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Venancio Brochi JC, Pereira LM, Yatsuda AP. Extracellular H 2O 2, peroxiredoxin, and glutathione reductase alter Neospora caninum invasion and proliferation in Vero cells. Exp Parasitol 2022; 242:108381. [PMID: 36122700 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is a protozoan member of the Apicomplexa phylum and is closely connected with abortion in cattle. The development of the parasite in host cells is characterized by the active secretion of proteins, allied to the tight control of the redox status. In this sense, elucidating the mechanisms related to the role of the redox agents and enzymes during the invasion and proliferation of N. caninum may contribute to developing novel forms of neosporosis control. In this study we verified the effects of the recombinant forms of N. caninum glutathione reductase (rNcGR) and thioredoxin-dependent peroxide reductase (rNcPrx), as well as H2O2 in the tachyzoite invasion and proliferation. rNcPrx interfered in the N. caninum invasion in a redox state manner. Oxidized rNcPrx inhibited the N. caninum invasion and proliferation with no toxic effects observed in Vero cells. In contrast, lower concentrations of H2O2 (10 μM) stimulated the N. caninum invasion, which was reverted in higher doses (>100 μM). H2O2 inhibited the parasite proliferation in lower concentrations than cytotoxicity in host cells, resulting in a positive selectivity index (1.8). Besides, rNcPrx (reduced and non-reduced) and rNcGR inhibited the parasite proliferation without affecting the host cell. Our results indicate the connection between the N. caninum development and the redox state, contributing to the elucidation of parasite propagation and control mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Cabestre Venancio Brochi
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av do Café, sn/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Miguel Pereira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av do Café, sn/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Patrícia Yatsuda
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av do Café, sn/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Pereira LM, Audrey de Paula J, Baroni L, Bezerra MA, Abreu-Filho PG, Yatsuda AP. Molecular characterization of NCLIV_011700 of Neospora caninum, a low sequence identity rhoptry protein. Exp Parasitol 2022; 238:108268. [PMID: 35513005 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular parasite related to abortion in cattle, goats and sheep. The life cycle of N. caninum is characterized by the time-coordinated secretion of proteins contained in micronemes, rhoptries and dense granules, allowing the active invasion and the adaptation of the parasite in the cell environment. Thus, the proteins of the secretome have the potential to be considered as targets for N. caninum control. Despite the importance of neosporosis in the livestock-related economy, no commercial treatment is available. Furthermore, the process of invasion, propagation and immune evasion are not completely elucidated. In this study, we initiated the characterization of NCLIV_011700 of N. caninum, a protein with low sequence identity to NcROP15 or TgROP15 (<15%). Our goal was the detection and molecular characterization of the NCLIV_011700, once homology (with low identity >20%) was observed within the Apicomplexa. The NCLIV_011700 sequence was aligned and compared to the closer apicomplexan homologues (ROP15 from N. caninum, T. gondii, Hammondia hammondi, Cystospores suis), including the predicted domains. In general, the NCLIV_011700 demonstrated low identity with ROP15 of apicomplexan (<20%) and had a ubiquitin domain. On the other side, the NCLIV_011700 homologues were composed of a non-cytoplasmic domain, suggesting different functions between NcROP15 (or homologues) and NCLIV_011700 during the parasite life cycle. Moreover, the NCLIV_011700 was amplified by PCR, ligated to a pET28a plasmid and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant form of NCLIV_011700 was purified in a nickel-Sepharose resin and applied for polyclonal antibody production in mice. The antiserum against NCLIV_011700 (anti-r NCLIV_011700) was used to localize the native form of the protein using Western blot and confocal microscopy. Also, the NCLIV_011700 antiserum partially inhibited the parasite adhesion/invasion process, indicating an active role of the protein in the N. caninum cycle. Thus, the initial NCLIV_011700 characterization will contribute to enlarging the comprehension of N. caninum, aiming at the future development of tools to control the parasite infection/propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Miguel Pereira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av do Café, sn/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia Audrey de Paula
