Gonzalez
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour Centre (CIMCYC). Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment Department, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Milagros Cruz-Martinez
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, University Hospital San Cecilio, Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Raquel Gonzalez-Perez
- Department of Pharmacology, CIBERehd, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Maria Isabel Peralta-Ramirez
- Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment Department, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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