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Huang W, Zhou P, Shen G, Gao T, Liu X, Shi J, Xu J, Qiu J. Relationship Between Mycotoxin Production and Gene Expression in Fusarium graminearum Species Complex Strains Under Various Environmental Conditions. J Microbiol 2023:10.1007/s12275-023-00046-4. [PMID: 37129765 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) can produce various mycotoxins and is a major concern for food quantity and quality worldwide. In this study, we determined the effects of water activity (aw), temperature, incubation time and their interactions on mycotoxin accumulation and the expression levels of biosynthetic genes in FGSC strains from maize samples in China. The highest deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol(3ADON) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15ADON) levels of the F. boothii and F. graminearum strains were observed at 0.98 aw/30 °C or 0.99 aw/25 °C. F. asiaticum and F. meridionale reached maximum nivalenol (NIV) and 4-acetylnivalenol (4ANIV) contents at 0.99 aw and 30 °C. With the extension of the incubation time, the concentrations of DON and NIV gradually increased, while those of their derivatives decreased. F. boothii, F. meridionale and one F. asiaticum strain had the highest zearalenone (ZEN) values at 0.95 aw and 25 °C, while the optimum conditions for the other F. asiaticum strain and F. graminearum were 0.99 aw and 30 °C. Four genes associated with trichothecene and zearalenone synthesis were significantly induced under higher water stress in the early stage of production. The results indicated independence of mycotoxin production and gene expression, as maximum amounts of these toxic metabolites were observed at higher aw in most cases. This study provides useful information for the monitoring and prevention of such toxins entering the maize production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Huang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianrong Shi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhong Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Qiu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China.
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Dong T, Qiao S, Xu J, Shi J, Qiu J, Ma G. Effect of Abiotic Conditions on Growth, Mycotoxin Production, and Gene Expression by Fusarium fujikuroi Species Complex Strains from Maize. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040260. [PMID: 37104197 PMCID: PMC10141623 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) strains are a major concern for food quantity and quality due to their strong ability to synthesize mycotoxins. The effects of interacting conditions of water activity, temperature, and incubation time on the growth rate, toxin production, and expression level of biosynthetic genes were examined. High temperature and water availability increased fungal growth. Higher water activity was in favor of toxin accumulation. The maximum amounts of fusaric acid (FA) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) were usually observed at 20–25 °C. F. andiyazi could produce a higher content of moniliformin (MON) in the cool environment than F. fujikuroi. The expression profile of biosynthetic genes under environmental conditions varied wildly; it was suggested that these genes might be expressed in a strain-dependent manner. FB1 concentration was positively related to the expression of FUM1, while a similar correlation of FUB8 and FUB12 with FA production could be observed in F. andiyazi, F. fujikuroi, and F. subglutinans. This study provides useful information in the monitoring and prevention of such toxins entering the maize production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Dong
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Shouning Qiao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Jianhong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210014, China
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jianrong Shi
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210014, China
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jianbo Qiu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210014, China
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Guizhen Ma
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
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Yoshinari T, Watanabe M, Hara-Kudo Y. Cross-genus inhibitory activity of polyoxins against aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus and fumonisin production by Fusarium fujikuroi. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2022; 369:6596283. [PMID: 35641197 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-exposure to aflatoxin and fumonisin is a health concern where corn is a staple food, and a method to prevent co-contamination of these mycotoxins in foods is urgently needed. Polyoxins are chitin synthase inhibitors produced by Streptomyces cacaoi var. asoensis. The aflatoxin production inhibitory activity of a commercially available polyoxin D and four polyoxins purified from polyoxin AL water-soluble powder, an agricultural chemical containing polyoxins, was tested. The five polyoxins dose-dependently inhibited aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus and the IC50 values of polyoxin A, B, D, K and L were 16, 74, 110, 9 and 280 µmol L-1, respectively. Polyoxins also inhibited fumonisin production by Fusarium fujikuroi, and the IC50 values of polyoxin B, D, K and L were 270, 42, 65 and 62 µmol L-1, respectively. Polyoxins repressed the transcription of genes encoding proteins required for aflatoxin biosynthesis in A. parasiticus and fumonisin biosynthesis in F. fujikuroi. Polyoxin K and D also inhibited conidiation in A. parasiticus and F. fujikuroi, respectively. These results suggest that a mixture of polyoxins may effectively prevent co-contamination of aflatoxin and fumonisin in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Yoshinari
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Maiko Watanabe
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hara-Kudo
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
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Balal A, Sharifzadeh A, Shokri H, Khosravi AR. Effects of Bunium persicum essential oil on the reduction of spore germination, growth, and expression of FUM1 and FUM14 genes in Fusarium verticillioides isolates. Curr Med Mycol 2022; 7:14-21. [PMID: 35028480 PMCID: PMC8740853 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.7.2.7033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Black Cumin of Kerman (Bunium persicum) is an Iranian plant that is commonly used as an antispasmodic, carminative, and antimicrobial substance. The present study aimed to assess different components of the essence of B. persicum and its effect on antifungal activity, spore germination inhibition, and expressions of FUM1 and FUM14 genes in Fusarium verticillioides strains. Materials and Methods The essence was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed through gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. A broth microdilution method was used for the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). In addition, the expression of FUM1 and FUM14 genes of toxigenic F. verticillioides was assessed by using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. Results Based on the findings, most of the essence consisted of γ-terpinene (15.56%), propanal, and 2-methyl-3-phenyl (14.18%). The oil showed a good antifungal activity (mean MIC value: 2556.8 μg/ml) as well as the inhibition of spore germination and mycelial growth (P<0.05). The RT-PCR demonstrated that the expression levels of FUM1 and FUM14 of B. persicum-treated F. verticillioides were 0.43 and 0.53 folds lower than the control samples, respectively. Conclusion These findings revealed that the essential oil of B. persicum has different components responsible for the inhibition of mycelial growth and spore germination of F. verticillioides as well as reduction of expressions of FUM1 and FUM14 genes involving fumonisin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Balal
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aghil Sharifzadeh
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hojjatollah Shokri
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Khosravi
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Fusarium verticillioides and Aspergillus flavus Co-Occurrence Influences Plant and Fungal Transcriptional Profiles in Maize Kernels and In Vitro. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100680. [PMID: 34678972 PMCID: PMC8537323 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change will increase the co-occurrence of Fusarium verticillioides and Aspergillus flavus, along with their mycotoxins, in European maize. In this study, the expression profiles of two pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and four mycotoxin biosynthetic genes, FUM1 and FUM13, fumonisin pathway, and aflR and aflD, aflatoxin pathway, as well as mycotoxin production, were examined in kernels and in artificial medium after a single inoculation with F. verticillioides or A. flavus or with the two fungi in combination. Different temperature regimes (20, 25 and 30 °C) over a time-course of 21 days were also considered. In maize kernels, PR genes showed the strongest induction at 25 °C in the earlier days post inoculation (dpi)with both fungi inoculated singularly. A similar behaviour was maintained with fungi co-occurrence, but with enhanced defence response at 9 dpi under 20 °C. Regarding FUM genes, in the kernels inoculated with F. verticillioides the maximal transcript levels occurred at 6 dpi at 25 °C. At this temperature regime, expression values decreased with the co-occurrence of A. flavus, where the highest gene induction was detected at 20 °C. Similar results were observed in fungi grown in vitro, whilst A. flavus presence determined lower levels of expression along the entire time-course. As concerns afl genes, considering both A. flavus alone and in combination, the most elevated transcript accumulation occurred at 30 °C during all time-course both in infected kernels and in fungi grown in vitro. Regarding mycotoxin production, no significant differences were found among temperatures for kernel contamination, whereas in vitro the highest production was registered at 25 °C for aflatoxin B1 and at 20 °C for fumonisins in the case of single inoculation. In fungal co-occurrence, both mycotoxins resulted reduced at all the temperatures considered compared to the amount produced with single inoculation.
