1
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Xu S, Deng KQ, Lu C, Fu X, Zhu Q, Wan S, Zhang L, Huang Y, Nie L, Cai H, Wang Q, Zeng H, Zhang Y, Wang F, Ren H, Chen Y, Yan H, Xu K, Zhou L, Lu M, Zhu Y, Liu S, Lu Z. Interleukin-6 classic and trans-signaling utilize glucose metabolism reprogramming to achieve anti- or pro-inflammatory effects. Metabolism 2024; 155:155832. [PMID: 38438106 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6 has anti- and pro-inflammatory functions, controlled by IL-6 classic and trans-signaling, respectively. Differences in the downstream signaling mechanism between IL-6 classic and trans-signaling have not been identified. Here, we report that IL-6 activates glycolysis to regulate the inflammatory response. IL-6 regulates glucose metabolism by forming a complex containing signal-transducing activators of transcription 3 (STAT3), hexokinase 2 (HK2), and voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1). The IL-6 classic signaling directs glucose flux to oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos), while IL-6 trans-signaling directs glucose flux to anaerobic glycolysis. Classic IL-6 signaling promotes STAT3 translocation into mitochondria to interact with pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-1 (PDK1), leading to pyruvate dehydrogenase α (PDHA) dissociation from PDK1. As a result, PDHA is dephosphorylated, and STAT3 is phosphorylated at Ser727. By contrast, IL-6 trans-signaling promotes the interaction of sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), leading to the dissociation of STAT3 from SIRT2. As a result, LDHA is deacetylated, and STAT3 is acetylated and phosphorylated at Tyr705. IL-6 classic signaling promotes the differentiation of regulatory T cells via the PDK1/STAT3/PDHA axis, whereas IL-6 trans-signaling promotes the differentiation of Th17 cells via the SIRT2/STAT3/LDHA axis. Conclusion: IL-6 classic signaling generates anti-inflammatory functions by shifting energy metabolism to OxPhos, while IL-6 trans-signaling generates pro-inflammatory functions by shifting energy metabolism to anaerobic glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China.
| | - Ke-Qiong Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Institute of Myocardial Injury and Repair, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Chengbo Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qingmei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Shiqi Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Institute of Myocardial Injury and Repair, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Longyu Nie
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Huanhuan Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Institute of Myocardial Injury and Repair, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Qiming Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Human Province, China
| | - Hao Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China.
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China.
| | - Fubing Wang
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China.
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Huan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Ke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45122, Germany.
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Shi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Institute of Myocardial Injury and Repair, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Human Province, China.
| | - Zhibing Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Institute of Myocardial Injury and Repair, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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2
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Lin H, Liu C, Hu A, Zhang D, Yang H, Mao Y. Understanding the immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioma: mechanistic insights and clinical perspectives. J Hematol Oncol 2024; 17:31. [PMID: 38720342 PMCID: PMC11077829 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-024-01544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the predominant and primary malignant intracranial tumor, poses a formidable challenge due to its immunosuppressive microenvironment, thereby confounding conventional therapeutic interventions. Despite the established treatment regimen comprising surgical intervention, radiotherapy, temozolomide administration, and the exploration of emerging modalities such as immunotherapy and integration of medicine and engineering technology therapy, the efficacy of these approaches remains constrained, resulting in suboptimal prognostic outcomes. In recent years, intensive scrutiny of the inhibitory and immunosuppressive milieu within GBM has underscored the significance of cellular constituents of the GBM microenvironment and their interactions with malignant cells and neurons. Novel immune and targeted therapy strategies have emerged, offering promising avenues for advancing GBM treatment. One pivotal mechanism orchestrating immunosuppression in GBM involves the aggregation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), glioma-associated macrophage/microglia (GAM), and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Among these, MDSCs, though constituting a minority (4-8%) of CD45+ cells in GBM, play a central component in fostering immune evasion and propelling tumor progression, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. MDSCs deploy intricate immunosuppressive mechanisms that adapt to the dynamic tumor microenvironment (TME). Understanding the interplay between GBM and MDSCs provides a compelling basis for therapeutic interventions. This review seeks to elucidate the immune regulatory mechanisms inherent in the GBM microenvironment, explore existing therapeutic targets, and consolidate recent insights into MDSC induction and their contribution to GBM immunosuppression. Additionally, the review comprehensively surveys ongoing clinical trials and potential treatment strategies, envisioning a future where targeting MDSCs could reshape the immune landscape of GBM. Through the synergistic integration of immunotherapy with other therapeutic modalities, this approach can establish a multidisciplinary, multi-target paradigm, ultimately improving the prognosis and quality of life in patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaxian Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ankang Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Duanwu Zhang
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Zhu G, Guan F, Li S, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Qin Y, Sun Z, Peng S, Cheng J, Li Y, Ren R, Fan T, Liu H. Glutaminase potentiates the glycolysis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by interacting with PDK1. Mol Carcinog 2024; 63:897-911. [PMID: 38353358 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has demonstrated that glutaminase (GLS) as a key mitochondrial enzyme plays a pivotal role in glutaminolysis, which widely participates in glutamine metabolism serving as main energy sources and building blocks for tumor growth. However, the roles and molecular mechanisms of GLS in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unknown. Here, we found that GLS was highly expressed in ESCC tissues and cells. GLS inhibitor CB-839 significantly suppressed cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion of ESCC cells, whereas GLS overexpression displayed the opposite effects. In addition, CB-839 markedly suppressed glucose consumption and lactate production, coupled with the downregulation of glycolysis-related proteins HK2, PFKM, PKM2 and LDHA, whereas GLS overexpression exhibited the adverse results. In vivo animal experiment revealed that CB-839 dramatically suppressed tumor growth, whereas GLS overexpression promoted tumor growth in ESCC cells xenografted nude mice. Mechanistically, GLS was localized in mitochondria of ESCC cells, which interacted with PDK1 protein. CB-839 attenuated the interaction of GLS and PDK1 in ESCC cells by suppressing PDK1 expression, which further evoked the downregulation of p-PDHA1 (s293), however, GLS overexpression markedly enhanced the level of p-PDHA1 (s293). These findings suggest that interaction of GLS with PDK1 accelerates the glycolysis of ESCC cells by inactivating PDH enzyme, and thus targeting GLS may be a novel therapeutic approach for ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhao Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fangxia Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shenglei Li
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine (Zhengzhou People's Hospital), Translational Medicine Research Center Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yue Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhangzhan Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shaohua Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiexing Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yiyang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ruili Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Tianli Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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4
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Miquel E, Villarino R, Martínez-Palma L, Cassina A, Cassina P. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 knockdown restores the ability of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-linked SOD1G93A rat astrocytes to support motor neuron survival by increasing mitochondrial respiration. Glia 2024; 72:999-1011. [PMID: 38372421 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by progressive motor neuron (MN) degeneration. Various studies using cellular and animal models of ALS indicate that there is a complex interplay between MN and neighboring non-neuronal cells, such as astrocytes, resulting in noncell autonomous neurodegeneration. Astrocytes in ALS exhibit a lower ability to support MN survival than nondisease-associated ones, which is strongly correlated with low-mitochondrial respiratory activity. Indeed, pharmacological inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) led to an increase in the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathway as the primary source of cell energy in SOD1G93A astrocytes and restored the survival of MN. Among the four PDK isoforms, PDK2 is ubiquitously expressed in astrocytes and presents low expression levels in neurons. Herein, we hypothesize whether selective knockdown of PDK2 in astrocytes may increase mitochondrial activity and, in turn, reduce SOD1G93A-associated toxicity. To assess this, cultured neonatal SOD1G93A rat astrocytes were incubated with specific PDK2 siRNA. This treatment resulted in a reduction of the enzyme expression with a concomitant decrease in the phosphorylation rate of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. In addition, PDK2-silenced SOD1G93A astrocytes exhibited restored mitochondrial bioenergetics parameters, adopting a more complex mitochondrial network. This treatment also decreased lipid droplet content in SOD1G93A astrocytes, suggesting a switch in energetic metabolism. Significantly, PDK2 knockdown increased the ability of SOD1G93A astrocytes to support MN survival, further supporting the major role of astrocyte mitochondrial respiratory activity in astrocyte-MN interactions. These results suggest that PDK2 silencing could be a cell-specific therapeutic tool to slow the progression of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Miquel
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rosalía Villarino
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Laura Martínez-Palma
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Adriana Cassina
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Patricia Cassina
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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5
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Benej M, Papandreou I, Denko NC. Hypoxic adaptation of mitochondria and its impact on tumor cell function. Semin Cancer Biol 2024; 100:28-38. [PMID: 38556040 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the major sink for oxygen in the cell, consuming it during ATP production. Therefore, when environmental oxygen levels drop in the tumor, significant adaptation is required. Mitochondrial activity is also a major producer of biosynthetic precursors and a regulator of cellular oxidative and reductive balance. Because of the complex biochemistry, mitochondrial adaptation to hypoxia occurs through multiple mechanisms and has significant impact on other cellular processes such as macromolecule synthesis and gene regulation. In tumor hypoxia, mitochondria shift their location in the cell and accelerate the fission and quality control pathways. Hypoxic mitochondria also undergo significant changes to fundamental metabolic pathways of carbon metabolism and electron transport. These metabolic changes further impact the nuclear epigenome because mitochondrial metabolites are used as enzymatic substrates for modifying chromatin. This coordinated response delivers physiological flexibility and increased tumor cell robustness during the environmental stress of low oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Benej
- Department of Radiation Oncology, OSU Wexner Medical Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ioanna Papandreou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, OSU Wexner Medical Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nicholas C Denko
- Department of Radiation Oncology, OSU Wexner Medical Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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6
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Ma S, Ming Y, Wu J, Cui G. Cellular metabolism regulates the differentiation and function of T-cell subsets. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:419-435. [PMID: 38565887 PMCID: PMC11061161 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
T cells are an important component of adaptive immunity and protect the host from infectious diseases and cancers. However, uncontrolled T cell immunity may cause autoimmune disorders. In both situations, antigen-specific T cells undergo clonal expansion upon the engagement and activation of antigens. Cellular metabolism is reprogrammed to meet the increase in bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands associated with effector T cell expansion. Metabolites not only serve as building blocks or energy sources to fuel cell growth and expansion but also regulate a broad spectrum of cellular signals that instruct the differentiation of multiple T cell subsets. The realm of immunometabolism research is undergoing swift advancements. Encapsulating all the recent progress within this concise review in not possible. Instead, our objective is to provide a succinct introduction to this swiftly progressing research, concentrating on the metabolic intricacies of three pivotal nutrient classes-lipids, glucose, and amino acids-in T cells. We shed light on recent investigations elucidating the roles of these three groups of metabolites in mediating the metabolic and immune functions of T cells. Moreover, we delve into the prospect of "editing" metabolic pathways within T cells using pharmacological or genetic approaches, with the aim of synergizing this approach with existing immunotherapies and enhancing the efficacy of antitumor and antiinfection immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yanan Ming
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jingxia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Guoliang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230601, China.
