1
|
Napier M, Reynolds K, Scott AL. Glial-mediated dysregulation of neurodevelopment in Fragile X Syndrome. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 173:187-215. [PMID: 37993178 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are highly involved in a multitude of developmental processes that are known to be dysregulated in Fragile X Syndrome. Here, we examine these processes individually and review the roles astrocytes play in contributing to the pathology of this syndrome. As a growing area of interest in the field, new and exciting insight is continually emerging. Understanding these glial-mediated roles is imperative for elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms at play, not only in Fragile X Syndrome, but also other ASD-related disorders. Understanding these roles will be central to the future development of effective, clinically-relevant treatments of these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Napier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - K Reynolds
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - A L Scott
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Koufi FD, Neri I, Ramazzotti G, Rusciano I, Mongiorgi S, Marvi MV, Fazio A, Shin M, Kosodo Y, Cani I, Giorgio E, Cortelli P, Manzoli L, Ratti S. Lamin B1 as a key modulator of the developing and aging brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1263310. [PMID: 37720548 PMCID: PMC10501396 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1263310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lamin B1 is an essential protein of the nuclear lamina that plays a crucial role in nuclear function and organization. It has been demonstrated that lamin B1 is essential for organogenesis and particularly brain development. The important role of lamin B1 in physiological brain development and aging has only recently been at the epicenter of attention and is yet to be fully elucidated. Regarding the development of brain, glial cells that have long been considered as supporting cells to neurons have overturned this representation and current findings have displayed their active roles in neurogenesis and cerebral development. Although lamin B1 has increased levels during the differentiation of the brain cells, during aging these levels drop leading to senescent phenotypes and inciting neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. On the other hand, overexpression of lamin B1 leads to the adult-onset neurodegenerative disease known as Autosomal Dominant Leukodystrophy. This review aims at highlighting the importance of balancing lamin B1 levels in glial cells and neurons from brain development to aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Foteini-Dionysia Koufi
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Anatomy Centre, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Neri
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Anatomy Centre, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Ramazzotti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Anatomy Centre, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Isabella Rusciano
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Anatomy Centre, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Mongiorgi
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Anatomy Centre, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Marvi
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Anatomy Centre, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonietta Fazio
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Anatomy Centre, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Minkyung Shin
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoichi Kosodo
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilaria Cani
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Giorgio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pietro Cortelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Anatomy Centre, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Anatomy Centre, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
De la Cruz G, Nikolaishvili Feinberg N, Williams SE. Automated Immunofluorescence Staining for Analysis of Mitotic Stages and Division Orientation in Brain Sections. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2583:63-79. [PMID: 36418726 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2752-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microcephaly often results from mitotic defects in neuronal progenitors, frequently by decreasing proliferation rates or shifting cell fates. During neurogenesis, oriented cell division-the molecular control of mitotic spindle positioning to control the axis of division-represents an important mechanism to balance expansion of the progenitor pool with generating cellular diversity. While mostly studied in the context of cortical development, more recently, spindle orientation has emerged as a key player in the formation of other brain regions such as the cerebellum. Here we describe methods to perform automated dual-color fluorescent immunohistochemistry on murine cerebellar sections using the mitotic markers phospho-Histone H3 and Survivin, and detail analytical and statistical approaches to display and compare division orientation datasets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela De la Cruz
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Pathology Services Core, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nana Nikolaishvili Feinberg
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Pathology Services Core, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Scott E Williams
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Romero-Morales AI, Gama V. Revealing the Impact of Mitochondrial Fitness During Early Neural Development Using Human Brain Organoids. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:840265. [PMID: 35571368 PMCID: PMC9102998 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.840265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial homeostasis -including function, morphology, and inter-organelle communication- provides guidance to the intrinsic developmental programs of corticogenesis, while also being responsive to environmental and intercellular signals. Two- and three-dimensional platforms have become useful tools to interrogate the capacity of cells to generate neuronal and glia progeny in a background of metabolic dysregulation, but the mechanistic underpinnings underlying the role of mitochondria during human neurogenesis remain unexplored. Here we provide a concise overview of cortical development and the use of pluripotent stem cell models that have contributed to our understanding of mitochondrial and metabolic regulation of early human brain development. We finally discuss the effects of mitochondrial fitness dysregulation seen under stress conditions such as metabolic dysregulation, absence of developmental apoptosis, and hypoxia; and the avenues of research that can be explored with the use of brain organoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivian Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
An HL, Kuo HC, Tang TK. Modeling Human Primary Microcephaly With hiPSC-Derived Brain Organoids Carrying CPAP-E1235V Disease-Associated Mutant Protein. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:830432. [PMID: 35309908 PMCID: PMC8924525 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.830432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is composed of a pair of centrioles and serves as the major microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) in cells. Centrosome dysfunction has been linked to autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH), which is a rare human neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by small brain size with intellectual disability. Recently, several mouse models carrying mutated genes encoding centrosomal proteins have been generated to address the genotype-phenotype relationships in MCPH. However, several human-specific features were not observed in the mouse models during brain development. Herein, we generated isogenic hiPSCs carrying the gene encoding centrosomal CPAP-E1235V mutant protein using the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing system, and examined the phenotypic features of wild-type and mutant hiPSCs and their derived brain organoids. Our results showed that the CPAP-E1235V mutant perturbed the recruitment of several centriolar proteins involved in centriole elongation, including CEP120, CEP295, CENTROBIN, POC5, and POC1B, onto nascent centrioles, resulting in the production of short centrioles but long cilia. Importantly, our wild-type hiPSC-derived brain organoid recapitulated many cellular events seen in the developing human brain, including neuronal differentiation and cortical spatial lamination. Interestingly, hiPSC-CPAP-E1235V-derived brain organoids induced p53-dependent neuronal cell death, resulting in the production of smaller brain organoids that mimic the microcephaly phenotype. Furthermore, we observed that the CPAP-E1235V mutation altered the spindle orientation of neuronal progenitor cells and induced premature neuronal differentiation. In summary, we have shown that the hiPSC-derived brain organoid coupled with CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology can recapitulate the centrosome/centriole-associated MCPH pathological features. Possible mechanisms for MCPH with centriole/centrosome dysfunction are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Lung An
- Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Kuo
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tang K Tang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jiang J, Hai J, Liu W, Luo Y, Chen K, Xin Y, Pan J, Hu Y, Gao Q, Xiao F, Luo H. Gallic Acid Induces Neural Stem Cell Differentiation into Neurons and Proliferation through the MAPK/ERK Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:12456-12464. [PMID: 34647728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation and proliferation are important biological processes in the cerebral neural network. However, these two abilities of NSCs are limited. Thus, the induction of differentiation and/or proliferation through the administration of plant-derived small-molecule compounds could be used to repair damaged neural networks. The present study reported that gallic acid (GA), an important phenolic acid found in tea, selectively caused NSCs to differentiate into immature neurons and promoted NSC proliferation by activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway. In addition, it was found that 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid was the main active structure exhibiting neurotrophic activity. The substitution of the carboxyl group on the benzene ring with the ester group may promote differentiation based on the structure of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid. Furthermore, the introduction of the 5-hydroxyl group may promote proliferation. The present study identified that GA can promote the differentiation and proliferation of NSCs in vitro and exert pharmacological activity on NSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junxing Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jitao Hai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Weiyi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Keqi Chen