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Perincherry L, Urbaniak M, Pawłowicz I, Kotowska K, Waśkiewicz A, Stępień Ł. Dynamics of Fusarium Mycotoxins and Lytic Enzymes during Pea Plants' Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9888. [PMID: 34576051 PMCID: PMC8467997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium species are common plant pathogens that cause several important diseases. They produce a wide range of secondary metabolites, among which mycotoxins and extracellular cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) contribute to weakening and invading the host plant successfully. Two species of Fusarium isolated from peas were monitored for their expression profile of three cell wall-degrading enzyme coding genes upon culturing with extracts from resistant (Sokolik) and susceptible (Santana) pea cultivars. The extracts from Santana induced a sudden increase in the gene expression, whereas Sokolik elicited a reduced expression. The coherent observation was that the biochemical profile of the host plant plays a major role in regulating the fungal gene expression. In order to uncover the fungal characteristics in planta, both pea cultivars were infected with two strains each of F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum on the 30th day of growth. The enzyme activity assays from both roots and rhizosphere indicated that more enzymes were used for degrading the cell wall of the resistant host compared to the susceptible host. The most commonly produced enzymes were cellulase, β-glucosidase, xylanase, pectinase and lipase, where the pathogen selectively degraded the components of both the primary and secondary cell walls. The levels of beauvericin accumulated in the infected roots of both cultivars were also monitored. There was a difference between the levels of beauvericin accumulated in both the cultivars, where the susceptible cultivar had more beauvericin than the resistant one, showing that the plants susceptible to the pathogen were also susceptible to the toxin accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmipriya Perincherry
- Department of Plant-Pathogen Interaction, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland; (M.U.); (K.K.)
| | - Monika Urbaniak
- Department of Plant-Pathogen Interaction, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland; (M.U.); (K.K.)
| | - Izabela Pawłowicz
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Karolina Kotowska
- Department of Plant-Pathogen Interaction, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland; (M.U.); (K.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-625 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Department of Plant-Pathogen Interaction, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland; (M.U.); (K.K.)
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Tatsch ÉF, Meyer K, Vogel RF, Niessen L. Characterization of the influence of carbon sources on fum1 gene expression in the fumonisin producer Fusarium verticillioides using RT - LAMP assay. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 354:109323. [PMID: 34298484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides is one of the major fumonisin producers. The ingestion of this mycotoxin represents a risk for both human and animal health. The development of F. verticillioides is associated with environmental conditions, especially carbon sources. We developed a reliable and fast reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay and determined fum1 gene expression upon growth of two F. verticillioides strains isolated from maize and wheat in Czapek's medium containing four different sugars as sole carbon sources. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) production was determined by LC-MS/MS analysis. High growth and production of FB1 were observed in fructose-containing medium for the strain that originated from maize. Less production of FB1 occurred using maltose as sole carbon source for both strains. The fum1 gene expression started between 2 and 4 days of incubation, and positive signals were detected prior to the initial production of FB1. The RT-LAMP assay was effective in the detection of fum1 gene expression at very early stages of F. verticillioides growth and allowed the prediction of FB1 formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Évelin F Tatsch
- Chair of Technical Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Chair of Animal Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Rudi F Vogel
- Chair of Technical Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ludwig Niessen
- Chair of Technical Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Effect of Naturally Occurring Compounds on Fumonisin Production and fum Gene Expression in Fusarium verticillioides. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy11061060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides, one of the most common pathogens in maize, is responsible for yield losses and reduced kernel quality due to contamination by fumonisins (FBs). Two F. verticillioides isolates that differed in their ability to produce FBs were treated with a selection of eight natural phenolic compounds with the aim of identifying those that were able to decrease toxin production at concentrations that had a limited effect on fungal growth. Among the tested compounds, ellagic acid and isoeugenol, which turned out to be the most effective molecules against fungal growth, were assayed at lower concentrations, while the first retained its ability to inhibit toxin production in vitro, the latter improved both the fungal growth and FB accumulation. The effect of the most effective phenolic compounds on FB accumulation was also tested on maize kernels to highlight the importance of appropriate dosages in order to avoid conditions that are able to promote mycotoxin biosynthesis. An expression analysis of genes involved in FB production allowed more detailed insights into the mechanisms underlying the inhibition of FBs by phenolic compounds. The expression of the fum gene was generally down-regulated by the treatments; however, some treatments in the low-producing F. verticillioides strain up-regulated fum gene expression without improving FB production. This study showed that although different phenolic compounds are effective for FB reduction, they can modulate biosynthesis at the transcription level in opposite manners depending on strain. In conclusion, on the basis of in vitro and in vivo screening, two out of the eight tested phenols (ellagic acid and carvacrol) appear to be promising alternative molecules for the control of FB occurrence in maize.
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Perincherry L, Ajmi C, Oueslati S, Waśkiewicz A, Stępień Ł. Induction of Fusarium lytic Enzymes by Extracts from Resistant and Susceptible Cultivars of Pea ( Pisum sativum L.). Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110976. [PMID: 33238503 PMCID: PMC7700429 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Being pathogenic fungi, Fusarium produce various extracellular cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) that degrade the polysaccharides in the plant cell wall. They also produce mycotoxins that contaminate grains, thereby posing a serious threat to animals and human beings. Exposure to mycotoxins occurs through ingestion of contaminated grains, inhalation and through skin absorption, thereby causing mycotoxicoses. The toxins weaken the host plant, allowing the pathogen to invade successfully, with the efficiency varying from strain to strain and depending on the plant infected. Fusariumoxysporum predominantly produces moniliformin and cyclodepsipeptides, whereas F. proliferatum produces fumonisins. The aim of the study was to understand the role of various substrates and pea plant extracts in inducing the production of CWDEs and mycotoxins. Additionally, to monitor the differences in their levels when susceptible and resistant pea plant extracts were supplemented. The cultures of F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum strains were supplemented with various potential inducers of CWDEs. During the initial days after the addition of substrates, the fungus cocultivated with pea extracts and other carbon substrates showed increased activities of β-glucosidase, xylanase, exo-1,4-glucanase and lipase. The highest inhibition of mycelium growth (57%) was found in the cultures of F. proliferatum strain PEA1 upon the addition of cv. Sokolik extract. The lowest fumonisin content was exhibited by the cultures with the pea extracts and oat bran added, and this can be related to the secondary metabolites and antioxidants present in these substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmipriya Perincherry
- Plant-Pathogen Interaction Team, Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (Ł.S.)
| | - Chaima Ajmi
- Biological Engineering/Polytechnic, Université Libre de Tunis (ULT), Tunis 1002, Tunisia;
| | - Souheib Oueslati
- Laboratoire Matériaux, Molécules et applications, Institut Préparatoire aux Etudes Scientifiques et Techniques, La Marsa 2070, Tunisia;
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-625 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Plant-Pathogen Interaction Team, Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (Ł.S.)
