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Gimeno-Valiente F, López-Rodas G, Castillo J, Franco L. The Many Roads from Alternative Splicing to Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms Involving Driver Genes. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2123. [PMID: 38893242 PMCID: PMC11171328 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16112123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer driver genes are either oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes that are classically activated or inactivated, respectively, by driver mutations. Alternative splicing-which produces various mature mRNAs and, eventually, protein variants from a single gene-may also result in driving neoplastic transformation because of the different and often opposed functions of the variants of driver genes. The present review analyses the different alternative splicing events that result in driving neoplastic transformation, with an emphasis on their molecular mechanisms. To do this, we collected a list of 568 gene drivers of cancer and revised the literature to select those involved in the alternative splicing of other genes as well as those in which its pre-mRNA is subject to alternative splicing, with the result, in both cases, of producing an oncogenic isoform. Thirty-one genes fall into the first category, which includes splicing factors and components of the spliceosome and splicing regulators. In the second category, namely that comprising driver genes in which alternative splicing produces the oncogenic isoform, 168 genes were found. Then, we grouped them according to the molecular mechanisms responsible for alternative splicing yielding oncogenic isoforms, namely, mutations in cis splicing-determining elements, other causes involving non-mutated cis elements, changes in splicing factors, and epigenetic and chromatin-related changes. The data given in the present review substantiate the idea that aberrant splicing may regulate the activation of proto-oncogenes or inactivation of tumour suppressor genes and details on the mechanisms involved are given for more than 40 driver genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gimeno-Valiente
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK;
| | - Gerardo López-Rodas
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (G.L.-R.); (J.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Josefa Castillo
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (G.L.-R.); (J.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Franco
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (G.L.-R.); (J.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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2
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Jiang N, Li YB, Jin JY, Guo JY, Ding QR, Meng D, Zhi XL. Structural and functional insights into the epigenetic regulator MRG15. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:879-889. [PMID: 38191914 PMCID: PMC11053006 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
MORF4-related gene on chromosome 15 (MRG15), a chromatin remodeller, is evolutionally conserved and ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues and cells. MRG15 plays vital regulatory roles in DNA damage repair, cell proliferation and division, cellular senescence and apoptosis by regulating both gene activation and gene repression via associations with specific histone acetyltransferase and histone deacetylase complexes. Recently, MRG15 has also been shown to rhythmically regulate hepatic lipid metabolism and suppress carcinoma progression. The unique N-terminal chromodomain and C-terminal MRG domain in MRG15 synergistically regulate its interaction with different cofactors, affecting its functions in various cell types. Thus, how MRG15 elaborately regulates target gene expression and performs diverse functions in different cellular contexts is worth investigating. In this review, we provide an in-depth discussion of how MRG15 controls multiple physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yong-Bo Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jia-Yu Jin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie-Yu Guo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiu-Rong Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Dan Meng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xiu-Ling Zhi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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3
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Sun Y, Jin D, Zhang Z, Ji H, An X, Zhang Y, Yang C, Sun W, Zhang Y, Duan Y, Kang X, Jiang L, Zhao X, Lian F. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation in kidney diseases: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2023; 1866:194967. [PMID: 37553065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2023.194967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is regulated by methylases, commonly referred to as "writers," and demethylases, known as "erasers," leading to a dynamic and reversible process. Changes in m6A levels have been implicated in a wide range of cellular processes, including nuclear RNA export, mRNA metabolism, protein translation, and RNA splicing, establishing a strong correlation with various diseases. Both physiologically and pathologically, m6A methylation plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of kidney disease. The methylation of m6A may also facilitate the early diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases, according to accumulating research. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the potential role and mechanism of m6A methylation in kidney diseases, as well as its potential application in the treatment of such diseases. There will be a thorough examination of m6A methylation mechanisms, paying particular attention to the interplay between m6A writers, m6A erasers, and m6A readers. Furthermore, this paper will elucidate the interplay between various kidney diseases and m6A methylation, summarize the expression patterns of m6A in pathological kidney tissues, and discuss the potential therapeutic benefits of targeting m6A in the context of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Sun
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - De Jin
- Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hangyu Ji
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuedong An
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehong Zhang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cunqing Yang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Duan
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Kang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Jiang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefei Zhao
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengmei Lian
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Sun W, Wang M, Zhao J, Zhao S, Zhu W, Wu X, Li F, Liu W, Wang Z, Gao M, Zhang Y, Xu J, Zhang M, Wang Q, Wen Z, Shen J, Zhang W, Huang Z. Sulindac selectively induces autophagic apoptosis of GABAergic neurons and alters motor behaviour in zebrafish. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5351. [PMID: 37660128 PMCID: PMC10475106 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs compose one of the most widely used classes of medications, but the risks for early development remain controversial, especially in the nervous system. Here, we utilized zebrafish larvae to assess the potentially toxic effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and found that sulindac can selectively induce apoptosis of GABAergic neurons in the brains of zebrafish larvae brains. Zebrafish larvae exhibit hyperactive behaviour after sulindac exposure. We also found that akt1 is selectively expressed in GABAergic neurons and that SC97 (an Akt1 activator) and exogenous akt1 mRNA can reverse the apoptosis caused by sulindac. Further studies showed that sulindac binds to retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα) and induces autophagy in GABAergic neurons, leading to activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Finally, we verified that sulindac can lead to hyperactivity and selectively induce GABAergic neuron apoptosis in mice. These findings suggest that excessive use of sulindac may lead to early neurodevelopmental toxicity and increase the risk of hyperactivity, which could be associated with damage to GABAergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Sun
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Meimei Wang
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenchao Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaoting Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Feifei Li
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Meng Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yiyue Zhang
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Meijia Zhang
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zilong Wen
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Greater Bay Biomedical Innocenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Juan Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Greater Bay Biomedical Innocenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Zhibin Huang
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Fan JR, Chang SN, Chu CT, Chen HC. AKT2-mediated nuclear deformation leads to genome instability during epithelial-mesenchymal transition. iScience 2023; 26:106992. [PMID: 37378334 PMCID: PMC10291577 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear deformation has been observed in some cancer cells for decades, but its underlying mechanism and biological significance remain elusive. To address these questions, we employed human lung cancer A549 cell line as a model in context with transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Here, we report that nuclear deformation induced by TGFβ is concomitant with increased phosphorylation of lamin A at Ser390, defective nuclear lamina and genome instability. AKT2 and Smad3 serve as the downstream effectors for TGFβ to induce nuclear deformation. AKT2 directly phosphorylates lamin A at Ser390, whereas Smad3 is required for AKT2 activation upon TGFβ stimulation. Expression of the lamin A mutant with a substitution of Ser390 to Ala or suppression of AKT2 or Smad3 prevents nuclear deformation and genome instability induced by TGFβ. These findings reveal a molecular mechanism for TGFβ-induced nuclear deformation and establish a role of nuclear deformation in genome instability during epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Rong Fan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Nian Chang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Tung Chu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Chen Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
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Wang Y, Zhang H, La Ferlita A, Sp N, Goryunova M, Sarchet P, Hu Z, Sorkin M, Kim A, Huang H, Zhu H, Tsung A, Pollock RE, Beane JD. Phosphorylation of IWS1 by AKT maintains liposarcoma tumor heterogeneity through preservation of cancer stem cell phenotypes and mesenchymal-epithelial plasticity. Oncogenesis 2023; 12:30. [PMID: 37237004 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-023-00469-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment for patients with advanced liposarcoma (LPS), but response rates are only 25% and the overall survival at 5 years is dismal at 20-34%. Translation of other therapies have not been successful and there has been no significant improvement in prognosis for nearly 20 years. The aberrant activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway has been implicated in the aggressive clinical behavior LPS and in resistance to chemotherapy, but the precise mechanism remains elusive and efforts to target AKT clinically have failed. Here we show that the AKT-mediated phosphorylation of the transcription elongation factor IWS1, promotes the maintenance of cancer stem cells in both cell and xenograft models of LPS. In addition, phosphorylation of IWS1 by AKT contributes to a "metastable" cell phenotype, characterized by mesenchymal/epithelial plasticity. The expression of phosphorylated IWS1 also promotes anchorage-dependent and independent growth, cell migration, invasion, and tumor metastasis. In patients with LPS, IWS1 expression is associated with reduced overall survival, increased frequency of recurrence, and shorter time to relapse after resection. These findings indicate that IWS1-mediated transcription elongation is an important regulator of human LPS pathobiology in an AKT-dependent manner and implicate IWS1 as an important molecular target to treat LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, James Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongji Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, James Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alessandro La Ferlita
