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Kianičková K, Pažitná L, Kundalia PH, Pakanová Z, Nemčovič M, Baráth P, Katrlíková E, Šuba J, Trebatická J, Katrlík J. Alterations in the Glycan Composition of Serum Glycoproteins in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108745. [PMID: 37240090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in protein glycosylation are associated with most biological processes, and the importance of glycomic analysis in the research of disorders is constantly increasing, including in the neurodevelopmental field. We glycoprofiled sera in 10 children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and 10 matching healthy controls for 3 types of samples: whole serum, sera after depletion of abundant proteins (albumin and IgG), and isolated IgG. The analytical methods used were a lectin-based glycoprotein microarray enabling high-throughput glycan analysis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) as a standard method for the identification of glycan structures. For microarray analysis, the samples printed on microarray slides were incubated with biotinylated lectins and detected using the fluorescent conjugate of streptavidin by a microarray scanner. In the ADHD patient samples, we found increased antennary fucosylation, decreased di-/triantennary N-glycans with bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), and decreased α2-3 sialylation. The results obtained by both independent methods were consistent. The study's sample size and design do not allow far-reaching conclusions to be drawn. In any case, there is a strong demand for a better and more comprehensive diagnosis of ADHD, and the obtained results emphasize that the presented approach brings new horizons to studying functional associations of glycan alterations in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristína Kianičková
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Pažitná
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Paras H Kundalia
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Pakanová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marek Nemčovič
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Baráth
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Katrlíková
- Department of Paediatric Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, The National Institute of Children's Diseases, SK-83340 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ján Šuba
- Department of Paediatric Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, The National Institute of Children's Diseases, SK-83340 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Trebatická
- Department of Paediatric Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, The National Institute of Children's Diseases, SK-83340 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Katrlík
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Tran NN, Pham-The T, Pham TN, Vu HT, Luong KN, Nishijo M. Neurodevelopmental Effects of Perinatal TCDD Exposure Differ from Those of Other PCDD/Fs in Vietnamese Children Living near the Former US Air Base in Da Nang, Vietnam. TOXICS 2023; 11:103. [PMID: 36850978 PMCID: PMC9961255 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study reports that children exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetra-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the major toxin in Agent Orange, from the breast milk of mothers residing near the former Da Nang US air base in Vietnam may have specific alterations in higher brain functions, resulting in social and communication deficits, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). After the age of 8 years, girls with high TCDD showed increased attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-like behaviors and altered mirror neuron activity, which is often observed in children with ASD. However, no significant relationship between autistic traits and toxic equivalency values of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (TEQ-PCDD/Fs) was found in these children. Notably, boys with high levels of TEQ-PCDD/Fs showed poor language and motor development in the first 3 years of life, although boys with high TCDD levels did not. However, at 8 years of age, boys with high TCDD showed reading learning difficulties, a neurodevelopmental disorder. These findings suggest that perinatal TCDD exposure impacts social-emotional cognitive functions, leading to sex-specific neurodevelopmental disorders-learning difficulty in boys and ADHD in girls. Future studies with a greater number of children exposed to high levels of TCDD are necessary to estimate the threshold values for neurodevelopmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nghi Ngoc Tran
- Ministry of Health, Vietnam Government, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Tai Pham-The
- Faculty of Medicine, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Thao Ngoc Pham
- Faculty of Medicine, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Hoa Thi Vu
- Department of Public Health, Kanazawa Medial University, Uchinada 252-0815, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Khue Ngoc Luong
- Ministry of Health, Vietnam Government, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Muneko Nishijo
- Department of Public Health, Kanazawa Medial University, Uchinada 252-0815, Ishikawa, Japan
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Khoury NM, Radonjić NV, Albert AB, Faraone SV. From Structural Disparities to Neuropharmacology: A Review of Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Medication Treatment. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2022; 31:343-361. [PMID: 35697389 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an early-onset disorder with many functional impairments and psychiatric comorbidities. Although no treatment fully mitigates impairments associated with ADHD, effective management is possible with pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments. The etiology and pathophysiology of ADHD are remarkably complex and the disorder is continuously distributed in the population. While these findings have been well documented in studies with predominantly white samples, ADHD may affect racial and ethnic minorities differentially, given diagnostic and treatment disparities. This review provides an updated overview of the epidemiology, etiology, neurobiology, and neuropharmacology of ADHD, addressing racial and ethnic disparities whereby data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayla M Khoury
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Nevena V Radonjić
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Avery B Albert
- Clinical Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Institute for Human Performance, Room 3707, 505 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Institute for Human Performance, Room 3707, 505 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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Wang LJ, Lin LC, Lee SY, Wu CC, Chou WJ, Hsu CF, Tseng HH, Lin WC. l-Cystine is associated with the dysconnectivity of the default-mode network and salience network in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 125:105105. [PMID: 33338922 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.105105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder. Distributed dysconnectivity within both the default-mode network (DMN) and the salience network (SN) has been observed in ADHD. L-cystine may serve as a neuroprotective molecule and signaling pathway, as well as a biomarker of ADHD. The purpose of this study was to explore whether differential brain network connectivity is associated with peripheral L-cystine levels in ADHD patients. We recruited a total of 31 drug-naïve patients with ADHD (mean age: 10.4 years) and 29 healthy controls (mean age: 10.3 years) that underwent resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans. Functional connectomes were generated for each subject, and we examined the cross-sectional group difference in functional connectivity (FC) within and between DMN and SN. L-cystine plasma levels were determined using high-performance chemical isotope labeling (CIL)-based liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Compared to the control group, the ADHD group showed decreased FC of dorsal DMN (p = 0.031), as well as decreased FC of precuneus-post SN (p = 0.006) and ventral DMN-post SN (p = 0.001). The plasma L-cystine levels of the ADHD group were significantly higher than in the control group (p = 0.002). Furthermore, L-cystine levels were negatively correlated with FC of precuneus-post SN (r = -0.404, p = 0.045) and ventral DMN-post SN (r = -0.540, p = 0.007). The findings suggest that decreased synergies of DMN and SN may serve as neurobiomarkers for ADHD, while L-cystine may be involved in the pathophysiology of network dysconnectivity. Future studies on the molecular mechanism of the cystine-glutamate system in brain network connectivity are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Jen Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Chun Lin
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Wu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jiun Chou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fen Hsu
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Child Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Hsuan Tseng
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Che Lin
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan.
