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Vela S, Wolf ESA, Rollins JA, Cuevas HE, Vermerris W. Dual-RNA-sequencing to elucidate the interactions between sorghum and Colletotrichum sublineola. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2024; 5:1437344. [PMID: 39220294 PMCID: PMC11362643 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2024.1437344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
In warm and humid regions, the productivity of sorghum is significantly limited by the fungal hemibiotrophic pathogen Colletotrichum sublineola, the causal agent of anthracnose, a problematic disease of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) that can result in grain and biomass yield losses of up to 50%. Despite available genomic resources of both the host and fungal pathogen, the molecular basis of sorghum-C. sublineola interactions are poorly understood. By employing a dual-RNA sequencing approach, the molecular crosstalk between sorghum and C. sublineola can be elucidated. In this study, we examined the transcriptomes of four resistant sorghum accessions from the sorghum association panel (SAP) at varying time points post-infection with C. sublineola. Approximately 0.3% and 93% of the reads mapped to the genomes of C. sublineola and Sorghum bicolor, respectively. Expression profiling of in vitro versus in planta C. sublineola at 1-, 3-, and 5-days post-infection (dpi) indicated that genes encoding secreted candidate effectors, carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), and membrane transporters increased in expression during the transition from the biotrophic to the necrotrophic phase (3 dpi). The hallmark of the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity in sorghum includes the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phytoalexins. The majority of effector candidates secreted by C. sublineola were predicted to be localized in the host apoplast, where they could interfere with the PAMP-triggered immunity response, specifically in the host ROS signaling pathway. The genes encoding critical molecular factors influencing pathogenicity identified in this study are a useful resource for subsequent genetic experiments aimed at validating their contributions to pathogen virulence. This comprehensive study not only provides a better understanding of the biology of C. sublineola but also supports the long-term goal of developing resistant sorghum cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saddie Vela
- Plant Molecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Emily S. A. Wolf
- Plant Molecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Rollins
- Plant Molecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Hugo E. Cuevas
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Tropical Agriculture Research Station, Mayagüez, PR, United States
| | - Wilfred Vermerris
- Plant Molecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Wang Q, Cang X, Yan H, Zhang Z, Li W, He J, Zhang M, Lou L, Wang R, Chang M. Activating plant immunity: the hidden dance of intracellular Ca 2+ stores. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:2430-2439. [PMID: 38586981 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Calcium ion (Ca2+) serves as a versatile and conserved second messenger in orchestrating immune responses. In plants, plasma membrane-localized Ca2+-permeable channels can be activated to induce Ca2+ influx from extracellular space to cytosol upon pathogen infection. Notably, different immune elicitors can induce dynamic Ca2+ signatures in the cytosol. During pattern-triggered immunity, there is a rapid and transient increase in cytosolic Ca2+, whereas in effector-triggered immunity, the elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ is strong and sustained. Numerous Ca2+ sensors are localized in the cytosol or different intracellular organelles, which are responsible for detecting and converting Ca2+ signals. In fact, Ca2+ signaling coordinated by cytosol and subcellular compartments plays a crucial role in activating plant immune responses. However, the complete Ca2+ signaling network in plant cells is still largely ambiguous. This review offers a comprehensive insight into the collaborative role of intracellular Ca2+ stores in shaping the Ca2+ signaling network during plant immunity, and several intriguing questions for future research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Haiqiao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zilu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jinyu He
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Laiqing Lou
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ran Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ming Chang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Jung S, Woo J, Park E. Talk to your neighbors in an emergency: Stromule-mediated chloroplast-nucleus communication in plant immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 79:102529. [PMID: 38604000 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Hypersensitive response-programmed cell death (HR-PCD) is a response mounted by plants to defend themselves against pathogens. Communication between the chloroplast and the nucleus is critical for the progression of HR-PCD. Tubular protrusions of chloroplasts, known as stromules, are tightly associated with the HR-PCD progression. There is emerging evidence that signaling molecules originating from chloroplasts are transferred to the nucleus through stromules. The translocation of signaling molecules from the chloroplast to the nucleus might trigger defense responses, including transcriptional reprogramming. In this review, we discuss the possible functions of stromules in the rapid transfer of signaling molecules in the chloroplast-nucleus communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungmee Jung
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Jongchan Woo
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Eunsook Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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Lee IH, Choi BY, Kim DS, Han H, Kim YH, Shim D. Temporal Transcriptome Profiling of Pinus densiflora Infected with Pine Wood Nematode Reveals Genetically Programmed Changes upon Pine Wilt Disease. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:982-989. [PMID: 38451552 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-23-0397-kc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Pine, an evergreen conifer, is widely distributed worldwide. It is economically, scientifically, and ecologically important. However, pine wilt disease (PWD) induced by the pine wood nematode (PWN) adversely affects pine trees. Many studies have been conducted on the PWN and its beetle vectors to prevent the spread of PWD. However, studies providing a comprehensive understanding of the pine tree transcriptome in response to PWN infection are lacking. Here, we performed temporal profiling of the pine tree transcriptome using PWD-infected red pine trees, Pinus densiflora, inoculated with the PWN by RNA sequencing. Our analysis revealed that defense-responsive genes involved in cell wall modification, jasmonic acid signaling, and phenylpropanoid-related processes were significantly enriched 2 weeks after PWD infection. Furthermore, some WRKY-type and MYB-type transcription factors were upregulated 2 weeks after PWD infection, suggesting that these transcription factors might be responsible for the genome-wide reprogramming of defense-responsive genes in the early PWD stage. Our comprehensive transcriptome analysis will assist in developing PWD-resistant pine trees and identifying genes to diagnose PWD at the early stage of infection, during which large-scale phenotypic changes are absent in PWD-infected pine trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Hwan Lee
- Department of Forest Bio-Resources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea
| | - Bae Young Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Soo Kim
- Forest Biomaterials Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Jinju 52817, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyelim Han
- Division of Forest Insect Pests and Diseases, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwan Shim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Sciences, Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
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Kant K, Rigó G, Faragó D, Benyó D, Tengölics R, Szabados L, Zsigmond L. Mutation in Arabidopsis mitochondrial Pentatricopeptide repeat 40 gene affects tolerance to water deficit. PLANTA 2024; 259:78. [PMID: 38427069 PMCID: PMC10907415 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04354-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The Arabidopsis Pentatricopeptide repeat 40 (PPR40) insertion mutants have increased tolerance to water deficit compared to wild-type plants. Tolerance is likely the consequence of ABA hypersensitivity of the mutants. Plant growth and development depend on multiple environmental factors whose alterations can disrupt plant homeostasis and trigger complex molecular and physiological responses. Water deficit is one of the factors which can seriously restrict plant growth and viability. Mitochondria play an important role in cellular metabolism, energy production, and redox homeostasis. During drought and salinity stress, mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to ROS overproduction and oxidative stress, affecting plant growth and survival. Alternative oxidases (AOXs) and stabilization of mitochondrial electron transport chain help mitigate ROS damage. The mitochondrial Pentatricopeptide repeat 40 (PPR40) protein was implicated in stress regulation as ppr40 mutants were found to be hypersensitive to ABA and high salinity during germination. This study investigated the tolerance of the knockout ppr40-1 and knockdown ppr40-2 mutants to water deprivation. Our results show that these mutants display an enhanced tolerance to water deficit. The mutants had higher relative water content, reduced level of oxidative damage, and better photosynthetic parameters in water-limited conditions compared to wild-type plants. ppr40 mutants had considerable differences in metabolic profiles and expression of a number of stress-related genes, suggesting important metabolic reprogramming. Tolerance to water deficit was also manifested in higher survival rates and alleviated growth reduction when watering was suspended. Enhanced sensitivity to ABA and fast stomata closure was suggested to lead to improved capacity for water conservation in such environment. Overall, this study highlights the importance of mitochondrial functions and in particular PPR40 in plant responses to abiotic stress, particularly drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Kant
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Rigó
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dóra Faragó
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dániel Benyó
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Roland Tengölics
- Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Szabados
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, 6726, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Laura Zsigmond
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Gao C, Zhang Z, Yuan Y, Zeng X, Hu W, Yang L, Li F, Yang Z. Uncovering genomic and transcriptional variations facilitates utilization of wild resources in cotton disease resistance improvement. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:204. [PMID: 37668681 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upland cotton wild/landraces represent a valuable resource for disease resistance alleles. Genetic differentiation between genotypes, as well as variation in Verticillium wilt (VW) resistance, has been poorly characterized for upland cotton accessions on the domestication spectrum (from wild/landraces to elite lines). RESULTS To illustrate the effects of modern breeding on VW resistance in upland cotton, 37 wild/landraces were resequenced and phenotyped for VW resistance. Genomic patterns of differentiation were identified between wild/landraces and improved upland cotton, and a significant decline in VW resistance was observed in association with improvement. Four genotypes representing different degrees of improvement were used in a full-length transcriptome analysis to study the genetic basis of VW resistance. ROS signaling was highly conserved at the transcriptional level, likely providing the basis for VW resistance in upland cotton. ASN biosynthesis and HSP90-mediated resistance moderated the response to VW in wild/landraces, and loss of induction activity of these genes resulted in VW susceptibility. The observed genomic differentiation contributed to the loss of induction of some important VW resistance genes such as HSP90.4 and PR16. CONCLUSIONS Besides providing new insights into the evolution of upland cotton VW resistance, this study also identifies important resistance pathways and genes for both fundamental research and cotton breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Zhang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yaning Zhang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Chenxu Gao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Xiaolin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Lan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Fuguang Li
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
| | - Zhaoen Yang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