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, James Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nipin Sp
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, James Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Marina Goryunova
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, James Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Patricia Sarchet
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, James Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zhiwei Hu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, James Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael Sorkin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, James Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alex Kim
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, James Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, James Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Allan Tsung
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, James Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Raphael E Pollock
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, James Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joal D Beane
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, James Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Qu L, Liu Y, Deng J, Ma X, Fan D. Ginsenoside Rk3 is a novel PI3K/AKT-targeting therapeutics agent that regulates autophagy and apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:463-482. [PMID: 37305788 PMCID: PMC10257150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Ginsenoside Rk3, an important and rare saponin in heat-treated ginseng, is generated from Rg1 and has a smaller molecular weight. However, the anti-HCC efficacy and mechanisms of ginsenoside Rk3 have not yet been characterized. Here, we investigated the mechanism by which ginsenoside Rk3, a tetracyclic triterpenoid rare ginsenoside, inhibits the growth of HCC. We first explored the possible potential targets of Rk3 through network pharmacology. Both in vitro (HepG2 and HCC-LM3 cells) and in vivo (primary liver cancer mice and HCC-LM3 subcutaneous tumor-bearing mice) studies revealed that Rk3 significantly inhibits the proliferation of HCC. Meanwhile, Rk3 blocked the cell cycle in HCC at the G1 phase and induced autophagy and apoptosis in HCC. Further proteomics and siRNA experiments showed that Rk3 regulates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway to inhibit HCC growth, which was validated by molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance. In conclusion, we report the discovery that ginsenoside Rk3 binds to PI3K/AKT and promotes autophagy and apoptosis in HCC. Our data strongly support the translation of ginsenoside Rk3 into novel PI3K/AKT-targeting therapeutics for HCC treatment with low toxic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Qu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Xi'an Giant Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710076, China
| | - Yannan Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Jianjun Deng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
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Recent insights into the role of Akt in CD4 T-cell activation and differentiation: alternative splicing and beyond. IMMUNOMETABOLISM (COBHAM (SURREY, ENGLAND)) 2023; 5:e00015. [PMID: 36710922 PMCID: PMC9869951 DOI: 10.1097/in9.0000000000000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The activation and differentiation of CD4+ T cells is a complex process that is controlled by many factors. A critical component of the signaling pathway triggered following T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement is the serine threonine kinase Akt. Akt is involved in the control of many cellular processes including proliferation, metabolism, and differentiation of specific TH-cell subsets. Recent work has shown that, depending on the nature or strength of the TCR activation, Akt may activate different sets of substrates which then lead to differential cellular outcomes. Akt plays an important role in controlling the strength of the TCR signal and several recent studies have identified novel mechanisms including control of the expression of negative regulators of TCR signaling, and the influence on regulatory T cells (Treg) and TH17 differentiation. Many of these functions are mediated via control of the FoxO family of transcription factors, that play an important role in metabolism and Th cell differentiation. A theme that is emerging is that Akt does not function in the same way in all T-cell types. We highlight differences between CD4 and CD8 T cells as well as between Treg, TH17, and TFH cells. While Akt activity has been implicated in the control of alternative splicing in tumor cells, recent studies are emerging that indicate that similar functions may exist in CD4 T cells. In this mini review, we highlight some of the recent advances in these areas of Akt function that demonstrate the varied role that Akt plays in the function of CD4 T cells.
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Tian B, Bian Y, Bian DJ, Gao Y, Zhang X, Zhou SW, Zhang YH, Pang YN, Li ZS, Wang LW. Knowledge mapping of alternative splicing of cancer from 2012 to 2021: A bibliometric analysis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1068805. [PMID: 36591484 PMCID: PMC9795218 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1068805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As a processing method of RNA precursors, alternative splicing (AS) is critical to normal cellular activities. Aberrant AS events are associated with cancer development and can be promising targets to treat cancer. However, no detailed and unbiased study describes the current state of AS of cancer research. We aim to measure and recognize the current state and trends of AS cancer research in this study. Methods The Web of Science Core Collection was used to acquire the articles. Utilizing three bibliometric tools (CiteSpace, VOSviewer, R-bibliometrix), we were able to measure and recognize the influence and collaboration data of individual articles, journals, and co-citations. Analysis of co-occurrence and burst information helped us identify the trending research areas related to AS of cancer. Results From 2012 to 2021, the total number of papers on AS of cancer published in 766 academic journals was 3,507, authored by 20,406 researchers in 405 institutions from 80 countries/regions. Research involving AS of cancer genes was primarily conducted in the United States and China; simultaneously, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fudan University, and National Cancer Institute were the institutions with strong research capabilities. Scorilas Andreas is the scholar with the most publications, while the most co-citations were generated by Wang, Eric T. Plos One published the most papers on AS of cancer, while J Biol Chem was the most co-cited academic journal in this field. The results of keyword co-occurrence analysis can be divided into three types: molecular (P53, CD44, androgen receptor, srsf3, esrp1), pathological process (apoptosis, EMT, metastasis, angiogenesis, proliferation), and disease (breast cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer). Conclusion Research on AS of cancer has been increasing in intensity over the past decade. Current AS of cancer studies focused on the hallmarks of AS in cancer and AS signatures including diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Among them, the current trends are splicing factors regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition and other hallmarks, aberrant splicing events in tumors, and further mechanisms. These might give researchers interested in this field a forward-looking perspective and inform further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Bian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - De-Jian Bian
- Department of Emergency, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Si-Wei Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Hui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Nan Pang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Ya-Nan Pang, ; Zhao-Shen Li, ; Luo-Wei Wang,
| | - Zhao-Shen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Ya-Nan Pang, ; Zhao-Shen Li, ; Luo-Wei Wang,
| | - Luo-Wei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Ya-Nan Pang, ; Zhao-Shen Li, ; Luo-Wei Wang,
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10
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Liu J, Zhang M, Dong H, Liu J, Mao A, Ning G, Cao Y, Zhang Y, Wang Q. Chemokine signaling synchronizes angioblast proliferation and differentiation during pharyngeal arch artery vasculogenesis. Development 2022; 149:285824. [PMID: 36468454 PMCID: PMC10114070 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Developmentally, the great vessels of the heart originate from the pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs). During PAA vasculogenesis, PAA precursors undergo sequential cell fate decisions that are accompanied by proliferative expansion. However, how these two processes are synchronized remains poorly understood. Here, we find that the zebrafish chemokine receptor Cxcr4a is expressed in PAA precursors, and genetic ablation of either cxcr4a or the ligand gene cxcl12b causes PAA stenosis. Cxcr4a is required for the activation of the downstream PI3K/AKT cascade, which promotes not only PAA angioblast proliferation, but also differentiation. AKT has a well-known role in accelerating cell-cycle progression through the activation of cyclin-dependent kinases. Despite this, we demonstrate that AKT phosphorylates Etv2 and Scl, the key regulators of angioblast commitment, on conserved serine residues, thereby protecting them from ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. Altogether, our study reveals a central role for chemokine signaling in PAA vasculogenesis through orchestrating angioblast proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Haojian Dong
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jingwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Aihua Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guozhu Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yiyue Zhang
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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11
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Tsimberidou AM, Skliris A, Valentine A, Shaw J, Hering U, Vo HH, Chan TO, Armen RS, Cottrell JR, Pan JQ, Tsichlis PN. AKT inhibition in the central nervous system induces signaling defects resulting in psychiatric symptomatology. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:56. [PMID: 35525984 PMCID: PMC9080159 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00793-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Changes in the expression and activity of the AKT oncogene play an important role in psychiatric disease. We present translational data assessing the role of AKT in psychiatric symptoms.
Methods
(1) We assessed the protein activity of an AKT3 mutant harboring a PH domain mutation (Q60H) detected in a patient with schizophrenia, the corresponding AKT1 mutant (Q61H), and wild-type AKT1 and AKT3 transduced in AKT-null mouse fibroblasts and modeled the Q61H mutation onto the crystal structure of the Akt1 PH domain. (2) We analyzed the results of earlier genome-wide association studies to determine the distribution of schizophrenia-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the AKT3 gene. (3) We analyzed the psychiatric adverse events (AEs) of patients treated with M2698 (p70S6K/AKT1/AKT3 inhibitor) and with other PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors.
Results
(1) Proteins encoded by AKT3 (AKT3Q60H) and AKT1 (AKT1Q61H) mutants had lower kinase activity than those encoded by wild-type AKT3 and AKT1, respectively. Molecular modeling of the AKT1-Q61H mutant suggested conformational changes that may reduce the binding of D3-phosphorylated phosphoinositides to the PH domain. (2) We identified multiple SNPs in the AKT3 gene that were strongly associated with schizophrenia (p < 0.5 × 10–8). (3) Psychiatric AEs, mostly insomnia, anxiety, and depression, were noted in 29% of patients treated with M2698. In randomized studies, their incidence was higher in PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitor arms compared with placebo arms. All psychiatric AEs were reversible.