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Wang LJ, Chou WJ, Tsai CS, Lee MJ, Lee SY, Hsu CW, Hsueh PC, Wu CC. Novel plasma metabolite markers of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder identified using high-performance chemical isotope labelling-based liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. World J Biol Psychiatry 2021; 22:139-148. [PMID: 32351159 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2020.1762930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Metabolites are the intermediate and final products of biological processes and ultimately reflect the responses of these processes to genetic regulation and environmental perturbations, including those involved in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS We identified a quantitative profile of plasma metabolites in 58 ADHD patients (mean age 9.0 years, 77.6% males) and 38 healthy control subjects (mean age 10.2 years, 55.3% males) using the high-performance chemical isotope labelling (CIL)-based liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Using a volcano plot and orthogonal projections to latent structure-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), we determined nine metabolites with differentially expressed levels in ADHD plasma samples. RESULTS Compared to the control group, the plasma levels of guanosine, O-phosphoethanolamine, phenyl-leucine, hypoxanthine, 4-aminohippuric acid, 5-hydroxylysine, and L-cystine appeared increased in the ADHD patients, whilegentisic acid and tryptophyl-phenylalanine were down-regulated in the patients with ADHD. We found that the plasma levels of all nine metabolites were able to discriminate the ADHD group from the control group. Levels of O-phosphoethanolamine, 4-aminohippuric acid, 5-hydroxylysine, L-cystine, tryptophyl-phenylalanine, and gentisic acid were significantly correlated with clinical ADHD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to use the CIL-based LC-MS to profile ADHD plasma metabolites, and we identified nine novel metabolite biomarkers of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Jen Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jiun Chou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Shu Tsai
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Min-Jing Lee
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Hsu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Hsueh
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Wu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Linkuo Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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6
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Current Evidence on the Role of the Gut Microbiome in ADHD Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Implications. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010249. [PMID: 33467150 PMCID: PMC7830868 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies suggest that the bidirectional relationship existent between the gut microbiome (GM) and the central nervous system (CNS), or so-called the microbiome–gut–brain axis (MGBA), is involved in diverse neuropsychiatric diseases in children and adults. In pediatric age, most studies have focused on patients with autism. However, evidence of the role played by the MGBA in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood, is still scanty and heterogeneous. This review aims to provide the current evidence on the functioning of the MGBA in pediatric patients with ADHD and the specific role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) in this interaction, as well as the potential of the GM as a therapeutic target for ADHD. We will explore: (1) the diverse communication pathways between the GM and the CNS; (2) changes in the GM composition in children and adolescents with ADHD and association with ADHD pathophysiology; (3) influence of the GM on the ω-3 PUFA imbalance characteristically found in ADHD; (4) interaction between the GM and circadian rhythm regulation, as sleep disorders are frequently comorbid with ADHD; (5) finally, we will evaluate the most recent studies on the use of probiotics in pediatric patients with ADHD.
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McCaffrey TA, St Laurent G, Shtokalo D, Antonets D, Vyatkin Y, Jones D, Battison E, Nigg JT. Biomarker discovery in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: RNA sequencing of whole blood in discordant twin and case-controlled cohorts. BMC Med Genomics 2020; 13:160. [PMID: 33115496 PMCID: PMC7594430 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-020-00808-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A variety of DNA-based methods have been applied to identify genetic markers of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but the connection to RNA-based gene expression has not been fully exploited. Methods Using well defined cohorts of discordant, monozygotic twins from the Michigan State University Twin Registry, and case-controlled ADHD cases in adolescents, the present studies utilized advanced single molecule RNA sequencing to identify expressed changes in whole blood RNA in ADHD. Multiple analytical strategies were employed to narrow differentially expressed RNA targets to a small set of potential biomarkers of ADHD.