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Jiménez CM, Álvarez HL, Ballari MS, Labadié GR, Catalán CAN, Toso RE, Sampietro DA. Antifungal activity of Euphorbia species against moulds responsible of cereal ear rots. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1285-1293. [PMID: 32969574 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This work aimed to identify secondary metabolites from aerial parts of Euphorbia species functional for control of toxigenic Fusarium species responsible of cereal grain rots. METHODS AND RESULTS Aerial parts of Euphorbia serpens, Euphorbia schickendantzii and Euphorbia collina were sequentially extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The extracts were tested against strains of Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium graminearum by microdilution tests. The hexane extract of E. collina provided the lowest IC50 s on both fungal species. Further fractionation showed that cycloartenol (CA) and 24-methylenecycloartanol are associated to the moderate inhibitory effect of the hexane extract on fungal growth.Sublethal concentrations of CA and 24MCA blocked deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins production.CA and 24MCA co-applied with potassium sorbate, a food preservative used for Fusarium control, synergized the growth inhibition of fungi. The mixtures reduced mycotoxins accumulation when applied at sublethal concentrations. CONCLUSIONS CA and 24MCA inhibited both fungal growth and mycotoxins production. This fact is an advantage respect to potassium sorbate which increased the mycotoxins accumulation at sublethal concentrations. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY CA and 24MCA synergized potassium sorbate and their mixtures offer a lower mycotoxigenic risk than potassium sorbate for control of the Fusarium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Jiménez
- LABIFITO, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - H L Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Fármacos (CIDEF), La Pampa, Argentina
| | - M S Ballari
- Instituto de Química de Rosario, UNR, CONICET, Rosario, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - G R Labadié
- Instituto de Química de Rosario, UNR, CONICET, Rosario, Argentina
| | - C A N Catalán
- LABIFITO, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - R E Toso
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Fármacos (CIDEF), La Pampa, Argentina
| | - D A Sampietro
- LABIFITO, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
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11
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Qin P, Xu J, Jiang Y, Hu L, van der Lee T, Waalwijk C, Zhang W, Xu X. Survey for toxigenic Fusarium species on maize kernels in China. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Maize is currently the most important crop in China. A major concern in maize production is maize ear rot caused by Fusarium spp., which results in yield losses, reduction of seed quality and the accumulation of mycotoxins in the harvested grains. To identify the importance of the different Fusarium species in maize infection, we performed a comprehensive survey on 9,000 asymptomatic and randomly collected maize kernels. Seeds were collected from 12 different provinces covering all major maize growing areas in China and included five maize varieties. In total 1,022 Fusarium isolates were retrieved that were identified based on morphological characteristics, by species specific diagnostic PCRs and by EF1-α gene sequencing. Eight different species were identified: Fusarium verticillioides (75.34%), Fusarium graminearum (8.32%), Fusarium proliferatum (7.14%), Fusarium subglutinans (4.11%), Fusarium meridionale (1.57%), Fusarium oxysporum (1.37%), Fusarium semitectum (1.17%), and Fusarium asiaticum (0.98%). The distribution of Fusarium species was found to be different in different regions with the largest diversity observed in Hubei province, where all eight Fusarium species were isolated. Genetic chemotyping within the F. graminearum species complex indicated that all of the 85 F. graminearum isolates showed the 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol chemotype, whereas all F. asiaticum (n=10) and F. meridionale (n=16) isolates had the nivalenol chemotype even when isolated from the same maize field. To our knowledge this is the largest collection of Fusarium isolates from maize and further exploitations of this collection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.W. Qin
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenhe Street, Dongling Road No.120, Shenyang, 110161, China P.R
| | - J. Xu
- Plant Protection Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, 110161, China P.R
| | - Y. Jiang
- Plant Protection Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, 110161, China P.R
| | - L. Hu
- Plant Protection Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, 110161, China P.R
| | - T. van der Lee
- Plant Research International, Business Unit Biointeractions, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - C. Waalwijk
- Plant Research International, Business Unit Biointeractions, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - W.M. Zhang
- Plant Protection Station of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110034, China P.R
| | - X.D. Xu
- Plant Protection Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, 110161, China P.R
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12
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Witaszak N, Lalak-Kańczugowska J, Waśkiewicz A, Stępień Ł. The Impacts of Asparagus Extract Fractions on Growth and Fumonisins Biosynthesis in Fusarium Proliferatum. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020095. [PMID: 32019224 PMCID: PMC7077031 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Asparagus is a genus consisting of over two hundred species of perennial plants. Fusarium proliferatum is a major asparagus pathogen and it biosynthesizes a variety of mycotoxins, of which fumonisins B are prevalent. Our previous studies on F. proliferatum strains indicated that asparagus extract affects the expression of FUM1 gene, encoding polyketide synthase, a key enzyme of the FUM gene cluster governing the biosynthesis of fumonisins. An asparagus-derived F. proliferatum strain increased fumonisin B1 production after extract fractions’ addition, reaching the maximum 2 or 24 h after treatment. The cultures yielded between 40 and 520 mg of dry weight of mycelia after 14 days of cultivation. The differences in fungal biomass amounts between the whole extract and its fractions may result from synergistic effect of all bioactive compounds present in asparagus extract. Among extract fractions, the methanolic fraction had the highest effect on the dry weight of the mycelium reaching about a 13-fold increase compared to the control. Furthermore, we measured the relative expression of the FUM1 gene. Due to the possible antifungal activity of tested extract fractions, future research will be focused on the identification of the Asparagus officinalis L. compounds responsible for this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Witaszak
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland; (N.W.); (Ł.S.)
| | - Justyna Lalak-Kańczugowska
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland; (N.W.); (Ł.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland; (N.W.); (Ł.S.)
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13
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Deepa N, Sreenivasa M. Molecular methods and key genes targeted for the detection of fumonisin producing Fusarium verticillioides – An updated review. FOOD BIOSCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2019.100473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Kamle M, Mahato DK, Devi S, Lee KE, Kang SG, Kumar P. Fumonisins: Impact on Agriculture, Food, and Human Health and their Management Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E328. [PMID: 31181628 PMCID: PMC6628439 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fumonisins producing fungi, Fusarium spp., are ubiquitous in nature and contaminate several food matrices that pose detrimental health hazards on humans as well as on animals. This has necessitated profound research for the control and management of the toxins to guarantee better health of consumers. This review highlights the chemistry and biosynthesis process of the fumonisins, their occurrence, effect on agriculture and food, along with their associated health issues. In addition, the focus has been put on the detection and management of fumonisins to ensure safe and healthy food. The main focus of the review is to provide insights to the readers regarding their health-associated food consumption and possible outbreaks. Furthermore, the consumers' knowledge and an attempt will ensure food safety and security and the farmers' knowledge for healthy agricultural practices, processing, and management, important to reduce the mycotoxin outbreaks due to fumonisins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Kamle
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli-791109, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Dipendra K Mahato
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood VIC 3125, Australia.
| | - Sheetal Devi
- SAB Miller India Ltd., Sonipat, Haryana 131001, India.
| | - Kyung Eun Lee
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea.
| | - Sang G Kang
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea.
- Stemforce, 302 Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea.
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli-791109, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
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15
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Effects of Disruption of Five FUM Genes on Fumonisin Biosynthesis and Pathogenicity in Fusarium proliferatum. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11060327. [PMID: 31181598 PMCID: PMC6628412 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin fumonisin is known to be harmful to humans and animals, and thus it is desirable to reduce fumonisin content in crop products. We explored the functions of several genes that function in fumonisin biosynthesis (FUM1, FUM6, FUM8, FUM19, and FUM21) in Fusarium proliferatum and found that deletion of FUM1, FUM6, FUM8, or FUM21 results in a severe reduction in fumonisin biosynthesis, while loss of FUM19 does not. In addition, fumonisin-deficient strains display significantly decreased pathogenicity. Co-cultivation of the ΔFUM1, ΔFUM6, ΔFUM8, and ΔFUM19 mutants restores fumonisin synthesis. However, co-cultivation was unable to restore fumonisin synthesis in the ΔFUM21 strain. The relative expression levels of three key FUM genes (FUM1, FUM6, and FUM8) differed significantly in each mutant strain; notably, the expression levels of these three genes were significantly down-regulated in the ΔFUM21 strain. Taken together, our results demonstrate that FUM1, FUM6, FUM8, and FUM21 are essential for fumonisin synthesis, and FUM19 is non-essential. Partial mutants lost the ability to synthesize fumonisin, the co-culture of the mutants was able to restore fumonisin biosynthesis. While the pathogenicity of F. proliferatum is affected by many factors, inhibition of the synthesis of the mycotoxin fumonisin will weaken the pathogenicity of rice spikelet rot disease (RSRD).