Conclusions
Our data elucidate the incidence and mechanisms of psychiatric AEs in patients treated with PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors and emphasize the need for careful monitoring.
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12
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Han BY, Liu Z, Hu X, Ling H. HNRNPU promotes the progression of triple-negative breast cancer via RNA transcription and alternative splicing mechanisms. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:940. [PMID: 36347834 PMCID: PMC9643420 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a great detriment to women's health due to the lack of effective therapeutic targets. In this study, we employed an integrated genetic screen to identify a pivotal oncogenic factor, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U (HNRNPU), which is required for the progression of TNBC. We elucidated the pro-oncogenic role of HNRNPU, which can induce the proliferation and migration of TNBC cells via its association with DEAD box helicase 5 (DDX5) protein. Elevated levels of the HNRNPU-DDX5 complex prohibited the intron retention of minichromosome maintenance protein 10 (MCM10) pre-mRNA, decreased nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, and activated Wnt/β-catenin signalling; on the other hand, HNRNPU-DDX5 is located in the transcriptional start sites (TSS) of LIM domain only protein 4 (LMO4) and its upregulation promoted the transcription of LMO4, consequently activating PI3K-Akt-mTOR signalling. Our data highlight the synergetic effects of HNRNPU in RNA transcription and splicing in regulating cancer progression and suggest that HNRNPU may act as a potential molecular target in the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-yue Han
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China ,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Zhebin Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Xin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Hong Ling
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
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13
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Xu X, Zhang W, Gao H, Tan Y, Guo Y, He T. Polyadenylate-binding protein cytoplasmic 1 mediates alternative splicing events of immune-related genes in gastric cancer cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:1907-1916. [PMID: 36112850 PMCID: PMC9742748 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221121631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyadenylate-binding protein cytoplasmic 1 (PABPC1) is dysregulated in malignancies, which is considered as a potential therapeutic target for many cancer types. By alternative splicing (AS) for gastric cancer (GC), we described PABPC1-modulated AS events in this study. PABPC1 expression was analyzed in 408 GC tissues from The Cancer Genome Altas (TCGA) database. Human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells were transfected with PABPC1-specific small interfering RNA (siPABPC1) with siCtrl as a negative control. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was done for the determination of transcripts. To detect the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 10 different types of AS events, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed. DEGs were analyzed for functional categories including gene ontology, and the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway were analyzed for DEGs. GC displayed an elevated expression of PABPC1. PABPC1 was efficiently knocked down in AGS cells. Here, we excavated 1234 PABPC1-regulated DEGs, among which 502 were down-regulated and 732 were up-regulated compared to the siCtrl group. A total of 94 DEGs were involved in inflammation and immune response. Results from qRT-PCR validated the up-regulation of 10 immune and inflammation-related DEGs in the siPABPC1 group. PABPC1 deficiency causes 1304 AS events differentially occurred in AGS cells. The most common type of AS events regulated by PABPC2 is alternative 5' splice sites. qRT-PCR confirmed the transcription level of five immune-related genes, in which AS events were detected in the siPABPC1 group. PABPC1 knockdown mediates AS events and thus the transcript level of immune and inflammation-related genes in AGS cells. PABPC1-regulated oncogenic AS events display potential as targets for therapeutic development.
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14
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Fang H, Li H, Zhang H, Wang S, Xu S, Chang L, Yang Y, Cui R. Short-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase: A novel vital oncogene or tumor suppressor gene in cancers. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1019312. [PMID: 36313354 PMCID: PMC9614034 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1019312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The reprogramming of cellular metabolism is frequently linked to tumorigenesis. Glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids are the specific substrates involved in how an organism maintains metabolic equilibrium. The HADH gene codes for the short-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADH), a crucial enzyme in fatty acid oxidation that catalyzes the third phase of fatty acid oxidation in mitochondria. Increasing data suggest that HADH is differentially expressed in various types of malignancies and is linked to cancer development and progression. The significance of HADH expression in tumors and its potential mechanisms of action in the onset and progression of certain cancers are summarized in this article. The possible roles of HADH as a target and/or biomarker for the detection and treatment of various malignancies is also described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Fang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hanyang Li
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuang Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Chang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongsheng Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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15
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López-Rivera F, Chuang J, Spatt D, Gopalakrishnan R, Winston F. Suppressor mutations that make the essential transcription factor Spn1/Iws1 dispensable in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2022; 222:iyac125. [PMID: 35977387 PMCID: PMC9526074 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spn1/Iws1 is an essential eukaryotic transcription elongation factor that is conserved from yeast to humans as an integral member of the RNA polymerase II elongation complex. Several studies have shown that Spn1 functions as a histone chaperone to control transcription, RNA splicing, genome stability, and histone modifications. However, the precise role of Spn1 is not understood, and there is little understanding of why it is essential for viability. To address these issues, we have isolated 8 suppressor mutations that bypass the essential requirement for Spn1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Unexpectedly, the suppressors identify several functionally distinct complexes and activities, including the histone chaperone FACT, the histone methyltransferase Set2, the Rpd3S histone deacetylase complex, the histone acetyltransferase Rtt109, the nucleosome remodeler Chd1, and a member of the SAGA coactivator complex, Sgf73. The identification of these distinct groups suggests that there are multiple ways in which Spn1 bypass can occur, including changes in histone acetylation and alterations in other histone chaperones. Thus, Spn1 may function to overcome repressive chromatin by multiple mechanisms during transcription. Our results suggest that bypassing a subset of these functions allows viability in the absence of Spn1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Chuang
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dan Spatt
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Fred Winston
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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16
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Li S, Edwards G, Radebaugh CA, Luger K, A Stargell L. Spn1 and its dynamic interactions with Spt6, histones and nucleosomes. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167630. [PMID: 35595162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Histone chaperones facilitate the assembly and disassembly of nucleosomes and regulate DNA accessibility for critical cellular processes. Spn1 is an essential, highly conserved histone chaperone that functions in transcription initiation and elongation in a chromatin context. Here we demonstrate that Spn1 binds H3-H4 with low nanomolar affinity, residues 85-99 within the acidic N-terminal region of Spn1 are required for H3-H4 binding, and Spn1 binding to H3-H4 dimers does not impede (H3-H4)2 tetramer formation. Previous work has shown the central region of Spn1 (residues 141-305) is important for interaction with Spt6, another conserved and essential histone chaperone. We show that the C-terminal region of Spn1 also contributes to Spt6 binding and is critical for Spn1 binding to nucleosomes. We also show Spt6 preferentially binds H3-H4 tetramers and Spt6 competes with nucleosomes for Spn1 binding. Combined with previous results, this indicates the Spn1-Spt6 complex does not bind nucleosomes. In contrast to nucleosome binding, we found that the Spn1-Spt6 complex can bind H3-H4 dimers and tetramers and H2A-H2B to form ternary complexes. These important results provide new information about the functions of Spn1, Spt6, and the Spn1-Spt6 complex, two essential and highly conserved histone chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1870, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Garrett Edwards
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Catherine A Radebaugh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1870, USA
| | - Karolin Luger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Laurie A Stargell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1870, USA
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17
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Feoli A, Viviano M, Cipriano A, Milite C, Castellano S, Sbardella G. Lysine methyltransferase inhibitors: where we are now. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:359-406. [PMID: 35441141 PMCID: PMC8985178 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00196e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein lysine methyltransferases constitute a large family of epigenetic writers that catalyse the transfer of a methyl group from the cofactor S-adenosyl-l-methionine to histone- and non-histone-specific substrates. Alterations in the expression and activity of these proteins have been linked to the genesis and progress of several diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and growing defects, hence they represent interesting targets for new therapeutic approaches. Over the past two decades, the identification of modulators of lysine methyltransferases has increased tremendously, clarifying the role of these proteins in different physio-pathological states. The aim of this review is to furnish an updated outlook about the protein lysine methyltransferases disclosed modulators, reporting their potency, their mechanism of action and their eventual use in clinical and preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Feoli
- Department of Pharmacy, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, University of Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 I-84084 Fisciano SA Italy +39-089-96-9602 +39-089-96-9770
| | - Monica Viviano
- Department of Pharmacy, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, University of Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 I-84084 Fisciano SA Italy +39-089-96-9602 +39-089-96-9770
| | - Alessandra Cipriano
- Department of Pharmacy, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, University of Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 I-84084 Fisciano SA Italy +39-089-96-9602 +39-089-96-9770
| | - Ciro Milite
- Department of Pharmacy, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, University of Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 I-84084 Fisciano SA Italy +39-089-96-9602 +39-089-96-9770
| | - Sabrina Castellano
- Department of Pharmacy, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, University of Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 I-84084 Fisciano SA Italy +39-089-96-9602 +39-089-96-9770
| | - Gianluca Sbardella
- Department of Pharmacy, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, University of Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 I-84084 Fisciano SA Italy +39-089-96-9602 +39-089-96-9770
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18
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Peng Q, Zhou Y, Oyang L, Wu N, Tang Y, Su M, Luo X, Wang Y, Sheng X, Ma J, Liao Q. Impacts and mechanisms of alternative mRNA splicing in cancer metabolism, immune response, and therapeutics. Mol Ther 2022; 30:1018-1035. [PMID: 34793975 PMCID: PMC8899522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative pre-mRNA splicing (AS) provides the potential to produce diversity at RNA and protein levels. Disruptions in the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing can lead to diseases. With the development of transcriptome and genome sequencing technology, increasing diseases have been identified to be associated with abnormal splicing of mRNAs. In tumors, abnormal alternative splicing frequently plays critical roles in cancer pathogenesis and may be considered as new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer intervention. Metabolic abnormalities and immune disorders are important hallmarks of cancer. AS produces multiple different isoforms and diversifies protein expression, which is utilized by the immune and metabolic reprogramming systems to expand gene functions. The abnormal splicing events contributed to tumor progression, partially due to effects on immune response and metabolic reprogramming. Herein, we reviewed the vital role of alternative splicing in regulating cancer metabolism and immune response. We discussed how alternative splicing regulates metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells and antitumor immune response, and the possible strategies to targeting alternative splicing pathways or splicing-regulated metabolic pathway in the context of anticancer immunotherapy. Further, we highlighted the challenges and discuss the perspectives for RNA-based strategies for the treatment of cancer with abnormally alternative splicing isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Peng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yujuan Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China,Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Linda Oyang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China
| | - Nayiyuan Wu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China
| | - Yanyan Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China
| | - Min Su
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China
| | - Xia Luo
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China
| | - Xiaowu Sheng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China; Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China.