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Grosser MR, Sites SK, Murata MM, Lopez Y, Chamusco KC, Love Harriage K, Grosser JW, Graham JH, Gmitter FG, Chase CD. Plant mitochondrial introns as genetic markers - conservation and variation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1116851. [PMID: 37021319 PMCID: PMC10067590 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1116851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant genomes are comprised of nuclear, plastid and mitochondrial components characterized by different patterns of inheritance and evolution. Genetic markers from the three genomes provide complementary tools for investigations of inheritance, genetic relationships and phenotypic contributions. Plant mitochondrial genomes are challenging for universal marker development because they are highly variable in terms of size, gene order and intergenic sequences and highly conserved with respect to protein-coding sequences. PCR amplification of introns with primers that anneal to conserved, flanking exons is effective for the development of polymorphic nuclear genome markers. The potential for plant mitochondrial intron polymorphisms to distinguish between congeneric species or intraspecific varieties has not been systematically investigated and is possibly constrained by requirements for intron secondary structure and interactions with co-evolved organelle intron splicing factors. To explore the potential for broadly applicable plant mitochondrial intron markers, PCR primer sets based upon conserved sequences flanking 11 introns common to seven angiosperm species were tested across a range of plant orders. PCR-amplified introns were screened for indel polymorphisms among a group of cross-compatible Citrus species and relatives; two Raphanus sativus mitotypes; representatives of the two Phaseolus vulgaris gene pools; and congeneric pairs of Cynodon, Cenchrus, Solanum, and Vaccinium species. All introns were successfully amplified from each plant entry. Length polymorphisms distinguishable by gel electrophoresis were common among genera but infrequent within genera. Sequencing of three introns amplified from 16 entries identified additional short indel polymorphisms and nucleotide substitutions that separated Citrus, Cynodon, Cenchrus and Vaccinium congeners, but failed to distinguish Solanum congeners or representatives of the Phaseolus vulgaris major gene pools. The ability of primer sets to amplify a wider range of plant species' introns and the presence of intron polymorphisms that distinguish congeners was confirmed by in silico analysis. While mitochondrial intron variation is limited in comparison to nuclear introns, these exon-based primer sets provide robust tools for the amplification of mitochondrial introns across a wide range of plant species wherein useful polymorphisms can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda R. Grosser
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Samantha K. Sites
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mayara M. Murata
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Yolanda Lopez
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Karen C. Chamusco
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Kyra Love Harriage
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jude W. Grosser
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - James H. Graham
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Fred G. Gmitter
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Christine D. Chase
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Khan K, Van Aken O. The colonization of land was a likely driving force for the evolution of mitochondrial retrograde signalling in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7182-7197. [PMID: 36055768 PMCID: PMC9675596 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Most retrograde signalling research in plants was performed using Arabidopsis, so an evolutionary perspective on mitochondrial retrograde regulation (MRR) is largely missing. Here, we used phylogenetics to track the evolutionary origins of factors involved in plant MRR. In all cases, the gene families can be traced to ancestral green algae or earlier. However, the specific subfamilies containing factors involved in plant MRR in many cases arose during the transition to land. NAC transcription factors with C-terminal transmembrane domains, as observed in the key regulator ANAC017, can first be observed in non-vascular mosses, and close homologs to ANAC017 can be found in seed plants. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are common to eukaryotes, but E-type CDKs that control MRR also diverged in conjunction with plant colonization of land. AtWRKY15 can be traced to the earliest land plants, while AtWRKY40 only arose in angiosperms and AtWRKY63 even more recently in Brassicaceae. Apetala 2 (AP2) transcription factors are traceable to algae, but the ABI4 type again only appeared in seed plants. This strongly suggests that the transition to land was a major driver for developing plant MRR pathways, while additional fine-tuning events have appeared in seed plants or later. Finally, we discuss how MRR may have contributed to meeting the specific challenges that early land plants faced during terrestrialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasim Khan
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Wang J, Xu G, Ning Y, Wang X, Wang GL. Mitochondrial functions in plant immunity. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:1063-1076. [PMID: 35659746 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are energy factories of cells and are important for intracellular interactions with other organelles. Emerging evidence indicates that mitochondria play essential roles in the response to pathogen infection. During infection, pathogens deliver numerous enzymes and effectors into host cells, and some of these effectors target mitochondria, altering mitochondrial morphology, metabolism, and functions. To defend against pathogen attack, mitochondria are actively involved in changing intracellular metabolism, hormone-mediated signaling, and signal transduction, producing reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species and triggering programmed cell death. Additionally, mitochondria coordinate with other organelles to integrate and amplify diverse immune signals. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding how mitochondria function in plant immunity and how pathogens target mitochondria for host defense suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guojuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Li L, Liu J, Gong H, Zhao Y, Luo J, Sun Z, Li T. A dominant gene Ihrl1 is tightly linked to and inhibits the gene Ndhrl1 mediating nitrogen-dependent hypersensitive reaction-like phenotype in wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:3563-3570. [PMID: 36030437 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Identification and mapping of an inhibitor of Ndhrl1 mediating nitrogen-dependent hypersensitive reaction-like phenotype in wheat. Hypersensitive reaction-like (HRL) traits are characteristic of spontaneous lesions including yellowish spots, brown spots or white-stripe that appeared randomly and dispersedly on all the leaves in the absence of plant pathogens. Our previous studies have shown that the wheat line P7001 showed an HRL trait at low nitrogen supply, and this trait was controlled by the gene Ndhrl1 (Nitrogen-dependent hypersensitive reaction-like 1). In order to investigate the robustness of the trait expression mediated by Ndhrl1 under different genetic backgrounds, seven genetic populations, with P7001 being the common female parent, were constructed and analyzed. F1 plants from six of the seven combinations showed HRL trait and Ndhrl1 segregated in a dominant way of HRL: non-HRL = 3:1 in the six populations (F2). Exceptionally, the F1 plants of P7001/Fielder combination showed non-HRL trait and HRL trait in the F2 population showed a contrasting recessive segregation ratio of HRL: non-HRL = 1:3, suggesting Fielder may have another HRL-related gene. Using 55 K SNP array and PCR-based markers, the HRL-related gene in Fielder was mapped to an interval of 5.63-12.91 Mb on the short arm of chromosome 2B with the flanking markers Yzu660R075552 and Yzu660F075941. A recombinant with genomic region of Fielder at Ndhrl1 locus showing HRL trait demonstrated that Fielder also harbored Ndhrl1 same as P7001. Thus, Fielder carries a single dominant suppressor of Ndhrl1, designated as Ihrl1 (Inhibitor of hypersensitive reaction-like). Interestingly, Ihrl1 is tightly linked to Ndhrl1 and may be also involved in nitrogen metabolic and (or) signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jinbiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhengxi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Lu C, Lv Y, Kou G, Liu Y, Liu Y, Chen Y, Wu X, Yang F, Luo J, Yang X. Silver nanoparticles induce developmental toxicity via oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 243:113993. [PMID: 35994909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sliver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in industry, agriculture, and medicine, potentially resulting in adverse effects on human health and aquatic environments. Here, we investigated the developmental toxicity of zebrafish embryos with acute exposure to AgNPs. Our results demonstrated developmental defects in 4 hpf zebrafish embryos after exposure to different concentrations of AgNPs for 72 h. In addition, RNA-seq profiling of zebrafish embryos after AgNPs treatment. Further Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses showed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in DNA replication initiation, oxidoreductase activity, DNA replication, cellular senescence, and oxidative phosphorylation signaling pathways in the AgNPs-treated group. Notably, we also found that AgNPs exposure could result in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), the inhibition of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and mitochondrial complex I-V activities, and the downregulated expression of SOD, CAT, and mitochondrial complex I-IV chain-related genes. Moreover, the expression of mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis signaling pathway-related genes, such as bax, bcl2, caspase-3, and caspase-9, was significantly regulated after AgNPs exposure in zebrafish. Therefore, these findings demonstrated that AgNPs exposure could cause oxidative stress, induce mitochondrial dysfunction, and ultimately lead to developmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjiao Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yuhang Lv
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Guanhua Kou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xuewei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juanjuan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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12
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Yang Y, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Niu L, Li W, Lu W, Li J, Schäfer P, Meng Y, Shan W. A mitochondrial RNA processing protein mediates plant immunity to a broad spectrum of pathogens by modulating the mitochondrial oxidative burst. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2343-2363. [PMID: 35262740 PMCID: PMC9134091 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function depends on the RNA processing of mitochondrial gene transcripts by nucleus-encoded proteins. This posttranscriptional processing involves the large group of nuclear-encoded pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins. Mitochondrial processes represent a crucial part in animal immunity, but whether mitochondria play similar roles in plants remains unclear. Here, we report the identification of RESISTANCE TO PHYTOPHTHORA PARASITICA 7 (AtRTP7), a P-type PPR protein, in Arabidopsis thaliana and its conserved function in immunity to diverse pathogens across distantly related plant species. RTP7 affects the levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) by participating in RNA splicing of nad7, which encodes a critical subunit of the mitochondrial respiratory chain Complex I, the largest of the four major components of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system. The enhanced resistance of rtp7 plants to Phytophthora parasitica is dependent on an elevated mROS burst, but might be independent from the ROS burst associated with plasma membrane-localized NADPH oxidases. Our study reveals the immune function of RTP7 and the defective processing of Complex I subunits in rtp7 plants resulted in enhanced resistance to both biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens without affecting overall plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yingqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Lihua Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wanyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wenqin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jinfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Patrick Schäfer
- Institute of Molecular Botany, Ulm University, Ulm 89069, Germany
| | - Yuling Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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13
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Lee S, Vemanna RS, Oh S, Rojas CM, Oh Y, Kaundal A, Kwon T, Lee HK, Senthil-Kumar M, Mysore KS. Functional role of formate dehydrogenase 1 (FDH1) for host and nonhost disease resistance against bacterial pathogens. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264917. [PMID: 35594245 PMCID: PMC9122214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhost disease resistance is the most common type of plant defense mechanism against potential pathogens. In the present study, the metabolic enzyme formate dehydrogenase 1 (FDH1) was identified to associate with nonhost disease resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana. In Arabidopsis, AtFDH1 was highly upregulated in response to both host and nonhost bacterial pathogens. The Atfdh1 mutants were compromised in nonhost resistance, basal resistance, and gene-for-gene resistance. The expression patterns of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) marker genes after pathogen infections in Atfdh1 mutant indicated that both SA and JA are involved in the FDH1-mediated plant defense response to both host and nonhost bacterial pathogens. Previous studies reported that FDH1 localizes to mitochondria, or both mitochondria and chloroplasts. Our results showed that the AtFDH1 mainly localized to mitochondria, and the expression level of FDH1 was drastically increased upon infection with host or nonhost pathogens. Furthermore, we identified the potential co-localization of mitochondria expressing FDH1 with chloroplasts after the infection with nonhost pathogens in Arabidopsis. This finding suggests the possible role of FDH1 in mitochondria and chloroplasts during defense responses against bacterial pathogens in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghee Lee
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States of America
| | - Ramu S. Vemanna
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
| | - Sunhee Oh
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
| | | | - Youngjae Oh
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States of America