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16
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Romanens E, Freimüller Leischtfeld S, Volland A, Stevens MJ, Krähenmann U, Isele D, Fischer B, Meile L, Miescher Schwenninger S. Screening of lactic acid bacteria and yeast strains to select adapted anti-fungal co-cultures for cocoa bean fermentation. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 290:262-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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High-Throughput Rapid and Inexpensive Assay for Quantitative Determination of Low Cell-Density Yeast Cultures. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7020032. [PMID: 30682881 PMCID: PMC6406537 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A procedure for microbial cell density determination with a high-throughput densitometric assay was developed to allow a precise quantification of both free and sessile cells, such as those of a biofilm, with a large range from low to high cell densities. Densitometry was chosen because it allows fast, rapid and cost-effective measures; it is non-disruptive; and has an easy learning curve. The method setup, and the further validation, was carried out with strains of Candida albicans, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis. Equations were developed at the level of the single strains, of the three species and finally a general one applicable to all three species. In the cross validation, with strains absent from the training set, the method was shown to be robust and flexible. The best results were obtained with species specific equations, although the global equation performed almost as well in terms of correlation between real and estimated density values. In all cases, a correlation around 0.98 between effective and predicted density was obtained with figures ranging from 102 to 108 cells mL−1. The entire analytical part of the procedure can be accomplished with a MS Excel macro provided free of charge.
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18
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Li N, Zhao J, Zhang R, Deng L, Li J, Gao Y, Liu C. Effect of Tebuconazole Enantiomers and Environmental Factors on Fumonisin Accumulation and FUM Gene Expression in Fusarium verticillioides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:13107-13115. [PMID: 30458614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides is an important corn pathogen that can produce fumonisins (FBs) under certain environmental conditions. In this study, we evaluated the enantioselective impact of tebuconazole enantiomers on the growth and FB production of F. verticillioides on maize-based media at different abiotic factors. The expression of FB biosynthetic genes ( FUM1 and FUM6) was quantified by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that water activity ( aw), temperature, and types of tebuconazole significantly affected the growth of F. verticillioides. The order of fungicidal activity was (-)-tebuconazole > rac-tebuconazole > (+)-tebuconazole. (-)-tebuconazole exhibited the maximal selective fungicidal activity (242-fold) against F. verticillioides at 0.95 aw and 35 °C. Production of fumonisin B1 (FB1) and fumonisin B2 (FB2) by F. verticillioides was influenced by aw, temperature, types of tebuconazole, and dose. Under most conditions, (-)-tebuconazole showed stronger inhibition for FB1 and FB2 production than (+)-tebuconazole (1.87-2.85-fold reduction in FBs) and rac-tebuconazole. The optimal environmental condition for FB production was at 0.99 aw and 25 °C. Tebuconazole enantiomers differently affected FB biosynthetic gene ( FUM1 and FUM6) expression, but the effects on FB production and gene expression showed no positive correlation. The present study provides a better understanding on ways to minimize FB production in corn treated with fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province , South China Agricultural University , Wushan Road 483 , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , People's Republic of China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province , South China Agricultural University , Wushan Road 483 , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province , South China Agricultural University , Wushan Road 483 , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , People's Republic of China
| | - Luqing Deng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province , South China Agricultural University , Wushan Road 483 , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfang Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province , South China Agricultural University , Wushan Road 483 , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute , Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510640 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chenglan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province , South China Agricultural University , Wushan Road 483 , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , People's Republic of China
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19
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Careful with That Axe, Gene, Genome Perturbation after a PEG-Mediated Protoplast Transformation in Fusarium verticillioides. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9060183. [PMID: 28561789 PMCID: PMC5488033 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9060183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides causes ear rot disease in maize and its contamination with fumonisins, mycotoxins harmful for humans and livestock. Lipids, and their oxidized forms, may drive the fate of this disease. In a previous study, we have explored the role of oxylipins in this interaction by deleting by standard transformation procedures a linoleate diol synthase-coding gene, lds1, in F. verticillioides. A profound phenotypic diversity in the mutants generated has prompted us to investigate more deeply the whole genome of two lds1-deleted strains. Bioinformatics analyses pinpoint significant differences in the genome sequences emerged between the wild type and the lds1-mutants further than those trivially attributable to the deletion of the lds1 locus, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, small deletion/insertion polymorphisms and structural variations. Results suggest that the effect of a (theoretically) punctual transformation event might have enhanced the natural mechanisms of genomic variability and that transformation practices, commonly used in the reverse genetics of fungi, may potentially be responsible for unexpected, stochastic and henceforth off-target rearrangements throughout the genome.
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20
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Proteomics analysis of Fusarium proliferatum under various initial pH during fumonisin production. J Proteomics 2017; 164:59-72. [PMID: 28522339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium proliferatum as a fungal pathogen can produce fumonisin which causes a great threat to animal and human health. Proteomic approach was a useful tool for investigation into mycotoxin biosynthesis in fungal pathogens. In this study, we analyzed the fumonisin content and mycelium proteins of Fusarium proliferatum cultivated under the initial pH5 and 10. Fumonisin production after 10days was significantly induced in culture condition at pH10 than pH5. Ninety nine significantly differently accumulated protein spots under the two pH conditions were detected using two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 89 of these proteins were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF and LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. Among these 89 proteins, 45 were up-regulated at pH10 while 44 were up-accumulated at pH5. At pH10, these proteins were found to involve in the modification of fumonisin backbone including up-regulated polyketide synthase, cytochrome P450, S-adenosylmethionine synthase and O-methyltransferase, which might contribute to the induction of fumonisin production. At pH5, these up-regulated proteins such as l-amino-acid oxidase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and citrate lyase might inhibit the condensation of fumonisin backbone, resulting in reduced production of fumonisins. These results may help us to understand the molecular mechanism of the fumonisin synthesis in F. proliferatum. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE To extend our understanding of the mechanism of the fumonisin biosynthesis of F. proliferatum, we reported the fumonisin production in relation to the differential proteins of F. proliferatum mycelium under two pH culture conditions. Among these 89 identified spots, 45 were up-accumulated at pH10 while 44 were up-accumulated at pH5. Our results revealed that increased fumonisin production at pH10 might be related to the induction of fumonisin biosynthesis caused by up-regulation of polyketide synthase, cytochrome P450, S-adenosylmethionine synthase and O-methyltransferase. Meanwhile, the up-regulation of l-amino-acid oxidase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and citrate lyase at pH5 might be related to the inhibition of the condensation of fumonisin backbone, resulting in reduced production of fumonisin. These results may help us to understand better the molecular mechanism of the fumonisin synthesis in F. proliferatum and then broaden the current knowledge of the mechanism of the fumonisin biosynthesis.