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7
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Hansen FM, Kremer LS, Karayel O, Bludau I, Larsson NG, Kühl I, Mann M. Mitochondrial phosphoproteomes are functionally specialized across tissues. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302147. [PMID: 37984987 PMCID: PMC10662294 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles whose dysfunction causes human pathologies that often manifest in a tissue-specific manner. Accordingly, mitochondrial fitness depends on versatile proteomes specialized to meet diverse tissue-specific requirements. Increasing evidence suggests that phosphorylation may play an important role in regulating tissue-specific mitochondrial functions and pathophysiology. Building on recent advances in mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics, we here quantitatively profile mitochondrial tissue proteomes along with their matching phosphoproteomes. We isolated mitochondria from mouse heart, skeletal muscle, brown adipose tissue, kidney, liver, brain, and spleen by differential centrifugation followed by separation on Percoll gradients and performed high-resolution MS analysis of the proteomes and phosphoproteomes. This in-depth map substantially quantifies known and predicted mitochondrial proteins and provides a resource of core and tissue-specific mitochondrial proteins (mitophos.de). Predicting kinase substrate associations for different mitochondrial compartments indicates tissue-specific regulation at the phosphoproteome level. Illustrating the functional value of our resource, we reproduce mitochondrial phosphorylation events on dynamin-related protein 1 responsible for its mitochondrial recruitment and fission initiation and describe phosphorylation clusters on MIGA2 linked to mitochondrial fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fynn M Hansen
- https://ror.org/04py35477 Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Laura S Kremer
- https://ror.org/056d84691 Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ozge Karayel
- https://ror.org/04py35477 Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Isabell Bludau
- https://ror.org/04py35477 Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Nils-Göran Larsson
- https://ror.org/056d84691 Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inge Kühl
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell, UMR9198, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Matthias Mann
- https://ror.org/04py35477 Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
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8
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Sun Z, Ji Z, He W, Duan R, Qu J, Yu G. Lactate accumulation induced by Akt2-PDK1 signaling promotes pulmonary fibrosis. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23426. [PMID: 38226859 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302063rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive disease with an abnormal accumulation of fibrotic tissue in the lung parenchyma and elevated glycolysis level in associated cells without effective therapy options. Lactate accumulation in pulmonary fibrotic tissue is a significant factor aggravating IPF development, but the main mechanism regulating glycolysis needs further investigation. In this study, lung fibrosis model was induced by bleomycin (BLM) intratracheally in female C57BL/6 mice. The changes of lactate level and fibrotic markers were detected. For in vitro studies, cell lines of alveolar epithelial cell and lung fibroblast cell were stimulated with TGF-β1 and BLM respectively, to detect changes in their fibrotic properties. The function of lactate accumulation on facilitating fibrosis was verified. We demonstrated that BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis is accompanied by lactate accumulation owing to glycolysis upregulation. Significantly high PDK1 expression in lung fibrotic tissue promotes glycolysis. Moreover, PDK1 stimulated trans-differentiation of lung fibroblasts and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of alveolar epithelial cells. Furthermore, phosphorylated Akt2 activated PDK1 to cause pulmonary fibrosis and inhibitors of Akt2 and PDK1 could suppress fibrotic process. This study is the first to consider PDK1 facilitated lactate accumulation through glycolysis as a vital factor in pulmonary fibrosis and could be initiated by Akt2. We concluded that the pro-fibrotic properties of PDK1 are associated with Akt2 phosphorylation and thus provide new potential therapeutic targets for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Sun
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Xinxiang, China
- International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Outstanding Overseas Scientists Center for Pulmonary Fibrosis of Henan Province, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhihua Ji
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Xinxiang, China
- International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Outstanding Overseas Scientists Center for Pulmonary Fibrosis of Henan Province, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wanyu He
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Xinxiang, China
- International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Outstanding Overseas Scientists Center for Pulmonary Fibrosis of Henan Province, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ruoyu Duan
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Xinxiang, China
- International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Outstanding Overseas Scientists Center for Pulmonary Fibrosis of Henan Province, Xinxiang, China
| | - Junxing Qu
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Guoying Yu
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Xinxiang, China
- International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Outstanding Overseas Scientists Center for Pulmonary Fibrosis of Henan Province, Xinxiang, China
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9
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Cheng Z, Huang H, Li M, Chen Y. Proteomic analysis identifies PFKP lactylation in SW480 colon cancer cells. iScience 2024; 27:108645. [PMID: 38155775 PMCID: PMC10753066 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis is a pivotal hallmark of cancers, including colorectal cancer. Evidence shows glycolytic enzymes are regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs), thereby affecting the Warburg effect and reprograming cancer metabolism. Lysine lactylation is a PTM reported in 2019 in histones. In this study, we identified protein lactylation in FHC cells and SW480 colon cancer cells through mass spectrometry. Totally, 637 lysine lactylation sites in 444 proteins were identified in FHC and SW480 cells. Lactylated proteins were enriched in the glycolysis pathway, and we identified lactylation sites in phosphofructokinase, platelet (PFKP) lysine 688 and aldolase A (ALDOA) lysine 147. We also showed that PFKP lactylation directly attenuated enzyme activity. Collectively, our study presented a resource to investigate proteome-wide lactylation in SW480 cells and found PFKP lactylation led to activity inhibition, indicating that lactic acid and lactylated PFKP may form a negative feedback pathway in glycolysis and lactic acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Cheng
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Huichao Huang
- Department of Infectious Disease, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Maoyu Li
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yongheng Chen
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
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10
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Szabo E, Nagy B, Czajlik A, Komlodi T, Ozohanics O, Tretter L, Ambrus A. Mitochondrial Alpha-Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Complexes: Recent Developments on Structure and Function in Health and Disease. Subcell Biochem 2024; 104:295-381. [PMID: 38963492 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-58843-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The present work delves into the enigmatic world of mitochondrial alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes discussing their metabolic significance, enzymatic operation, moonlighting activities, and pathological relevance with links to underlying structural features. This ubiquitous family of related but diverse multienzyme complexes is involved in carbohydrate metabolism (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex), the citric acid cycle (α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex), and amino acid catabolism (branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex, α-ketoadipate dehydrogenase complex); the complexes all function at strategic points and also participate in regulation in these metabolic pathways. These systems are among the largest multienzyme complexes with at times more than 100 protein chains and weights ranging up to ~10 million Daltons. Our chapter offers a wealth of up-to-date information on these multienzyme complexes for a comprehensive understanding of their significance in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Szabo
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balint Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andras Czajlik
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Timea Komlodi
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Oliver Ozohanics
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Tretter
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Ambrus
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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11
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Wang Y, Patti GJ. The Warburg effect: a signature of mitochondrial overload. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:1014-1020. [PMID: 37117116 PMCID: PMC10600323 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
A long-standing question in cancer biology has been why oxygenated tumors ferment the majority of glucose they consume to lactate rather than oxidizing it in their mitochondria, a phenomenon known as the 'Warburg effect.' An abundance of evidence shows not only that most cancer cells have fully functional mitochondria but also that mitochondrial activity is important to proliferation. It is therefore difficult to rationalize the metabolic benefit of cancer cells switching from respiration to fermentation. An emerging perspective is that rather than mitochondrial metabolism being suppressed in tumors, as is often suggested, mitochondrial activity increases to the level of saturation. As such, the Warburg effect becomes a signature of excess glucose being released as lactate due to mitochondrial overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Center for Metabolomics and Isotope Tracing, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Gary J Patti
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Center for Metabolomics and Isotope Tracing, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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12
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Dewdney B, Jenkins MR, Best SA, Freytag S, Prasad K, Holst J, Endersby R, Johns TG. From signalling pathways to targeted therapies: unravelling glioblastoma's secrets and harnessing two decades of progress. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:400. [PMID: 37857607 PMCID: PMC10587102 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, a rare, and highly lethal form of brain cancer, poses significant challenges in terms of therapeutic resistance, and poor survival rates for both adult and paediatric patients alike. Despite advancements in brain cancer research driven by a technological revolution, translating our understanding of glioblastoma pathogenesis into improved clinical outcomes remains a critical unmet need. This review emphasises the intricate role of receptor tyrosine kinase signalling pathways, epigenetic mechanisms, and metabolic functions in glioblastoma tumourigenesis and therapeutic resistance. We also discuss the extensive efforts over the past two decades that have explored targeted therapies against these pathways. Emerging therapeutic approaches, such as antibody-toxin conjugates or CAR T cell therapies, offer potential by specifically targeting proteins on the glioblastoma cell surface. Combination strategies incorporating protein-targeted therapy and immune-based therapies demonstrate great promise for future clinical research. Moreover, gaining insights into the role of cell-of-origin in glioblastoma treatment response holds the potential to advance precision medicine approaches. Addressing these challenges is crucial to improving outcomes for glioblastoma patients and moving towards more effective precision therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Dewdney
- Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.