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19
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Segelle A, Núñez-Álvarez Y, Oldfield AJ, Webb KM, Voigt P, Luco RF. Histone marks regulate the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via alternative splicing. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110357. [PMID: 35172149 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone modifications impact final splicing decisions. However, there is little evidence of the driving role of these marks in inducing cell-specific splicing changes. Using CRISPR epigenome editing tools, we show in an epithelial-to-mesenchymal cell reprogramming system (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition [EMT]) that a single change in H3K27ac or H3K27me3 levels right at the alternatively spliced exon is necessary and sufficient to induce a splicing change capable of recapitulating important aspects of EMT, such as cell motility and invasiveness. This histone-mark-dependent splicing effect is highly dynamic and mediated by direct recruitment of the splicing regulator PTB to its RNA binding sites. These results support a role for H3K27 marks in inducing a change in the cell's phenotype via regulation of alternative splicing. We propose the dynamic nature of chromatin as a rapid and reversible mechanism to coordinate the splicing response to cell-extrinsic cues, such as induction of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Segelle
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Yaiza Núñez-Álvarez
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrew J Oldfield
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Kimberly M Webb
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Philipp Voigt
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Reini F Luco
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France.
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21
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Ahmad Z, Somanath PR. AKT Isoforms in the Immune Response in Cancer. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 436:349-366. [PMID: 36243852 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06566-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
AKT is a protein kinase that exists in three isoforms: AKT1, AKT2, and AKT3. Though similar in structure, these isoforms display different effects. AKT is activated downstream of PI3K, and together, this signaling pathway helps regulate cellular processes including cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, survival, and apoptosis. Disruption in these pathways has been associated with disorders including cardiovascular diseases, developmental disorders, inflammatory responses, autoimmune diseases, neurologic disorders, type 2 diabetes, and several cancers. In cancer, deregulation in the PI3K/AKT pathway can be manifested as tumorigenesis, pathological angiogenesis, and metastasis. Increased activity has been correlated with tumor progression and resistance to cancer treatments. Recent studies have suggested that inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway plays a significant role in the development, expansion, and proliferation of cells of the immune system. Additionally, AKT has been found to play an important role in differentiating regulatory T cells, activating B cells, and augmenting tumor immunosurveillance. This emphasizes AKT as a potential target for inhibition in cancer therapy. This chapter reviews AKT structure and regulation, its different isoforms, its role in immune cells, and its modulation in oncotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zayd Ahmad
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Payaningal R Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Georgia Cancer Center, Vascular Biology Center and Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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22
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Li H, Fang H, Chang L, Qiu S, Ren X, Cao L, Bian J, Wang Z, Guo Y, Lv J, Sun Z, Wang T, Li B. TC2N: A Novel Vital Oncogene or Tumor Suppressor Gene In Cancers. Front Immunol 2021; 12:764749. [PMID: 34925334 PMCID: PMC8674203 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.764749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several C2 domain-containing proteins play key roles in tumorigenesis, signal transduction, and mediating protein–protein interactions. Tandem C2 domains nuclear protein (TC2N) is a tandem C2 domain-containing protein that is differentially expressed in several types of cancers and is closely associated with tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Notably, TC2N has been identified as an oncogene in lung and gastric cancer but as a tumor suppressor gene in breast cancer. Recently, a large number of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), such as heat shock proteins, alpha-fetoprotein, and carcinoembryonic antigen, have been identified in a variety of malignant tumors. Differences in the expression levels of TAAs between cancer cells and normal cells have led to these antigens being investigated as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and as novel targets in cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the clinical characteristics of TC2N-positive cancers and potential mechanisms of action of TC2N in the occurrence and development of specific cancers. This article provides an exploration of TC2N as a potential target for the diagnosis and treatment of different types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyang Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - He Fang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Chang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuang Qiu
- Department of Biobank, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaojun Ren
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lidong Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinda Bian
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenxiao Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jiayin Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhihui Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tiejun Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Tiejun Wang, ; Bingjin Li,
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Tiejun Wang, ; Bingjin Li,
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23
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Naro C, Bielli P, Sette C. Oncogenic dysregulation of pre-mRNA processing by protein kinases: challenges and therapeutic opportunities. FEBS J 2021; 288:6250-6272. [PMID: 34092037 PMCID: PMC8596628 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing and polyadenylation represent two major steps in pre-mRNA-processing, which ensure proper gene expression and diversification of human transcriptomes. Deregulation of these processes contributes to oncogenic programmes involved in the onset, progression and evolution of human cancers, which often result in the acquisition of resistance to existing therapies. On the other hand, cancer cells frequently increase their transcriptional rate and develop a transcriptional addiction, which imposes a high stress on the pre-mRNA-processing machinery and establishes a therapeutically exploitable vulnerability. A prominent role in fine-tuning pre-mRNA-processing mechanisms is played by three main families of protein kinases: serine arginine protein kinase (SRPK), CDC-like kinase (CLK) and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK). These kinases phosphorylate the RNA polymerase, splicing factors and regulatory proteins involved in cleavage and polyadenylation of the nascent transcripts. The activity of SRPKs, CLKs and CDKs can be altered in cancer cells, and their inhibition was shown to exert anticancer effects. In this review, we describe key findings that have been reported on these topics and discuss challenges and opportunities of developing therapeutic approaches targeting splicing factor kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Naro
- Department of NeuroscienceSection of Human AnatomyCatholic University of the Sacred HeartRomeItaly
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. GemelliIRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Pamela Bielli
- Department of Biomedicine and PreventionUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
- Fondazione Santa LuciaIRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Claudio Sette
- Department of NeuroscienceSection of Human AnatomyCatholic University of the Sacred HeartRomeItaly
- Fondazione Santa LuciaIRCCSRomeItaly
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24
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Xiao C, Fan T, Tian H, Zheng Y, Zhou Z, Li S, Li C, He J. H3K36 trimethylation-mediated biological functions in cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:199. [PMID: 34715919 PMCID: PMC8555273 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone modification is an important form of epigenetic regulation. Thereinto, histone methylation is a critical determination of chromatin states, participating in multiple cellular processes. As a conserved histone methylation mark, histone 3 lysine 36 trimethylation (H3K36me3) can mediate multiple transcriptional-related events, such as the regulation of transcriptional activity, transcription elongation, pre-mRNA alternative splicing, and RNA m6A methylation. Additionally, H3K36me3 also contributes to DNA damage repair. Given the crucial function of H3K36me3 in genome regulation, the roles of H3K36me3 and its sole methyltransferase SETD2 in pathogenesis, especially malignancies, have been emphasized in many studies, and it is conceivable that disruption of histone methylation regulatory network composed of "writer", "eraser", "reader", and the mutation of H3K36me3 codes have the capacity of powerfully modulating cancer initiation and development. Here we review H3K36me3-mediated biological processes and summarize the latest findings regarding its role in cancers. We highlight the significance of epigenetic combination therapies in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Tao Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - He Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yujia Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Shuofeng Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Chunxiang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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25
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The LEDGF/p75 Integrase Binding Domain Interactome Contributes to the Survival, Clonogenicity, and Tumorsphere Formation of Docetaxel-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102723. [PMID: 34685704 PMCID: PMC8534522 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with prostate cancer (PCa) receiving docetaxel chemotherapy invariably develop chemoresistance. The transcription co-activator lens epithelium-derived growth factor p75 (LEDGF/p75), also known as DFS70 and PSIP1, is upregulated in several human cancers, including PCa and promotes resistance to docetaxel and other drugs. The C-terminal region of LEDGF/p75 contains an integrase binding domain (IBD) that tethers nuclear proteins, including the HIV-1 integrase and transcription factors, to active chromatin to promote viral integration and transcription of cellular survival genes. Here, we investigated the contribution of the LEDGF/p75 IBD interactome to PCa chemoresistance. Quantitative immunoblotting revealed that LEDGF/p75 and its IBD-interacting partners are endogenously upregulated in docetaxel-resistant PCa cell lines compared to docetaxel-sensitive parental cells. Using specific human autoantibodies, we co-immunoprecipitated LEDGF/p75 with its endogenous IBD-interacting partners JPO2, menin, MLL, IWS1, ASK1, and PogZ, as well as transcription factors c-MYC and HRP2, in docetaxel-resistant cells, and confirmed their nuclear co-localization by confocal microscopy. Depletion of LEDGF/p75 and selected interacting partners robustly decreased the survival, clonogenicity, and tumorsphere formation capacity of docetaxel-resistant cells. These results implicate the LEDGF/p75 IBD interactome in PCa chemoresistance and could lead to novel therapeutic strategies targeting this protein complex for the treatment of docetaxel-resistant tumors.