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21
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Cendoya E, Pinson-Gadais L, Farnochi MC, Ramirez ML, Chéreau S, Marcheguay G, Ducos C, Barreau C, Richard-Forget F. Abiotic conditions leading to FUM gene expression and fumonisin accumulation by Fusarium proliferatum strains grown on a wheat-based substrate. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 253:12-19. [PMID: 28463723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium proliferatum produces fumonisins B not only on maize but also on diverse crops including wheat. Using a wheat-based medium, the effects of abiotic factors, temperature and water activity (aW), on growth, fumonisin biosynthesis, and expression of FUM genes were compared for three F. proliferatum strains isolated from durum wheat in Argentina. Although all isolates showed similar profiles of growth, the fumonisin production profiles were slightly different. Regarding FUM gene transcriptional control, both FUM8 and FUM19 expression showed similar behavior in all tested conditions. For both genes, expression at 25°C correlated with fumonisin production, regardless of the aw conditions. However, at 15°C, these two genes were as highly expressed as at 25°C although the amounts of toxin were very weak, suggesting that the kinetics of fumonisin production was slowed at 15°C. This study provides useful baseline data on conditions representing a low or a high risk for contamination of wheat kernels with fumonisins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Cendoya
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Laetitia Pinson-Gadais
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1264 MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, cs20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - María C Farnochi
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María L Ramirez
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Sylvain Chéreau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1264 MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, cs20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Giselè Marcheguay
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1264 MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, cs20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Christine Ducos
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1264 MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, cs20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Christian Barreau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1264 MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, cs20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Florence Richard-Forget
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1264 MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, cs20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
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22
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Efficacy of fungal and bacterial antagonists for controlling growth, FUM1 gene expression and fumonisin B 1 production by Fusarium verticillioides on maize cobs of different ripening stages. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 246:72-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Divband K, Shokri H, Khosravi AR. Down-regulatory effect of Thymus vulgaris L. on growth and Tri4 gene expression in Fusarium oxysporum strains. Microb Pathog 2017; 104:1-5. [PMID: 28062283 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of Thymus vulgaris (T. vulgaris) essential oil on the fungal growth and Tri4 gene expression in Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum) strains. The oil was obtained by water-distillation using a Clevenger-type system. The chemical composition of the essential oil was obtained by gas chromatography- mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and by retention indices. The antifungal activity was evaluated by broth microdilution assay. A quantitative real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) assay was also developed specific for F. oxysporum on the basis of trichothecene biosynthetic gene, Tri4, which allowed discrimination from F. oxysporum. Results showed thymol (32.67%) and p-cymene (16.68%) as the main components of T. vulgaris. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values varied from 5 to 20 μg/ml with T. vulgaris (mean: 10.50 μg/ml), while minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values ranged from 8 to 30 μg/ml with mean value of 16.20 μg/ml qRT-PCR results revealed a downregulation from 4.04 to 6.27 fold of Tri4 gene expression of the fungi exposed to T. vulgaris essential oil. The results suggest that T. vulgaris oil can be considered potential alternative natural fungicide to the synthetic chemicals that are currently used to prevent and control seed-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolsum Divband
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hojjatollah Shokri
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Khosravi
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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24
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Schoeman A, Flett BC, Janse van Rensburg B. Evaluating three commonly used growth media for assessing fumonisin analogues FB 1, FB 2 and FB 3 production by nine Fusarium verticillioides isolates. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 34:291-298. [PMID: 27899061 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1266397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Maize is most often infected by the fumonisin-producing Fusarium verticillioides. Total fumonisins of natural infected grain is made up of FB1, FB2 and FB3 with FB1 occurring naturally at higher levels. A maize plant can be infected with more than one F. verticillioides isolate, and finding a reliable method to elucidate the toxigenic potential of these isolates is important to extrapolate the possible fumonisin risk to consumers of grain. It is not clear whether F. verticillioides produces similar fumonisin levels, as well as fumonisin analogue ratios, across media. In this study, nine F. verticillioides isolates were subjected to three methods of fumonisin testing using liquid media, maize patties and a field trial (silk inoculation of grain) in Potchefstroom, South Africa. Spore concentrations of 1 × 106 conidia ml-1 of each isolate were used to inoculate the different media and levels fumonisin analogues were measured using HPLC. Fumonisin production per isolate was highly variable and was influenced by the two-way interaction of F. verticillioides isolate × growth media. Total fumonisins produced in the liquid medium ranged from 0 to 21.3 ppm, on maize patties fumonisins they ranged from 0 to 21.5 ppm, and in the silk inoculation technique they ranged from 0 to 15.5 ppm. The fumonisin analogue FB1 occurred at higher levels followed by FB3 in both in vitro studies. In the silk inoculation technique, fumonisin analogue FB2 was the second highest occurring analogue after FB1. Isolate GCI 282 produced higher FB2 and FB3 levels than FB1 in the patties and grain, respectively. In order not to miscalculate the fumonisin and analogue ratio levels per F. verticillioides isolate, the growth medium will have to be optimised for each isolate and more than one growth medium used.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schoeman
- a Agricultural Research Council-Grain Crops Institute , Potchefstroom , South Africa
| | - B C Flett
- a Agricultural Research Council-Grain Crops Institute , Potchefstroom , South Africa.,b Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences , North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
| | - B Janse van Rensburg
- a Agricultural Research Council-Grain Crops Institute , Potchefstroom , South Africa
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Li T, Jian Q, Chen F, Wang Y, Gong L, Duan X, Yang B, Jiang Y. Influence of Butylated Hydroxyanisole on the Growth, Hyphal Morphology, and the Biosynthesis of Fumonisins in Fusarium proliferatum. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1038. [PMID: 27468276 PMCID: PMC4942755 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium proliferatum as a common fungus pathogen in foods can produce toxic fumonisins, which can cause animal diseases and increase risks of human cancers. On contrary, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) as a synthetic antioxidant offers a clue for preventing growth of fungal species and inhibiting production of mycotoxins. Unfortunately, information of the inhibitory mechanism of BHA on Fusarium species is still limited. In this study, influence of BHA treatment on growth and inhibition of fumonisin production in relation to the expression of the fumonisin biosynthesis-related genes of the F. proliferatum ZYF was investigated, which revealed that BHA had a negative influence on growth and fumonisin production of F. proliferatum. To further elucidate the mechanism of BHA on the growth of F. proliferatum, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to examine the F. proliferatum hyphae. The BHA treatment induced the loss of cytoplasm and cellular constituents, as well as distortion of mycelia, but it did not directly degrade the fumonisin. Furthermore, the BHA treatment markedly inhibited the expressions of FUM1 (a polyketide synthase encoding gene) and FUM8 (an aminotransferase encoding gene) genes, which resulted in the depression of metabolic pathway of F. proliferatum. The transcriptional analyses of the FUM1 and FUM8 genes confirmed a correlation between the fumonisin production and its gene expression. This study provided some insights into mechanisms of production of fumonisin and feasible prevention to reduce fumonisin contamination in favor of human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, GuangzhouChina; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, BeijingChina
| | - Qijie Jian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, GuangzhouChina; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, BeijingChina
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Zhong Shan Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Zhong Shan China
| | - Liang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou China
| | - Xuewu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou China
| | - Bao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou China
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Rocha LO, Barroso VM, Andrade LJ, Pereira GHA, Ferreira-Castro FL, Duarte AP, Michelotto MD, Correa B. FUM Gene Expression Profile and Fumonisin Production by Fusarium verticillioides Inoculated in Bt and Non-Bt Maize. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1503. [PMID: 26779158 PMCID: PMC4701941 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the levels of fumonisins produced by Fusarium verticillioides and FUM gene expression on Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) and non-Bt maize, post harvest, during different periods of incubation. Transgenic hybrids 30F35 YG, 2B710 Hx and their isogenic (30F35 and 2B710) were collected from the field and a subset of 30 samples selected for the experiments. Maize samples were sterilized by gamma radiation at a dose of 20 kGy. Samples were then inoculated with F. verticillioides and analyzed under controlled conditions of temperature and relative humidity for fumonisin B1 and B2 (FB1 and FB2) production and FUM1, FUM3, FUM6, FUM7, FUM8, FUM13, FUM14, FUM15, and FUM19 expression. 2B710 Hx and 30F35 YG kernel samples were virtually intact when compared to the non-Bt hybrids that came from the field. Statistical analysis showed that FB1 production was significantly lower in 30F35 YG and 2B710 Hx than in the 30F35 and 2B710 hybrids (P < 0.05). However, there was no statistical difference for FB2 production (P > 0.05). The kernel injuries observed in the non-Bt samples have possibly facilitated F. verticillioides penetration and promoted FB1 production under controlled conditions. FUM genes were expressed by F. verticillioides in all of the samples. However, there was indication of lower expression of a few FUM genes in the Bt hybrids; and a weak association between FB1 production and the relative expression of some of the FUM genes were observed in the 30F35 YG hybrid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana O. Rocha