- Centre For Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Misty R Jenkins
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
| | - Sarah A Best
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
| | - Saskia Freytag
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
| | - Krishneel Prasad
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
| | - Jeff Holst
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Raelene Endersby
- Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre For Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Terrance G Johns
- Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre For Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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13
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Cimmino TP, Pagano E, Stornaiuolo M, Esposito G, Ammendola R, Cattaneo F. Formyl-peptide receptor 2 signalling triggers aerobic metabolism of glucose through Nox2-dependent modulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. Open Biol 2023; 13:230336. [PMID: 37875162 PMCID: PMC10597678 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The human formyl-peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) is activated by an array of ligands. By phospho-proteomic analysis we proved that FPR2 stimulation induces redox-regulated phosphorylation of many proteins involved in cellular metabolic processes. In this study, we investigated metabolic pathways activated in FPR2-stimulated CaLu-6 cells. The results showed an increased concentration of metabolites involved in glucose metabolism, and an enhanced uptake of glucose mediated by GLUT4, the insulin-regulated member of GLUT family. Accordingly, we observed that FPR2 transactivated IGF-IRβ/IRβ through a molecular mechanism that requires Nox2 activity. Since cancer cells support their metabolism via glycolysis, we analysed glucose oxidation and proved that FPR2 signalling promoted kinase activity of the bifunctional enzyme PFKFB2 through FGFR1/FRS2- and Akt-dependent phosphorylation. Furthermore, FPR2 stimulation induced IGF-IRβ/IRβ-, PI3K/Akt- and Nox-dependent inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, thus preventing the entry of pyruvate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Consequently, we observed an enhanced FGFR-dependent lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and lactate production in FPR2-stimulated cells. As LDH expression is transcriptionally regulated by c-Myc and HIF-1, we demonstrated that FPR2 signalling promoted c-Myc phosphorylation and Nox-dependent HIF-1α stabilization. These results strongly indicate that FPR2-dependent signalling can be explored as a new therapeutic target in treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Pecchillo Cimmino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ester Pagano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariano Stornaiuolo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Esposito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Ammendola
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Cattaneo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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14
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Behnam B, Taghizadeh-Hesary F. Mitochondrial Metabolism: A New Dimension of Personalized Oncology. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4058. [PMID: 37627086 PMCID: PMC10452105 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15164058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy is needed by cancer cells to stay alive and communicate with their surroundings. The primary organelles for cellular metabolism and energy synthesis are mitochondria. Researchers recently proved that cancer cells can steal immune cells' mitochondria using nanoscale tubes. This finding demonstrates the dependence of cancer cells on normal cells for their living and function. It also denotes the importance of mitochondria in cancer cells' biology. Emerging evidence has demonstrated how mitochondria are essential for cancer cells to survive in the harsh tumor microenvironments, evade the immune system, obtain more aggressive features, and resist treatments. For instance, functional mitochondria can improve cancer resistance against radiotherapy by scavenging the released reactive oxygen species. Therefore, targeting mitochondria can potentially enhance oncological outcomes, according to this notion. The tumors' responses to anticancer treatments vary, ranging from a complete response to even cancer progression during treatment. Therefore, personalized cancer treatment is of crucial importance. So far, personalized cancer treatment has been based on genomic analysis. Evidence shows that tumors with high mitochondrial content are more resistant to treatment. This paper illustrates how mitochondrial metabolism can participate in cancer resistance to chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy. Pretreatment evaluation of mitochondrial metabolism can provide additional information to genomic analysis and can help to improve personalized oncological treatments. This article outlines the importance of mitochondrial metabolism in cancer biology and personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Behnam
- Department of Regulatory Affairs, Amarex Clinical Research, NSF International, Germantown, MD 20874, USA
| | - Farzad Taghizadeh-Hesary
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1445613131, Iran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1445613131, Iran
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15
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Taghizadeh-Hesary F, Houshyari M, Farhadi M. Mitochondrial metabolism: a predictive biomarker of radiotherapy efficacy and toxicity. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:6719-6741. [PMID: 36719474 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Radiotherapy is a mainstay of cancer treatment. Clinical studies revealed a heterogenous response to radiotherapy, from a complete response to even disease progression. To that end, finding the relative prognostic factors of disease outcomes and predictive factors of treatment efficacy and toxicity is essential. It has been demonstrated that radiation response depends on DNA damage response, cell cycle phase, oxygen concentration, and growth rate. Emerging evidence suggests that altered mitochondrial metabolism is associated with radioresistance. METHODS This article provides a comprehensive evaluation of the role of mitochondria in radiotherapy efficacy and toxicity. In addition, it demonstrates how mitochondria might be involved in the famous 6Rs of radiobiology. RESULTS In terms of this idea, decreasing the mitochondrial metabolism of cancer cells may increase radiation response, and enhancing the mitochondrial metabolism of normal cells may reduce radiation toxicity. Enhancing the normal cells (including immune cells) mitochondrial metabolism can potentially improve the tumor response by enhancing immune reactivation. Future studies are invited to examine the impacts of mitochondrial metabolism on radiation efficacy and toxicity. Improving radiotherapy response with diminishing cancer cells' mitochondrial metabolism, and reducing radiotherapy toxicity with enhancing normal cells' mitochondrial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Taghizadeh-Hesary
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Clinical Oncology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Houshyari
- Clinical Oncology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farhadi
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Gregorczyk P, Porębska N, Żukowska D, Chorążewska A, Gędaj A, Malinowska A, Otlewski J, Zakrzewska M, Opaliński Ł. N-glycosylation acts as a switch for FGFR1 trafficking between the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:177. [PMID: 37480072 PMCID: PMC10362638 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) is a heavily N-glycosylated cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase that transmits signals across the plasma membrane, in response to fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). Balanced FGF/FGFR1 signaling is crucial for the development and homeostasis of the human body, and aberrant FGFR1 is frequently observed in various cancers. In addition to its predominant localization to the plasma membrane, FGFR1 has also been detected inside cells, mainly in the nuclear lumen, where it modulates gene expression. However, the exact mechanism of FGFR1 nuclear transport is still unknown. In this study, we generated a glycosylation-free mutant of FGFR1, FGFR1.GF, and demonstrated that it is localized primarily to the nuclear envelope. We show that reintroducing N-glycans into the D3 domain cannot redirect FGFR1 to the plasma membrane or exclude the receptor from the nuclear envelope. Reestablishment of D2 domain N-glycans largely inhibits FGFR1 accumulation in the nuclear envelope, but the receptor continues to accumulate inside the cell, mainly in the ER. Only the simultaneous presence of N-glycans of the D2 and D3 domains of FGFR1 promotes efficient transport of FGFR1 to the plasma membrane. We demonstrate that while disturbed FGFR1 folding results in partial FGFR1 accumulation in the ER, impaired FGFR1 secretion drives FGFR1 trafficking to the nuclear envelope. Intracellular FGFR1.GF displays a high level of autoactivation, suggesting the presence of nuclear FGFR1 signaling, which is independent of FGF. Using mass spectrometry and proximity ligation assay, we identified novel binding partners of the nuclear envelope-localized FGFR1, providing insights into its cellular functions. Collectively, our data define N-glycosylation of FGFR1 as an important regulator of FGFR1 kinase activity and, most importantly, as a switchable signal for FGFR1 trafficking between the nuclear envelope and plasma membrane, which, due to spatial restrictions, shapes FGFR1 interactome and cellular function. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Gregorczyk
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Porębska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Żukowska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Chorążewska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Gędaj
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agata Malinowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Zakrzewska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Opaliński
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland.
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17
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Yi Y, Wang J, Liang C, Ren C, Lian X, Han C, Sun W. LC-MS-based serum metabolomics analysis for the screening and monitoring of colorectal cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1173424. [PMID: 37448516 PMCID: PMC10338013 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1173424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is a prevalent digestive system tumour with significant mortality and recurrence rates. Serum metabolomics, with its high sensitivity and high throughput, has shown potential as a tool to discover biomarkers for clinical screening and monitoring of the CRC patients. Methods Serum metabolites of 61 sex and age-matched healthy controls and 62 CRC patients (before and after surgical intervention) were analyzed using a ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS). Statistical methods and pathway enrichment analysis were used to identify potential biomarkers and altered metabolic pathways. Results Our analysis revealed a clear distinction in the serum metabolic profile between CRC patients and healthy controls (HCs). Pathway analysis indicated a significant association with arginine biosynthesis, pyrimidine metabolism, pantothenate, and CoA biosynthesis. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis showed that 9 metabolites had significant diagnostic value for CRC, among them, Guanosine with Area Under the Curve (AUC) values of 0.951 for the training group and0.998 for the validation group. Furthermore, analysis of four specific metabolites (N-Phenylacetylasparticacid, Tyrosyl-Gamma-glutamate, Tyr-Ser and Sphingosine) in serum samples of CRC patients before and after surgery indicated a return to healthy levels after an intervention. Conclusion Our results suggest that serum metabolomics may be a valuable tool for the screening and monitoring of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Yi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianjian Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengtong Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuanli Ren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Lian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chongxu Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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18
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Riou M, Enache I, Sauer F, Charles AL, Geny B. Targeting Mitochondrial Metabolic Dysfunction in Pulmonary Hypertension: Toward New Therapeutic Approaches? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119572. [PMID: 37298522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disease characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling leading to right heart failure and death. To date, despite the three therapeutic approaches targeting the three major endothelial dysfunction pathways based on the prostacyclin, nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate, and endothelin pathways, PAH remains a serious disease. As such, new targets and therapeutic agents are needed. Mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction is one of the mechanisms involved in PAH pathogenesis in part through the induction of a Warburg metabolic state of enhanced glycolysis but also through the upregulation of glutaminolysis, tricarboxylic cycle and electron transport chain dysfunction, dysregulation of fatty acid oxidation or mitochondrial dynamics alterations. The aim of this review is to shed light on the main mitochondrial metabolic pathways involved in PAH and to provide an update on the resulting interesting potential therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Riou
- Translational Medicine Federation of Strasbourg (FMTS), CRBS, University of Strasbourg, Team 3072 "Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscle Protection", 1 Rue Eugène Boeckel, CS 60026, CEDEX 67084 Strasbourg, France
- Physiology and Functional Exploration Unit, University Hospital of Strasbourg, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, CEDEX 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - Irina Enache
- Translational Medicine Federation of Strasbourg (FMTS), CRBS, University of Strasbourg, Team 3072 "Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscle Protection", 1 Rue Eugène Boeckel, CS 60026, CEDEX 67084 Strasbourg, France
- Physiology and Functional Exploration Unit, University Hospital of Strasbourg, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, CEDEX 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - François Sauer