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yirong Xin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Junping Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Reproductive Hospital, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Qin Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Huanmin Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Institute of Brain Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Yunkang School of Medicine and Health, Nanfang University, Guangzhou 510970, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jangid A, Selvarajan S, Ramaswamy R. A stochastic model of homeostasis: The roles of noise and nuclear positioning in deciding cell fate. iScience 2021; 24:103199. [PMID: 34703995 PMCID: PMC8524154 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We study a population-based cellular model that starts from a single stem cell that divides stochastically to give rise to either daughter stem cells or differentiated daughter cells. There are three main components in the model: nucleus position, the underlying gene-regulatory network, and stochastic segregation of transcription factors in the daughter cells. The proportion of self-renewal and differentiated cell lines as a function of the nucleus position which in turn decides the plane of cleavage is studied. Both nuclear position and noise play an important role in determining the stem cell genealogies. We have observed both long and short genealogies in model simulation, and these compare well with experimental results from neuroblast and B-cell division. Symmetric divisions are observed in apical nuclei, while asymmetric division occurs when the nucleus is toward the base. In this model, the number of clones decreases over time, although the average clone size increases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Jangid
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Suriya Selvarajan
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Ram Ramaswamy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Manzanero-Ortiz S, de Torres-Jurado A, Hernández-Rojas R, Carmena A. Pilot RNAi Screen in Drosophila Neural Stem Cell Lineages to Identify Novel Tumor Suppressor Genes Involved in Asymmetric Cell Division. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11332. [PMID: 34768763 PMCID: PMC8582830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A connection between compromised asymmetric cell division (ACD) and tumorigenesis was proven some years ago using Drosophila larval brain neural stem cells, called neuroblasts (NBs), as a model system. Since then, we have learned that compromised ACD does not always promote tumorigenesis, as ACD is an extremely well-regulated process in which redundancy substantially overcomes potential ACD failures. Considering this, we have performed a pilot RNAi screen in Drosophila larval brain NB lineages using RasV12 scribble (scrib) mutant clones as a sensitized genetic background, in which ACD is affected but does not cause tumoral growth. First, as a proof of concept, we have tested known ACD regulators in this sensitized background, such as lethal (2) giant larvae and warts. Although the downregulation of these ACD modulators in NB clones does not induce tumorigenesis, their downregulation along with RasV12 scrib does cause tumor-like overgrowth. Based on these results, we have randomly screened 79 RNAi lines detecting 15 potential novel ACD regulators/tumor suppressor genes. We conclude that RasV12 scrib is a good sensitized genetic background in which to identify tumor suppressor genes involved in NB ACD, whose function could otherwise be masked by the high redundancy of the ACD process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ana Carmena
- Developmental Neurobiology Department, Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550 Sant Joan d’Alacant, Alicante, Spain; (S.M.-O.); (A.d.T.-J.); (R.H.-R.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Deryckere A, Styfhals R, Elagoz AM, Maes GE, Seuntjens E. Identification of neural progenitor cells and their progeny reveals long distance migration in the developing octopus brain. eLife 2021; 10:e69161. [PMID: 34425939 PMCID: PMC8384421 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cephalopods have evolved nervous systems that parallel the complexity of mammalian brains in terms of neuronal numbers and richness in behavioral output. How the cephalopod brain develops has only been described at the morphological level, and it remains unclear where the progenitor cells are located and what molecular factors drive neurogenesis. Using histological techniques, we located dividing cells, neural progenitors and postmitotic neurons in Octopus vulgaris embryos. Our results indicate that an important pool of progenitors, expressing the conserved bHLH transcription factors achaete-scute or neurogenin, is located outside the central brain cords in the lateral lips adjacent to the eyes, suggesting that newly formed neurons migrate into the cords. Lineage-tracing experiments then showed that progenitors, depending on their location in the lateral lips, generate neurons for the different lobes, similar to the squid Doryteuthis pealeii. The finding that octopus newborn neurons migrate over long distances is reminiscent of vertebrate neurogenesis and suggests it might be a fundamental strategy for large brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Deryckere
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Ruth Styfhals
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton DohrnNaplesItaly
| | - Ali Murat Elagoz
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Gregory E Maes
- Center for Human Genetics, Genomics Core, UZ-KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook UniversityTownsvilleAustralia
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Eve Seuntjens
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lin YN, Lee YS, Li SK, Tang TK. Loss of CPAP in developing mouse brain and its functional implication for human primary microcephaly. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs243592. [PMID: 32501282 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.243592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by small brain size with mental retardation. CPAP (also known as CENPJ), a known microcephaly-associated gene, plays a key role in centriole biogenesis. Here, we generated a previously unreported conditional knockout allele in the mouse Cpap gene. Our results showed that conditional Cpap deletion in the central nervous system preferentially induces formation of monopolar spindles in radial glia progenitors (RGPs) at around embryonic day 14.5 and causes robust apoptosis that severely disrupts embryonic brains. Interestingly, microcephalic brains with reduced apoptosis are detected in conditional Cpap gene-deleted mice that lose only one allele of p53 (also known as Trp53), while simultaneous removal of p53 and Cpap rescues RGP death. Furthermore, Cpap deletion leads to cilia loss, RGP mislocalization, junctional integrity disruption, massive heterotopia and severe cerebellar hypoplasia. Together, these findings indicate that complete CPAP loss leads to severe and complex phenotypes in developing mouse brain, and provide new insights into the causes of MCPH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Nan Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Ying-Shan Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Shu-Kuei Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Tang K Tang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Signs of Reduced Basal Progenitor Levels and Cortical Neurogenesis in Human Fetuses with Open Spina Bifida at 11-15 Weeks of Gestation. J Neurosci 2020; 40:1766-1777. [PMID: 31953373 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0192-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Open spina bifida (OSB) is one of the most prevalent congenital malformations of the CNS that often leads to severe disabilities. Previous studies reported the volume and thickness of the neocortex to be altered in children and adolescents diagnosed with OSB. Until now, the onset and the underlying cause of the atypical neocortex organization in OSB patients remain largely unknown. To examine the effects of OSB on fetal neocortex development, we analyzed human fetuses of both sexes diagnosed with OSB between 11 and 15 weeks of gestation by immunofluorescence for established neuronal and neural progenitor marker proteins and compared the results with healthy controls of the same, or very similar, gestational age. Our data indicate that neocortex development in OSB fetuses is altered as early as 11 weeks of gestation. We observed a marked reduction in the radial thickness of the OSB neocortex, which appears to be attributable to a massive decrease in the number of deep- and upper-layer neurons per field, and found a marked reduction in the number of basal progenitors (BPs) per field in the OSB neocortex, consistent with an impairment of cortical neurogenesis underlying the neuronal decrease in OSB fetuses. Moreover, our data suggest that the decrease in BP number in the OSB neocortex may be associated with BPs spending a lesser proportion of their cell cycle in M-phase. Together, our findings expand our understanding of the pathophysiology of OSB and support the need for an early fetal therapy (i.e., in the first trimester of pregnancy).SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Open spina bifida (OSB) is one of the most prevalent congenital malformations of the CNS. This study provides novel data on neocortex development of human OSB fetuses. Our data indicate that neocortex development in OSB fetuses is altered as early as 11 weeks of gestation. We observed a marked reduction in the radial thickness of the OSB neocortex, which appears to be attributable a decrease in the number of deep- and upper-layer neurons per field, and found a marked reduction in the number of basal progenitors per field, indicating that impaired neurogenesis underlies the neuronal decrease in OSB fetuses. Our findings support the need for an early fetal therapy and expand our understanding of the pathophysiology of OSB.