- Laboratório de Micotoxinas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinícius M. Barroso
- Laboratório de Micotoxinas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ludmila J. Andrade
- Laboratório de Micotoxinas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H. A. Pereira
- Departamento de Estatística, Centro de Ciências Exatas e de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São CarlosSão Carlos, Brazil
| | - Fabiane L. Ferreira-Castro
- Laboratório de Micotoxinas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aildson P. Duarte
- Centro de Grãos e Fibras, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios (APTA)Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Benedito Correa
- Laboratório de Micotoxinas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
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Falavigna C, Lazzaro I, Galaverna G, Dall'Asta C, Battilani P. Oleoyl and linoleoyl esters of fumonisin B1 are differently produced by Fusarium verticillioides on maize and rice based media. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 217:79-84. [PMID: 26492388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of fumonisins, namely oleoyl- and linoleoyl esters of fumonisin B1 (EFB1OA and EFB1LA, respectively), are modified forms of fumonisins whose formation and occurrence have been reported so far in naturally infected maize and in artificially inoculated rice. There is a lack of knowledge about the mechanism of formation, mainly in relation to the role played by the substrate. Therefore, in this work we studied the dynamics of accumulation of the toxin and its esters, together with their precursor, in maize and rice based media inoculated with different strains of F. verticillioides and incubated at 25 °C for 7-45 days. The production pattern of FB1 and its modified forms was significantly influenced by growth media, reaching a higher concentration in cornmeal compared to rice based medium. Similarly, cornmeal was more supportive for the conversion of FB1 by considering the esterification rate, with a prevalence of linoleoyl esters compared to oleoyl esters resembling the OA/LA rate in both media. The conversion of FB1 into fatty acid esters was also shown as strain-related. Results, thus, strongly support the hypothesis that fatty acid esters of FB1 are produced by the fungus itself at a late stage of growth, or at a certain point of FB1 accumulation in the medium, using fatty acids from the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Falavigna
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 95/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - I Lazzaro
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - G Galaverna
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 95/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - C Dall'Asta
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 95/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - P Battilani
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
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Ferrigo D, Raiola A, Bogialli S, Bortolini C, Tapparo A, Causin R. In Vitro Production of Fumonisins by Fusarium verticillioides under Oxidative Stress Induced by H2O2. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4879-4885. [PMID: 25910187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of oxidative stress induced by H2O2 were tested in liquid cultures in the fumonisin-producing fungus Fusarium verticillioides. The quantitative analysis of fumonisins B1, B2, B3, and B4 was achieved by means of liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Two effects in F. verticillioides, consisting of different abilities to produce fumonisins in response to oxidative stress, were identified. Following H2O2 addition, two F. verticillioides strains produced significantly more fumonisin (>300%) while three other strains produced significantly less (<20%) in comparison to control cultures. Transcriptional studies with seven biosynthetic genes showed a significant increase in transcript levels in the strain that made more fumonisin and either no or minimal changes in the strain that made less fumonisin. Our data indicate the important role of oxidative stress toward the modulation of the fumonisin biosynthesis and suggest the necessity to verify the presence of such divergent behavior in F. verticillioides populations under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrigo
- †Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandro Raiola
- †Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Sara Bogialli
- ‡Department of Chemical Science, University of Padua, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Claudio Bortolini
- ‡Department of Chemical Science, University of Padua, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Tapparo
- ‡Department of Chemical Science, University of Padua, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Roberto Causin
- †Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy
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Marín P, Jurado M, González-Jaén MT. Growth rate and TRI5 gene expression profiles of Fusarium equiseti strains isolated from Spanish cereals cultivated on wheat and barley media at different environmental conditions. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 195:40-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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30
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Combined effects of benomyl and environmental factors on growth and expression of the fumonisin biosynthetic genes FUM1 and FUM19 by Fusarium verticillioides. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 191:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Aristimuño Ficoseco M, Vattuone M, Audenaert K, Catalán C, Sampietro D. Antifungal and antimycotoxigenic metabolites in Anacardiaceae species from northwest Argentina: isolation, identification and potential for control of Fusarium
species. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 116:1262-73. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.E. Aristimuño Ficoseco
- LABIFITO; Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia; Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; San Miguel de Tucumán Argentina
- INQUINOA - CONICET; Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia; Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; San Miguel de Tucumán Argentina
| | - M.A. Vattuone
- LABIFITO; Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia; Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; San Miguel de Tucumán Argentina
| | - K. Audenaert
- Department of Applied BioSciences; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Gent Belgium
| | - C.A.N. Catalán
- INQUINOA - CONICET; Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia; Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; San Miguel de Tucumán Argentina
| | - D.A. Sampietro
- LABIFITO; Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia; Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; San Miguel de Tucumán Argentina
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Al-gabr HM, Zheng T, Yu X. Occurrence and quantification of fungi and detection of mycotoxigenic fungi in drinking water in Xiamen City, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 466-467:1103-11. [PMID: 23391452 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are known to play an important role in nutrient and carbon cycling, and the occurrence of fungi in the water supply may result in a variety of human health problems. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and frequency of various fungi in drinking water over a one-year period. The study also aimed to quantify the fungal presence using real-time PCR, and to effectively detect mycotoxigenic fungi in a variety of water sources. Water samples were collected from different water systems (surface water, public system water, house water, and tank water), from different sites (n=15) in Xiamen, China. Each month from February 2011 to January 2012, 22 water samples were collected and analyzed. The results showed that surface water samples possessed a higher frequency of fungi than did the other water samples. Identification of fungal species was conducted using morphological and molecular methods. The most dominant fungi found were Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Pencillium spp., Trichoderma spp., Mucor sp., and Rhizopus sp. Notably, the more-frequency observed fungi in the tap water of houses and public systems were Fusarium sp., Exophiala sp., and Phialophora sp. Meanwhile, mycotoxigenic fungi were detected in some water samples at different times. The strains isolated from samples collected in September to November had the aflatoxigenic fungi, and for fumonisin and trichothecenes, the fungi strains were re-isolated from water in November and December.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Moh Al-gabr
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coast and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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Cruz A, Marín P, González-Jaén MT, Aguilar KGI, Cumagun CJR. Phylogenetic analysis, fumonisin production and pathogenicity of Fusarium fujikuroi strains isolated from rice in the Philippines. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:3032-3039. [PMID: 23512704 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg is a maize and rice pathogen causing important agricultural losses and produces fumonisins - mycotoxins which pose health risk to humans and farm animals. However, little information is available about the phylogenetics of this species and its ability to produce fumonisins in rice. We studied 32 strains isolated from rice in the Philippines and performed a phylogenetic analysis using the partial sequence of Elongation Factor 1 alpha (EF-1α) including isolates belonging to closely related species. Fumonisin B1 (FB1 ) production was analyzed in 7-day-old cultures grown in fumonisin-inducing medium by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based method and by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction using primers for FUM1 gene, a key gene in fumonisin biosynthesis. RESULTS Nucleotide diversities per site (π) were 0.00024 ± 0.00022 (standard deviation) for the 32 F. fujikuroi strains from the Philippines and 0.00189 ± 0.00143 for all 34 F. fujikuroi strains, respectively. F. fujikuroi isolates grouped into one cluster separated from the rest of isolates belonging to the closely related F. proliferatum and showed very low variability, irrespective of their geographic origin. The cluster containing strains of F. proliferatum showed higher intraspecific variability than F. fujikuroi. Thirteen of the 32 strains analyzed were FB1 producers (40.62%), with production ranging from 0.386 to 223.83 ppm. All isolates analyzed showed FUM1 gene expression above 1 and higher than the CT value of the non-template control sample. Both seedling stunting and elongation were induced by the isolates in comparison with the control. CONCLUSION F. fujikuroi are distinct from F. proliferatum isolates based on phytogenetic analysis and are potential fumonisin producers because all are positive for FUM1 gene expression. No relationship between fumonisin production and pathogenicity could be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Cruz