- Translational Medicine Federation of Strasbourg (FMTS), CRBS, University of Strasbourg, Team 3072 "Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscle Protection", 1 Rue Eugène Boeckel, CS 60026, CEDEX 67084 Strasbourg, France
- Cardiology Unit, University Hospital of Strasbourg, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, CEDEX 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne-Laure Charles
- Translational Medicine Federation of Strasbourg (FMTS), CRBS, University of Strasbourg, Team 3072 "Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscle Protection", 1 Rue Eugène Boeckel, CS 60026, CEDEX 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernard Geny
- Translational Medicine Federation of Strasbourg (FMTS), CRBS, University of Strasbourg, Team 3072 "Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscle Protection", 1 Rue Eugène Boeckel, CS 60026, CEDEX 67084 Strasbourg, France
- Physiology and Functional Exploration Unit, University Hospital of Strasbourg, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, CEDEX 67091 Strasbourg, France
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19
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Lin D, Yan K, Chen L, Chen J, Xu J, Xie Z, Li Z, Lin S, Li J, Chen Z. Hypoxia-induced reprogramming of glucose-dependent metabolic pathways maintains the stemness of human bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8776. [PMID: 37258701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The benefits of hypoxia for maintaining the stemness of cultured human bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (BM EPCs) have previously been demonstrated but the mechanisms responsible remain unclear. Growing evidences suggest that cellular metabolism plays an important role in regulating stem cell fate and self-renewal. Here we aimed to detect the changes of glucose metabolism and to explore its role on maintaining the stemness of BM EPCs under hypoxia. We identified the metabolic status of BM EPCs by using extracellular flux analysis, LC-MS/MS, and 13C tracing HPLC-QE-MS, and found that hypoxia induced glucose metabolic reprogramming, which manifested as increased glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), decreased tricarboxylic acid (TCA) and mitochondrial respiration. We further pharmacologically altered the metabolic status of cells by employing various of inhibitors of key enzymes of glycolysis, PPP, TCA cycle and mitochondria electron transport chain (ETC). We found that inhibiting glycolysis or PPP impaired cell proliferation either under normoxia or hypoxia. On the contrary, inhibiting pyruvate oxidation, TCA or ETC promoted cell proliferation under normoxia mimicking hypoxic conditions. Moreover, promoting pyruvate oxidation reverses the maintenance effect of hypoxia on cell stemness. Taken together, our data suggest that hypoxia induced glucose metabolic reprogramming maintains the stemness of BM EPCs, and artificial manipulation of cell metabolism can be an effective way for regulating the stemness of BM EPCs, thereby improving the efficiency of cell expansion in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongni Lin
- The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253# Gongye RD, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Kaihao Yan
- The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253# Gongye RD, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Lingyun Chen
- Hygiene Detection Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Junxiong Chen
- The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253# Gongye RD, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Jianing Xu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Road, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Zijing Xie
- The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253# Gongye RD, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Zhujun Li
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Road, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Shuo Lin
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Road, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Jinghuan Li
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Road, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Zhenzhou Chen
- The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253# Gongye RD, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
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Tarasenko T, Banerjee P, Gomez-Rodriguez J, Gildea D, Zhang S, Wolfsberg T, Jenkins L, McGuire P. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex integrates the metabolome and epigenome in CD8+ memory T cell differentiation in vitro. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2838359. [PMID: 37215014 PMCID: PMC10197744 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2838359/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of metabolic flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) plays an important role in T cell activation and differentiation. PDC sits at the transition between glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle and is a major producer of acetyl-CoA, marking it as a potential metabolic and epigenetic node To understand the role of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in T cell differentiation, we generated mice deficient in T cell pyruvate dehydrogenase E1A (Pdha) subunit using a CD4-cre recombinase-based strategy. Herein, we show that genetic ablation of PDC activity in T cells (TPdh-/-) leads to marked perturbations in glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and OXPHOS. TPdh-/- T cells became dependent upon substrate level phosphorylation via glycolysis, secondary to depressed OXPHOS. Due to the block of PDC activity, histone acetylation was also reduced, including H3K27, a critical site for CD8+ TM differentiation. Transcriptional and functional profiling revealed abnormal CD8+ TM differentiation in vitro. Collectively, our data indicate that PDC integrates the metabolome and epigenome in CD8+ memory T cell differentiation. Targeting this metabolic and epigenetic node can have widespread ramifications on cellular function.
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21
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Czegle I, Huang C, Soria PG, Purkiss DW, Shields A, Wappler-Guzzetta EA. The Role of Genetic Mutations in Mitochondrial-Driven Cancer Growth in Selected Tumors: Breast and Gynecological Malignancies. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040996. [PMID: 37109525 PMCID: PMC10145875 DOI: 10.3390/life13040996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing understanding of the molecular and cytogenetic background of various tumors that helps us better conceptualize the pathogenesis of specific diseases. Additionally, in many cases, these molecular and cytogenetic alterations have diagnostic, prognostic, and/or therapeutic applications that are heavily used in clinical practice. Given that there is always room for improvement in cancer treatments and in cancer patient management, it is important to discover new therapeutic targets for affected individuals. In this review, we discuss mitochondrial changes in breast and gynecological (endometrial and ovarian) cancers. In addition, we review how the frequently altered genes in these diseases (BRCA1/2, HER2, PTEN, PIK3CA, CTNNB1, RAS, CTNNB1, FGFR, TP53, ARID1A, and TERT) affect the mitochondria, highlighting the possible associated individual therapeutic targets. With this approach, drugs targeting mitochondrial glucose or fatty acid metabolism, reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial biogenesis, mtDNA transcription, mitophagy, or cell death pathways could provide further tailored treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibolya Czegle
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Chelsea Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Priscilla Geraldine Soria
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Dylan Wesley Purkiss
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Andrea Shields
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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22
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Peng K, Wang S, Liu R, Zhou L, Jeong GH, Jeong IH, Liu X, Kiyokawa H, Xue B, Zhao B, Shi H, Yin J. Effects of UBE3A on Cell and Liver Metabolism through the Ubiquitination of PDHA1 and ACAT1. Biochemistry 2023; 62:1274-1286. [PMID: 36920305 PMCID: PMC10077595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is substantiated by the reprogramming of liver metabolic pathways that disrupts the homeostasis of lipid and glucose metabolism and thus promotes the progression of the disease. The metabolic pathways associated with NAFLD are regulated at different levels from gene transcription to various post-translational modifications including ubiquitination. Here, we used a novel orthogonal ubiquitin transfer platform to identify pyruvate dehydrogenase A1 (PDHA1) and acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1 (ACAT1), two important enzymes that regulate glycolysis and ketogenesis, as substrates of E3 ubiquitin ligase UBE3A/E6AP. We found that overexpression of UBE3A accelerated the degradation of PDHA1 and promoted glycolytic activities in HEK293 cells. Furthermore, a high-fat diet suppressed the expression of UBE3A in the mouse liver, which was associated with increased ACAT1 protein levels, while forced expression of UBE3A in the mouse liver resulted in decreased ACAT1 protein contents. As a result, the mice with forced expression of UBE3A in the liver exhibited enhanced accumulation of triglycerides, cholesterol, and ketone bodies. These results reveal the role of UBE3A in NAFLD development by inducing the degradation of ACAT1 in the liver and promoting lipid storage. Overall, our work uncovers an important mechanism underlying the regulation of glycolysis and lipid metabolism through UBE3A-mediated ubiquitination of PDHA1 and ACAT1 to regulate their stabilities and enzymatic activities in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangli Peng
- Engineering
Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education,
and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong
University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Shirong Wang
- Department
of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Ruochuan Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Li Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Geon H. Jeong
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - In Ho Jeong
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Xianpeng Liu
- Department
of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Hiroaki Kiyokawa
- Department
of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Bingzhong Xue
- Department
of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Bo Zhao
- Engineering
Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education,
and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong
University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hang Shi
- Department
of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Jun Yin
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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Xie D, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Cai W, Lan X, Yan H. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1–dependent metabolic reprogramming: A promising target for postmenopausal osteoporosis treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
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Sawant Dessai A, Kalhotra P, Novickis AT, Dasgupta S. Regulation of tumor metabolism by post translational modifications on metabolic enzymes. Cancer Gene Ther 2023; 30:548-558. [PMID: 35999357 PMCID: PMC9947196 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-022-00521-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer development, progression, and metastasis. Several metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, lipid metabolism, and glutamine catabolism are frequently altered to support cancer growth. Importantly, the activity of the rate-limiting metabolic enzymes in these pathways are specifically modulated in cancer cells. This is achieved by transcriptional, translational, and post translational regulations that enhance the expression, activity, stability, and substrate sensitivity of the rate-limiting enzymes. These mechanisms allow the enzymes to retain increased activity supporting the metabolic needs of rapidly growing tumors, sustain their survival in the hostile tumor microenvironments and in the metastatic lesions. In this review, we primarily focused on the post translational modifications of the rate-limiting enzymes in the glucose and glutamine metabolism, TCA cycle, and fatty acid metabolism promoting tumor progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhisha Sawant Dessai
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Poonam Kalhotra
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Aaron T Novickis
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Subhamoy Dasgupta
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
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Caligiuri I, Vincenzo C, Asano T, Kumar V, Rizzolio F. The metabolic crosstalk between PIN1 and the tumour microenvironment. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 91:143-157. [PMID: 36871635 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 (PIN1) is a member of a family of peptidyl-prolyl isomerases that specifically recognizes and binds phosphoproteins, catalyzing the rapid cis-trans isomerization of phosphorylated serine/threonine-proline motifs, which leads to changes in the structures and activities of the targeted proteins. Through this complex mechanism, PIN1 regulates many hallmarks of cancer including cell autonomous metabolism and the crosstalk with the cellular microenvironment. Many studies showed that PIN1 is largely overexpressed in cancer turning on a set of oncogenes and abrogating the function of tumor suppressor genes. Among these targets, recent evidence demonstrated that PIN1 is involved in lipid and glucose metabolism and accordingly, in the Warburg effect, a characteristic of tumor cells. As an orchestra master, PIN1 finely tunes the signaling pathways allowing cancer cells to adapt and take advantage from a poorly organized tumor microenvironment. In this review, we highlight the trilogy among PIN1, the tumor microenvironment and the metabolic program rewiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Caligiuri
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Canzonieri Vincenzo
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Tomochiro Asano
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Vinit Kumar
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Noida 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, 30123 Venezia, Italy.