Collapse
|
12
|
Accogli A, Addour-Boudrahem N, Srour M. Neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and axon guidance. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 173:25-42. [PMID: 32958178 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64150-2.00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Development of the central nervous system (CNS) is a complex, dynamic process that involves a precisely orchestrated sequence of genetic, environmental, biochemical, and physical factors from early embryonic stages to postnatal life. Duringthe past decade, great strides have been made to unravel mechanisms underlying human CNS development through the employment of modern genetic techniques and experimental approaches. In this chapter, we review the current knowledge regarding the main developmental processes and signaling mechanisms of (i) neurogenesis, (ii) neuronal migration, and (iii) axon guidance. We discuss mechanisms related to neural stem cells proliferation, migration, terminal translocation of neuronal progenitors, and axon guidance and pathfinding. For each section, we also provide a comprehensive overview of the underlying regulatory processes, including transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and epigenetic factors, and a myriad of signaling pathways that are pivotal to determine the fate of neuronal progenitors and newly formed migrating neurons. We further highlight how impairment of this complex regulating system, such as mutations in its core components, may cause cortical malformation, epilepsy, intellectual disability, and autism in humans. A thorough understanding of normal human CNS development is thus crucial to decipher mechanisms responsible for neurodevelopmental disorders and in turn guide the development of effective and targeted therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Accogli
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Istituto Giannina Gaslini Pediatric Hospital, Genova, Italy; Departments of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal-Child Science, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Myriam Srour
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bustamante FA, Miró MP, VelÁsquez ZD, Molina L, Ehrenfeld P, Rivera FJ, BÁtiz LF. Role of adherens junctions and apical-basal polarity of neural stem/progenitor cells in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders: a novel perspective on congenital Zika syndrome. Transl Res 2019; 210:57-79. [PMID: 30904442 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Radial glial cells (RGCs) are the neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) that give rise to most of neurons and glial cells that constitute the adult central nervous system. A hallmark of RGCs is their polarization along the apical-basal axis. They extend a long basal process that contacts the pial surface and a short apical process to the ventricular surface. Adherens junctions (AJs) are organized as belt-like structures at the most-apical lateral plasma membrane of the apical processes. These junctional complexes anchor RGCs to each other and allow the recruitment of cytoplasmic proteins that act as apical-basal determinants. It has been proposed that disruption of AJs underlies the onset of different neurodevelopmental disorders. In fact, studies performed in different animal models indicate that loss of function of AJs-related proteins in NSPCs can disrupt cell polarity, imbalance proliferation and/or differentiation rates and increase cell death, which, in turn, lead to disruption of the cytoarchitecture of the ventricular zone, protrusion of non-polarized cells into the ventricles, cortical thinning, and ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus, among other neuropathological findings. Recent Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks and the high comorbidity of ZIKV infection with congenital neurodevelopmental defects have led to the World Health Organization to declare a public emergency of international concern. Thus, noteworthy advances have been made in clinical and experimental ZIKV research. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the function of AJs in normal and pathological corticogenesis and focuses on the neuropathological and cellular mechanisms involved in congenital ZIKV syndrome, highlighting the potential role of cell-to-cell junctions between NSPCs in the etiopathogenesis of such syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Bustamante
- Laboratory of Developmental Neuropathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia Chile
| | - MarÍa Paz Miró
- Laboratory of Developmental Neuropathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia Chile
| | - Zahady D VelÁsquez
- Laboratory of Developmental Neuropathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Institute für Parasitologie, Biomedizinisches Forschungszentrum Seltersberg, Justus Liebig Universität, Gießen, Germany
| | - Luis Molina
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Pamela Ehrenfeld
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia Chile; Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Francisco J Rivera
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia Chile; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Luis Federico BÁtiz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia Chile; Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIB), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Barui A, Datta P. Biophysical factors in the regulation of asymmetric division of stem cells. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 94:810-827. [PMID: 30467934 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Barui
- Centre for Healthcare Science and TechnologyIndian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur Howrah West Bengal 711103 India
| | - Pallab Datta
- Centre for Healthcare Science and TechnologyIndian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur Howrah West Bengal 711103 India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Guidolin D, Fede C, Tortorella C. Nerve cells developmental processes and the dynamic role of cytokine signaling. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 77:3-17. [PMID: 30465872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The stunning diversity of neurons and glial cells makes possible the higher functions of the central nervous system (CNS), allowing the organism to sense, interpret and respond appropriately to the external environment. This cellular diversity derives from a single primary progenitor cell type initiating lineage leading to the formation of both differentiated neurons and glial cells. The processes governing the differentiation of the progenitor pool of cells into mature nerve cells will be here briefly reviewed. They involve morphological transformations, specialized modes of cell division, migration, and controlled cell death, and are regulated through cell-cell interactions and cues provided by the extracellular matrix, as well as by humoral factors from the cerebrospinal fluid and the blood system. In this respect, a quite large body of studies have been focused on cytokines, proteins representing the main signaling network that coordinates immune defense and the maintenance of homeostasis. At the same time, they are deeply involved in CNS development as regulatory factors. This dual role in the nervous system appears of particular relevance for CNS pathology, since cytokine dysregulation (occurring as a consequence of maternal infection, exposure to environmental factors or prenatal hypoxia) can profoundly impact on neurodevelopment and likely influence the response of the adult tissue during neuroinflammatory events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, via Gabelli 65, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Caterina Fede
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, via Gabelli 65, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Cinzia Tortorella
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, via Gabelli 65, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sauerland C, Menzies BR, Glatzle M, Seeger J, Renfree MB, Fietz SA. The Basal Radial Glia Occurs in Marsupials and Underlies the Evolution of an Expanded Neocortex in Therian Mammals. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:145-157. [PMID: 29253253 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of mammalian brain evolution is the emergence of the neocortex, which has expanded in all mammalian infraclasses (Eutheria, Marsupialia, Monotremata). In eutherians, neocortical neurons derive from distinct neural stem and progenitor cells (NPCs). However, precise data on the presence and abundance of the NPCs, especially of basal radial glia (bRG), in the neocortex of marsupials are lacking. This study characterized and quantified the NPCs in the developing neocortex of a marsupial, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). Our data demonstrate that its neocortex is characterized by high NPC diversity. Importantly, we show that bRG exist at high relative abundance in the tammar indicating that this cell type is not specific to the eutherian neocortex and that similar mechanisms may underlie the formation of an expanded neocortex in eutherian and marsupial mammals. We also show that bRG are likely to have been present in the therian ancestor, so did not emerge independently in the eutherian and marsupial lineages. Moreover, our data support the concept that changes in multiple parameters contribute to neocortex expansion and demonstrate the importance of bRG and other NPCs for the development and expansion of the mammalian neocortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Sauerland
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Brandon R Menzies
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Megan Glatzle
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Seeger
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marilyn B Renfree
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simone A Fietz
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
PARD3 dysfunction in conjunction with dynamic HIPPO signaling drives cortical enlargement with massive heterotopia. Genes Dev 2018; 32:763-780. [PMID: 29899142 PMCID: PMC6049519 DOI: 10.1101/gad.313171.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Liu et al. investigated the molecular mechanisms regulating the proper organization and orderly mitosis of radial glial progenitors (RGPs), which drive the formation of a laminated mammalian cortex in the correct size. They show that RGP behavior and cortical development are controlled by partitioning-defective 3 (PARD3) in concert with dynamic HIPPO and NOTCH signaling regulation, thus providing new insights into mammalian cortical development. Proper organization and orderly mitosis of radial glial progenitors (RGPs) drive the formation of a laminated mammalian cortex in the correct size. However, the molecular underpinnings of the intricate process remain largely unclear. Here we show that RGP behavior and cortical development are controlled by temporally distinct actions of partitioning-defective 3 (PARD3) in concert with dynamic HIPPO signaling. RGPs lacking PARD3 exhibit developmental stage-dependent abnormal switches in division mode, resulting in an initial overproduction of RGPs located largely outside the ventricular zone at the expense of deep-layer neurons. Ectopically localized RGPs subsequently undergo accelerated and excessive neurogenesis, leading to the formation of an enlarged cortex with massive heterotopia and increased seizure susceptibility. Simultaneous removal of HIPPO pathway effectors Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) suppresses cortical enlargement and heterotopia formation. These results define a dynamic regulatory program of mammalian cortical development and highlight a progenitor origin of megalencephaly with ribbon heterotopia and epilepsy.