| | - Amita Kaundal
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
| | - Taegun Kwon
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
| | - Hee-Kyung Lee
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
| | | | - Kirankumar S. Mysore
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States of America
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14
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Li C, Sun L, Zhu J, Ji X, Huang R, Fan Y, Guo M, Ge Y. Trehalose Regulates Starch, Sorbitol, and Energy Metabolism to Enhance Tolerance to Blue Mold of "Golden Delicious" Apple Fruit. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:5658-5667. [PMID: 35499968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of trehalose on the lesion diameter of apples (cv. Golden Delicious) inoculated with Penicillium expansum was evaluated to screen the optimal concentration. The changes in gene expression and activity of the enzyme in starch, sorbitol, and energy metabolism were also investigated in apples after trehalose treatment. The results revealed that trehalose dipping reduced the lesion diameter of apples inoculated with P. expansum. Trehalose suppressed the activities and gene expressions of β-amylase, NAD-sorbitol dehydrogenase, and NADP-sorbitol dehydrogenase, whereas it decreased the sorbitol 6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene expression and amylose, amylopectin, total starch, and reducing sugar contents. Additionally, trehalose improved the gene expressions and activities of α-amylase, starch-branching enzymes, total amylase, H+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ATPase, as well as soluble sugar, adenosine triphosphate, and adenosine diphosphate contents and energy charge in apples. These findings imply that trehalose could induce tolerance to the blue mold of apple fruit by regulating starch, sorbitol, and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canying Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, P.R. China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou 121013, P.R. China
| | - Lei Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, P.R. China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou 121013, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, P.R. China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou 121013, P.R. China
| | - Xiaonan Ji
- College of Food Science and Engineering Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, P.R. China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou 121013, P.R. China
| | - Rui Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, P.R. China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou 121013, P.R. China
| | - Yiting Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, P.R. China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou 121013, P.R. China
| | - Mi Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, P.R. China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou 121013, P.R. China
| | - Yonghong Ge
- College of Food Science and Engineering Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, P.R. China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou 121013, P.R. China
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15
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Schulman P, Ribeiro THC, Fokar M, Chalfun-Junior A, Lally RD, Paré PW, de Medeiros FHV. A Microbial Fermentation Product Induces Defense-Related Transcriptional Changes and the Accumulation of Phenolic Compounds in Glycine max. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:862-871. [PMID: 34622696 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-21-0227-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the progressive loss of fungicide efficacy against Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal agent of Asian soybean rust (ASR), alternative methods to protect soybean crops are needed. Resistance induction is a low impact alternative and/or supplement to fungicide applications that fortifies innate plant defenses against pathogens. Here, we show that a microbial fermentation product (MFP) induces plant defenses in soybean, and transcriptional induction is enhanced with the introduction of ASR. MFP-treated plants exhibited 1,011 and 1,877 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) 12 and 60 h after treatment, respectively, compared with water controls. MFP plants exposed to the pathogen 48 h after application and sampled 12 h later (for a total of 60 h) had 2,401 DEGs compared with control. The plant defense genes PR1, PR2, IPER, PAL, and CHS were induced with MFP application, and induction was enhanced with ASR. Enriched pathways associated with pathogen defense included plant-pathogen interactions, MAPK signaling pathways, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, flavonoid metabolism, and isoflavonoid metabolism. In field conditions, elevated antioxidant peroxidase activities and phenolic accumulation were measured with MFP treatment; however, improved ASR control or enhanced crop yield were not observed. MFP elicitation differences between field and laboratory grown plants necessitates further testing to identify best practices for effective disease management with MFP-treated soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Schulman
- Empresa de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural do Estado Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30441-194, Brazil
| | - Thales H C Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Mohamed Fokar
- Center for Biotechnology & Genomics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, U.S.A
| | - Antonio Chalfun-Junior
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais 37200-900, Brazil
| | | | - Paul W Paré
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, U.S.A
| | - Flávio H V de Medeiros
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Escola de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais 37200-900, Brazil
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16
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Tariqjaveed M, Mateen A, Wang S, Qiu S, Zheng X, Zhang J, Bhadauria V, Sun W. Versatile effectors of phytopathogenic fungi target host immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1856-1873. [PMID: 34383388 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi secrete a large arsenal of effector molecules, including proteinaceous effectors, small RNAs, phytohormones and derivatives thereof. The pathogenicity of fungal pathogens is primarily determined by these effectors that are secreted into host cells to undermine innate immunity, as well as to facilitate the acquisition of nutrients for their in planta growth and proliferation. After conventional and non-conventional secretion, fungal effectors are translocated into different subcellular compartments of the host cells to interfere with various biological processes. In extracellular spaces, apoplastic effectors cope with physical and chemical barriers to break the first line of plant defenses. Intracellular effectors target essential immune components on the plasma membrane, in the cytosol, including cytosolic organelles, and in the nucleus to suppress host immunity and reprogram host physiology, favoring pathogen colonization. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the recent advances in fungal effector biology, with a focus on the versatile virulence functions of fungal effectors in promoting pathogen infection and colonization. A perspective of future research on fungal effector biology is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tariqjaveed
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Abdul Mateen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanshan Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinhang Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Vijai Bhadauria
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
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17
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Møller IM, Rasmusson AG, Van Aken O. Plant mitochondria - past, present and future. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:912-959. [PMID: 34528296 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The study of plant mitochondria started in earnest around 1950 with the first isolations of mitochondria from animal and plant tissues. The first 35 years were spent establishing the basic properties of plant mitochondria and plant respiration using biochemical and physiological approaches. A number of unique properties (compared to mammalian mitochondria) were observed: (i) the ability to oxidize malate, glycine and cytosolic NAD(P)H at high rates; (ii) the partial insensitivity to rotenone, which turned out to be due to the presence of a second NADH dehydrogenase on the inner surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane in addition to the classical Complex I NADH dehydrogenase; and (iii) the partial insensitivity to cyanide, which turned out to be due to an alternative oxidase, which is also located on the inner surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane, in addition to the classical Complex IV, cytochrome oxidase. With the appearance of molecular biology methods around 1985, followed by genomics, further unique properties were discovered: (iv) plant mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is 10-600 times larger than the mammalian mtDNA, yet it only contains approximately 50% more genes; (v) plant mtDNA has kept the standard genetic code, and it has a low divergence rate with respect to point mutations, but a high recombinatorial activity; (vi) mitochondrial mRNA maturation includes a uniquely complex set of activities for processing, splicing and editing (at hundreds of sites); (vii) recombination in mtDNA creates novel reading frames that can produce male sterility; and (viii) plant mitochondria have a large proteome with 2000-3000 different proteins containing many unique proteins such as 200-300 pentatricopeptide repeat proteins. We describe the present and fairly detailed picture of the structure and function of plant mitochondria and how the unique properties make their metabolism more flexible allowing them to be involved in many diverse processes in the plant cell, such as photosynthesis, photorespiration, CAM and C4 metabolism, heat production, temperature control, stress resistance mechanisms, programmed cell death and genomic evolution. However, it is still a challenge to understand how the regulation of metabolism and mtDNA expression works at the cellular level and how retrograde signaling from the mitochondria coordinates all those processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Max Møller
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200, Slagelse, Denmark
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18
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Welchen E, Gonzalez DH. Breaking boundaries: exploring short- and long-distance mitochondrial signalling in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:494-501. [PMID: 34255867 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Communication of mitochondria with other cell compartments is essential for the coordination of cellular functions. Mitochondria send retrograde signals through metabolites, redox changes, direct organelle contacts and protein trafficking. Accumulating evidence indicates that, in animal systems, changes in mitochondrial function also trigger responses in other, either neighbouring or distantly located, cells. Although not clearly established, there are indications that this type of communication may also be operative in plants. Grafting experiments suggested that the translocation of entire mitochondria or submitochondrial vesicles between neighbouring cells is possible in plants, as already documented in animals. Changes in mitochondrial function also regulate cell-to-cell communication via plasmodesmata and may be transmitted over long distances through plant hormones acting as mitokines to relay mitochondrial signals to distant tissues. Long-distance movement of transcripts encoding mitochondrial proteins involved in crucial aspects of metabolism and retrograde signalling was also described. Finally, changes in mitochondrial reactive species (ROS) production may affect the 'ROS wave' that triggers systemic acquired acclimation throughout the plant. In this review, we summarise available evidence suggesting that mitochondria establish sophisticated communications not only within the cell but also with neighbouring cells and distant tissues to coordinate plant growth and stress responses in a cell nonautonomous manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Welchen
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
| | - Daniel H Gonzalez
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
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19
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López Sánchez A, Hernández Luelmo S, Izquierdo Y, López B, Cascón T, Castresana C. Mitochondrial Stress Induces Plant Resistance Through Chromatin Changes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:704964. [PMID: 34630455 PMCID: PMC8493246 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.704964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond more efficiently when confronted with previous similar stress. In the case of pathogens, this memory of a previous infection confers resistance to future ones, which possesses a high potential for agricultural purposes. Some of the defense elements involved in this resistance phenotype, as well as epigenetic mechanisms participating in the maintenance of the memory, are currently known. However, the intracellular cascade from pathogen perception until the establishment of the epigenetic memory is still unexplored. Here, through the induction of mitochondrial stress by exogenous applications of Antimycin A in Arabidopsis thaliana plants, we discovered and characterized a role of mitochondrial stress in plant-induced resistance. Mitochondrial stress-induced resistance (MS-IR) is effective locally, systemically, within generation and transgenerationally. Mechanistically, MS-IR seems to be mediated by priming of defense gene transcription caused by epigenetic changes. On one hand, we observed an increment in the deposition of H3K4me3 (a positive epigenetic mark) at the promoter region of the primed genes, and, on the other hand, the DNA (de)methylation machinery seems to be required for the transmission of MS-IR to the following generations. Finally, we observed that MS-IR is broad spectrum, restricting the colonization by pathogens from different kingdoms and lifestyles. Altogether, this evidence positions mitochondria as a prominent organelle in environment sensing, acting as an integrating platform to process external and internal signals, triggering the appropriate response, and inducing the epigenetic memory of the stress to better react against future stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana López Sánchez
- Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Carmen Castresana
- Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain
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20
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López Sánchez A, Hernández Luelmo S, Izquierdo Y, López B, Cascón T, Castresana C. Mitochondrial Stress Induces Plant Resistance Through Chromatin Changes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:704964. [PMID: 34630455 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.704964/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond more efficiently when confronted with previous similar stress. In the case of pathogens, this memory of a previous infection confers resistance to future ones, which possesses a high potential for agricultural purposes. Some of the defense elements involved in this resistance phenotype, as well as epigenetic mechanisms participating in the maintenance of the memory, are currently known. However, the intracellular cascade from pathogen perception until the establishment of the epigenetic memory is still unexplored. Here, through the induction of mitochondrial stress by exogenous applications of Antimycin A in Arabidopsis thaliana plants, we discovered and characterized a role of mitochondrial stress in plant-induced resistance. Mitochondrial stress-induced resistance (MS-IR) is effective locally, systemically, within generation and transgenerationally. Mechanistically, MS-IR seems to be mediated by priming of defense gene transcription caused by epigenetic changes. On one hand, we observed an increment in the deposition of H3K4me3 (a positive epigenetic mark) at the promoter region of the primed genes, and, on the other hand, the DNA (de)methylation machinery seems to be required for the transmission of MS-IR to the following generations. Finally, we observed that MS-IR is broad spectrum, restricting the colonization by pathogens from different kingdoms and lifestyles. Altogether, this evidence positions mitochondria as a prominent organelle in environment sensing, acting as an integrating platform to process external and internal signals, triggering the appropriate response, and inducing the epigenetic memory of the stress to better react against future stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana López Sánchez
- Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Yovanny Izquierdo
- Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bran López
- Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Cascón
- Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Castresana
- Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Zhang H, Xu X, Wang M, Wang H, Deng P, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang C, Wang Y, Ji W. A dominant spotted leaf gene TaSpl1 activates endocytosis and defense-related genes causing cell death in the absence of dominant inhibitors. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 310:110982. [PMID: 34315598 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The spotted leaf lesion mimic trait simulates cell death in a plant responding to pathogen infection. Some spotted leaf genes are recessive, while others are dominant. A small number of plants with a lesion mimic phenotype appeared in a segregating population obtained by crossing two normal green wheat strains, XN509 and N07216. Here, we clarified the genetic model and its breeding value. Phenotyping of the consecutive progeny populations over six cropping seasons showed that the spotted leaf lesion mimic phenotype was controlled by a dominant gene designated TaSpl1, which was inhibited by two other dominant genes, designated TaSpl1-I1 and TaSpl1-I2. Using bulked segregant analysis RNA-seq (BSR-Seq) and newly developed KASP-PCR markers, the TaSpl1 and TaSpl1-I1 loci in N07216 were mapped to the end of chromosomes 3DS and 3BS, respectively. Plants with the spotted phenotype showed lower levels of stripe rust and powdery mildew than those with the normal green phenotype. Compared with normal leaves, the differentially expressed genes in spotted leaves were significantly enriched in plant-pathogen interaction and endocytosis pathways. There were no differences in the yield parameters of the F5 and F6 sister lines, N13039S with TaSpl1 and N13039 N without TaSpl1. These results provide a greater understanding of spotted leaf phenotyping and the breeding value of the lesion mimic allele in developing disease-resistance varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China; China-Australia Joint Research Center for Abiotic and Biotic Stress Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
| | - Xiaomin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Pingchuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Yaoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Yanzhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Changyou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Yajuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China; Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Wanquan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China; Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
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22
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Liu X, Zhang Z. A double-edged sword: reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the rice blast fungus and host interaction. FEBS J 2021; 289:5505-5515. [PMID: 34453409 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae is a hemibiotrophic fungus that also needs host nutrients for propagation during infection. During its interaction with rice, reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate important signaling reactions impacting both the pathogen and the host. In M. oryzae, the accumulation of ROS is important for the formation and maturation of the infectious structure appressorium. On the other hand, upon M. oryzae infection, rice generates further ROS to restrict invasive hyphae (IH) spreading. Despite ROS receptors remaining to be identified, M. oryzae recruits several strategies to respond and suppress ROS accumulation through the secretion of various effector molecules. These findings suggest that the balance between the generation and scavenging of ROS is sophisticatedly controlled during M. oryzae-rice interaction. In this review, we discuss advances to understand the regulation mechanisms for the generation, accumulation, and transduction of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, China
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Electrical Signals, Plant Tolerance to Actions of Stressors, and Programmed Cell Death: Is Interaction Possible? PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081704. [PMID: 34451749 PMCID: PMC8401951 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In environmental conditions, plants are affected by abiotic and biotic stressors which can be heterogenous. This means that the systemic plant adaptive responses on their actions require long-distance stress signals including electrical signals (ESs). ESs are based on transient changes in the activities of ion channels and H+-ATP-ase in the plasma membrane. They influence numerous physiological processes, including gene expression, phytohormone synthesis, photosynthesis, respiration, phloem mass flow, ATP content, and many others. It is considered that these changes increase plant tolerance to the action of stressors; the effect can be related to stimulation of damages of specific molecular structures. In this review, we hypothesize that programmed cell death (PCD) in plant cells can be interconnected with ESs. There are the following points supporting this hypothesis. (i) Propagation of ESs can be related to ROS waves; these waves are a probable mechanism of PCD initiation. (ii) ESs induce the inactivation of photosynthetic dark reactions and activation of respiration. Both responses can also produce ROS and, probably, induce PCD. (iii) ESs stimulate the synthesis of stress phytohormones (e.g., jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and ethylene) which are known to contribute to the induction of PCD. (iv) Generation of ESs accompanies K+ efflux from the cytoplasm that is also a mechanism of induction of PCD. Our review argues for the possibility of PCD induction by electrical signals and shows some directions of future investigations in the field.
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Izquierdo Y, Muñiz L, Vicente J, Kulasekaran S, Aguilera V, López Sánchez A, Martínez-Ayala A, López B, Cascón T, Castresana C. Oxylipins From Different Pathways Trigger Mitochondrial Stress Signaling Through Respiratory Complex III. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:705373. [PMID: 34394161 PMCID: PMC8358658 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.705373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant oxylipins are signaling molecules produced from fatty acids by oxidative pathways, mainly initiated by 9- and 13-lipoxygenases (9-LOX and 13-LOX), alpha-dioxygenases or non-enzymatic oxidation. Oxylipins from the 9-LOX pathway induce oxidative stress and control root development and plant defense. These activities have been associated with mitochondrial processes, but precise cellular targets and pathways remain unknown. In order to study oxylipin signaling, we previously generated a collection of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants that were insensitive to the 9-LOX products 9(S)-hydroxy-10,12, 15-octadecatrienoic acid (9-HOT) and its ketone derivative 9-KOT (noxy mutants). Here, we describe noxy1, noxy3, noxy5, noxy23, and noxy54 mutants, all affected in nucleus-encoded mitochondrial proteins, and use them to study the role of mitochondria in oxylipin signaling. Functional and phenotypic analyses showed that noxy plants displayed mitochondrial aggregation, reduced respiration rates and resistance to the complex III inhibitor Antimycin A (AA), thus indicating a close similarity of the oxylipin signaling and mitochondrial stress. Application of 9-HOT and 9-KOT protected plants against subsequent mitochondrial stress, whereas they boosted root growth reduction when applied in combination with complex III inhibitors but did not with inhibitors of other respiratory complexes. A similar effect was caused by linear-chain oxylipins from 13-LOX or non-enzymatic pathways having α,β-unsaturated hydroxyl or keto groups in their structure. Studies to investigate 9-HOT and 9-KOT activity indicated that they do not reduce respiration rates, but their action is primarily associated with enhanced ROS responses. This was supported by the results showing that 9-HOT or 9-KOT combined with AA amplified the expression of oxylipin- and ROS-responding genes but not of the AA marker AOX1a, thus implying the activation of a specific mitochondria retrograde signaling pathway. Our results implicate mitochondrial complex III as a hub in the signaling activity of multiple oxylipin pathways and point at downstream ROS responses as components of oxylipin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yovanny Izquierdo
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Muñiz
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Vicente
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Satish Kulasekaran
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Aguilera
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana López Sánchez
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ada Martínez-Ayala
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bran López
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Cascón
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Castresana
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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25
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Matilla AJ. Cellular oxidative stress in programmed cell death: focusing on chloroplastic 1O 2 and mitochondrial cytochrome-c release. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:179-194. [PMID: 33569718 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01259-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The programmed cell death (PCD) occurs when the targeted cells have fulfilled their task or under conditions as oxidative stress generated by ROS species. Thus, plants have to deal with the singlet oxygen 1O2 produced in chloroplasts. 1O2 is unlikely to act as a primary retrograde signal owing to its high reactivity and short half-life. In addition to its high toxicity, the 1O2 generated under an excess or low excitation energy might also act as a highly versatile signal triggering chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling (ChNRS) and nuclear reprogramming or cell death. Molecular and biochemical studies with the flu mutant, which accumulates protochlorophyllide in the dark, demonstrated that chloroplastic 1O2-driven EXECUTER-1 (EX1) and EX2 proteins are involved in the 1O2-dependent response. Both EX1 and EX2 are necessary for full suppression of 1O2-induced gene expression. That is, EXECUTER proteolysis via the ATP-dependent zinc protease (FtsH) is an integral part of 1O2-triggered retrograde signaling. The existence of at least two independent ChNRS involving EX1 and β-cyclocitral, and dihydroactinidiolide and OXI1, respectively, seem clear. Besides, this update also focuses on plant PCD and its relation with mitochondrial cytochrome-c (Cytc) release to cytosol. Changes in the dynamics and morphology of mitochondria were shown during the onset of cell death. The mitochondrial damage and translocation of Cytc may be one of the major causes of PCD triggering. Together, this current overview illustrates the complexity of the cellular response to oxidative stress development. A puzzle with the majority of its pieces still not placed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel J Matilla
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Campus Vida, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain.