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av do Café, sn/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Baroni
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av do Café, sn/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Alexandre Bezerra
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av do Café, sn/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Péricles Gama Abreu-Filho
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av do Café, sn/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Patrícia Yatsuda
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av do Café, sn/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Efficient Gene Knockout and Knockdown Systems in Neospora caninum Enable Rapid Discovery and Functional Assessment of Novel Proteins. mSphere 2022; 7:e0089621. [PMID: 35019667 PMCID: PMC8754167 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00896-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of molecular genetics has greatly enhanced the study of the biology and pathology associated with parasites of the phylum Apicomplexa. While the molecular tools are highly developed for the apicomplexan Toxoplasma gondii, the closely related parasite Neospora caninum lacks efficient tools for genetic manipulation. To enable efficient homologous recombination in N. caninum, we targeted the Ku heterodimer DNA repair mechanism in the genomic reference strain, Nc-Liverpool (NcLiv), and show that deletion of Ku80 results in a destabilization and loss of its partner Ku70. Disruption of Ku80 generated parasites in which genes are efficiently epitope tagged and only short homology regions are required for gene knockouts. We used this improved strain to target novel nonessential genes encoding dense granule proteins that are unique to N. caninum or conserved in T. gondii. To expand the utility of this strain for essential genes, we developed the auxin-inducible degron system for N. caninum using parasite-specific promoters. As a proof of concept, we knocked down a novel nuclear factor in both N. caninum and T. gondii and showed that it is essential for survival of both parasites. Together, these efficient knockout and knockdown technologies will enable the field to unravel specific gene functions in N. caninum, which is likely to aid in the identification of targets responsible for the phenotypic differences observed between these two closely related apicomplexan parasites. IMPORTANCENeospora caninum is a parasite with veterinary relevance, inducing severe disease in dogs and reproductive disorders in ruminants, especially cattle, leading to major losses. The close phylogenetic relationship to Toxoplasma gondii and the lack of pathogenicity in humans drives an interest of the scientific community toward using N. caninum as a model to study the pathogenicity of T. gondii. To enable this comparison, it is important to develop efficient molecular tools for N. caninum, to gain accuracy and save time in genetic manipulation protocols. Here, we have developed base strains and protocols using the genomic reference strain of N. caninum to enable efficient knockout and knockdown assays in this model. We demonstrate that these tools are effective in targeting known and previously unexplored genes. Thus, these tools will greatly improve the study of this protozoan, as well as enhance its ability to serve as a model to understand other apicomplexan parasites.
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Pereira LM, de Luca G, Abichabki NDLM, Brochi JCV, Baroni L, Abreu-Filho PG, Yatsuda AP. Atovaquone, chloroquine, primaquine, quinine and tetracycline: antiproliferative effects of relevant antimalarials on Neospora caninum. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2021; 30:e022120. [PMID: 33787719 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612021006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite that causes abortion in cattle, resulting in significant economic losses. There is no commercial treatment for neosporosis, and drug repositioning is a fast strategy to test possible candidates against N. caninum. In this article, we describe the effects of atovaquone, chloroquine, quinine, primaquine and tetracycline on N. caninum proliferation. The IC50 concentrations in N. caninum were compared to the current information based on previous studies for Plasmodium and Toxoplasma gondii, correlating to the described mechanisms of action of each tested drug. The inhibitory patterns indicate similarities and differences among N. caninum, Plasmodium and T. gondii. For example, atovaquone demonstrates high antiparasitic activity in all the analyzed models, while chloroquine does not inhibit N. caninum. On the other hand, tetracycline is effective against Plasmodium and N. caninum, despite its low activity in T. gondii models. The repurposing of antimalarial drugs in N. caninum is a fast and inexpensive way to develop novel formulations using well-established compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Miguel Pereira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Gabriela de Luca