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26
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Phosphor-IWS1-dependent U2AF2 splicing regulates trafficking of CAR-E-positive intronless gene mRNAs and sensitivity to viral infection. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1179. [PMID: 34635782 PMCID: PMC8505486 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02668-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AKT-phosphorylated IWS1 promotes Histone H3K36 trimethylation and alternative RNA splicing of target genes, including the U2AF65 splicing factor-encoding U2AF2. The predominant U2AF2 transcript, upon IWS1 phosphorylation block, lacks the RS-domain-encoding exon 2, and encodes a protein which fails to bind Prp19. Here we show that although both U2AF65 isoforms bind intronless mRNAs containing cytoplasmic accumulation region elements (CAR-E), only the RS domain-containing U2AF65 recruits Prp19 and promotes their nuclear export. The loading of U2AF65 to CAR-Elements was RS domain-independent, but RNA PolII-dependent. Virus- or poly(I:C)-induced type I IFNs are encoded by genes targeted by the pathway. IWS1 phosphorylation-deficient cells therefore, express reduced levels of IFNα1/IFNβ1 proteins, and exhibit enhanced sensitivity to infection by multiple cytolytic viruses. Enhanced sensitivity of IWS1-deficient cells to Vesicular Stomatitis Virus and Reovirus resulted in enhanced apoptotic cell death via caspase activation. Inhibition of this pathway may therefore sensitize cancer cells to oncolytic viruses.
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27
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Ruta V, Pagliarini V, Sette C. Coordination of RNA Processing Regulation by Signal Transduction Pathways. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101475. [PMID: 34680108 PMCID: PMC8533259 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways transmit the information received from external and internal cues and generate a response that allows the cell to adapt to changes in the surrounding environment. Signaling pathways trigger rapid responses by changing the activity or localization of existing molecules, as well as long-term responses that require the activation of gene expression programs. All steps involved in the regulation of gene expression, from transcription to processing and utilization of new transcripts, are modulated by multiple signal transduction pathways. This review provides a broad overview of the post-translational regulation of factors involved in RNA processing events by signal transduction pathways, with particular focus on the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing, cleavage and polyadenylation. The effects of several post-translational modifications (i.e., sumoylation, ubiquitination, methylation, acetylation and phosphorylation) on the expression, subcellular localization, stability and affinity for RNA and protein partners of many RNA-binding proteins are highlighted. Moreover, examples of how some of the most common signal transduction pathways can modulate biological processes through changes in RNA processing regulation are illustrated. Lastly, we discuss challenges and opportunities of therapeutic approaches that correct RNA processing defects and target signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ruta
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy; (V.R.); (V.P.)
- Organoids Facility, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Vittoria Pagliarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy; (V.R.); (V.P.)
- Organoids Facility, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Sette
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy; (V.R.); (V.P.)
- Laboratory of Neuroembryology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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28
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Hyde M, Bagley J, Hinds PW, Tsichlis P, Iacomini J. Hyperlipidemia induced metabolic changes in regulatory T cells result in altered function. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2576-2589. [PMID: 34363211 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in maintaining self-tolerance and controlling inflammation. However, physiologically relevant conditions that alter Treg function and drive disease pathogenesis are poorly understood and few have been defined. We have previously shown that induction of hyperlipidemia in mice results in changes in Tregs that reduce their function. Here we set out to examine mechanisms by which hyperlipidemia alters Tregs. Using live-cell metabolic assays, we observed that induction of hyperlipidemia increases metabolism in Tregs but not conventional T cells. Increased metabolism resulted from preferential activation of the serine/threonine kinase Akt2 (PKBβ). Expression of a constitutively activated form of Akt2 in CD4 T cells was sufficient to increase glycolysis in Tregs and drive changes in Treg subsets. Induction of hyperlipidemia did not alter Treg metabolism in mice lacking Akt2. Activation of Akt2 was sufficient to drive production of inflammatory cytokines by Tregs. We suggest that hyperlipidemia alters Treg function through effects on metabolism via Akt2 activation thereby promoting plasticity and decreased function of FoxP3+ T cells. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hyde
- Tufts University School of Medicine, and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Boston, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,Department of Immunology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210.,Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Jessamyn Bagley
- Tufts University School of Medicine, and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Boston, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,Department of Immunology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Philip W Hinds
- Tufts University School of Medicine, and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Boston, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210.,Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Philip Tsichlis
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - John Iacomini
- Tufts University School of Medicine, and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Boston, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,Department of Immunology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210.,Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210
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29
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Laliotis GI, Chavdoula E, Paraskevopoulou MD, Kaba A, La Ferlita A, Singh S, Anastas V, Nair KA, Orlacchio A, Taraslia V, Vlachos I, Capece M, Hatzigeorgiou A, Palmieri D, Tsatsanis C, Alaimo S, Sehgal L, Carbone DP, Coppola V, Tsichlis PN. AKT3-mediated IWS1 phosphorylation promotes the proliferation of EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinomas through cell cycle-regulated U2AF2 RNA splicing. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4624. [PMID: 34330897 PMCID: PMC8324843 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24795-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AKT-phosphorylated IWS1 regulates alternative RNA splicing via a pathway that is active in lung cancer. RNA-seq studies in lung adenocarcinoma cells lacking phosphorylated IWS1, identified a exon 2-deficient U2AF2 splice variant. Here, we show that exon 2 inclusion in the U2AF2 mRNA is a cell cycle-dependent process that is regulated by LEDGF/SRSF1 splicing complexes, whose assembly is controlled by the IWS1 phosphorylation-dependent deposition of histone H3K36me3 marks in the body of target genes. The exon 2-deficient U2AF2 mRNA encodes a Serine-Arginine-Rich (RS) domain-deficient U2AF65, which is defective in CDCA5 pre-mRNA processing. This results in downregulation of the CDCA5-encoded protein Sororin, a phosphorylation target and regulator of ERK, G2/M arrest and impaired cell proliferation and tumor growth. Analysis of human lung adenocarcinomas, confirmed activation of the pathway in EGFR-mutant tumors and showed that pathway activity correlates with tumor stage, histologic grade, metastasis, relapse after treatment, and poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios I Laliotis
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA.
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Evangelia Chavdoula
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Abdul Kaba
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alessandro La Ferlita
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Bioinformatics Unit, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Satishkumar Singh
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vollter Anastas
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
- Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Genetics, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith A Nair
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Arturo Orlacchio
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vasiliki Taraslia
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Vlachos
- DIANA-Lab, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
- Department Of Pathology, Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marina Capece
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Dario Palmieri
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christos Tsatsanis
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Salvatore Alaimo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Bioinformatics Unit, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lalit Sehgal
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David P Carbone
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vincenzo Coppola
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Philip N Tsichlis
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Genetics, Boston, MA, USA.