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26
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Marti L, Savatin DV, Gigli-Bisceglia N, de Turris V, Cervone F, De Lorenzo G. The intracellular ROS accumulation in elicitor-induced immunity requires the multiple organelle-targeted Arabidopsis NPK1-related protein kinases. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:931-947. [PMID: 33314180 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recognition at the plasma membrane of danger signals (elicitors) belonging to the classes of the microbe/pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns is a key event in pathogen sensing by plants and is associated with a rapid activation of immune responses. Different cellular compartments, including plasma membrane, chloroplasts, nuclei and mitochondria, are involved in the immune cellular program. However, how pathogen sensing is transmitted throughout the cell remains largely to be uncovered. Arabidopsis NPK1-related Proteins (ANPs) are mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases previously shown to have a role in immunity. In this article, we studied the in vivo intracellular dynamics of ANP1- and ANP3-GFP fusions and found that under basal physiological conditions both proteins are present in the cytosol, while ANP3 is also localized in mitochondria. After elicitor perception, both proteins are present also in the plastids and nuclei, revealing a localization pattern that is so far unique. The N-terminal region of the protein kinases is responsible for their localization in mitochondria and plastids. Moreover, we found that the localization of ANPs coincides with the sites of elicitor-induced ROS accumulation and that plants lacking ANP function do not accumulate intracellular ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Marti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Felice Cervone
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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27
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Jurdak R, Launay-Avon A, Paysant-Le Roux C, Bailly C. Retrograde signalling from the mitochondria to the nucleus translates the positive effect of ethylene on dormancy breaking of Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2192-2205. [PMID: 33020928 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene and reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate seed dormancy alleviation, but the molecular basis of their action and crosstalk remains largely unknown. Here we studied the mechanism of Arabidopsis seed dormancy release by ethylene using cell imaging, and genetic and transcriptomics approaches, in order to tackle its possible interaction with ROS homeostasis. We found that the effect of ethylene on seed germination required ROS production by the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Seed response to ethylene involved a mitochondrial retrograde response (MRR) through nuclear ROS production and upregulation of the MRR components AOX1a and ANAC013, but also required the activation of the ethylene canonical pathway. Together our data allowed deciphering of the mode of action of ethylene on seed germination and the associated dynamics of ROS production. Our findings highlight the occurrence of retrograde signalling in seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Jurdak
- IBPS, CNRS, UMR 7622 Biologie du Développement, Sorbonne Université, Paris, F-75005, France
- Biodiversity and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Beyrouth, 1107 2050, Lebanon
| | - Alexandra Launay-Avon
- CNRS, INRAE, Université d'Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91405, France
- CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université de Paris, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Christine Paysant-Le Roux
- CNRS, INRAE, Université d'Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91405, France
- CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université de Paris, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Christophe Bailly
- IBPS, CNRS, UMR 7622 Biologie du Développement, Sorbonne Université, Paris, F-75005, France
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28
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Krüger M, Abeyawardana OAJ, Krüger C, Juříček M, Štorchová H. Differentially Expressed Genes Shared by Two Distinct Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS) Types of Silene vulgaris Suggest the Importance of Oxidative Stress in Pollen Abortion. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122700. [PMID: 33339225 PMCID: PMC7766179 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), encoded by the interacting mitochondrial and nuclear genes, causes pollen abortion or non-viability. CMS is widely used in agriculture and extensively studied in crops. Much less is known about CMS in wild species. We performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis of male sterile and fertile individuals of Silene vulgaris, a model plant for the study of gynodioecy, to reveal the genes responsible for pollen abortion in this species. We used RNA-seq datasets previously employed for the analysis of mitochondrial and plastid transcriptomes of female and hermaphrodite flower buds, making it possible to compare the transcriptomes derived from three genomes in the same RNA specimen. We assembled de novo transcriptomes for two haplotypes of S. vulgaris and identified differentially expressed genes between the females and hermaphrodites, associated with stress response or pollen development. The gene for alternative oxidase was downregulated in females. The genetic pathways controlling CMS in S. vulgaris are similar to those in crops. The high number of the differentially expressed nuclear genes contrasts with the uniformity of organellar transcriptomes across genders, which suggests these pathways are evolutionarily conserved and that selective mechanisms may shield organellar transcription against changes in the cytoplasmic transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Krüger
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (O.A.J.A.); (C.K.); (M.J.)
| | - Oushadee A. J. Abeyawardana
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (O.A.J.A.); (C.K.); (M.J.)
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Claudia Krüger
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (O.A.J.A.); (C.K.); (M.J.)
| | - Miloslav Juříček
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (O.A.J.A.); (C.K.); (M.J.)
| | - Helena Štorchová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (O.A.J.A.); (C.K.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-225-106-828
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29
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Guo HM, Li HC, Zhou SR, Xue HW, Miao XX. Deficiency of mitochondrial outer membrane protein 64 confers rice resistance to both piercing-sucking and chewing insects in rice. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:1967-1982. [PMID: 32542992 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The brown planthopper (BPH) and striped stem borer (SSB) are the most devastating insect pests in rice (Oryza sativa) producing areas. Screening for endogenous resistant genes is the most practical strategy for rice insect-resistance breeding. Forty-five mutants showing high resistance against BPH were identified in a rice T-DNA insertion population (11,000 putative homozygous lines) after 4 years of large-scale field BPH-resistance phenotype screening. Detailed analysis showed that deficiency of rice mitochondrial outer membrane protein 64 (OM64) gene resulted in increased resistance to BPH. Mitochondrial outer membrane protein 64 protein is located in the outer mitochondrial membrane by subcellular localization and its deficiency constitutively activated hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) signaling, which stimulated antibiosis and tolerance to BPH. The om64 mutant also showed enhanced resistance to SSB, a chewing insect, which was due to promotion of Jasmonic acid biosynthesis and related responses. Importantly, om64 plants presented no significant changes in rice yield-related characters. This study confirmed OM64 as a negative regulator of rice herbivore resistance through regulating H2 O2 production. Mitochondrial outer membrane protein 64 is a potentially efficient candidate to improve BPH and SSB resistance through gene deletion. Why the om64 mutant was resistant to both piercing-sucking and chewing insects via a gene deficiency in mitochondria is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Guo
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hai-Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shi-Rong Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hong-Wei Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xue-Xia Miao
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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30
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Xu G, Zhong X, Shi Y, Liu Z, Jiang N, Liu J, Ding B, Li Z, Kang H, Ning Y, Liu W, Guo Z, Wang GL, Wang X. A fungal effector targets a heat shock-dynamin protein complex to modulate mitochondrial dynamics and reduce plant immunity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/48/eabb7719. [PMID: 33239288 PMCID: PMC7688324 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb7719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential for animal and plant immunity. Here, we report that the effector MoCDIP4 of the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae targets the mitochondria-associated OsDjA9-OsDRP1E protein complex to reduce rice immunity. The DnaJ protein OsDjA9 interacts with the dynamin-related protein OsDRP1E and promotes the degradation of OsDRP1E, which functions in mitochondrial fission. By contrast, MoCDIP4 binds OsDjA9 to compete with OsDRP1E, resulting in OsDRP1E accumulation. Knockout of OsDjA9 or overexpression of OsDRP1E or MoCDIP4 in transgenic rice results in shortened mitochondria and enhanced susceptibility to M. oryzae Overexpression of OsDjA9 or knockout of OsDRP1E in transgenic rice, in contrast, leads to elongated mitochondria and enhanced resistance to M. oryzae Our study therefore reveals a previously unidentified pathogen-infection strategy in which the pathogen delivers an effector into plant cells to target an HSP40-DRP complex; the targeting leads to the perturbation of mitochondrial dynamics, thereby inhibiting mitochondria-mediated plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xionghui Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanlong Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bo Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Houxiang Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zejian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Xuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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31
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Ma Q, Liu Y, Fang H, Wang P, Ahammed GJ, Zai W, Shi K. An Essential Role of Mitochondrial α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase E2 in the Basal Immune Response Against Bacterial Pathogens in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:579772. [PMID: 33193523 PMCID: PMC7661389 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.579772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants intensely modulate respiration when pathogens attack, but the function of mitochondrial respiration-related genes in plant-bacteria interaction is largely unclear. Here, the functions of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-kGDH) E2 subunit and alternative oxidase (AOX) were investigated in the interaction between tomato and the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst). Pst inoculation suppressed the transcript abundance of α-kGDH E2, but enhanced AOX expression and salicylic acid (SA) accumulation. Gene silencing and transient overexpression approaches revealed that plant susceptibility to Pst was significantly reduced by silencing α-kGDH E2 in tomato, but increased by overexpressing α-kGDH E2 in Nicotiana benthamiana, whereas silencing or overexpressing of AOX1a did not affect plant defense. Moreover, silencing octanoyltransferase (LIP2), engaged in the lipoylation of α-kGDH E2, significantly reduced disease susceptibility and hydrogen peroxide accumulation. Use of transgenic NahG tomato plants that cannot accumulate SA as well as the exogenous SA application experiment evidenced that α-kGDH E2 acts downstream of SA defense pathway. These results demonstrate tomato α-kGDH E2 plays a negative role in plant basal defense against Pst in an AOX-independent pathway but was associated with lipoylation and SA defense pathways. The findings help to elucidate the mechanisms of mitochondria-involved plant basal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaomei Ma
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaru Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanmo Fang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Wenshan Zai
- Wenzhou Vocational College of Science & Technology, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Nunn AVW, Guy GW, Botchway SW, Bell JD. From sunscreens to medicines: Can a dissipation hypothesis explain the beneficial aspects of many plant compounds? Phytother Res 2020; 34:1868-1888. [PMID: 32166791 PMCID: PMC7496984 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Medicine has utilised plant‐based treatments for millennia, but precisely how they work is unclear. One approach is to use a thermodynamic viewpoint that life arose by dissipating geothermal and/or solar potential. Hence, the ability to dissipate energy to maintain homeostasis is a fundamental principle in all life, which can be viewed as an accretion system where layers of complexity have built upon core abiotic molecules. Many of these compounds are chromophoric and are now involved in multiple pathways. Plants have further evolved a plethora of chromophoric compounds that can not only act as sunscreens and redox modifiers, but also have now become integrated into a generalised stress adaptive system. This could be an extension of the dissipative process. In animals, many of these compounds are hormetic, modulating mitochondria and calcium signalling. They can also display anti‐pathogen effects. They could therefore modulate bioenergetics across all life due to the conserved electron transport chain and proton gradient. In this review paper, we focus on well‐described medicinal compounds, such as salicylic acid and cannabidiol and suggest, at least in animals, their activity reflects their evolved function in plants in relation to stress adaptation, which itself evolved to maintain dissipative homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair V W Nunn