Collapse
|
18
|
Symonenko AV, Roshina NV, Krementsova AV, Pasyukova EG. Reduced Neuronal Transcription of Escargot, the Drosophila Gene Encoding a Snail-Type Transcription Factor, Promotes Longevity. Front Genet 2018; 9:151. [PMID: 29760717 PMCID: PMC5936762 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several genes involved in complex neuron specification networks have been shown to control life span. However, information on these genes is scattered, and studies to discover new neuronal genes and gene cascades contributing to life span control are needed, especially because of the recognized role of the nervous system in governing homeostasis, aging, and longevity. Previously, we demonstrated that several genes that encode RNA polymerase II transcription factors and that are involved in the development of the nervous system affect life span in Drosophila melanogaster. Among other genes, escargot (esg) was demonstrated to be causally associated with an increase in the life span of male flies. Here, we present new data on the role of esg in life span control. We show that esg affects the life spans of both mated and unmated males and females to varying degrees. By analyzing the survival and locomotion of the esg mutants, we demonstrate that esg is involved in the control of aging. We show that increased longevity is caused by decreased esg transcription. In particular, we demonstrate that esg knockdown in the nervous system increased life span, directly establishing the involvement of the neuronal esg function in life span control. Our data invite attention to the mechanisms regulating the esg transcription rate, which is changed by insertions of DNA fragments of different sizes downstream of the structural part of the gene, indicating the direction of further research. Our data agree with the previously made suggestion that alterations in gene expression during development might affect adult lifespan, due to epigenetic patterns inherited in cell lineages or predetermined during the development of the structural and functional properties of the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Symonenko
- Laboratory of Genome Variation, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V Roshina
- Laboratory of Genome Variation, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Genetic Basis of Biodiversity, N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna V Krementsova
- Laboratory of Genome Variation, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Kinetics and Mechanisms of Enzymatic and Catalytic Reactions, N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena G Pasyukova
- Laboratory of Genome Variation, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mora N, Oliva C, Fiers M, Ejsmont R, Soldano A, Zhang TT, Yan J, Claeys A, De Geest N, Hassan BA. A Temporal Transcriptional Switch Governs Stem Cell Division, Neuronal Numbers, and Maintenance of Differentiation. Dev Cell 2018; 45:53-66.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
20
|
Vianna P, Gomes JDA, Boquett JA, Fraga LR, Schuch JB, Vianna FSL, Schuler-Faccini L. Zika Virus as a Possible Risk Factor for Autism Spectrum Disorder: Neuroimmunological Aspects. Neuroimmunomodulation 2018; 25:320-327. [PMID: 30630174 DOI: 10.1159/000495660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreak of the Zika virus (ZIKV) and the discovery that perinatal Zika exposure can lead to the Congenital Zika Syndrome has promoted a call for prevention measures. Due to the increased number of babies born with microcephaly, structural brain abnormalities, and neurological alterations in regions affected by ZIKV, investigations were carried out in order to better understand this process. The maternal immune system directly influences the fetal central nervous system, and complications during pregnancy have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a neurodevelopmental disorder commonly manifested in the first years of life, is a disease with multifactorial etiology and is manifested typically by social and communication impairments, as well as stereotyped behaviors. Brain abnormalities, including both anatomically and functionally, can be observed in this disorder, suggesting delays in neuronal maturation and altered brain connectivity. It is known that some viral congenital infections, such as rubella, and cytomegalovirus can interfere with brain development, being associated with brain calcification, microcephaly, and ASD. Here, we reviewed a range of studies evaluating the aspects concerning brain development, immunological status during pregnancy, and neuroimmunomodulation in congenital viral infections, and we discuss if the fetal brain infection caused by ZIKV could predispose to ASD. Finally, we suggest a mechanism encompassing neurological and immunological pathways that could play a role in the development of ASD in infants after ZIKV infection in pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Vianna
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute of Population Medical Genetics (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Julia do Amaral Gomes
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute of Population Medical Genetics (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juliano André Boquett
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute of Population Medical Genetics (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lucas Rosa Fraga
- National Institute of Population Medical Genetics (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Brazilian Teratogen Information Service (SIAT), Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Bohrer Schuch
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Sales Luiz Vianna
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute of Population Medical Genetics (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Brazilian Teratogen Information Service (SIAT), Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lavínia Schuler-Faccini
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil,
- National Institute of Population Medical Genetics (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil,
- Brazilian Teratogen Information Service (SIAT), Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil,
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Johnson CA, Wright CE, Ghashghaei HT. Regulation of cytokinesis during corticogenesis: focus on the midbody. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:4009-4026. [PMID: 28493553 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Development of the cerebral cortices depends on tight regulation of cell divisions. In this system, stem and progenitor cells undergo symmetric and asymmetric divisions to ultimately produce neurons that establish the layers of the cortex. Cell division culminates with the formation of the midbody, a transient organelle that establishes the site of abscission between nascent daughter cells. During cytokinetic abscission, the final stage of cell division, one daughter cell will inherit the midbody remnant, which can then maintain or expel the remnant, but mechanisms and circumstances influencing this decision are unclear. This review describes the midbody and its constituent proteins, as well as the known consequences of their manipulation during cortical development. The potential functional relevance of midbody mechanisms is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Neurosciences Concentration Area, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Catherine E Wright
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - H Troy Ghashghaei
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Neurosciences Concentration Area, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sur A, Magie CR, Seaver EC, Meyer NP. Spatiotemporal regulation of nervous system development in the annelid Capitella teleta. EvoDevo 2017; 8:13. [PMID: 28775832 PMCID: PMC5539756 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-017-0076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND How nervous systems evolved remains an unresolved question. Previous studies in vertebrates and arthropods revealed that homologous genes regulate important neurogenic processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation. However, the mechanisms through which such homologs regulate neurogenesis across different bilaterian clades are variable, making inferences about nervous system evolution difficult. A better understanding of neurogenesis in the third major bilaterian clade, Spiralia, would greatly contribute to our ability to deduce the ancestral mechanism of neurogenesis. RESULTS Using whole-mount in situ hybridization, we examined spatiotemporal gene expression for homologs of soxB, musashi, prospero, achaete-scute, neurogenin, and neuroD in embryos and larvae of the spiralian annelid Capitella teleta, which has a central nervous system (CNS) comprising a brain and ventral nerve cord. For all homologs examined, we found expression in the neuroectoderm and/or CNS during neurogenesis. Furthermore, the onset of expression and localization within the developing neural tissue for each of these genes indicates putative roles in separate phases of neurogenesis, e.g., in neural precursor cells (NPCs) versus in cells that have exited the cell cycle. Ct-soxB1, Ct-soxB, and Ct-ngn are the earliest genes expressed in surface cells in the anterior and ventral neuroectoderm, while Ct-ash1 expression initiates slightly later in surface neuroectoderm. Ct-pros is expressed in single cells in neural and non-neural ectoderm, while Ct-msi and Ct-neuroD are localized to differentiating neural cells in the brain and ventral nerve cord. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the genes investigated in this article are involved in a neurogenic gene regulatory network in C. teleta. We propose that Ct-SoxB1, Ct-SoxB, and Ct-Ngn are involved in maintaining NPCs in a proliferative state. Ct-Pros may function in division of NPCs, Ct-Ash1 may promote cell cycle exit and ingression of NPC daughter cells, and Ct-NeuroD and Ct-Msi may control neuronal differentiation. Our results support the idea of a common genetic toolkit driving neural development whose molecular architecture has been rearranged within and across clades during evolution. Future functional studies should help elucidate the role of these homologs during C. teleta neurogenesis and identify which aspects of bilaterian neurogenesis may have been ancestral or were derived within Spiralia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Sur