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30
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PI3K/AKT pathway mediates the antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like roles of hydrogen sulfide in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats via promoting hippocampal neurogenesis. Neurotoxicology 2021; 85:201-208. [PMID: 34087334 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the third endogenous gasotransmitter, ameliorates the depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in diabetic rats, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The present was aimed to investigate whether the hippocampal phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway mediates H2S-ameliorated depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in diabetic rats by improving the hippocampal neurogenesis. The depression-like behaviors were examined by Tail suspension test (TST), the anxiety-like behaviors were examined by Elevated plus maze test (EPM), and the locomotor activity was detected by Open Field Test (OFT). The expressions of doublecortin (DCX), neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), p-AKT, and AKT in the hippocampus were determined by Western blot analysis. Results showed that NaHS, a donor of exogenous H2S, not only activated the hippocampal PI3K/AKT pathway, as evidenced by the increase of phosphorylated AKT, but also favorably reversed streptozotocin (STZ)-disturbed hippocampal neurogenesis, as evidenced by the increases in the expressions of DCX and NeuN as well as the decrease in the expression of GFAP in the hippocampus of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Furthermore, inhibited PI3K/AKT pathway by LY294002 significantly abolished H2S-exerted the improvement of hippocampal neurogenesis and the antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects in the STZ-induced diabetic rats. Taken together, these results uncover that the activation of hippocampal PI3K/AKT pathway plays an important role to restore hippocampal neurogenesis and subsequently to mediate the antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like roles of H2S in STZ-induced diabetic rats and enhance our understanding of the robustness of H2S as a therapeutic strategy for treatment of depression in diabetes mellitus.
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31
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Degan SE, Gelman IH. Emerging Roles for AKT Isoform Preference in Cancer Progression Pathways. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:1251-1257. [PMID: 33931488 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)-AKT pathway is one of the most mutated in human cancers, predominantly associated with the loss of the signaling antagonist, PTEN, and to lesser extents, with gain-of-function mutations in PIK3CA (encoding PI3K-p110α) and AKT1. In addition, most oncogenic driver pathways activate PI3K/AKT signaling. Nonetheless, drugs targeting PI3K or AKT have fared poorly against solid tumors in clinical trials as monotherapies, yet some have shown efficacy when combined with inhibitors of other oncogenic drivers, such as receptor tyrosine kinases or nuclear hormone receptors. There is growing evidence that AKT isoforms, AKT1, AKT2, and AKT3, have different, often distinct roles in either promoting or suppressing specific parameters of oncogenic progression, yet few if any isoform-preferred substrates have been characterized. This review will describe recent data showing that the differential activation of AKT isoforms is mediated by complex interplays between PTEN, PI3K isoforms and upstream tyrosine kinases, and that the efficacy of PI3K/AKT inhibitors will likely depend on the successful targeting of specific AKT isoforms and their preferred pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seamus E Degan
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Irwin H Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York.
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32
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Kitamura K, Nimura K. Regulation of RNA Splicing: Aberrant Splicing Regulation and Therapeutic Targets in Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:923. [PMID: 33923658 PMCID: PMC8073995 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA splicing is a critical step in the maturation of precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) by removing introns and exons. The combination of inclusion and exclusion of introns and exons in pre-mRNA can generate vast diversity in mature mRNA from a limited number of genes. Cancer cells acquire cancer-specific mechanisms through aberrant splicing regulation to acquire resistance to treatment and to promote malignancy. Splicing regulation involves many factors, such as proteins, non-coding RNAs, and DNA sequences at many steps. Thus, the dysregulation of splicing is caused by many factors, including mutations in RNA splicing factors, aberrant expression levels of RNA splicing factors, small nuclear ribonucleoproteins biogenesis, mutations in snRNA, or genomic sequences that are involved in the regulation of splicing, such as 5' and 3' splice sites, branch point site, splicing enhancer/silencer, and changes in the chromatin status that affect the splicing profile. This review focuses on the dysregulation of RNA splicing related to cancer and the associated therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kitamura
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Department of Genome Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nimura
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Department of Genome Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
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Wiechmann S, Ruprecht B, Siekmann T, Zheng R, Frejno M, Kunold E, Bajaj T, Zolg DP, Sieber SA, Gassen NC, Kuster B. Chemical Phosphoproteomics Sheds New Light on the Targets and Modes of Action of AKT Inhibitors. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:631-641. [PMID: 33755436 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to its important roles in oncogenic signaling, AKT has been subjected to extensive drug discovery efforts leading to small molecule inhibitors investigated in advanced clinical trials. To better understand how these drugs exert their therapeutic effects at the molecular level, we combined chemoproteomic target affinity profiling using kinobeads and phosphoproteomics to analyze the five clinical AKT inhibitors AZD5363 (Capivasertib), GSK2110183 (Afuresertib), GSK690693, Ipatasertib, and MK-2206 in BT-474 breast cancer cells. Kinobead profiling identified between four and 29 nM targets for these compounds and showed that AKT1 and AKT2 were the only common targets. Similarly, measuring the response of the phosphoproteome to the same inhibitors identified ∼1700 regulated phosphorylation sites, 276 of which were perturbed by all five compounds. This analysis expanded the known AKT signaling network by 119 phosphoproteins that may represent direct or indirect targets of AKT. Within this new network, 41 regulated phosphorylation sites harbor the AKT substrate motif, and recombinant kinase assays validated 16 as novel AKT substrates. These included CEP170 and FAM83H, suggesting a regulatory function of AKT in mitosis and cytoskeleton organization. In addition, a specific phosphorylation pattern on the ULK1-FIP200-ATG13-VAPB complex was found to determine the active state of ULK1, leading to elevated autophagy in response to AKT inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Wiechmann
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 80336 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ruprecht
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Theresa Siekmann
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Runsheng Zheng
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Frejno
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Elena Kunold
- Organic Chemistry II, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Bajaj
- Department of Psychiatry, Bonn Clinical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel P. Zolg
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Stephan A. Sieber
- Organic Chemistry II, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Nils C. Gassen
- Department of Psychiatry, Bonn Clinical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 80336 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Sengal AT, Smith D, Rogers R, Snell CE, Williams ED, Pollock PM. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 Isoforms Detected via Novel RNA ISH as Predictive Biomarkers for Progestin Therapy in Atypical Hyperplasia and Low-Grade Endometrial Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071703. [PMID: 33916719 PMCID: PMC8038411 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Women diagnosed with low-grade endometrioid cancer (EEC) and its precursor lesion, atypical hyperplasia (AH) are frequently treated with hormonal therapy including levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine device (LNG-IUD) as an alternative to surgery. Biomarkers that inform which group of patients are more likely to respond to LNG-IUD are not available. The aim of this study was to document the response rate to LNG-IUD therapy in women with AH and EEC and identify potential biomarkers to guide treatment response. The overall response rate (ORR) for the whole cohort was 30/69 (~44%) with a higher ORR seen in AH (64%) compared to EEC (23%). Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR2) isoforms were detected using RNA in situ hybridization. The FGFR2c isoform was expressed in 16.7% of the samples, with those expressing FGFR2c 5-times more likely to have treatment failure. FGFR2 isoform expression could be used to guide treatment decisions following confirmation of this finding in an independent study. Abstract Women with atypical hyperplasia (AH) or well-differentiated early-stage endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (EEC) who wish to retain fertility and/or with comorbidities precluding surgery, are treated with progestin. Clinically approved predictive biomarkers for progestin therapy remain an unmet need. The objectives of this study were to document the overall response rate (ORR) of levonorgestrel intrauterine device (LNG-IUD) treatment, and determine the association of FGFR2b and FGFR2c expression with treatment outcome. BaseScope RNA ISH assay was utilized to detect expression of FGFR2b and FGFR2c mRNA in the diagnostic biopsies of 89 women (40 AH and 49 EEC) treated with LNG-IUD. Detailed clinical follow-up was available for 69 women which revealed an overall response rate (ORR) of 44% (30/69) with a higher ORR seen in AH (64%) compared to EEC (23%). The recurrence rate in women who initially responded to LNG-IUD was 10/30 (33.3%). RNA ISH was successful in 72 patients and showed FGFR2c expression in 12/72 (16.7%) samples. In the 59 women with detailed clinical follow-up and RNA-ISH data, women with tumours expressing FGFR2c were 5-times more likely to have treatment failure in both univariable (HR 5.08, p < 0.0001) and multivariable (HR 4.5, p < 0.002) Cox regression analyses. In conclusion, FGFR2c expression appears to be strongly associated with progestin treatment failure, albeit the ORR is lower in this cohort than previously reported. Future work to validate these findings in an independent multi-institutional cohort is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmerom T. Sengal
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra (PA) Hospital Campus, 37 Kent St., Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; (A.T.S.); (E.D.W.)