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Nathália de Lima Martins Abichabki
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Jade Cabestre Venancio Brochi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Luciana Baroni
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Péricles Gama Abreu-Filho
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Ana Patrícia Yatsuda
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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Pereira LM, Mota CM, Baroni L, Bronzon da Costa CM, Brochi JCV, Wainwright M, Mineo TWP, Braga GÚL, Yatsuda AP. Inhibitory action of phenothiazinium dyes against Neospora caninum. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7483. [PMID: 32366934 PMCID: PMC7198568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an Apicomplexan parasite related to important losses in livestock, causing abortions and decreased fertility in affected cows. Several chemotherapeutic strategies have been developed for disease control; however, no commercial treatment is available. Among the candidate drugs against neosporosis, phenothiazinium dyes, offer a low cost-efficient approach to parasite control. We report the anti-parasitic effects of the phenothiaziums Methylene Blue (MB), New Methylene Blue (NMB), 1,9–Dimethyl Methylene Blue (DMMB) and Toluidine Blue O (TBO) on N. caninum, using in vitro and in vivo models. The dyes inhibited parasite proliferation at nanomolar concentrations (0.019–1.83 μM) and a synergistic effect was achieved when Methylene Blue was combined with New Methylene Blue (Combination Index = 0.84). Moreover, the phenothiazinium dyes improved parasite clearance when combined with Pyrimethamine (Pyr). Combination of Methylene Blue + 1,9–Dimethyl Methylene Blue demonstrated superior efficacy compared to Pyrimethamine based counterparts in an in vivo model of infection. We also observed that Methylene Blue, New Methylene Blue and 1,9–Dimethyl Methylene Blue increased by 5000% the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in N. caninum tachyzoites. Phenothiazinium dyes represent an accessible group of candidates with the potential to compound future formulations for neosporosis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Miguel Pereira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av do Café, sn/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline Martins Mota
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Luciana Baroni
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av do Café, sn/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Cássia Mariana Bronzon da Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av do Café, sn/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jade Cabestre Venancio Brochi
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av do Café, sn/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Mark Wainwright
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - Tiago Wilson Patriarca Mineo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Úbida Leite Braga
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av do Café, sn/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Patrícia Yatsuda
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av do Café, sn/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. .,Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Arranz-Solís D, Regidor-Cerrillo J, Lourido S, Ortega-Mora LM, Saeij JPJ. Toxoplasma CRISPR/Cas9 constructs are functional for gene disruption in Neospora caninum. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:597-600. [PMID: 29625127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Herein we describe, to our knowledge for the first time the use of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated gene 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system for genome editing of Neospora caninum, an apicomplexan parasite considered one of the main causes of abortion in cattle worldwide. By using plasmids containing the CRISPR/Cas9 components adapted to the closely related parasite Toxoplasma gondii, we successfully knocked out a green fluorescent protein (GFP) in an Nc-1 GFP-expressing strain, and efficiently disrupted the NcGRA7 gene in the Nc-Spain7 isolate by insertion of a pyrimethamine resistance cassette. The successful use of this technology in N. caninum lays the foundation for an efficient, targeted gene modification tool in this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Arranz-Solís
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - Javier Regidor-Cerrillo
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sebastian Lourido
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jeroen P J Saeij
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis 95616, CA, USA.