- Biology Department, Clark University, 950 Main St., Worcester, MA 01610-1400 USA
| | - Craig R. Magie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Quinnipiac University, 275 Mount Carmel Ave., Hamden, CT 06518-1905 USA
| | - Elaine C. Seaver
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd., St. Augustine, FL 32080-8610 USA
| | - Néva P. Meyer
- Biology Department, Clark University, 950 Main St., Worcester, MA 01610-1400 USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Inscuteable maintains type I neuroblast lineage identity via Numb/Notch signaling in the Drosophila larval brain. J Genet Genomics 2017; 44:151-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
24
|
Gulati A. Endothelin Receptors, Mitochondria and Neurogenesis in Cerebral Ischemia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 14:619-26. [PMID: 26786146 PMCID: PMC4981738 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160119094959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neurogenesis is most active during pre-natal development, however, it persists throughout the human lifespan. The putative role of mitochondria in neurogenesis and angiogenesis is gaining importance. Since, ETB receptor mediated neurogenesis and angiogenesis has been identified, the role of these receptors with relevance to mitochondrial functions is of interest. Methods: In addition to work from our laboratory, we undertook an extensive search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research literature. Specific technical terms such as endothelin, mitochondria and neurogenesis were used to seek out and critically evaluate literature that was relevant. Results: The ET family consists of three isopeptides (ET-1, ET-2 and ET-3) that produce biological actions by acting on two types of receptors (ETA and ETB). In the central nervous system (CNS) ETA receptors are potent constrictors of the cerebral vasculature and appear to contribute in the causation of cerebral ischemia. ETA receptor antagonists have been found to be effective in animal model of cerebral ischemia; however, clinical studies have shown no efficacy. Mitochondrial functions are critically important for several neural development processes such as neurogenesis, axonal and dendritic growth, and synaptic formation. ET appears to impair mitochondrial functions through activation of ETA receptors. On the other hand, blocking ETB receptors has been shown to trigger apoptotic processes by activating intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Mitochondria are important for their role in molecular regulation of neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Stimulation of ETB receptors in the adult ischemic brain has been found to promote angiogenesis and neurogenesis mediated through vascular endothelial growth factor and nerve growth factor. It will be interesting to investigate the effect of ETB receptor stimulation on mitochondrial functions in the CNS following cerebral ischemia. Conclusion: The findings of this review implicate brain ETB receptors in angiogenesis and neurogenesis following cerebral ischemia, it is possible that the positive effect of stimulating ETB receptors in cerebral ischemia may be mediated through mitochondrial functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Gulati
- Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515-1235.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Gulati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li J, Chatzeli L, Panousopoulou E, Tucker AS, Green JBA. Epithelial stratification and placode invagination are separable functions in early morphogenesis of the molar tooth. Development 2016; 143:670-81. [PMID: 26755699 PMCID: PMC4760321 DOI: 10.1242/dev.130187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ectodermal organs, which include teeth, hair follicles, mammary ducts, and glands such as sweat, mucous and sebaceous glands, are initiated in development as placodes, which are epithelial thickenings that invaginate and bud into the underlying mesenchyme. These placodes are stratified into a basal and several suprabasal layers of cells. The mechanisms driving stratification and invagination are poorly understood. Using the mouse molar tooth as a model for ectodermal organ morphogenesis, we show here that vertical, stratifying cell divisions are enriched in the forming placode and that stratification is cell division dependent. Using inhibitor and gain-of-function experiments, we show that FGF signalling is necessary and sufficient for stratification but not invagination as such. We show that, instead, Shh signalling is necessary for, and promotes, invagination once suprabasal tissue is generated. Shh-dependent suprabasal cell shape suggests convergent migration and intercalation, potentially accounting for post-stratification placode invagination to bud stage. We present a model in which FGF generates suprabasal tissue by asymmetric cell division, while Shh triggers cell rearrangement in this tissue to drive invagination all the way to bud formation. Summary: During tooth development in mice, FGF-dependent vertical cell divisions thicken the tooth placode while Shh drives cell rearrangements that cause invagination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Department of Craniofacial Development & Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Lemonia Chatzeli
- Department of Craniofacial Development & Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Eleni Panousopoulou
- Department of Craniofacial Development & Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Abigail S Tucker
- Department of Craniofacial Development & Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jeremy B A Green
- Department of Craniofacial Development & Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Haldipur P, Sivaprakasam I, Periasamy V, Govindan S, Mani S. Asymmetric cell division of granule neuron progenitors in the external granule layer of the mouse cerebellum. Biol Open 2015; 4:865-72. [PMID: 25979710 PMCID: PMC4571082 DOI: 10.1242/bio.009886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The plane of division of granule neuron progenitors (GNPs) was analysed with respect to the pial surface in P0 to P14 cerebellum and the results showed that there was a significant bias towards the plane of cell division being parallel to pial surface across this developmental window. In addition, the distribution of β-Catenin in anaphase cells was analysed, which showed that there was a significant asymmetry in the distribution of β-Catenin in dividing GNPs. Further, inhibition of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signalling had an effect on plane of cell division. Asymmetric distribution of β-Catenin was shown to occur towards the source of a localized extracellular cue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parthiv Haldipur
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon 122050, Haryana, India
| | - Iswariya Sivaprakasam
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Vinod Periasamy
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon 122050, Haryana, India
| | - Subashika Govindan
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Shyamala Mani
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Suzuki T, Sato M. Neurogenesis and neuronal circuit formation in the Drosophila visual center. Dev Growth Differ 2014; 56:491-8. [PMID: 25200311 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila optic lobe is composed of a wide variety of neurons that form laminar structures and columnar units. The fly optic lobe shares structural features with the mammalian brain, and fly genetics allow precise genetic manipulations. Thus, the Drosophila visual center is an excellent model for studying the mechanisms underlying the establishment of a functional neuronal circuit during brain development. However, little is understood about the developmental mechanisms that produce neuronal diversity and establish neuronal circuits in the medulla, the largest component of the optic lobe. Our recent research revealed key features of medulla development, such as birth-order-dependent specification of neuronal types and the subdivision of the medulla primordium into concentric zones, which is characterized by the expression of four transcription factors. Here, we review recent investigations into the development of the medulla and discuss the mechanisms that establish functional neuronal circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Brain/Liver Interface Medicine Research Center, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Spindle orientation processes in epithelial growth and organisation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 34:124-32. [PMID: 24997348 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of orientated cell division (OCD) in two aspects of epithelial growth, namely layer formation and growth in the epithelial plane. Epithelial stratification is invariably associated with fate asymmetric cell divisions. We discuss this through the example of epidermal stratification where cell division plane regulation facilitates concomitant thickening and cell differentiation. Embryonic neuroepithelia are considered as a special case of epithelial stratification. We highlight early ectodermal layer specification, which sets the epidermal versus neuronal fates, as well as later neurogenesis in vertebrates and mammals. We also discuss the heart epicardium as an example of coordinating OCDs with delamination and subsequent differentiation. Epithelial planar growth is examined both in the context of uniform growth, such as in Xenopus epiboly, the Drosophila wing disc and the mammalian intestinal crypt as well as in anisotropic growth, or elongation, such as Drosophila and vertebrate axial elongation and the mouse palate. Coupling between growth perpendicular to and within epithelial planes is recognised, but so are exceptions, as is the often passive role of spindle orientation sometimes hitherto considered to be an active driver of directional growth.