| | - Deborah Smith
- Mater Pathology, Mater Research and University of Queensland, Mater Hospital, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; (D.S.); (C.E.S.)
| | - Rebecca Rogers
- Mater Pathology, Mater Research, Mater Hospital, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia;
| | - Cameron E. Snell
- Mater Pathology, Mater Research and University of Queensland, Mater Hospital, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; (D.S.); (C.E.S.)
| | - Elizabeth D. Williams
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra (PA) Hospital Campus, 37 Kent St., Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; (A.T.S.); (E.D.W.)
| | - Pamela M. Pollock
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra (PA) Hospital Campus, 37 Kent St., Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; (A.T.S.); (E.D.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-733437237
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Bessa C, Matos P, Jordan P, Gonçalves V. Alternative Splicing: Expanding the Landscape of Cancer Biomarkers and Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239032. [PMID: 33261131 PMCID: PMC7729450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a critical post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism used by more than 95% of transcribed human genes and responsible for structural transcript variation and proteome diversity. In the past decade, genome-wide transcriptome sequencing has revealed that AS is tightly regulated in a tissue- and developmental stage-specific manner, and also frequently dysregulated in multiple human cancer types. It is currently recognized that splicing defects, including genetic alterations in the spliced gene, altered expression of both core components or regulators of the precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing machinery, or both, are major drivers of tumorigenesis. Hence, in this review we provide an overview of our current understanding of splicing alterations in cancer, and emphasize the need to further explore the cancer-specific splicing programs in order to obtain new insights in oncology. Furthermore, we also discuss the recent advances in the identification of dysregulated splicing signatures on a genome-wide scale and their potential use as biomarkers. Finally, we highlight the therapeutic opportunities arising from dysregulated splicing and summarize the current approaches to therapeutically target AS in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Bessa
- Department of Human Genetics, National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.B.); (P.M.)
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Matos
- Department of Human Genetics, National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.B.); (P.M.)
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter Jordan
- Department of Human Genetics, National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.B.); (P.M.)
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence: (P.J.); (V.G.); Tel.: +351-217-519-380 (P.J.)
| | - Vânia Gonçalves
- Department of Human Genetics, National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.B.); (P.M.)
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence: (P.J.); (V.G.); Tel.: +351-217-519-380 (P.J.)
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Reim NI, Chuang J, Jain D, Alver BH, Park PJ, Winston F. The conserved elongation factor Spn1 is required for normal transcription, histone modifications, and splicing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:10241-10258. [PMID: 32941642 PMCID: PMC7544207 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spn1/Iws1 is a conserved protein involved in transcription and chromatin dynamics, yet its general in vivo requirement for these functions is unknown. Using a Spn1 depletion system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we demonstrate that Spn1 broadly influences several aspects of gene expression on a genome-wide scale. We show that Spn1 is globally required for normal mRNA levels and for normal splicing of ribosomal protein transcripts. Furthermore, Spn1 maintains the localization of H3K36 and H3K4 methylation across the genome and is required for normal histone levels at highly expressed genes. Finally, we show that the association of Spn1 with the transcription machinery is strongly dependent on its binding partner, Spt6, while the association of Spt6 and Set2 with transcribed regions is partially dependent on Spn1. Taken together, our results show that Spn1 affects multiple aspects of gene expression and provide additional evidence that it functions as a histone chaperone in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia I Reim
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James Chuang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dhawal Jain
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Burak H Alver
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter J Park
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fred Winston
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Akt3 induces oxidative stress and DNA damage by activating the NADPH oxidase via phosphorylation of p47 phox. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28806-28815. [PMID: 33139577 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017830117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Akt activation up-regulates the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by inhibiting ROS scavenging. Of the Akt isoforms, Akt3 has also been shown to up-regulate ROS by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis. Here, we employ a set of isogenic cell lines that express different Akt isoforms, to show that the most robust inducer of ROS is Akt3. As a result, Akt3-expressing cells activate the DNA damage response pathway, express high levels of p53 and its direct transcriptional target miR-34, and exhibit a proliferation defect, which is rescued by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. The importance of the DNA damage response in the inhibition of cell proliferation by Akt3 was confirmed by Akt3 overexpression in p53 -/- and INK4a -/-/Arf -/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), which failed to inhibit cell proliferation, despite the induction of high levels of ROS. The induction of ROS by Akt3 is due to the phosphorylation of the NADPH oxidase subunit p47phox, which results in NADPH oxidase activation. Expression of Akt3 in p47 phox-/- MEFs failed to induce ROS and to inhibit cell proliferation. Notably, the proliferation defect was rescued by wild-type p47phox, but not by the phosphorylation site mutant of p47phox In agreement with these observations, Akt3 up-regulates p53 in human cancer cell lines, and the expression of Akt3 positively correlates with the levels of p53 in a variety of human tumors. More important, Akt3 alterations correlate with a higher frequency of mutation of p53, suggesting that tumor cells may adapt to high levels of Akt3, by inactivating the DNA damage response.
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Zhang J, Zhang YZ, Jiang J, Duan CG. The Crosstalk Between Epigenetic Mechanisms and Alternative RNA Processing Regulation. Front Genet 2020; 11:998. [PMID: 32973889 PMCID: PMC7472560 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As a co-transcriptional process, RNA processing, including alternative splicing and alternative polyadenylation, is crucial for the generation of multiple mRNA isoforms. RNA processing mechanisms are widespread across all higher eukaryotes and play critical roles in cell differentiation, organ development and disease response. Recently, significant progresses have been made in understanding the mechanism of RNA processing. RNA processing is regulated by trans-acting factors such as splicing factors, RNA-binding proteins and cis-sequences in pre-mRNA, and increasing evidence suggests that epigenetic mechanisms, which are important for the dynamic regulation and state of specific chromatic regions, are also involved in co-transcriptional RNA processing. In contrast, recent studies also suggest that alternative RNA processing also has a feedback regulation on epigenetic mechanisms. In this review, we discuss recent studies and summarize the current knowledge on the epigenetic regulation of alternative RNA processing. In addition, a feedback regulation of RNA processing on epigenetic regulators is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Zhe Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Cheng-Guo Duan
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Collins MP, Stransky LA, Forgac M. AKT Ser/Thr kinase increases V-ATPase-dependent lysosomal acidification in response to amino acid starvation in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9433-9444. [PMID: 32409581 PMCID: PMC7363138 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is an ATP-dependent proton pump that is essential for cellular homeostasis. V-ATPase activity is controlled by the regulated assembly of the enzyme from its component V1 and V0 domains. We previously reported that amino acid starvation rapidly increases V-ATPase assembly and activity in mammalian lysosomes, but the signaling pathways controlling this effect are unknown. In testing inhibitors of pathways important for controlling cellular metabolism, we found here that the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) inhibitor H89 increases lysosomal V-ATPase activity and blocks any further change upon starvation. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor dorsomorphin decreased lysosomal V-ATPase activity and also blocked any increase upon starvation. However, CRISPR-mediated gene editing revealed that PKA and AMPK are not required for the starvation-dependent increase in lysosomal V-ATPase activity, indicating that H89 and dorsomorphin modify V-ATPase activity through other cellular targets. We next found that the AKT Ser/Thr kinase (AKT) inhibitor MK2206 blocks the starvation-dependent increase in lysosomal V-ATPase activity without altering basal activity. Expression of AKT1 or AKT3, but not AKT2, was required for increased lysosomal V-ATPase activity in response to amino acid starvation in mouse fibroblasts. Finally, HEK293T cells expressing only AKT1 responded normally to starvation, whereas cells expressing only AKT2 displayed a significantly reduced increase in V-ATPase activity and assembly upon starvation. These results show that AKT is required for controlling the rapid response of lysosomal V-ATPase activity to changes in amino acid availability and that this response depends on specific AKT isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Collins
- Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura A Stransky
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Forgac
- Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Wei J, Gou Z, Wen Y, Luo Q, Huang Z. Marine compounds targeting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110484. [PMID: 32768966 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disease characterized by overproliferation, including that due to transformation, apoptosis disorders, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis, and is one of the deadliest diseases. Currently, conservative chemotherapy is used for cancer treatment due to a lack of effective drugs. The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway plays a very essential role in the pathogenesis of many cancers, and abnormal activation of this pathway leads to abnormal expression of a series of downstream proteins, which ultimately results in the excessive proliferation of cancer cells. Therefore, the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is a critical target in cancer treatment. Marine drugs have attracted much attention in recent years, and studies have found that many extracts from oceanic animals, plants and microorganisms or their metabolites exert antitumor effects, including antiproliferative effects or the induction of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis or autophagy. However, most anticancer targets and the mechanisms of marine compounds remain unclear. The great potential of the development of marine drugs provides a new direction for cancer treatment. This review focuses on marine compounds that target the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway for the prevention and treatment of cancer and provides comprehensive information for those interested in research on marine drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaen Wei
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Precision Drug Design of Guangdong Medical University, Research Platform Service Management Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Zhanping Gou
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Ying Wen
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Qiaohong Luo
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Zunnan Huang
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Precision Drug Design of Guangdong Medical University, Research Platform Service Management Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China.