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Pereira LM, de Luca G, Abichabki NDLM, Bronzon da Costa CM, Yatsuda AP. Synergic in vitro combinations of artemisinin, pyrimethamine and methylene blue against Neospora caninum. Vet Parasitol 2017; 249:92-97. [PMID: 29279093 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is a member of Apicomplexa phylum, the causative agent of neosporosis. The neosporosis combat is not well established and several strategies related to vaccine, chemotherapy and immune modulation are under development. In this work, we evaluated the effects of artemisinin (Art), methylene blue (MB) and pyrimethamine (Pyr) alone or associated, on N. caninum proliferation and elimination using LacZ tagged tachyzoites. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) production after incubation with Art were also performed. Our results indicate that combinations of classical antimalarial drugs improve the parasite control, allowing the use of three drugs in a single dose. Additionally, artemisinin demonstrated distinct ROS production patterns in intra and extracellular N. caninum forms. The drug repurposing appears as a suitable approach, allowing a fast and safe method to evaluate old drugs but novel candidates against neosporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Miguel Pereira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av do Café, sn/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela de Luca
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av do Café, sn/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathália de Lima Martins Abichabki
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av do Café, sn/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Cássia Mariana Bronzon da Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av do Café, sn/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Patrícia Yatsuda
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av do Café, sn/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Abstract
The development of molecular genetics has greatly enhanced the study of the biology and pathology associated with parasites of the phylum Apicomplexa. We have established a system specifically designed for Neospora caninum, and used this system as a heterologous platform for the expression of foreign genes. Plasmid constructs containing fluorescent proteins or targeted genes of Toxoplasma gondii, driven by N. caninum promoters, have yielded robust expression and correct trafficking of target gene products as assessed by immunofluorescence assays and Western blot analyses. Using this approach, we here demonstrated that N. caninum expressing T. gondii’s GRA15 and ROP16 kinase are biologically active and induced immunological phenotypes consistent with T. gondii strains. N. caninum expressing TgGRA15 differentially disturbed the NF-κB pathway, inducing an increased IL-12 production. On the other hand, N. caninum expressing TgROP16 induced host STAT3 phosphorylation and consequent reduction of IL-12 synthesis. These results indicate that heterologous gene expression in N. caninum is a useful tool for the study of specific gene functions and may allow the identification of antigenic targets responsible for the phenotypic differences observed between these two closely related apicomplexan parasites. Additionally, these observations may prove to be useful for the development of vaccine protocols to control toxoplasmosis and/or neosporosis.
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Evaluation of methylene blue, pyrimethamine and its combination on an in vitro Neospora caninum model. Parasitology 2017; 144:827-833. [PMID: 28073383 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016002584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite strongly related to reproductive problems in cattle. The neosporosis control is not well established and several fronts are under development, predominantly based on immune protection, immunomodulation and chemotherapy. The use of anti-malarial drugs as therapeutic sources has, in theory, considerable potential for any apicomplexan. Drugs such as methylene blue (MB) and pyrimethamine (Pyr) represent therapeutic options for malaria; thus, their use for neosporosis should be assessed. In this work, we tested the effects of MB and Pyr on N. caninum proliferation and clearance, using LacZ-tagged tachyzoites. The drugs inhibited at nanomolar dosages and its combination demonstrated an antagonistic interaction in proliferation assays, according to the Chou and Talalay method for drug combination index. However, the drug combination significantly improved the parasite in vitro clearance. The repositioning of well-established drugs opens a short-term strategy to obtain low-cost therapeutics approaches against neosporosis.
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Tang X, Liu X, Tao G, Qin M, Yin G, Suo J, Suo X. "Self-cleaving" 2A peptide from porcine teschovirus-1 mediates cleavage of dual fluorescent proteins in transgenic Eimeria tenella. Vet Res 2016; 47:68. [PMID: 27352927 PMCID: PMC4924277 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0351-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The "self-cleaving" 2A sequence of picornavirus, which mediates ribosome-skipping events, enables the generation of two or more separate peptide products from one mRNA containing one or more "self-cleaving" 2A sequences. In this study, we introduced a single 2A sequence of porcine teschovirus-1 (P2A) linked to two fluorescent protein genes, the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) gene and the red fluorescent protein (RFP) gene, in a single cassette into transgenic Eimeria tenella (EtER). As expected, we obtained two separated protein molecules rather than a fused protein, although the two molecules were translated from the same mRNA carrying a single "self-cleaving" 2A sequence. Importantly, RFP led by a secretion signal was secreted into parasitophorous vacuoles, while EYFP localized mainly to the nucleus of EtER. Our results demonstrate that the "self-cleaving" 2A sequence actively mediated cleavage of polyproteins in the apicomplexan parasite E. tenella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Tang
- />State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- />National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- />State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- />National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- />Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Geru Tao
- />State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- />National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Mei Qin
- />National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Guangwen Yin
- />National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jingxia Suo
- />State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- />National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xun Suo
- />State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- />National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- />Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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