Collapse
|
30
|
Kesavan G, Lieven O, Mamidi A, Öhlin ZL, Johansson JK, Li WC, Lommel S, Greiner TU, Semb H. Cdc42/N-WASP signaling links actin dynamics to pancreatic β cell delamination and differentiation. Development 2014; 141:685-96. [PMID: 24449844 DOI: 10.1242/dev.100297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Delamination plays a pivotal role during normal development and cancer. Previous work has demonstrated that delamination and epithelial cell movement within the plane of an epithelium are associated with a change in cellular phenotype. However, how this positional change is linked to differentiation remains unknown. Using the developing mouse pancreas as a model system, we show that β cell delamination and differentiation are two independent events, which are controlled by Cdc42/N-WASP signaling. Specifically, we show that expression of constitutively active Cdc42 in β cells inhibits β cell delamination and differentiation. These processes are normally associated with junctional actin and cell-cell junction disassembly and the expression of fate-determining transcription factors, such as Isl1 and MafA. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that genetic ablation of N-WASP in β cells expressing constitutively active Cdc42 partially restores both delamination and β cell differentiation. These findings elucidate how junctional actin dynamics via Cdc42/N-WASP signaling cell-autonomously control not only epithelial delamination but also cell differentiation during mammalian organogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Kesavan
- Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, BMC B10 Klinikgatan 26, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hirth F. Stem Cells and Asymmetric Cell Division. Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5690-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
32
|
Neural stem cells in Drosophila: molecular genetic mechanisms underlying normal neural proliferation and abnormal brain tumor formation. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:486169. [PMID: 22737173 PMCID: PMC3377361 DOI: 10.1155/2012/486169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells in Drosophila are currently one of the best model systems for understanding stem cell biology during normal development and during abnormal development of stem cell-derived brain tumors. In Drosophila brain development, the proliferative activity of neural stem cells called neuroblasts gives rise to both the optic lobe and the central brain ganglia, and asymmetric cell divisions are key features of this proliferation. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the asymmetric cell divisions by which these neuroblasts self-renew and generate lineages of differentiating progeny have been studied extensively and involve two major protein complexes, the apical complex which maintains polarity and controls spindle orientation and the basal complex which is comprised of cell fate determinants and their adaptors that are segregated into the differentiating daughter cells during mitosis. Recent molecular genetic work has established Drosophila neuroblasts as a model for neural stem cell-derived tumors in which perturbation of key molecular mechanisms that control neuroblast proliferation and the asymmetric segregation of cell fate determinants lead to brain tumor formation. Identification of novel candidate genes that control neuroblast self-renewal and differentiation as well as functional analysis of these genes in normal and tumorigenic conditions in a tissue-specific manner is now possible through genome-wide transgenic RNAi screens. These cellular and molecular findings in Drosophila are likely to provide valuable genetic links for analyzing mammalian neural stem cells and tumor biology.
Collapse
|
33
|
Interplay of polarity proteins and GTPases in T-lymphocyte function. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:417485. [PMID: 22461835 PMCID: PMC3296228 DOI: 10.1155/2012/417485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Polarity refers to the asymmetric distribution of different cellular components within a cell and is central to many cell functions. In T-cells, polarity regulates the activation, migration, and effector function of cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) during an immune response. The regulation of asymmetric cell division by polarity proteins may also dictate CTL effector and memory differentiation following antigen presentation. Small GTPases, along with their associated polarity and adaptor proteins, are critical for mediating the polarity changes necessary for T-cell activation and function, and in turn, are regulated by guanine exchange factors (GEFS) and GTPase activating proteins (GAPS). For example, a novel GEF, dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) was recently identified as a regulator of immune cell function and mutations in DOCK8 have been detected in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency. Both B and T-cells from DOCK8 mutant mice form defective immunological synapses and have abnormal functions, in addition to impaired immune memory development. This paper will discuss the interplay between polarity proteins and GTPases, and their role in T-cell function.
Collapse
|
34
|
Carmena A, Makarova A, Speicher S. The Rap1-Rgl-Ral signaling network regulates neuroblast cortical polarity and spindle orientation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 195:553-62. [PMID: 22084305 PMCID: PMC3257524 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201108112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Rap1–Rgl–Ral signaling network modulates asymmetric Drosophila neuroblast division in cooperation with other intrinsic polarity cues. A crucial first step in asymmetric cell division is to establish an axis of cell polarity along which the mitotic spindle aligns. Drosophila melanogaster neural stem cells, called neuroblasts (NBs), divide asymmetrically through intrinsic polarity cues, which regulate spindle orientation and cortical polarity. In this paper, we show that the Ras-like small guanosine triphosphatase Rap1 signals through the Ral guanine nucleotide exchange factor Rgl and the PDZ protein Canoe (Cno; AF-6/Afadin in vertebrates) to modulate the NB division axis and its apicobasal cortical polarity. Rap1 is slightly enriched at the apical pole of metaphase/anaphase NBs and was found in a complex with atypical protein kinase C and Par6 in vivo. Loss of function and gain of function of Rap1, Rgl, and Ral proteins disrupt the mitotic axis orientation, the localization of Cno and Mushroom body defect, and the localization of cell fate determinants. We propose that the Rap1–Rgl–Ral signaling network is a novel mechanism that cooperates with other intrinsic polarity cues to modulate asymmetric NB division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carmena
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550 Alicante, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Roll L, Mittmann T, Eysel UT, Faissner A. The laser lesion of the mouse visual cortex as a model to study neural extracellular matrix remodeling during degeneration, regeneration and plasticity of the CNS. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:133-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1313-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
36
|
Wilsch-Bräuninger M, Peters J, Paridaen JTML, Huttner WB. Basolateral rather than apical primary cilia on neuroepithelial cells committed to delamination. Development 2012; 139:95-105. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.069294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Delamination of neural progenitors from the apical adherens junction belt of the neuroepithelium is a hallmark of cerebral cortex development and evolution. Specific cell biological processes preceding this delamination are largely unknown. Here, we identify a novel, pre-delamination state of neuroepithelial cells in mouse embryonic neocortex. Specifically, in a subpopulation of neuroepithelial cells that, like all others, exhibit apical-basal polarity and apical adherens junctions, the re-establishing of the primary cilium after mitosis occurs at the basolateral rather than the apical plasma membrane. Neuroepithelial cells carrying basolateral primary cilia appear at the onset of cortical neurogenesis, increase in abundance with its progression, selectively express the basal (intermediate) progenitor marker Tbr2, and eventually delaminate from the apical adherens junction belt to become basal progenitors, translocating their nucleus from the ventricular to the subventricular zone. Overexpression of insulinoma-associated 1, a transcription factor known to promote the generation of basal progenitors, increases the proportion of basolateral cilia. Basolateral cilia in cells delaminating from the apical adherens junction belt are preferentially found near spot-like adherens junctions, suggesting that the latter provide positional cues to basolateral ciliogenesis. We conclude that re-establishing a basolateral primary cilium constitutes the first known cell biological feature preceding neural progenitor delamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Wilsch-Bräuninger
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauer Strasse 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jula Peters