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | | | - Stanley W Botchway
- STFC, UKRI & Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Jimmy D Bell
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
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Ying X, Wan M, Hu L, Zhang J, Li H, Lv D. Identification of the Virulence Factors of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus via Heterologous Expression in Nicotiana benthamiana using Tobacco Mosaic Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5575. [PMID: 31717281 PMCID: PMC6888081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening, is the most destructive disease of citrus worldwide. HLB is associated with the non-culturable bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CaLas) in the United States. The virulence mechanism of CaLas is largely unknown, partly because of the lack of a mutant library. In this study, Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) were used for large-scale screening of the virulence factors of CaLas. Agroinfiltration of 60 putative virulence factors in N. benthamiana led to the identification of four candidates that caused severe symptoms in N. benthamiana, such as growth inhibition and cell death. CLIBASIA_05150 and CLIBASIA_04065C (C-terminal of CLIBASIA_04065) could cause cell death in the infiltrated leaves at five days post infiltration. Two low-molecular-weight candidates, CLIBASIA_00470 and CLIBASIA_04025, could inhibit plant growth. By converting start codon to stop codon or frameshifting, the four genes lost their harmful effects to N. benthamiana. It indicated that the four virulence factors functioned at the protein level rather than at the RNA level. The subcellular localization of the four candidates was determined by confocal laser scanning microscope. CLIBASIA_05150 located in the Golgi apparatus; CLIBASIA_04065 located in the mitochondrion; CLIBASIA_00470 and CLIBASIA_04025 distributed in cells as free GFP. The host proteins interacting with the four virulence factors were identified by yeast two-hybrid. The host proteins interacting with CLIBASIA_00470 and CLIBASIA_04025 were overlapping. Based on the phenotypes, the subcellular localization and the host proteins identified by yeast two-hybrid, CLIBASIA_00470 and CLIBASIA_04025, functioned redundantly. The hypothesis of CaLas virulence was proposed. CaLas affects citrus development and suppresses citrus disease resistance, comprehensively, in a complicated manner. Ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation might play a vital role in CaLas virulence. Deep characterization of the interactions between the identified virulence factors and their prey will shed light on HLB. Eventually, it will help in developing HLB-resistant citrus and save the endangered citrus industry worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobao Ying
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL 33598, USA;
| | - Mengyuan Wan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China;
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Linshuang Hu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 10086, China; (L.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jinghua Zhang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 10086, China; (L.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Hui Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China;
| | - Dianqiu Lv
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China;
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
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Regulation of mitochondrial NAD pool via NAD + transporter 2 is essential for matrix NADH homeostasis and ROS production in Arabidopsis. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 62:991-1002. [PMID: 31168681 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-9563-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in numerous biological processes in plants, including development, responses to environmental stimuli, and programmed cell death (PCD). Deficiency in MOSAIC DEATH 1 (MOD1), a plastid-localized enoyl-ACP reductase essential for de novo fatty acid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana, leads to the increased malate export from chloroplasts to mitochondria, and the subsequent accumulation of mitochondria-generated ROS and PCD. In this study, we report the identification and characterization of a mod1 suppressor, som592. SOM592 encodes mitochondrion-localized NAD+ transporter 2 (NDT2). We show that the mitochondrial NAD pool is elevated in the mod1 mutant. The som592 mutation fully suppressed mitochondrial NADH hyper-accumulation, ROS production, and PCD in the mod1 mutant, indicating a causal relationship between mitochondrial NAD accumulation and ROS/PCD phenotypes. We also show that in wild-type plants, the mitochondrial NAD+ uptake is involved in the regulation of ROS production in response to continuous photoperiod. Elevation of the alternative respiration pathway can suppress ROS accumulation and PCD in mod1, but leads to growth restriction. These findings uncover a regulatory mechanism for mitochondrial ROS production via NADH homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana that is likely important for growth regulation in response to altered photoperiod.
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Lyu L, Bi Y, Li S, Xue H, Zhang Z, Prusky DB. Early Defense Responses Involved in Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism and Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation in Harvested Muskmelons Infected by Trichothecium roseum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:4337-4345. [PMID: 30865450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play an essential part in fighting against pathogen infection in the defense responses of fruits. In this study, we investigated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, energy metabolism, and changes of mitochondrial proteins in harvested muskmelon fruits ( Cucumis melo cv. Yujinxiang) inoculated with Trichothecium roseum. The results indicated that the fungal infection obviously induced the H2O2 accumulation in mitochondria. Enzyme activities were inhibited in the first 6 h postinoculation (hpi), including succinic dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase, H+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ATPase. However, the activities of Ca2+-ATPase and H+-ATPase and the contents of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were improved to a higher level at 12 hpi. A total of 42 differentially expressed proteins were identified through tandem mass tags-based proteomic analyses, which are mainly involved in energy metabolism, stress responses and redox homeostasis, glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle, and transporter and mitochondria dysfunction. Taken together, our results suggest that mitochondria play crucial roles in the early defense responses of muskmelons against T. roseum infection through regulation of ROS production and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dov B Prusky
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce , Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center , Beit Dagan 50250 , Israel
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Garcia L, Mansilla N, Ocampos N, Pagani MA, Welchen E, Gonzalez DH. The mitochondrial copper chaperone COX19 influences copper and iron homeostasis in arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:621-638. [PMID: 30778722 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00840-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial metallochaperone COX19 influences iron and copper responses highlighting a role of mitochondria in modulating metal homeostasis in Arabidopsis. The mitochondrial copper chaperone COX19 participates in the biogenesis of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) in yeast and humans. In this work, we studied the function of COX19 in Arabidopsis thaliana, using plants with either decreased or increased COX19 levels. A fusion of COX19 to the red fluorescent protein localized to mitochondria in vivo, suggesting that Arabidopsis COX19 is a mitochondrial protein. Silencing of COX19 using an artificial miRNA did not cause changes in COX activity levels or respiration in plants grown under standard conditions. These amiCOX19 plants, however, showed decreased expression of the low-copper responsive miRNA gene MIR398b and an induction of the miR398 target CSD1 relative to wild-type plants. Plants with increased COX19 levels, instead, showed induction of MIR398b and other low-copper responsive genes. In addition, global transcriptional changes in rosettes of amiCOX19 plants resembled those observed under iron deficiency. Phenotypic analysis indicated that the roots of amiCOX19 plants show altered growth responses to copper excess and iron deficiency. COX activity levels and COX-dependent respiration were lower in amiCOX19 plants than in wild-type plants under iron deficiency conditions, suggesting that COX19 function is particularly important for COX assembly under iron deficiency. The results indicate that the mitochondrial copper chaperone COX19 has a role in regulating copper and iron homeostasis and responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucila Garcia
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Colectora Ruta Nac. Nº 168 km 0, Paraje el Pozo s/n, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Ocampo y Esmeralda s/n, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Natanael Mansilla
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Colectora Ruta Nac. Nº 168 km 0, Paraje el Pozo s/n, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Natacha Ocampos
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Colectora Ruta Nac. Nº 168 km 0, Paraje el Pozo s/n, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María A Pagani
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 570, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Elina Welchen
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Colectora Ruta Nac. Nº 168 km 0, Paraje el Pozo s/n, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Daniel H Gonzalez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Colectora Ruta Nac. Nº 168 km 0, Paraje el Pozo s/n, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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37
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Lyu L, Bi Y, Li S, Xue H, Li Y, Prusky DB. Sodium silicate prime defense responses in harvested muskmelon by regulating mitochondrial energy metabolism and reactive oxygen species production. Food Chem 2019; 289:369-376. [PMID: 30955625 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of postharvest treatment with sodium silicate (Si) (100 mM) on mitochondrial ROS production and energy metabolism of the muskmelon fruits (cv. Yujinxiang) on development of defense responses to Trichothecium roseum were studied. Si treatment decreased decay severity of inoculated muskmelons, enhanced the activities of energy metabolism of key enzymes and kept the intracellular ATP at a higher level; meanwhile, Si also induced the mtROS accumulation such as H2O2 and superoxide anion. TMT-based quantitative proteomics analysis revealed that a total of 24 proteins with significant differences in abundance involved in energy metabolism, defense and stress responses, glycolytic and TCA cycle, and oxidation-reduction process. It is suggested by our study that melon fruit mitochondria, when induced by Si treatments, play a key role in priming of host resistance against T. roseum infection through the regulation of energy metabolism and ROS production in the pathogen infected muskmelon fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Lyu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
| | - Shenge Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Huali Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Yongcai Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Dov B Prusky
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China; Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Beit Dagan, Israel
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38
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Rossi M, Pesando M, Vallino M, Galetto L, Marzachì C, Balestrini R. Application of laser microdissection to study phytoplasma site-specific gene expression in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Microbiol Res 2018; 217:60-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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39
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Extracellular DAMPs in Plants and Mammals: Immunity, Tissue Damage and Repair. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:937-950. [PMID: 30293747 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune receptors, well known mediators of response to non-self-molecules and inflammation, also act as mediators of immunity triggered by 'damage-associated molecular patterns' (DAMPs). Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) cause inflammation in mammals and a rapid immune response in plants, while DAMPs trigger more complex responses, including immunity, tissue maintenance and repair. DAMPs, their receptors and downstream transduction mechanisms are often conserved within a kingdom or, due to convergent evolution, are similar across the kingdoms of life. Herein, we describe the dynamics and functionality of specific extracellular DAMP classes and their receptors in immunity, inflammation and repair of tissue damage in plants and mammals.