Results RNA markers common to both the discordant twin study and case-controlled subjects further narrowed the putative targets, some of which had been previously associated with ADHD at the DNA level. The potential role of several differentially expressed genes, including ABCB5, RGS2, GAK, GIT1 and 3 members of the galactose metabolism pathway (GALE, GALT, GALK1) are substantiated by prior associations to ADHD and by established mechanistic connections to molecular pathways relevant to ADHD and behavioral control. Conclusions The convergence of DNA, RNA, and metabolic data suggests these may be promising targets for diagnostics and therapeutics in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A McCaffrey
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, 2300 Eye St., Washington, DC, 20037, USA. .,The St. Laurent Institute, Vancouver, WA, USA.
| | | | - Dmitry Shtokalo
- The St. Laurent Institute, Vancouver, WA, USA.,A.P. Ershov Institute of Informatics Systems, Novosibirsk, Russia.,AcademGene, LLC, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Denis Antonets
- A.P. Ershov Institute of Informatics Systems, Novosibirsk, Russia.,AcademGene, LLC, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Joel T Nigg
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Santa-Marina L, Lertxundi N, Andiarena A, Irizar A, Sunyer J, Molinuevo A, Llop S, Julvez J, Beneito A, Ibarluzea J, Imaz L, Ferrin M. Maternal Ferritin Levels during Pregnancy and ADHD Symptoms in 4-Year-Old Children: Results from the INMA-INfancia y Medio Ambiente (Environment and Childhood) Prospective Birth Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217704. [PMID: 33105572 PMCID: PMC7659477 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ferritin status during prenatal brain development may influence the risk of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in childhood. We investigated the association of maternal ferritin in pregnancy and ADHD-like symptoms in offspring. A total of 1095 mother-child pairs from three birth cohorts of the INMA Project (Spain) were studied. Maternal plasma ferritin in pregnancy was measured at 11.57 weeks of gestation. Children′s ADHD-like symptoms at ages 4–5 years were assessed using the ADHD Rating Scale-IV. The count model of the zero-inflated Poisson regression model showed a significant inverse association between ferritin (continuous variable) and inattention, β = −0.19 (−0.32, −0.07), for boys. Comparing ferritin level by tertiles, significant differences were observed between the first tertile ([1.98, 20.92]) and the second ([20.92, 38.79]) and third tertiles ([38.79, 216.5]) (mg/L).The number of symptoms was lower for those in the third tertile, β = −0.3 (−0.55, −0.5), and for those in the second one, β = −0.37 (−0.6, −0.14). The model stratification by sex also showed this inverse association for boys only, β = −0.21 (−0.34, −0.08). No associations were found between ferritin level and hyperactivity or total ADHD symptoms. High ferritin levels during pregnancy show a protective association with child inattentive-type ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreto Santa-Marina
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3–5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-M.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (S.L.); (J.J.); (J.I.)
- Biodonostia, Epidemiology and Public Health Area, Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development Group, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (N.L.); (A.A.)
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Basque Government, 20013 San Sebastian, Spain;
| | - Nerea Lertxundi
- Biodonostia, Epidemiology and Public Health Area, Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development Group, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (N.L.); (A.A.)
- Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Avenida Tolosa 70, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ainara Andiarena
- Biodonostia, Epidemiology and Public Health Area, Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development Group, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (N.L.); (A.A.)
- Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Avenida Tolosa 70, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Amaia Irizar
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3–5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-M.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (S.L.); (J.J.); (J.I.)
- Biodonostia, Epidemiology and Public Health Area, Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development Group, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (N.L.); (A.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3–5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-M.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (S.L.); (J.J.); (J.I.)
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- ISGlobal—Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona–Campus MAR, PRBB, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amaia Molinuevo
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3–5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-M.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (S.L.); (J.J.); (J.I.)
| | - Sabrina Llop
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3–5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-M.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (S.L.); (J.J.); (J.I.)
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO–Universitat Jaume I–Universitat de València, 08003 València, Spain;
| | - Jordi Julvez
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3–5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-M.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (S.L.); (J.J.); (J.I.)
- ISGlobal—Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona–Campus MAR, PRBB, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d′Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Andrea Beneito
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO–Universitat Jaume I–Universitat de València, 08003 València, Spain;
| | - Jesús Ibarluzea
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3–5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-M.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (S.L.); (J.J.); (J.I.)
- Biodonostia, Epidemiology and Public Health Area, Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development Group, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (N.L.); (A.A.)
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Basque Government, 20013 San Sebastian, Spain;
- Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Avenida Tolosa 70, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Liher Imaz
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Basque Government, 20013 San Sebastian, Spain;
- Biodonostia, Epidemiology and Public Health Area, Epidemiology of Chronic and Communicable Diseases Group, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Maite Ferrin
- Haringey Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, Barnet, Enfield and Haringey NHS Mental Health Trust, London N15 3TH, UK;
- Recognition Health, London W1G 9RU, UK
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