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauer Strasse 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Judith T. M. L. Paridaen
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauer Strasse 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wieland B. Huttner
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauer Strasse 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Guerrero-Cazares H, Attenello FJ, Noiman L, Quiñones-Hinojosa A. Stem cells in gliomas. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 104:63-73. [PMID: 22230436 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52138-5.00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Guerrero-Cazares
- Department of Neurosurgery, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Doll CA, Burkart JT, Hope KD, Halpern ME, Gamse JT. Subnuclear development of the zebrafish habenular nuclei requires ER translocon function. Dev Biol 2011; 360:44-57. [PMID: 21945073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal habenular nuclei (Dh) of the zebrafish are characterized by significant left-right differences in gene expression, anatomy, and connectivity. Notably, the lateral subnucleus of the Dh (LsDh) is larger on the left side of the brain than on the right, while the medial subnucleus (MsDh) is larger on the right compared to the left. A screen for mutations that affect habenular laterality led to the identification of the sec61a-like 1(sec61al1) gene. In sec61al1(c163) mutants, more neurons in the LsDh and fewer in the MsDh develop on both sides of the brain. Generation of neurons in the LsDh occurs more rapidly and continues for a longer time period in mutants than in WT. Expression of Nodal pathway genes on the left side of the embryos is unaffected in mutants, as is the left sided placement of the parapineal organ, which promotes neurogenesis in the LsDh of WT embryos. Ultrastructural analysis of the epithalamus indicates that ventricular precursor cells, which form an epithelium in WT embryos, lose apical-basal polarity in sec61al1(c163) mutants. Our results show that in the absence of sec61al1, an excess of precursor cells for the LsDh exit the ventricular region and differentiate, resulting in formation of bilaterally symmetric habenular nuclei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caleb A Doll
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bukharina TA, Furman DP. Asymmetric cell division in the morphogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster macrochaetae. Russ J Dev Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360411010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
40
|
Reichert H. Drosophila neural stem cells: cell cycle control of self-renewal, differentiation, and termination in brain development. Results Probl Cell Differ 2011; 53:529-546. [PMID: 21630158 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-19065-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The wealth of neurons that make up the brain are generated through the proliferative activity of neural stem cells during development. This neurogenesis activity involves complex cell cycle control of proliferative self-renewal, differentiation, and termination processes in these cells. Considerable progress has been made in understanding these processes in the neural stem cell-like neuroblasts which generate the brain in the genetic model system Drosophila. Neuroblasts in the developing fly brain generate neurons through repeated series of asymmetrical cell divisions, which balance self-renewal of the neuroblast with generation of differentiated progeny through the segregation of cell fate determinants such as Numb, Prospero, and Brat to the neural progeny. A number of classical cell cycle regulators such as cdc2/CDK1, Polo, Aurora A, and cyclin E are implicated in the control of asymmetric divisions in neuroblasts linking the cell cycle to the asymmetrical division machinery. The cellular and molecular identity of the postmitotic neurons produced by proliferating neuroblasts is influenced by the timing of their exit from the cell cycle through the action of a temporal expression series of transcription factors, which include Hunchback, Kruppel, Pdm, and Castor. This temporal series is also implicated in the control of termination of neuroblast proliferation which is effected by two different cell cycle exit strategies, terminal differentiative division or programmed cell death of the neuroblast. Defects in the asymmetric division machinery which interfere with the termination of proliferation can result in uncontrolled tumorigenic overgrowth. These findings in Drosophila brain development are likely to have general relevance in neural stem cell biology and may apply to cell cycle control in mammalian brain development as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Reichert
- University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hirth F. Stem Cells and Asymmetric Cell Division. Regen Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9075-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
42
|
Gonzalez-Cano L, Herreros-Villanueva M, Fernandez-Alonso R, Ayuso-Sacido A, Meyer G, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Silva A, Marques MM, Marin MC. p73 deficiency results in impaired self renewal and premature neuronal differentiation of mouse neural progenitors independently of p53. Cell Death Dis 2010; 1:e109. [PMID: 21368881 PMCID: PMC3032295 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2010.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The question of how neural progenitor cells maintain its self-renewal throughout life is a fundamental problem in cell biology with implications in cancer, aging and neurodegenerative diseases. In this work, we have analyzed the p73 function in embryonic neural progenitor cell biology using the neurosphere (NS)-assay and showed that p73-loss has a significant role in the maintenance of neurosphere-forming cells in the embryonic brain. A comparative study of NS from Trp73−/−, p53KO, p53KO;Trp73−/− and their wild-type counterparts demonstrated that p73 deficiency results in two independent, but related, phenotypes: a smaller NS size (related to the proliferation and survival of the neural-progenitors) and a decreased capacity to form NS (self-renewal). The former seems to be the result of p53 compensatory activity, whereas the latter is p53 independent. We also demonstrate that p73 deficiency increases the population of neuronal progenitors ready to differentiate into neurons at the expense of depleting the pool of undifferentiated neurosphere-forming cells. Analysis of the neurogenic niches demonstrated that p73-loss depletes the number of neural-progenitor cells, rendering deficient niches in the adult mice. Altogether, our study identifies TP73 as a positive regulator of self-renewal with a role in the maintenance of the neurogenic capacity. Thus, proposing p73 as an important player in the development of neurodegenerative diseases and a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Gonzalez-Cano
- Instituto de Biomedicina, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Leon Campus de Vegazana, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tabler JM, Yamanaka H, Green JBA. PAR-1 promotes primary neurogenesis and asymmetric cell divisions via control of spindle orientation. Development 2010; 137:2501-5. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.049833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In both invertebrate and vertebrate embryonic central nervous systems, deep cells differentiate while superficial (ventricular) epithelial cells remain in a proliferative, stem cell state. The conserved polarity protein PAR-1, which is basolaterally localised in epithelia, promotes and is required for differentiating deep layer cell types, including ciliated cells and neurons. It has recently been shown that atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), which is apically enriched, inhibits neurogenesis and acts as a nuclear determinant, raising the question of how PAR-1 antagonises aPKC activity to promote neurogenesis. Here we show that PAR-1 stimulates the generation of deep cell progeny from the superficial epithelium of the neural plate and that these deep cells have a corresponding (i.e. deep cell) neuronal phenotype. We further show that gain- and loss-of-function of PAR-1 increase and decrease, respectively, the proportion of epithelial mitotic spindles with a vertical orientation, thereby respectively increasing and decreasing the number of cleavages that generate deep daughter cells. PAR-1 is therefore a crucial regulator of the balance between symmetric (two superficial daughters) and asymmetric (one superficial and one deep daughter) cell divisions. Vertebrate PAR-1 thus antagonises the anti-neurogenic influence of apical aPKC by physically partitioning cells away from it in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M. Tabler
- King's College London, Department of Craniofacial Development, Floor 27, Guy's Tower, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Hiroaki Yamanaka
- King's College London, Department of Craniofacial Development, Floor 27, Guy's Tower, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jeremy B. A. Green