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40
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Steiner P, Luckner M, Kerschbaum H, Wanner G, Lütz-Meindl U. Ionic stress induces fusion of mitochondria to 3-D networks: An electron tomography study. J Struct Biol 2018; 204:52-63. [PMID: 29981486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are central organelles for energy supply of cells and play an important role in maintenance of ionic balance. Consequently mitochondria are highly sensitive to any kind of stress to which they mainly response by disturbance of respiration, ROS production and release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm. Many of the physiological and molecular stress reactions of mitochondria are well known, yet there is a lack of information on corresponding stress induced structural changes. 3-D visualization of high-pressure frozen cells by FIB-SEM tomography and TEM tomography as used for the present investigation provide an excellent tool for studying structure related mitochondrial stress reactions. In the present study it is shown that mitochondria in the unicellular fresh-water algal model system Micrasterias as well as in the closely related aquatic higher plant Lemna fuse to local networks as a consequence of exposure to ionic stress induced by addition of KCl, NaCl and CoCl2. In dependence on concentration and duration of the treatment, fusion of mitochondria occurs either by formation of protuberances arising from the outer mitochondrial membrane, or by direct contact of the surface of elongated mitochondria. As our results show that respiration is maintained in both model systems during ionic stress and mitochondrial fusion, as well as formation of protuberances are reversible, we assume that mitochondrial fusion is a ubiquitous process that may help the cells to cope with stress. This may occur by interconnecting the respiratory chains of the individual mitochondria and by enhancing the buffer capacity against stress induced ionic imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Steiner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Manja Luckner
- Ultrastructural Research, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Großhadernerstr. 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hubert Kerschbaum
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gerhard Wanner
- Ultrastructural Research, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Großhadernerstr. 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ursula Lütz-Meindl
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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Liu R, Cao P, Ren A, Wang S, Yang T, Zhu T, Shi L, Zhu J, Jiang AL, Zhao MW. SA inhibits complex III activity to generate reactive oxygen species and thereby induces GA overproduction in Ganoderma lucidum. Redox Biol 2018; 16:388-400. [PMID: 29631100 PMCID: PMC5953243 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum has high commercial value because it produces many active compounds, such as ganoderic acids (GAs). Salicylic acid (SA) was previously reported to induce the biosynthesis of GA in G. lucidum. In this study, we found that SA induces GA biosynthesis by increasing ROS production, and further research found that NADPH oxidase-silenced strains exhibited a partial reduction in the response to SA, resulting in the induction of increased ROS production. Furthermore, the localization of ROS shows that mitochondria are sources of ROS production in response to SA treatment. An additional analysis focused on the relationship between SA-induced ROS production and mitochondrial functions, and the results showed that inhibitors of mitochondrial complexes I and II exert approximately 40–50% superimposed inhibitory effects on the respiration rate and H2O2 content when co-administered with SA. However, no obvious superimposed inhibition effects were observed in the sample co-treated with mitochondrial complex III inhibitor and SA, implying that the inhibitor of mitochondrial complex III and SA might act on the same site in mitochondria. Additional experiments revealed that complex III activity was decreased 51%, 62% and 75% after treatment with 100, 200, and 400 µM SA, respectively. Our results highlight the finding that SA inhibits mitochondrial complex III activity to increase ROS generation. In addition, inhibition of mitochondrial complex III caused ROS accumulation, which plays an essential role in SA-mediated GA biosynthesis in G. lucidum. This conclusion was also demonstrated in complex III-silenced strains. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first demonstration that SA inhibits complex III activity to increase the ROS levels and thereby regulate secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Mitochondria as a source of salicylic acid (SA) induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in Ganoderma lucidum. SA induces the accumulation of ganoderic acids in Ganoderma lucidum by mitochondria ROS overproduction. SA inhibits mitochondrial complex III activity to increase ROS and thereby induces ganoderic acids biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Liang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Wen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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42
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Mansilla N, Racca S, Gras DE, Gonzalez DH, Welchen E. The Complexity of Mitochondrial Complex IV: An Update of Cytochrome c Oxidase Biogenesis in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030662. [PMID: 29495437 PMCID: PMC5877523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiration is an energy producing process that involves the coordinated action of several protein complexes embedded in the inner membrane to finally produce ATP. Complex IV or Cytochrome c Oxidase (COX) is the last electron acceptor of the respiratory chain, involved in the reduction of O2 to H2O. COX is a multimeric complex formed by multiple structural subunits encoded in two different genomes, prosthetic groups (heme a and heme a3), and metallic centers (CuA and CuB). Tens of accessory proteins are required for mitochondrial RNA processing, synthesis and delivery of prosthetic groups and metallic centers, and for the final assembly of subunits to build a functional complex. In this review, we perform a comparative analysis of COX composition and biogenesis factors in yeast, mammals and plants. We also describe possible external and internal factors controlling the expression of structural proteins and assembly factors at the transcriptional and post-translational levels, and the effect of deficiencies in different steps of COX biogenesis to infer the role of COX in different aspects of plant development. We conclude that COX assembly in plants has conserved and specific features, probably due to the incorporation of a different set of subunits during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natanael Mansilla
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Sofia Racca
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Diana E Gras
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Daniel H Gonzalez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Elina Welchen
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
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43
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Liu L, Wang Y, Cui F, Fang A, Wang S, Wang J, Wei C, Li S, Sun W. The type III effector AvrXccB in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris targets putative methyltransferases and suppresses innate immunity in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:768-782. [PMID: 27241588 PMCID: PMC6638230 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) causes black rot, one of the most important diseases of brassica crops worldwide. The type III effector inventory plays important roles in the virulence and pathogenicity of the pathogen. However, little is known about the virulence function(s) of the putative type III effector AvrXccB in Xcc. Here, we investigated the immune suppression ability of AvrXccB and the possible underlying mechanisms. AvrXccB was demonstrated to be secreted in a type III secretion system-dependent manner. AvrXccB tagged with green fluorescent protein is localized to the plasma membrane in Arabidopsis, and the putative N-myristoylation motif is essential for its localization. Chemical-induced expression of AvrXccB suppresses flg22-triggered callose deposition and the oxidative burst, and promotes the in planta growth of Xcc and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. The putative catalytic triad and plasma membrane localization of AvrXccB are required for its immunosuppressive activity. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that AvrXccB interacts with the Arabidopsis S-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent methyltransferases SAM-MT1 and SAM-MT2. Interestingly, SAM-MT1 is not only self-associated, but also associated with SAM-MT2 in vivo. SAM-MT1 and SAM-MT2 expression is significantly induced upon stimulation of microbe-associated molecular patterns and bacterial infection. Collectively, these findings indicate that AvrXccB targets a putative methyltransferase complex and suppresses plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Fuhao Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Anfei Fang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jiyang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Chao Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
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44
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Glennon EKK, Torrevillas BK, Morrissey SF, Ejercito JM, Luckhart S. Abscisic acid induces a transient shift in signaling that enhances NF-κB-mediated parasite killing in the midgut of Anopheles stephensi without reducing lifespan or fecundity. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:333. [PMID: 28705245 PMCID: PMC5508651 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abscisic acid (ABA) is naturally present in mammalian blood and circulating levels can be increased by oral supplementation. We showed previously that oral ABA supplementation in a mouse model of Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL infection reduced parasitemia and gametocytemia, spleen and liver pathology, and parasite transmission to the mosquito Anopheles stephensi fed on these mice. Treatment of cultured Plasmodium falciparum with ABA at levels detected in our model had no effects on asexual growth or gametocyte formation in vitro. However, ABA treatment of cultured P. falciparum immediately prior to mosquito feeding significantly reduced oocyst development in A. stephensi via ABA-dependent synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) in the mosquito midgut. Results Here we describe the mechanisms of effects of ABA on mosquito physiology, which are dependent on phosphorylation of TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and associated with changes in homeostatic gene expression and activity of kinases that are central to metabolic regulation in the midgut epithelium. Collectively, the timing of these effects suggests a transient physiological shift that enhances NF-κB-dependent innate immunity without significantly altering mosquito lifespan or fecundity. Conclusions ABA is a highly conserved regulator of immune and metabolic homeostasis within the malaria vector A. stephensi with potential as a transmission-blocking supplemental treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2276-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K K Glennon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brandi K Torrevillas
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Shannon F Morrissey
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jadrian M Ejercito
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Entomology, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Shirley Luckhart
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA. .,Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
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45