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Matić S, Spadaro D, Prelle A, Gullino ML, Garibaldi A. Light affects fumonisin production in strains of Fusarium fujikuroi, Fusarium proliferatum, and Fusarium verticillioides isolated from rice. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 166:515-23. [PMID: 24055868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Three Fusarium species associated with bakanae disease of rice (Fusarium fujikuroi, Fusarium proliferatum, and Fusarium verticillioides) were investigated for their ability to produce fumonisins (FB1 and FB2) under different light conditions, and for pathogenicity. Compared to darkness, the conditions that highly stimulated fumonisin production were yellow and green light in F. verticillioides strains; white and blue light, and light/dark alternation in F. fujikuroi and F. proliferatum strains. In general, all light conditions positively influenced fumonisin production with respect to the dark. Expression of the FUM1 gene, which is necessary for the initiation of fumonisin production, was in accordance with the fumonisin biosynthetic profile. High and low fumonisin-producing F. fujikuroi strains showed typical symptoms of bakanae disease, abundant fumonisin-producing F. verticillioides strains exhibited chlorosis and stunting of rice plants, while fumonisin-producing F. proliferatum strains were asymptomatic on rice. We report that F. fujikuroi might be an abundant fumonisin producer with levels comparable to that of F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum, highlighting the need of deeper mycotoxicological analyses on rice isolates of F. fujikuroi. Our results showed for the first time the influence of light on fumonisin production in isolates of F. fujikuroi, F. proliferatum, and F. verticillioides from rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Matić
- Agroinnova, Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (To), Italy; Dept. of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (To), Italy
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Medina A, Schmidt-Heydt M, Cárdenas-Chávez DL, Parra R, Geisen R, Magan N. Integrating toxin gene expression, growth and fumonisin B1 and B2 production by a strain of Fusarium verticillioides under different environmental factors. J R Soc Interface 2013; 10:20130320. [PMID: 23697716 PMCID: PMC4043165 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2013.0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to integrate data on the effect of water activity (a(w); 0.995-0.93) and temperature (20-35 °C) on activation of the biosynthetic FUM genes, growth and the mycotoxins fumonisin (FB1, FB2) by Fusarium verticillioides in vitro. The relative expression of nine biosynthetic cluster genes (FUM1, FUM7, FUM10, FUM11, FUM12, FUM13, FUM14, FUM16 and FUM19) in relation to the environmental factors was determined using a microarray analysis. The expression was related to growth and phenotypic FB1 and FB2 production. These data were used to develop a mixed-growth-associated product formation model and link this to a linear combination of the expression data for the nine genes. The model was then validated by examining datasets outside the model fitting conditions used (35 °C). The relationship between the key gene (FUM1) and other genes in the cluster (FUM11, FUM13, FUM9, FUM14) were examined in relation to aw, temperature, FB1 and FB2 production by developing ternary diagrams of relative expression. This model is important in developing an integrated systems approach to develop prevention strategies to control fumonisin biosynthesis in staple food commodities and could also be used to predict the potential impact that climate change factors may have on toxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, ALCS MK43 0AL, UK
| | | | - Diana L. Cárdenas-Chávez
- Centro del Agua para América Latina y el Caribe (CAALCA), Instituto Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico
| | - Roberto Parra
- Centro del Agua para América Latina y el Caribe (CAALCA), Instituto Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico
| | - Rolf Geisen
- MaxRubner-Institute, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Naresh Magan
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, ALCS MK43 0AL, UK
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Marín P, de Ory A, Cruz A, Magan N, González-Jaén MT. Potential effects of environmental conditions on the efficiency of the antifungal tebuconazole controlling Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum growth rate and fumonisin biosynthesis. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 165:251-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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37
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Fanelli F, Iversen A, Logrieco AF, Mulè G. Relationship between fumonisin production andFUMgene expression inFusarium verticillioidesunder different environmental conditions. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:365-71. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.743039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Lazzaro I, Busman M, Battilani P, Butchko RAE. FUM and BIK gene expression contribute to describe fumonisin and bikaverin synthesis in Fusarium verticillioides. Int J Food Microbiol 2012. [PMID: 23177047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides is a maize pathogen that produces toxic secondary metabolites, including fumonisins and bikaverin. The regulation of biosynthetic gene expression and the production of these metabolites are not fully understood and in this study we investigated the influence of water activity (0.955 and 0.990) on the expression of 5 genes (FUM3-FUM8-FUM13-FUM14 and BIK1) in F. verticillioides strains after 14 and 21days incubation. Fumonisin production and biosynthetic gene expression were greatest at a(w)=0.990, and the same trend was observed for bikaverin production, and BIK1 expression. FUM3 and FUM14 were the most highly expressed genes and were positively correlated with the production of FB(1), FB(2) and FB(3). When FUM14 is more highly expressed than FUM3 the amount of FB(3) quantified is higher with respect to FB(1); this could be explained by the role of FUM3 in the hydroxylation of FB(3) to FB(1).
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Affiliation(s)
- I Lazzaro
- Institute of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
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Falavigna C, Cirlini M, Galaverna G, Sforza S, Dossena A, Dall'Asta C. LC/ESI-MS/MS analysis outlines the different fumonisin patterns produced by F. verticillioides in culture media and in maize kernels. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:1170-1176. [PMID: 22972785 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisins are a family of food-borne mycotoxins with a wide spectrum of toxicological activities, produced by Fusarium verticillioides. Twenty-eight fumonisin analogues have been characterised so far, which can be separated into four main groups, identified as fumonisin A, B, C and P, being fumonisin B the most widely occurring in maize and corn-based food. In this work, major and minor fumonisin analogues produced by F. verticillioides have been determined by the development of a suitable tandem mass spectrometry procedure for target compound identification and quantification. The method has been applied to the determination of the major fumonisins in culture media of F. verticillioides and in mouldy maize. In addition to the main fumonisins produced by F. verticillioides, also secondary compounds such as FB4, FB5, FAs and FCs have been detected in both fungal liquid cultures and contaminated maize samples. The use of this method for quantification of major and minor fumonisins may be useful for an exhaustive evaluation of their occurrence and toxicological relevance in food; moreover, it may be applied for a better definition of the fumonisin biosynthetic pathways in different growing media as well as in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Falavigna
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
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Lazzaro I, Falavigna C, Dall'asta C, Proctor RH, Galaverna G, Battilani P. Fumonisins B, A and C profile and masking in Fusarium verticillioides strains on fumonisin-inducing and maize-based media. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 159:93-100. [PMID: 23072693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The production of fumonisin B, A and C and hidden and partially hydrolysed fumonisin occurrence was investigated in 3 strains of Fusarium verticillioides isolated from maize, cultured for 21-45days on malt extract medium at 25°C and 0.955-0.990 water activity (a(w)). Fumonisin A-B and C series were produced by all the strains in all conditions studied, with B-fumonisin≫C-fumonisin>A-fumonisin following a similar trend. The dynamic of fumonisin production was significantly influenced by factors considered and their interaction, with a(w)=0.990 as favourable condition in ITEM 10026 and ITEM 10027. All fumonisins were maximised at 30days incubation in ITEM 10027 and ITEM 1744 and at 45days incubation in ITEM 10026. Partially hydrolysed fumonisins were detected only for the B-group. Hidden fumonisins were never observed in Fusarium cultures grown on malt extract medium but were detected in the additional trial on maize-based medium, suggesting that the masking phenomenon can occur only in a complex matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Lazzaro
- Institute of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122, Piacenza, Italy.
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41
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Influence of light on growth, conidiation and fumonisin production by Fusarium verticillioides. Fungal Biol 2012; 116:241-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Atoui A, El Khoury A, Kallassy M, Lebrihi A. Quantification of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum by real-time PCR system and zearalenone assessment in maize. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 154:59-65. [PMID: 22240058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin produced by some species of Fusarium, especially by Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum. ZEA induces hyperoestrogenic responses in mammals and can result in reproductive disorders in farm animals. In the present study, a real-time PCR (qPCR) assay has been successfully developed for the detection and quantification of Fusarium graminearum based on primers targeting the gene PKS13 involved in ZEA biosynthesis. A standard curve was developed by plotting the logarithm of known concentrations of F. graminearum DNA against the cycle threshold (Ct) value. The developed real time PCR system was also used to analyze the occurrence of zearalenone producing F. graminearum strains on maize. In this context, DNA extractions were performed from thirty-two maize samples, and subjected to real time PCR. Maize samples also were analyzed for zearalenone content by HPLC. F. graminearum DNA content (pg DNA/ mg of maize) was then plotted against ZEA content (ppb) in maize samples. The regression curve showed a positive and good correlation (R²=0.760) allowing for the estimation of the potential risk from ZEA contamination. Consequently, this work offers a quick alternative to conventional methods of ZEA quantification and mycological detection and quantification of F. graminearum in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Atoui
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Food Irradiation, Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission-CNRS, P.O. Box 11-8281, Riad El Solh, 11072260 Beirut, Lebanon.