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26
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Saibu OA, Hammed SO, Oladipo OO, Odunitan TT, Ajayi TM, Adejuyigbe AJ, Apanisile BT, Oyeneyin OE, Oluwafemi AT, Ayoola T, Olaoba OT, Alausa AO, Omoboyowa DA. Protein-protein interaction and interference of carcinogenesis by supramolecular modifications. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 81:117211. [PMID: 36809721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are essential in normal biological processes, but they can become disrupted or imbalanced in cancer. Various technological advancements have led to an increase in the number of PPI inhibitors, which target hubs in cancer cell's protein networks. However, it remains difficult to develop PPI inhibitors with desired potency and specificity. Supramolecular chemistry has only lately become recognized as a promising method to modify protein activities. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the use of supramolecular modification approaches in cancer therapy. We make special note of efforts to apply supramolecular modifications, such as molecular tweezers, to targeting the nuclear export signal (NES), which can be used to attenuate signaling processes in carcinogenesis. Finally, we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of using supramolecular approaches to targeting PPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatosin A Saibu
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Universitat Duisburg-Essen, NorthRhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Sodiq O Hammed
- Genomics Unit, Helix Biogen Institute, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Oladapo O Oladipo
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Tope T Odunitan
- Genomics Unit, Helix Biogen Institute, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Temitope M Ajayi
- Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Aderonke J Adejuyigbe
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Boluwatife T Apanisile
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwatoba E Oyeneyin
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Unit, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Adenrele T Oluwafemi
- Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Tolulope Ayoola
- Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Olamide T Olaoba
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis and Therapeutics, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Abdullahi O Alausa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, ITMO University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Damilola A Omoboyowa
- Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria
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Stacpoole PW, McCall CE. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: Life's essential, vulnerable and druggable energy homeostat. Mitochondrion 2023; 70:59-102. [PMID: 36863425 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Found in all organisms, pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes (PDC) are the keystones of prokaryotic and eukaryotic energy metabolism. In eukaryotic organisms these multi-component megacomplexes provide a crucial mechanistic link between cytoplasmic glycolysis and the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. As a consequence, PDCs also influence the metabolism of branched chain amino acids, lipids and, ultimately, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). PDC activity is an essential determinant of the metabolic and bioenergetic flexibility of metazoan organisms in adapting to changes in development, nutrient availability and various stresses that challenge maintenance of homeostasis. This canonical role of the PDC has been extensively probed over the past decades by multidisciplinary investigations into its causal association with diverse physiological and pathological conditions, the latter making the PDC an increasingly viable therapeutic target. Here we review the biology of the remarkable PDC and its emerging importance in the pathobiology and treatment of diverse congenital and acquired disorders of metabolic integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Stacpoole
- Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Charles E McCall
- Department of Internal Medicine and Translational Sciences, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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28
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Tarasenko TN, Banerjee P, Gomez-Rodriguez J, Gildea D, Zhang S, Wolfsberg T, Jenkins LM, McGuire PJ. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex integrates the metabolome and epigenome in memory T cell differentiation in vitro. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2464392. [PMID: 36789409 PMCID: PMC9928058 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2464392/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Modulation of metabolic flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) plays an important role in T cell activation and differentiation. PDC sits at the transition between glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle and is a major producer of acetyl-CoA, marking it as a potential metabolic and epigenetic node. Methods To understand the role of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in T cell differentiation, we generated mice deficient in T cell pyruvate dehydrogenase E1A (Pdha) subunit using a CD4-cre recombinase-based strategy. To control for the contribution of exogenous metabolites in vivo, we conducted our T cell functional studies in vitro. T cells were differentiated into memory and effector T cells using standardized protocols. Cells were analyzed using stable isotopic tracing studies, metabolomics, RNAseq, ATACseq, ChIPseq and histone proteomics. Results Herein, we show that genetic ablation of PDC activity in T cells (TPdh-/-) leads to marked perturbations in glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and OXPHOS. Due to depressed OXPHOS, TPdh-/-T cells became dependent upon substrate level phosphorylation via glycolysis. Due to the block of PDC activity, histone acetylation was reduced, as were most other types of post translational modifications. Transcriptional and functional profiling revealed abnormal CD8+ memory T cell differentiation in vitro. Conclusions Collectively, our data indicate that PDC integrates the metabolome and epigenome in memory T cell differentiation. Targeting this metabolic and epigenetic node can have widespread ramifications on cellular function.
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29
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Chhimpa N, Singh N, Puri N, Kayath HP. The Novel Role of Mitochondrial Citrate Synthase and Citrate in the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:S453-S472. [PMID: 37393492 PMCID: PMC10473122 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Citrate synthase is a key mitochondrial enzyme that utilizes acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to form citrate in the mitochondrial membrane, which participates in energy production in the TCA cycle and linked to the electron transport chain. Citrate transports through a citrate malate pump and synthesizes acetyl-CoA and acetylcholine (ACh) in neuronal cytoplasm. In a mature brain, acetyl-CoA is mainly utilized for ACh synthesis and is responsible for memory and cognition. Studies have shown low citrate synthase in different regions of brain in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, which reduces mitochondrial citrate, cellular bioenergetics, neurocytoplasmic citrate, acetyl-CoA, and ACh synthesis. Reduced citrate mediated low energy favors amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation. Citrate inhibits Aβ25-35 and Aβ1-40 aggregation in vitro. Hence, citrate can be a better therapeutic option for AD by improving cellular energy and ACh synthesis, and inhibiting Aβ aggregation, which prevents tau hyperphosphorylation and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta. Therefore, we need clinical studies if citrate reverses Aβ deposition by balancing mitochondrial energy pathway and neurocytoplasmic ACh production. Furthermore, in AD's silent phase pathophysiology, when neuronal cells are highly active, they shift ATP utilization from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis and prevent excessive generation of hydrogen peroxide and reactive oxygen species (oxidative stress) as neuroprotective action, which upregulates glucose transporter-3 (GLUT3) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-3 (PDK3). PDK3 inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase, which decreases mitochondrial-acetyl-CoA, citrate, and cellular bioenergetics, and decreases neurocytoplasmic citrate, acetyl-CoA, and ACh formation, thus initiating AD pathophysiology. Therefore, GLUT3 and PDK3 can be biomarkers for silent phase of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Chhimpa
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Meharishi Markandeshwar College of Medical Science & Research, Ambala, India
| | - Neha Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nikkita Puri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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30
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Johnson CN, Arsenault RJ, Piva A, Grilli E, Swaggerty CL. A microencapsulated feed additive containing organic acids and botanicals has a distinct effect on proliferative and metabolic related signaling in the jejunum and ileum of broiler chickens. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1147483. [PMID: 37035681 PMCID: PMC10075360 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1147483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Well designed and formulated natural feed additives have the potential to provide many of the growth promoting and disease mitigating characteristics of in-feed antibiotics, particularly feed additives that elicit their effects on targeted areas of the gut. Here, we describe the mechanism of action of a microencapsulated feed additive containing organic acids and botanicals (AviPlus®P) on the jejunum and ileum of 15-day-old broiler-type chickens. Day-of-hatch chicks were provided ad libitum access to feed containing either 0 or 500 g/MT of the feed additive for the duration of the study. Fifteen days post-hatch, birds were humanely euthanized and necropsied. Jejunum and ileum tissue samples were collected and either flash frozen or stored in RNA-later as appropriate for downstream applications. Chicken-specific kinome peptide array analysis was conducted on the jejunum and ileum tissues, comparing the tissues from the treated birds to those from their respective controls. Detailed analysis of peptides representing individual kinase target sites revealed that in the ileum there was a broad increase in the signal transduction pathways centering on activation of HIF-1α, AMPK, mTOR, PI3K-Akt and NFκB. These signaling responses were largely decreased in the jejunum relative to control birds. Gene expression analysis agrees with the kinome data showing strong immune gene expression in the ileum and reduced expression in the jejunum. The microencapsulated blend of organic acids and botanicals elicit a more anti-inflammatory phenotype and reduced signaling in the jejunum while resulting in enhanced immunometabolic responses in the ileum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey N. Johnson
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Ryan J. Arsenault
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Andrea Piva
- DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Vetagro S.p.A, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Ester Grilli
- DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Vetagro Inc., Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Christina L. Swaggerty
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Christina L. Swaggerty,
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31
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Mitochondria directly sense osmotic stress to trigger rapid metabolic remodeling via regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2022; 299:102837. [PMID: 36581206 PMCID: PMC9879793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-salt diet significantly impacts various diseases, ilncluding cancer and immune diseases. Recent studies suggest that the high-salt/hyperosmotic environment in the body may alter the chronic properties of cancer and immune cells in the disease context. However, little is known about the acute metabolic changes in hyperosmotic stress. Here, we found that hyperosmotic stress for a few minutes induces Warburg-like metabolic remodeling in HeLa and Raw264.7 cells and suppresses fatty acid oxidation. Regarding Warburg-like remodeling, we determined that the pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphorylation status was altered bidirectionally (high in hyperosmolarity and low in hypoosmolarity) to osmotic stress in isolated mitochondria, suggesting that mitochondria themselves have an acute osmosensing mechanism. Additionally, we demonstrate that Warburg-like remodeling is required for HeLa cells to maintain ATP levels and survive under hyperosmotic conditions. Collectively, our findings suggest that cells exhibit acute metabolic remodeling under osmotic stress via the regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphorylation by direct osmosensing within mitochondria.