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Li Z, Ding B, Zhou X, Wang GL. The Rice Dynamin-Related Protein OsDRP1E Negatively Regulates Programmed Cell Death by Controlling the Release of Cytochrome c from Mitochondria. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006157. [PMID: 28081268 PMCID: PMC5266325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) mediated by mitochondrial processes has emerged as an important mechanism for plant development and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. However, the role of translocation of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytosol during PCD remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the rice dynamin-related protein 1E (OsDRP1E) negatively regulates PCD by controlling mitochondrial structure and cytochrome c release. We used a map-based cloning strategy to isolate OsDRP1E from the lesion mimic mutant dj-lm and confirmed that the E409V mutation in OsDRP1E causes spontaneous cell death in rice. Pathogen inoculation showed that dj-lm significantly enhances resistance to fungal and bacterial pathogens. Functional analysis of the E409V mutation showed that the mutant protein impairs OsDRP1E self-association and formation of a higher-order complex; this in turn reduces the GTPase activity of OsDRP1E. Furthermore, confocal microscopy showed that the E409V mutation impairs localization of OsDRP1E to the mitochondria. The E409V mutation significantly affects the morphogenesis of cristae in mitochondria and causes the abnormal release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into cytoplasm. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the mitochondria-localized protein OsDRP1E functions as a negative regulator of cytochrome c release and PCD in plants. Plants have developed a hypersensitive response (HR) that shows rapid programed cell death (PCD) around the infection site, which in turn limits pathogen invasion and restricts the spread of pathogens. Although many studies reported the characterization of PCD in different pathosystems in the last decade, the molecular mechanisms on how PCD is initiated and how it regulates host resistance are still unclear. Lesion mimic mutants exhibit spontaneous HR-like cell death without pathogen invasion and are ideal genetic materials for dissecting the PCD pathway. In this study, we characterized the lesion mimic gene OsDRP1E that negatively regulates plant PCD through the control of cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Our results suggest that the E409V point mutation in the dynamin-related protein OsDRP1E affects the morphogenesis of mitochondrial cristae that leads to the cytochrome c release into cytoplasm. This study provides new insights into the function of dynamin-related proteins in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China and College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (GLW); (BD)
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China and College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GLW); (BD)
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46
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DeBlasio SL, Johnson RS, MacCoss MJ, Gray SM, Cilia M. Model System-Guided Protein Interaction Mapping for Virus Isolated from Phloem Tissue. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:4601-4611. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L. DeBlasio
- Agricultural
Research Service, USDA, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Richard S. Johnson
- Department
of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle Washington 98109, United States
| | - Michael J. MacCoss
- Department
of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle Washington 98109, United States
| | - Stewart M. Gray
- Agricultural
Research Service, USDA, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Michelle Cilia
- Agricultural
Research Service, USDA, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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47
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Liberatore KL, Dukowic-Schulze S, Miller ME, Chen C, Kianian SF. The role of mitochondria in plant development and stress tolerance. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 100:238-256. [PMID: 27036362 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells require orchestrated communication between nuclear and organellar genomes, perturbations in which are linked to stress response and disease in both animals and plants. In addition to mitochondria, which are found across eukaryotes, plant cells contain a second organelle, the plastid. Signaling both among the organelles (cytoplasmic) and between the cytoplasm and the nucleus (i.e. nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions (NCI)) is essential for proper cellular function. A deeper understanding of NCI and its impact on development, stress response, and long-term health is needed in both animal and plant systems. Here we focus on the role of plant mitochondria in development and stress response. We compare and contrast features of plant and animal mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA), particularly highlighting the large and highly dynamic nature of plant mtDNA. Plant-based tools are powerful, yet underutilized, resources for enhancing our fundamental understanding of NCI. These tools also have great potential for improving crop production. Across taxa, mitochondria are most abundant in cells that have high energy or nutrient demands as well as at key developmental time points. Although plant mitochondria act as integrators of signals involved in both development and stress response pathways, little is known about plant mtDNA diversity and its impact on these processes. In humans, there are strong correlations between particular mitotypes (and mtDNA mutations) and developmental differences (or disease). We propose that future work in plants should focus on defining mitotypes more carefully and investigating their functional implications as well as improving techniques to facilitate this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Liberatore
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States; Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States.
| | | | - Marisa E Miller
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States; Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Changbin Chen
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Shahryar F Kianian
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States; Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States
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Wagner S, De Bortoli S, Schwarzländer M, Szabò I. Regulation of mitochondrial calcium in plants versus animals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3809-29. [PMID: 27001920 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ca(2+) acts as an important cellular second messenger in eukaryotes. In both plants and animals, a wide variety of environmental and developmental stimuli trigger Ca(2+) transients of a specific signature that can modulate gene expression and metabolism. In animals, mitochondrial energy metabolism has long been considered a hotspot of Ca(2+) regulation, with a range of pathophysiology linked to altered Ca(2+) control. Recently, several molecular players involved in mitochondrial Ca(2+) signalling have been identified, including those of the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter. Despite strong evidence for sophisticated Ca(2+) regulation in plant mitochondria, the picture has remained much less clear. This is currently changing aided by live imaging and genetic approaches which allow dissection of subcellular Ca(2+) dynamics and identification of the proteins involved. We provide an update on our current understanding in the regulation of mitochondrial Ca(2+) and signalling by comparing work in plants and animals. The significance of mitochondrial Ca(2+) control is discussed in the light of the specific metabolic and energetic needs of plant and animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Wagner
- Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sara De Bortoli
- Department of Biology and CNR Institute of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ildikò Szabò
- Department of Biology and CNR Institute of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
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49
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Camejo D, Guzmán-Cedeño Á, Moreno A. Reactive oxygen species, essential molecules, during plant-pathogen interactions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 103:10-23. [PMID: 26950921 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continually generated as a consequence of the normal metabolism in aerobic organisms. Accumulation and release of ROS into cell take place in response to a wide variety of adverse environmental conditions including salt, temperature, cold stresses and pathogen attack, among others. In plants, peroxidases class III, NADPH oxidase (NOX) locates in cell wall and plasma membrane, respectively, may be mainly enzymatic systems involving ROS generation. It is well documented that ROS play a dual role into cells, acting as important signal transduction molecules and as toxic molecules with strong oxidant power, however some aspects related to its function during plant-pathogen interactions remain unclear. This review focuses on the principal enzymatic systems involving ROS generation addressing the role of ROS as signal molecules during plant-pathogen interactions. We described how the chloroplasts, mitochondria and peroxisomes perceive the external stimuli as pathogen invasion, and trigger resistance response using ROS as signal molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daymi Camejo
- CEBAS-CSIC, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, E-30100, Murcia, Spain; ESPAM-MES, Escuela Superior Politécnica Agropecuaria de Manabí, Manuel Félix López, Agricultural School, Manabí, Ecuador.
| | - Ángel Guzmán-Cedeño
- ESPAM-MES, Escuela Superior Politécnica Agropecuaria de Manabí, Manuel Félix López, Agricultural School, Manabí, Ecuador; ULEAM-MES, "Eloy Alfaro" University, Agropecuary School, Manabí, Ecuador.
| | - Alexander Moreno
- UTMachala-MES, Universidad Técnica de Machala, Botany Laboratory, Machala, Ecuador.
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50
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Berkowitz O, De Clercq I, Van Breusegem F, Whelan J. Interaction between hormonal and mitochondrial signalling during growth, development and in plant defence responses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1127-39. [PMID: 26763171 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a central role in plant metabolism as they are a major source of ATP through synthesis by the oxidative phosphorylation pathway and harbour key metabolic reactions such as the TCA cycle. The energy and building blocks produced by mitochondria are essential to drive plant growth and development as well as to provide fuel for responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. The majority of mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nuclear genome and have to be imported into the organelle. For the regulation of the corresponding genes intricate signalling pathways exist to adjust their expression. Signals directly regulate nuclear gene expression (anterograde signalling) to adjust the protein composition of the mitochondria to the needs of the cell. In parallel, mitochondria communicate back their functional status to the nucleus (retrograde signalling) to prompt transcriptional regulation of responsive genes via largely unknown signalling mechanisms. Plant hormones are the major signalling components regulating all layers of plant development and cellular functions. Increasing evidence is now becoming available that plant hormones are also part of signalling networks controlling mitochondrial function and their biogenesis. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the interaction of mitochondrial and hormonal signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Berkowitz
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Inge De Clercq
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - James Whelan
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
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