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Genetic and phenotypic variation of Fusarium proliferatum isolates from different host species. J Appl Genet 2011; 52:487-96. [PMID: 21796391 PMCID: PMC3189322 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-011-0059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg is a common pathogen infecting numerous crop plants and occurring in various climatic zones. It produces large amounts of fumonisins, a group of polyketide-derived mycotoxins. Fumonisin biosynthesis is determined by the presence and activity of the FUM cluster, several co-regulated genes with a common expression pattern. In the present work, we analyzed 38 F. proliferatum isolates from different host plant species, demonstrating host-specific polymorphisms in partial sequences of the key FUM1 gene (encoding polyketide synthase). We also studied growth rates across different temperatures and sample origin and tried to establish the relationships between DNA sequence polymorphism and toxigenic potential. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted based on FUM1 and tef-1α sequences for all isolates. The results indicated the greatest variations of both toxigenic potential and growth patterns found across the wide selection of isolates derived from maize. Fumonisin production for maize isolates ranged from 3.74 to 4,500 μg/g of fumonisin B(1). The most efficient producer isolates obtained from other host plants were only able to synthesize 1,820-2,419 μg/g of this metabolite. A weak negative rank correlation between fumonisin content and isolate growth rates was observed. All garlic-derived isolates formed a distinct group on a FUM1-based dendrogram. A second clade consisted of tropical and sub-tropical strains (isolated from pineapple and date palm). Interestingly, isolates with the fastest growth patterns were also grouped together and included both isolates originating from rice. The sequence of the FUM1 gene was found to be useful in revealing the intraspecific polymorphism, which is, to some extent, specifically correlated with the host plant.
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Marín P, Magan N, Vázquez C, González-Jaén MT. Differential effect of environmental conditions on the growth and regulation of the fumonisin biosynthetic gene FUM1 in the maize pathogens and fumonisin producers Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2010; 73:303-11. [PMID: 20491926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of ecophysiological factors, temperature and solute potential, on both the growth and the regulation of the fumonisin biosynthetic FUM1 gene were studied and compared in one isolate each of the two closely related fumonisin-producing and maize pathogens Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum. The effect of solute potential and temperature was examined on in vitro mycelia growth and on the expression of the FUM1 gene, quantified by species-specific real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR assays. Although both isolates showed similar two-dimensional profiles of growth, for F. verticillioides, optimal growth conditions were maintained at higher temperatures and lower solute potential values. FUM1 gene expression was markedly induced at 20 degrees C in both isolates, under suboptimal conditions for growth; however, their expression patterns differed in relation to solute potential. Whereas FUM1 expression was induced in response to increasing water stress in the isolate of F. verticillioides, the F. proliferatum one showed a stable expression pattern regardless of water potential conditions. These results suggest a differential regulation of fumonisin biosynthesis in these isolates of the two species that might be related to their different host range, and play an ecological role. Additionally, environmental conditions leading to water stress (drought) might result in increased risk of fumonisin contamination of maize caused by F. verticillioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Marín
- Department of Genetics, University Complutense of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
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45
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Genetic variability and Fumonisin production by Fusarium proliferatum. Food Microbiol 2010; 27:50-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sampietro DA, Marín P, Iglesias J, Presello DA, Vattuone MA, Catalan CAN, Gonzalez Jaen MT. A molecular based strategy for rapid diagnosis of toxigenic Fusarium species associated to cereal grains from Argentina. Fungal Biol 2009; 114:74-81. [PMID: 20965064 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium species are worldwide causal agents of ear rot in cereals. Their toxigenic potential is a health risk for both humans and animals. In Argentina, most identification of these fungi has been based on morphological and cross-fertility criteria which are time consuming and require considerable expertise in Fusarium taxonomy and physiology. DNA based approaches have been reported as rapid, sensitive and specific alternatives to identify the main fumonisin and trichothecene-producing Fusarium species. In this work, we used PCR assays and the partial sequence of TEF1-alpha gene (Translation Elongation Factor-1 alpha) to identify the fumonisin and trichothecene-producing species in Fusarium isolates from diverse regions of Argentina. The relative efficiency and reliability of those methods to improve mycotoxin risk prediction in this country were also assessed. Species-specific PCR assays were targeted toward multicopy IGS (Intergenic Spacer of rDNA units) and on the toxin biosynthetic genes FUM1 (fumonisins) and TRI13 and TRI7 genes (trichothecenes). PCR assays based on FUM1 gene and IGS sequences allowed detection and discrimination of the fumonisin producers Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium verticillioides. Molecular identification of nonfumonisin producers from Gibberella fujikuroi species complex was possible after determination of TEF1-alplha gene sequences, which indicated the presence of Fusarium subglutinans, Fusarium andiyazi and Fusarium thapsinum. TEF-1 alpha gene sequences also allowed discrimination of the different species of the Fusarium graminearum complex (F. graminearum sensu lato) as F. graminearum sensu stricto, Fusarium meridionale and Fusarium boothii. The last two species belonged to NIV chemotype and were detected for the first time in the subtropical region of Argentina while F. graminearum sensu stricto was DON producer only, which was also confirmed by specific PCR assays based on TRI137/TRI7 genes. Our results indicated that the PCR assays evaluated in this work are reliable diagnostic tools to detect the main toxigenic Fusarium species associated to cereal grains in Argentina. An extensive epidemiological survey based on the approach presented in this work is currently in progress to know the mycotoxigenic hazard of Fusarium species in cereal grains from the subtropical region of Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Sampietro
- INQUINOA - CONICET, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, España 2903, T4000INI San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
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Kohut G, Ádám AL, Fazekas B, Hornok L. N-starvation stress induced FUM gene expression and fumonisin production is mediated via the HOG-type MAPK pathway in Fusarium proliferatum. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 130:65-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Relationship between solute and matric potential stress, temperature, growth, and FUM1 gene expression in two Fusarium verticillioides strains from Spain. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:2032-6. [PMID: 18263743 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02337-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was to study the effect of ecophysiological factors on fumonisin gene expression and growth in Fusarium verticillioides. The effects of ionic and nonionic solute water potentials, matric potential, and temperature on in vitro mycelial growth rates and on expression of the FUM1 gene, involved in fumonisin biosynthesis, were examined. FUM1 transcript levels were quantified using a specific real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) protocol. Low temperature and water stress reduced fungal growth. Water stress increased FUM1 transcript levels, especially in the case of stress caused by nonionic solute. The temporal kinetic assays showed that water stress had opposite effects on fungal growth versus FUM1 expression. These results indicate that water stress may be an important factor for fumonisin accumulation, particularly in the later phases of maize colonization when water availability decreases. The quantitative RT-PCR methods described here provide a valuable tool for investigating the ecophysiological basis for fumonisin gene expression and ultimately may lead to more effective control strategies for this important mycotoxigenic pathogen.
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Niessen L. PCR-based diagnosis and quantification of mycotoxin-producing fungi. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2008; 54:81-138. [PMID: 18291305 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(07)00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi which have toxicologically relevant effects on vertebrates if administered in small doses via a natural route. In order to improve food safety and to protect consumers from harmful contaminants, the presence of fungi with the potential to produce such compounds must be checked at critical control points during the production of agricultural commodities as well as during the process of food and feed preparation. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnosis has been applied as an alternative assay replacing cumbersome and time-consuming microbiological and chemical methods for the detection and identification of the most serious toxin producers in the fungal genera Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. The current chapter covers the numerous PCR-based assays which have been published since the first description of the use of this technology to detect Aspergillus flavus biosynthesis genes in 1996.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Niessen
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Weihenstephaner Steig 16, D-85350 Freising, Germany
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