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32
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Paul S, Ghosh S, Kumar S. Tumor glycolysis, an essential sweet tooth of tumor cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:1216-1230. [PMID: 36330953 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo metabolic alterations to meet the immense demand for energy, building blocks, and redox potential. Tumors show glucose-avid and lactate-secreting behavior even in the presence of oxygen, a process known as aerobic glycolysis. Glycolysis is the backbone of cancer cell metabolism, and cancer cells have evolved various mechanisms to enhance it. Glucose metabolism is intertwined with other metabolic pathways, making cancer metabolism diverse and heterogeneous, where glycolysis plays a central role. Oncogenic signaling accelerates the metabolic activities of glycolytic enzymes, mainly by enhancing their expression or by post-translational modifications. Aerobic glycolysis ferments glucose into lactate which supports tumor growth and metastasis by various mechanisms. Herein, we focused on tumor glycolysis, especially its interactions with the pentose phosphate pathway, glutamine metabolism, one-carbon metabolism, and mitochondrial oxidation. Further, we describe the role and regulation of key glycolytic enzymes in cancer. We summarize the role of lactate, an end product of glycolysis, in tumor growth, and the metabolic adaptations during metastasis. Lastly, we briefly discuss limitations and future directions to improve our understanding of glucose metabolism in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Paul
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, 400076 Mumbai, India
| | - Saikat Ghosh
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, 400076 Mumbai, India.
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He R, Wen W, Fu B, Zhu R, Chen G, Bai S, Cao X, Wang H. CircKIF4A Is a Prognostic Factor and Modulator of Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194950. [PMID: 36230873 PMCID: PMC9562661 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary CircKIF4A is significantly upregulated in NKTL cell lines and its upregulation correlates with the poor prognosis of NKTL. CircKIF4A regulates PDK1 and BCL11A expressions by sponging miR-1231. Our data indicated that circKIF4A is oncogenic in NKTL and that it is a predictor of poor prognosis of NKTL. Abstract Background: Natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTL) is difficult to treat. Circular RNAs (circ RNAs) have been implicated in tumorigenesis. However, the function of circKIF4A in NKTL has not been investigated. Methods: QPCR analysis was used to compare circKIF4A levels in NKTL cell lines versus normal cell lines. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was used to assess the effect of circKIF4A on the prognosis of NKTL. The correlation between clinicopathological features and circKIF4A expression was examined using cox regression analysis. Luciferase reporter, RNA immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemistry assays were also used to investigate the mechanisms of circKIF4A in NKTL. Results: Our analyses revealed that circKIF4A is significantly upregulated in NKTL cell lines and that its upregulation correlates with the poor prognosis of NKTL. The silencing of circKIF4A significantly suppressed glucose uptake and lactate production in NKTL cells. Moreover, we showed that circKIF4A, PDK1, and BCL11A bind miR-1231 and that circKIF4A regulates PDK1 and BCL11A expressions by sponging miR-1231. Conclusions: During NKTL progression, circKIF4A regulated PDK1 and BCL11A levels by sponging miR-1231. Our data indicated that circKIF4A is oncogenic in NKTL and that it is a predictor of poor prognosis of NKTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfang He
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pathology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Wei Wen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pathology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Bibo Fu
- Department of Hematological Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Renjie Zhu
- East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Guanjun Chen
- Department of Hematological Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Shenrui Bai
- Department of Hematological Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xi Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pathology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Hematological Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Correspondence:
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Abedi-Gaballu F, Kamal Kazemi E, Salehzadeh SA, Mansoori B, Eslami F, Emami A, Dehghan G, Baradaran B, Mansoori B, Cho WC. Metabolic Pathways in Breast Cancer Reprograming: An Insight to Non-Coding RNAs. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192973. [PMID: 36230935 PMCID: PMC9563138 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells reprogram their metabolisms to achieve high energetic requirements and produce precursors that facilitate uncontrolled cell proliferation. Metabolic reprograming involves not only the dysregulation in glucose-metabolizing regulatory enzymes, but also the enzymes engaging in the lipid and amino acid metabolisms. Nevertheless, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of reprograming are not fully understood. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) as functional RNA molecules cannot translate into proteins, but they do play a regulatory role in gene expression. Moreover, ncRNAs have been demonstrated to be implicated in the metabolic modulations in breast cancer (BC) by regulating the metabolic-related enzymes. Here, we will focus on the regulatory involvement of ncRNAs (microRNA, circular RNA and long ncRNA) in BC metabolism, including glucose, lipid and glutamine metabolism. Investigation of this aspect may not only alter the approaches of BC diagnosis and prognosis, but may also open a new avenue in using ncRNA-based therapeutics for BC treatment by targeting different metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereydoon Abedi-Gaballu
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14731, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran
| | - Elham Kamal Kazemi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14731, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Salehzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 175-14115, Iran
| | - Behnaz Mansoori
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 175-14115, Iran
| | - Farhad Eslami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran
| | - Ali Emami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Dehghan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14731, Iran
| | - Behzad Mansoori
- Cellular and Molecular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Correspondence: (B.M.); (W.C.C.)
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (B.M.); (W.C.C.)
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FTO promotes clear cell renal cell carcinoma progression via upregulation of PDK1 through an m 6A dependent pathway. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:356. [PMID: 35961973 PMCID: PMC9374762 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01151-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
FTO, as an m6A mRNA demethylase, is involved in various cancers. However, the role of FTO in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains unclear. In the present study, we discovered FTO is upregulated in ccRCC. Functionally, knockdown of FTO significantly impairs the proliferation and migration ability of ccRCC cells. Mechanistically, our data suggest FTO promotes the proliferation and migration of ccRCC through preventing degradation of PDK1 mRNA induced by YTHDF2 in an m6A-dependent mechanism. Overall, our results identify the protumorigenic role of FTO through the m6A/YTHDF2/PDK1 pathway, which could be a promising therapeutic target for ccRCC.
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Refining the Role of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinases in Glioblastoma Development. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153769. [PMID: 35954433 PMCID: PMC9367285 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) are the most frequent brain cancers. Aggressive growth and limited treatment options induce a median survival of 12–15 months. In addition to highly proliferative and invasive properties, GB cells show cancer-associated metabolic characteristics such as increased aerobic glycolysis. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is a key enzyme complex at the crossroads between lactic fermentation and oxidative pathways, finely regulated by PDH kinases (PDHKs). PDHKs are often overexpressed in cancer cells to facilitate high glycolytic flux. We hypothesized that targeting PDHKs, by disturbing cancer metabolic homeostasis, would alter GB progression and render cells vulnerable to additional cancer treatment. Using patient databases, distinct expression patterns of PDHK1 and PDHK2 in GB tissues were obvious. To disturb protumoral glycolysis, we modulated PDH activity through the genetic or pharmacological inhibition of PDHK in patient-derived stem-like spheroids. Striking effects of PDHKs inhibition using dichloroacetate were observed in vitro on cell morphology and metabolism, resulting in increased intracellular ROS levels and decreased proliferation and invasion. In vivo findings confirmed a reduction in tumor size and better survival of mice implanted with PDHK1 and PDHK2 knockout cells. Adding a radiotherapeutic protocol further resulted in a reduction in tumor size and improved mouse survival in our model.
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Xie Y, Shi Z, Qian Y, Jiang C, Liu W, Liu B, Jiang B. HDAC2- and EZH2-Mediated Histone Modifications Induce PDK1 Expression through miR-148a Downregulation in Breast Cancer Progression and Adriamycin Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153600. [PMID: 35892859 PMCID: PMC9329997 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Epigenetic modification plays an important regulatory role in breast cancer progression. However, the relationship between epigenetic modification with tumor metabolism has not yet been fully elucidated. PDK1, as a key enzyme in glucose metabolism, mediates multiple tumors development. But, the mechanism of epigenetic modification in regulating PDK1 remains unclear in breast cancer. Here, we demonstrated that HDAC2 and EZH2 upregulated PDK1 expression through inhibiting miR-148a. Importantly, miR-148a targeting PDK1 regulated breast cancer cells glycolysis, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and Adriamycin resistance. Our results suggested that the HDAC2/EZH2/miR-148a/PDK1 axis may be a promising potential therapeutic strategy. Abstract Background: Breast cancer has one of highest morbidity and mortality rates for women. Abnormalities regarding epigenetics modification and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1)-induced unusual metabolism contribute to breast cancer progression and chemotherapy resistance. However, the role and mechanism of epigenetic change in regulating PDK1 in breast cancer remains to be elucidated. Methods: Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and Pearson’s correlation analysis were performed to analyze the relationship between histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2), and PDK1 in database and human breast cancer tissues. Dual luciferase reporters were used to test the regulation between PDK1 and miR-148a. HDAC2 and EZH2 were found to regulate miR-148a expression through Western blotting assays, qRT-PCR and co-immunoprecipitation assays. The effects of PDK1 and miR-148a in breast cancer were investigated by immunofluorescence (IF) assay, Transwell assay and flow cytometry assay. The roles of miR-148a/PDK1 in tumor growth were investigated in vivo. Results: We found that PDK1 expression was upregulated by epigenetic alterations mediated by HDAC2 and EZH2. At the post-transcriptional level, PDK1 was a new direct target of miR-148a and was upregulated in breast cancer cells due to miR-148a suppression. PDK1 overexpression partly reversed the biological function of miR-148a—including miR-148a’s ability to increase cell sensitivity to Adriamycin (ADR) treatment—inhibiting cell glycolysis, invasion and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), and inducing apoptosis and repressing tumor growth. Furthermore, we identified a novel mechanism: DNMT1 directly bound to EZH2 and recruited EZH2 and HDAC2 complexes to the promoter region of miR-148a, leading to miR-148a downregulation. In breast cancer tissues, HDAC2 and EZH2 protein expression levels also were inversely correlated with levels of miR-148a expression. Conclusion: Our study found a new regulatory mechanism in which EZH2 and HDAC2 mediate PDK1 upregulation by silencing miR-148a expression to regulate cancer development and Adriamycin resistance. These new findings suggest that the HDAC2/EZH2/miR-148a/PDK1 axis is a novel mechanism for regulating cancer development and is a potentially promising target for therapeutic options in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Xie
- Academy of Medical Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China;
| | - Zhumei Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China;
| | - Yingchen Qian
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China;
| | - Chengfei Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, China;
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Academy of Medical Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China;
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Bingjie Liu
- Academy of Medical Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China;
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Binghua Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