- King's College London, Department of Craniofacial Development, Floor 27, Guy's Tower, London SE1 9RT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Corbeil D, Marzesco AM, Wilsch-Bräuninger M, Huttner WB. The intriguing links between prominin-1 (CD133), cholesterol-based membrane microdomains, remodeling of apical plasma membrane protrusions, extracellular membrane particles, and (neuro)epithelial cell differentiation. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:1659-64. [PMID: 20122930 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prominin-1 (CD133) is a cholesterol-interacting pentaspan membrane protein concentrated in plasma membrane protrusions. In epithelial cells, notably neuroepithelial stem cells, prominin-1 is found in microvilli, the primary cilium and the midbody. These three types of apical membrane protrusions are subject to remodeling during (neuro)epithelial cell differentiation. The protrusion-specific localization of prominin involves its association with a distinct cholesterol-based membrane microdomain. Moreover, the three prominin-1-containing plasma membrane protrusions are the origin of at least two major subpopulations of prominin-1-containing extracellular membrane particles. Intriguingly, the release of these particles has been implicated in (neuro)epithelial cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Corbeil
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Structural and Functional Analysis of Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans in the Neural Stem Cell Niche. Methods Enzymol 2010; 479:37-71. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(10)79003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
46
|
Albertson R, Casper-Lindley C, Cao J, Tram U, Sullivan W. Symmetric and asymmetric mitotic segregation patterns influence Wolbachia distribution in host somatic tissue. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:4570-83. [PMID: 19934219 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.054981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia are maternally inherited bacterial endosymbionts that occupy many but not all tissues of adult insects. During the initial mitotic divisions in Drosophila embryogenesis, Wolbachia exhibit a symmetric pattern of segregation. Wolbachia undergo microtubule-dependent and cell-cycle-regulated movement between centrosomes. Symmetric segregation occurs during late anaphase when Wolbachia cluster around duplicated and separating centrosomes. This centrosome association is microtubule-dependent and promotes an even Wolbachia distribution throughout the host embryo. By contrast, during the later embryonic and larval neuroblast divisions, Wolbachia segregate asymmetrically with the apical self-renewing neuroblast. During these polarized asymmetric neuroblast divisions, Wolbachia colocalize with the apical centrosome and apically localized Par complex. This localization depends on microtubules, but not the cortical actin-based cytoskeleton. We also found that Wolbachia concentrate in specific regions of the adult brain, which might be a direct consequence of the asymmetric Wolbachia segregation in the earlier neuroblast divisions. Finally, we demonstrate that the fidelity of asymmetric segregation to the self-renewing neuroblast is lower in the virulent Popcorn strain of Wolbachia.
Collapse
|
47
|
Ahlstrom JD, Erickson CA. The neural crest epithelial-mesenchymal transition in 4D: a 'tail' of multiple non-obligatory cellular mechanisms. Development 2009; 136:1801-12. [PMID: 19429784 DOI: 10.1242/dev.034785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the process whereby epithelial cells become mesenchymal cells, and is typified by the generation of neural crest cells from the neuroepithelium of the dorsal neural tube. To investigate the neural crest EMT, we performed live cell confocal time-lapse imaging to determine the sequence of cellular events and the role of cell division in the EMT. It was observed that in most EMTs, the apical cell tail is retracted cleanly from the lumen of the neuroepithelium, followed by movement of the cell body out of the neural tube. However, exceptions to this sequence include the rupture of the neural crest cell tail during retraction (junctional complexes not completely downregulated), or translocation of the cell body away from the apical surface while morphologically rounded up in M phase (no cell tail retraction event). We also noted that cell tail retraction can occur either before or after the redistribution of apical-basolateral epithelial polarity markers. Surprisingly, we discovered that when an EMT was preceded by a mitotic event, the plane of cytokinesis does not predict neural crest cell fate. Moreover, when daughter cells are separated from the adherens junctions by a parallel mitotic cleavage furrow, most re-establish contact with the apical surface. The diversity of cellular mechanisms by which neural crest cells can separate from the neural tube suggests that the EMT program is a complex network of non-linear mechanisms that can occur in multiple orders and combinations to allow neural crest cells to escape from the neuroepithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon D Ahlstrom
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ossipova O, Ezan J, Sokol SY. PAR-1 phosphorylates Mind bomb to promote vertebrate neurogenesis. Dev Cell 2009; 17:222-33. [PMID: 19686683 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 04/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Generation of neurons in the vertebrate central nervous system requires a complex transcriptional regulatory network and signaling processes in polarized neuroepithelial progenitor cells. Here we demonstrate that neurogenesis in the Xenopus neural plate in vivo and mammalian neural progenitors in vitro involves intrinsic antagonistic activities of the polarity proteins PAR-1 and aPKC. Furthermore, we show that Mind bomb (Mib), a ubiquitin ligase that promotes Notch ligand trafficking and activity, is a crucial molecular substrate for PAR-1. The phosphorylation of Mib by PAR-1 results in Mib degradation, repression of Notch signaling, and stimulation of neuronal differentiation. These observations suggest a conserved mechanism for neuronal fate determination that might operate during asymmetric divisions of polarized neural progenitor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ossipova
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Bultje RS, Castaneda-Castellanos DR, Jan LY, Jan YN, Kriegstein AR, Shi SH. Mammalian Par3 regulates progenitor cell asymmetric division via notch signaling in the developing neocortex. Neuron 2009; 63:189-202. [PMID: 19640478 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division of radial glial progenitors produces neurons while allowing self-renewal; however, little is known about the mechanism that generates asymmetry in daughter cell fate specification. Here, we found that mammalian partition defective protein 3 (mPar3), a key cell polarity determinant, exhibits dynamic distribution in radial glial progenitors. While it is enriched at the lateral membrane domain in the ventricular endfeet during interphase, mPar3 becomes dispersed and shows asymmetric localization as cell cycle progresses. Either removal or ectopic expression of mPar3 prevents radial glial progenitors from dividing asymmetrically yet generates different outcomes in daughter cell fate specification. Furthermore, the expression level of mPar3 affects Notch signaling, and manipulations of Notch signaling or Numb expression suppress mPar3 regulation of radial glial cell division and daughter cell fate specification. These results reveal a critical molecular pathway underlying asymmetric cell division of radial glial progenitors in the mammalian neocortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald S Bultje
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kim S, Gailite I, Moussian B, Luschnig S, Goette M, Fricke K, Honemann-Capito M, Grubmüller H, Wodarz A. Kinase-activity-independent functions of atypical protein kinase C in Drosophila. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:3759-71. [PMID: 19789180 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.052514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarity of many cell types is controlled by a protein complex consisting of Bazooka/PAR-3 (Baz), PAR-6 and atypical protein kinase C (aPKC). In Drosophila, the Baz-PAR-6-aPKC complex is required for the control of cell polarity in the follicular epithelium, in ectodermal epithelia and neuroblasts. aPKC is the main signaling component of this complex that functions by phosphorylating downstream targets, while the PDZ domain proteins Baz and PAR-6 control the subcellular localization and kinase activity of aPKC. We compared the mutant phenotypes of an aPKC null allele with those of four novel aPKC alleles harboring point mutations that abolish the kinase activity or the binding of aPKC to PAR-6. We show that these point alleles retain full functionality in the control of follicle cell polarity, but produce strong loss-of-function phenotypes in embryonic epithelia and neuroblasts. Our data, combined with molecular dynamics simulations, show that the kinase activity of aPKC and its ability to bind PAR-6 are only required for a subset of its functions during development, revealing tissue-specific differences in the way that aPKC controls cell polarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soya Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, DFG Research Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|