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Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation became functional under aglycemic hypoxia conditions in A549 cells. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:8219-8228. [PMID: 35834035 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07400-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal cells produce energy (ATP) through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in the presence of oxygen. However, many of the cancer cells produce energy with accelerated glycolysis and perform lactic acid production even under normoxic conditions called "The Warburg Effect". In this study, human lung carcinoma cells (A549) were incubated in either a normoxic or hypoxic environment containing 5 mM glucose (Glc 5), 25 mM glucose (Glc 25), or 10 mM galactose (OXPHOS/aglycemic), and then the bioenergetic pathway was anaylsed. METHODS AND RESULTS HIF-1α stabilization of A549 cells with different metabolic conditions in normoxia and hypoxia (1% O2) was determined using the western blot method. After that, L-lactic acid analysis, p-PDH/PDH expression ratio, ATP analysis, and citrate synthase activity experiments were also performed. It was determined that HIF-1α stabilization reached the maximum level at the 4 h. It has been found that glycolytic cells produce approximately five times more lactate than OXPHOS cells under both normoxia and hypoxia conditions and also have a higher p-PDH/PDH ratio. It has been determined that citrate synthase activity in hypoxia of all metabolic conditions is lower than normoxia. It has been determined that Glc 5 and Glc 25 cells have more ATP production under normoxia than Glc 5 and Glc 25 cells in hypoxia. OXPHOS cells have showed more ATP production in hypoxia. CONCLUSION It has been determined that oxidative phosphorylation became functional in a hypoxic aglycemic environment despite the metabolic programming regulated by HIF-1α. This data is important in determining targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Thakur A, Faujdar C, Sharma R, Sharma S, Malik B, Nepali K, Liou JP. Glioblastoma: Current Status, Emerging Targets, and Recent Advances. J Med Chem 2022; 65:8596-8685. [PMID: 35786935 PMCID: PMC9297300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly malignant
brain tumor characterized
by a heterogeneous population of genetically unstable and highly infiltrative
cells that are resistant to chemotherapy. Although substantial efforts
have been invested in the field of anti-GBM drug discovery in the
past decade, success has primarily been confined to the preclinical
level, and clinical studies have often been hampered due to efficacy-,
selectivity-, or physicochemical property-related issues. Thus, expansion
of the list of molecular targets coupled with a pragmatic design of
new small-molecule inhibitors with central nervous system (CNS)-penetrating
ability is required to steer the wheels of anti-GBM drug discovery
endeavors. This Perspective presents various aspects of drug discovery
(challenges in GBM drug discovery and delivery, therapeutic targets,
and agents under clinical investigation). The comprehensively covered
sections include the recent medicinal chemistry campaigns embarked
upon to validate the potential of numerous enzymes/proteins/receptors
as therapeutic targets in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Thakur
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chetna Faujdar
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida 201307, India
| | - Ram Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Sachin Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Basant Malik
- Department of Sterile Product Development, Research and Development-Unit 2, Jubiliant Generics Ltd., Noida 201301, India
| | - Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jing Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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Vilar JB, Christmann M, Tomicic MT. Alterations in Molecular Profiles Affecting Glioblastoma Resistance to Radiochemotherapy: Where Does the Good Go? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102416. [PMID: 35626024 PMCID: PMC9139489 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma is a type of brain cancer that remains incurable. Despite multiple past and ongoing preclinical studies and clinical trials, involving adjuvants to the conventional therapy and based on molecular targeting, no relevant benefit for patients’ survival has been achieved so far. The current first-line treatment regimen is based on ionizing radiation and the monoalkylating compound, temozolomide, and has been administered for more than 15 years. Glioblastoma is extremely resistant to most agents due to a mutational background that elicits quick response to insults and adapts to microenvironmental and metabolic changes. Here, we present the most recent evidence concerning the molecular features and their alterations governing pathways involved in GBM response to the standard radio-chemotherapy and discuss how they collaborate with acquired GBM’s resistance. Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a brain tumor characterized by high heterogeneity, diffuse infiltration, aggressiveness, and formation of recurrences. Patients with this kind of tumor suffer from cognitive, emotional, and behavioral problems, beyond exhibiting dismal survival rates. Current treatment comprises surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy with the methylating agent, temozolomide (TMZ). GBMs harbor intrinsic mutations involving major pathways that elicit the cells to evade cell death, adapt to the genotoxic stress, and regrow. Ionizing radiation and TMZ induce, for the most part, DNA damage repair, autophagy, stemness, and senescence, whereas only a small fraction of GBM cells undergoes treatment-induced apoptosis. Particularly upon TMZ exposure, most of the GBM cells undergo cellular senescence. Increased DNA repair attenuates the agent-induced cytotoxicity; autophagy functions as a pro-survival mechanism, protecting the cells from damage and facilitating the cells to have energy to grow. Stemness grants the cells capacity to repopulate the tumor, and senescence triggers an inflammatory microenvironment favorable to transformation. Here, we highlight this mutational background and its interference with the response to the standard radiochemotherapy. We discuss the most relevant and recent evidence obtained from the studies revealing the molecular mechanisms that lead these cells to be resistant and indicate some future perspectives on combating this incurable tumor.
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Najar MA, Arefian M, Sidransky D, Gowda H, Prasad TSK, Modi PK, Chatterjee A. Tyrosine Phosphorylation Profiling Revealed the Signaling Network Characteristics of CAMKK2 in Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:854764. [PMID: 35646067 PMCID: PMC9136244 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.854764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CAMKK2) is a serine/threonine protein kinase which functions via the calcium-triggered signaling cascade with CAMK1, CAMK4, and AMPKα as the immediate downstream substrates. CAMKK2 is reported to be overexpressed in gastric cancer; however, its signaling mechanism is poorly understood. We carried out label-free quantitative tyrosine phosphoproteomics to investigate tyrosine-mediated molecular signaling associated with CAMKK2 in gastric cancer cells. Using a high-resolution Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid Fourier-transform mass spectrometer, we identified 350 phosphotyrosine sites mapping to 157 proteins. We observed significant alterations in 81 phosphopeptides corresponding to 63 proteins upon inhibition of CAMKK2, among which 16 peptides were hyperphosphorylated corresponding to 13 proteins and 65 peptides were hypophosphorylated corresponding to 51 proteins. We report here that the inhibition of CAMKK2 leads to changes in the phosphorylation of several tyrosine kinases such as PKP2, PTK2, EPHA1, EPHA2, PRKCD, MAPK12, among others. Pathway analyses revealed that proteins are differentially phosphorylated in response to CAMKK2 inhibition involved in focal adhesions, actin cytoskeleton, axon guidance, and signaling by VEGF. The western blot analysis upon inhibition and/or silencing of CAMKK2 revealed a decrease in phosphorylation of PTK2 at Y925, c-JUN at S73, and STAT3 at Y705, which was in concordance with the mass spectrometry data. The study indicates that inhibition of CAMKK2 has an anti-oncogenic effect in gastric cells regulating phosphorylation of STAT3 through PTK2/c-JUN in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd. Altaf Najar
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Mohammad Arefian
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Oncology and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - T. S. Keshava Prasad
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Prashant Kumar Modi
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
- *Correspondence: Prashant Kumar Modi, ; Aditi Chatterjee,
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- *Correspondence: Prashant Kumar Modi, ; Aditi Chatterjee,
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Ripk3 signaling regulates HSCs during stress and represses radiation-induced leukemia in mice. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:1428-1441. [PMID: 35561683 PMCID: PMC9213819 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (Ripk3) is one of the critical mediators of inflammatory cytokine-stimulated signaling. Here we show that Ripk3 signaling selectively regulates both the number and the function of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) during stress conditions. Ripk3 signaling is not required for normal homeostatic hematopoiesis. However, in response to serial transplantation, inactivation of Ripk3 signaling prevents stress-induced HSC exhaustion and functional HSC attenuation, while in response to fractionated low doses of ionizing radiation (IR), inactivation of Ripk3 signaling accelerates leukemia/lymphoma development. In both situations, Ripk3 signaling is primarily stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-α. Activated Ripk3 signaling promotes the elimination of HSCs during serial transplantation and pre-leukemia stem cells (pre-LSCs) during fractionated IR by inducing Mlkl-dependent necroptosis. Activated Ripk3 signaling also attenuates HSC functioning and represses a pre-LSC-to-LSC transformation by promoting Mlkl-independent senescence. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Ripk3 signaling induces senescence in HSCs and pre-LSCs by attenuating ISR-mediated mitochondrial quality control. Ripk3-Mlkl signaling is not required for normal homeostatic hematopoiesis Ripk3-Mlkl signaling promotes HSC loss during serial transplantation or low-dose IR Tnf-α-Ripk3 signaling prevents leukemia development after exposure to low-dose IR Ripk3 represses pre-LSCs by inducing Mlkl necroptosis and PDC-OXPHOS-ROS senescence
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Garg C, khan H, Kaur A, Singh TG, Sharma VK, Singh SK. Therapeutic Implications of Sonic Hedgehog Pathway in Metabolic Disorders: Novel Target for Effective Treatment. Pharmacol Res 2022; 179:106194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ge J, Zhang N, Tang S, Hu F, Hou X, Sun H, Han L, Wang Q. Loss of PDK1 Induces Meiotic Defects in Oocytes From Diabetic Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:793389. [PMID: 34988082 PMCID: PMC8720995 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.793389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal diabetes has been shown to impair oocyte quality; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, using a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse model, we first detected and reduced expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) in diabetic oocytes, accompanying with the lowered phosphorylation of serine residue 232 on α subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex (Ser232-PDHE1α). Importantly, forced expression of PDK1 not only elevated the phosphorylation level of Ser232-PDHE1α, but also partly prevented the spindle disorganization and chromosome misalignment in oocytes from diabetic mice, with no beneficial effects on metabolic dysfunction. Moreover, a phospho-mimetic S232D-PDHE1α mutant is also capable of ameliorating the maternal diabetes-associated meiotic defects. In sum, our data indicate that PDK1-controlled Ser232-PDHE1α phosphorylation pathway mediates the effects of diabetic environment on oocyte competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shoubin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feifei Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaojing Hou
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child HealthCare Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongzheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Longsen Han
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Kelly NJ, Chan SY. Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Emerging Principles of Precision Medicine across Basic Science to Clinical Practice. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2022; 23:378. [PMID: 36875282 PMCID: PMC9980296 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2311378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an enigmatic and deadly vascular disease with no known cure. Recent years have seen rapid advances in our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of PAH, with an expanding knowledge of the molecular, cellular, and systems-level drivers of disease that are being translated into novel therapeutic modalities. Simultaneous advances in clinical technology have led to a growing list of tools with potential application to diagnosis and phenotyping. Guided by fundamental biology, these developments hold the potential to usher in a new era of personalized medicine in PAH with broad implications for patient management and great promise for improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Kelly
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine and Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute; Division of Cardiology; Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Stephen Y Chan
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine and Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute; Division of Cardiology; Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Zhang J, Zhang L, Nie J, Lin Y, Li Y, Xu W, Zhao JY, Zhao SM, Wang C. Calcineurin inactivation inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity and induces the Warburg effect. Oncogene 2021; 40:6692-6702. [PMID: 34667275 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Calcineurin is a calcium- and calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase that connects the Ca2+-dependent signalling to multiple cellular responses. Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) have been widely used to suppress immune response in allograft patients. However, CNIs significantly increase cancer incidence in transplant recipients compared with the general population. Accumulating evidence suggests that CNIs may promote the malignant transformation of cancer cells in addition to its role in immunosuppression, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we show that calcineurin interacts with pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), a mitochondrial gatekeeper enzyme that connects two key metabolic pathways of cells, glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Mitochondrial-localized calcineurin dephosphorylates PDHA1 at Ser232, Ser293 and Ser300, and thus enhances PDC enzymatic activity, remodels cellular glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, and suppresses cancer cell proliferation. Hypoxia attenuates mitochondrial translocation of calcineurin to promote PDC inactivation. Moreover, CNIs promote metabolic remodelling and the Warburg effect by blocking calcineurin-mediated PDC activation in cancer cells. Our findings indicate that calcineurin is a critical regulator of mitochondrial metabolism and suggest that CNIs may promote tumorigenesis through inhibition of the calcineurin-PDC pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianong Zhang
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC (SIPPR, IRD), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC (SIPPR, IRD), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Ji Nie
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC (SIPPR, IRD), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC (SIPPR, IRD), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yao Li
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC (SIPPR, IRD), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jian-Yuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Shi-Min Zhao
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC (SIPPR, IRD), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Chenji Wang
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC (SIPPR, IRD), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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Jin L, Cho M, Kim BS, Han JH, Park S, Lee IK, Ryu D, Kim JH, Bae SJ, Ha KT. Drug evaluation based on phosphomimetic PDHA1 reveals the complexity of activity-related cell death in A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 34488935 PMCID: PMC8633525 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2021.54.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells predominantly generate energy via glycolysis, even in the presence of oxygen, to support abnormal cell proliferation. Suppression of PDHA1 by PDK1 prevents the conversion of cytoplasmic pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA. Several PDK inhibitors have been identified, but their clinical applications have not been successful for unclear reasons. In this study, endogenous PDHA1 in A549 cells was silenced by the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and PDHA1WT and PDHA13SD were transduced. Since PDHA13SD cannot be phosphorylated by PDKs, it was used to evaluate the specific activity of PDK inhibitors. This study highlights that PDHA1WT and PDHA13SD A549 cells can be used as a cell-based PDK inhibitor-distinction system to examine the relationship between PDH activity and cell death by established PDK inhibitors. Leelamine, huzhangoside A and otobaphenol induced PDH activity-dependent apoptosis, whereas AZD7545, VER-246608 and DCA effectively enhanced PDHA1 activity but little toxic to cancer cells. Furthermore, the activity of phosphomimetic PDHA1 revealed the complexity of its regulation, which requires further in-depth investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jin
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Korean Medical Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Minkyoung Cho
- Korean Medical Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Bo-Sung Kim
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Korean Medical Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Jung Ho Han
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Korean Medical Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Sungmi Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41404, Korea
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Bae
- Korean Medical Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Ha
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Korean Medical Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
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Echeverri Ruiz NP, Mohan V, Wu J, Scott S, Kreamer M, Benej M, Golias T, Papandreou I, Denko NC. Dynamic regulation of mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism is necessary for orthotopic pancreatic tumor growth. Cancer Metab 2021; 9:39. [PMID: 34749809 PMCID: PMC8577026 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-021-00275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) plays a central role in carbohydrate metabolism, linking cytoplasmic glycolysis to the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. PDC is a conserved E1-E2-E3 dehydrogenase with a PDHA1 and PDHB heterotetramer functioning as the E1 subunit. PDHA1 contains three serine residues that can be reversibly phosphorylated by a dedicated family of four inhibitory pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDHK1-4) and two reactivating phosphatases (PDP1, 2). Hypoxia induces the expression of PDHK1 and PDHK3 and hyperphosphorylates PDHA1. The role of PDC in metabolic reprogramming and tumor progression appears to be for the integration of oncogenic and environmental signals which supports tumor growth. METHODS To isolate the function of the serine-dependent regulation of PDC, we engineered MiaPaca2 cells to express PDHA1 protein with either intact serines at positions 232, 293, and 300 or all the combinations of non-phosphorylatable alanine substitution mutations. These lines were compared in vitro for biochemical response to hypoxia by western blot, metabolic activity by biochemical assay and Seahorse XF flux analysis, and growth in media with reduced exogenous metabolites. The lines were also tested for growth in vivo after orthotopic injection into the pancreata of immune-deficient mice. RESULTS In this family of cells with non-phosphorylatable PDHA1, we found reduced hypoxic phosphorylation of PDHA1, decreased PDH enzymatic activity in normoxia and hypoxia, decreased mitochondrial function by Seahorse flux assay, reduced in vitro growth of cells in media depleted of lipids, and reduced growth of tumors after orthotopic transplantation of cells into the pancreata of immune-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS We found that any substitution of alanine for serine at regulatory sites generated a hypomorphic PDC. However, the reduced PDC activity was insensitive to further reduction in hypoxia. These cells had a very modest reduction of growth in vitro, but failed to grow as tumors indicating that dynamic PDC adaptation to microenvironmental conditions is necessary to support pancreatic cancer growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy P Echeverri Ruiz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, OSUCCC and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
- Current address: Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Vijay Mohan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, OSUCCC and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Jinghai Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, OSUCCC and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Sabina Scott
- Department of Radiation Oncology, OSUCCC and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - McKenzie Kreamer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, OSUCCC and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Martin Benej
- Department of Radiation Oncology, OSUCCC and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Tereza Golias
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 84505, Slovak Republic
| | - Ioanna Papandreou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, OSUCCC and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Nicholas C Denko
- Department of Radiation Oncology, OSUCCC and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA.
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Padda J, Khalid K, Kakani V, Cooper AC, Jean-Charles G. Metabolic Acidosis in Leukemia. Cureus 2021; 13:e17732. [PMID: 34659946 PMCID: PMC8491631 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2020, the incidence of leukemia was 474,519 with 311,594 mortality worldwide. In 2021, the American Cancer Society (ACS) has estimated 61,090 new cases of leukemia to occur within the United States. It has also been reported that the most common cause of death in children from one to fourteen years old is oncological, with leukemia being the most frequent cause. A phenomenon known as the Warburg effect has been affiliated with cancer. The Warburg effect is a metabolic abnormality of lactic acidosis in malignancies, with most cases presenting as hematological malignancies such as leukemia. Although many theories have been formulated to clarify the role of the Warburg effect, the exact role still remains uncertain. Four suggested theories on why the Warburg effect happens to include cell signaling, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, biosynthesis, and the tumor microenvironment. The Warburg effect occurs in leukemia with the help of enzymes such as pyruvate kinases M2 (PKM2), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1), and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1). In this literature, we explain the proposed hypotheses of the Warburg effect, along with the molecular mechanism of how leukemia is able to produce lactic acid, with the intent to better understand this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gutteridge Jean-Charles
- Internal Medicine, JC Medical Center, Orlando, USA.,Internal Medicine, Advent Health & Orlando Health Hospital, Orlando, USA
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Srisakuldee W, Nickel BE, Fandrich RR, Zhang F, Pasumarthi KBS, Kardami E. A Cardiac Mitochondrial FGFR1 Mediates the Antithetical Effects of FGF2 Isoforms on Permeability Transition. Cells 2021; 10:2735. [PMID: 34685716 PMCID: PMC8534529 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, abundant organelles in high energy demand cells such as cardiomyocytes, can determine cell death or survival by regulating the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore, mPTP. We addressed the hypothesis that the growth factor FGF2, known to reside in intracellular locations, can directly influence mitochondrial susceptibility to mPTP opening. Rat cardiac subsarcolemmal (SSM) or interfibrillar (IFM) mitochondrial suspensions exposed directly to rat 18 kDa low molecular weight (Lo-) FGF2 isoform displayed increased resistance to calcium overload-induced mPTP, measured spectrophotometrically as "swelling", or as cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Inhibition of mitochondrial protein kinase C epsilon abrogated direct Lo-FGF2 mito-protection. Exposure to the rat 23 kDa high molecular weight (Hi) FGF2 isoform promoted cytochrome c release from SSM and IFM under nonstressed conditions. The effect of Hi-FGF2 was prevented by mPTP inhibitors, pre-exposure to Lo-FGF2, and okadaic acid, a serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor. Western blotting and immunoelectron microscopy pointed to the presence of immunoreactive FGFR1 in cardiac mitochondria in situ. The direct mito-protective effect of Lo-FGF2, as well as the deleterious effect of Hi-FGF2, were prevented by FGFR1 inhibitors and FGFR1 neutralizing antibodies. We propose that intracellular FGF2 isoforms can modulate mPTP opening by interacting with mito-FGFR1 and relaying isoform-specific intramitochondrial signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wattamon Srisakuldee
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
- St. Boniface Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; (B.E.N.); (R.R.F.)
| | - Barbara E. Nickel
- St. Boniface Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; (B.E.N.); (R.R.F.)
| | - Robert R. Fandrich
- St. Boniface Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; (B.E.N.); (R.R.F.)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Feixong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (F.Z.); (K.B.S.P.)
| | - Kishore B. S. Pasumarthi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (F.Z.); (K.B.S.P.)
| | - Elissavet Kardami
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
- St. Boniface Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; (B.E.N.); (R.R.F.)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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