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Chen R, Zhao WQ, Fang C, Yang X, Ji M. Histone methyltransferase SETD2: a potential tumor suppressor in solid cancers. J Cancer 2020; 11:3349-3356. [PMID: 32231741 PMCID: PMC7097956 DOI: 10.7150/jca.38391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation plays an important role in the occurrence, development and treatment of malignant tumors; and a great deal of attention has been paid to the histone methylation level in recent years. As a 230-kD epigenetic regulator, the histone H3 lysine 36 histone (H3K36) methyltransferase SETD2 is a key enzyme of the nuclear receptor SET domain-containing (NSD) family, which is associated with a specific hyperphosphorylated domain, a large subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII), named RNAPII subunit B1 (RPB1), and SETD2 which methylates the ly-36 position of dimethylated histone H3 (H3K36me2) to generate trimethylated H3K36 (H3K36me3). SETD2 is involved in various cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation, DNA damage repair, non-histone protein-related functions and some other processes. Great efforts of high-throughput sequencing have revealed that SETD2 is mutated or its function is lost in a range of solid cancers, including renal cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, osteosarcoma, and so on. Mutation, or functional loss, of the SETD2 gene produces dysfunction in corresponding tumor tissue proteins, leading to tumorigenesis, progression, chemotherapy resistance, and unfavorable prognosis, suggesting that SETD2 possibly acts as a tumor suppressor. However, its underlying mechanism remains largely unexplored. In the present study, we summarized the latest advances of effects of SETD2 expression at the mRNA and protein levels in solid cancers, and its potential molecular and cellular functions as well as clinical applications were also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Department of Oncology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, No. 185 Juqian Road, Tianning District, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Wei-Qing Zhao
- Department of Oncology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, No. 185 Juqian Road, Tianning District, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Cheng Fang
- Department of Oncology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, No. 185 Juqian Road, Tianning District, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Oncology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, No. 185 Juqian Road, Tianning District, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Mei Ji
- Department of Oncology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, No. 185 Juqian Road, Tianning District, Changzhou 213003, China
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Valmiki RR, Venkatesalu S, Chacko AG, Prabhu K, Thomas MM, Mathew V, Yoganathan S, Muthusamy K, Chacko G, Vanjare HA, Krothapalli SB. Phosphoproteomic analysis reveals Akt isoform-specific regulation of cytoskeleton proteins in human temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Neurochem Int 2019; 134:104654. [PMID: 31884041 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Akt is one of the most important downstream effectors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mTOR pathway. Hyperactivation and expression of this pathway are seen in a variety of neurological disorders including human temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS). Nevertheless, the expression and activation profiles of the Akt isoforms, Akt1, Akt2, and Akt3 and their functional roles in human TLE-HS have not been studied. We examined the protein expression and activation (phosphorylation) patterns of Akt and its isoforms in human hippocampal tissue from TLE and non-TLE patients. A phosphoproteomic approach followed by interactome analysis of each Akt isoform was used to understand protein-protein interactions and their role in TLE-HS pathology. Our results demonstrated activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway as well as activation of Akt downstream substrates like GSK3β, mTOR, and S6 in TLE-HS samples. Akt1 isoform levels were significantly increased in the TLE-HS samples as compared to the non-TLE samples. Most importantly, different isoforms were activated in different TLE-HS samples, Akt2 was activated in three samples, Akt2 and Akt1 were simultaneously activated in one sample and Akt3 was activated in two samples. Our phosphoproteomic screen across six TLE-HS samples identified 183 proteins phosphorylated by Akt isoforms, 29 of these proteins belong to cytoskeletal modification. Also, we were able to identify proteins of several other classes involved in glycolysis, neuronal development, protein folding and excitatory amino acid transport functions as Akt substrates. Taken together, our data offer clues to understand the role of Akt and its isoforms in underlying the pathology of TLE-HS and further, modulation of Akt/mTOR pathway using Akt isoforms specific inhibitors may offer a new therapeutic window for treatment of human TLE-HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Ramanna Valmiki
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Subhashini Venkatesalu
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ari George Chacko
- Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Krishna Prabhu
- Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Maya Mary Thomas
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Vivek Mathew
- Neurology, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sangeetha Yoganathan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Karthik Muthusamy
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Geeta Chacko
- Neuropathology, Department of General Pathology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Srinivasa Babu Krothapalli
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India
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Bhadra M, Howell P, Dutta S, Heintz C, Mair WB. Alternative splicing in aging and longevity. Hum Genet 2019; 139:357-369. [PMID: 31834493 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alternative pre-mRNA splicing increases the complexity of the proteome that can be generated from the available genomic coding sequences. Dysregulation of the splicing process has been implicated in a vast repertoire of diseases. However, splicing has recently been linked to both the aging process itself and pro-longevity interventions. This review focuses on recent research towards defining RNA splicing as a new hallmark of aging. We highlight dysfunctional alternative splicing events that contribute to the aging phenotype across multiple species, along with recent efforts toward deciphering mechanistic roles for RNA splicing in the regulation of aging and longevity. Further, we discuss recent research demonstrating a direct requirement for specific splicing factors in pro-longevity interventions, and specifically how nutrient signaling pathways interface to splicing factor regulation and downstream splicing targets. Finally, we review the emerging potential of using splicing profiles as a predictor of biological age and life expectancy. Understanding the role of RNA splicing components and downstream targets altered in aging may provide opportunities to develop therapeutics and ultimately extend healthy lifespan in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini Bhadra
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Porsha Howell
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sneha Dutta
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Caroline Heintz
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - William B Mair
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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44
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Yang Q, Jiang W, Hou P. Emerging role of PI3K/AKT in tumor-related epigenetic regulation. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 59:112-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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45
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Gopalakrishnan R, Marr SK, Kingston RE, Winston F. A conserved genetic interaction between Spt6 and Set2 regulates H3K36 methylation. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:3888-3903. [PMID: 30793188 PMCID: PMC6486648 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription elongation factor Spt6 and the H3K36 methyltransferase Set2 are both required for H3K36 methylation and transcriptional fidelity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, the nature of the requirement for Spt6 has remained elusive. By selecting for suppressors of a transcriptional defect in an spt6 mutant, we have isolated several highly clustered, dominant SET2 mutations (SET2sup mutations) in a region encoding a proposed autoinhibitory domain. SET2sup mutations suppress the H3K36 methylation defect in the spt6 mutant, as well as in other mutants that impair H3K36 methylation. We also show that SET2sup mutations overcome the requirement for certain Set2 domains for H3K36 methylation. In vivo, SET2sup mutants have elevated levels of H3K36 methylation and the purified Set2sup mutant protein has greater enzymatic activityin vitro. ChIP-seq studies demonstrate that the H3K36 methylation defect in the spt6 mutant, as well as its suppression by a SET2sup mutation, occurs at a step following the recruitment of Set2 to chromatin. Other experiments show that a similar genetic relationship between Spt6 and Set2 exists in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Taken together, our results suggest a conserved mechanism by which the Set2 autoinhibitory domain requires multiple Set2 interactions to ensure that H3K36 methylation occurs specifically on actively transcribed chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharon K Marr
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Robert E Kingston
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115.,Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Fred Winston
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
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46
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Zhao D, Shen C, Gao T, Li H, Guo Y, Li F, Liu C, Liu Y, Chen X, Zhang X, Wu Y, Yu Y, Lin M, Yuan Y, Chen X, Huang X, Yang S, Yu J, Zhang J, Zheng B. Myotubularin related protein 7 is essential for the spermatogonial stem cell homeostasis via PI3K/AKT signaling. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:2800-2813. [PMID: 31478454 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1661174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotubularin related protein 7 (MTMR7), a key member of the MTMR family, depicts phosphatase activity and is involved in myogenesis and tumor growth. We have previously identified MTMR7 in the proteomic profile of mouse spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) maturation and differentiation, implying that MTMR7 is associated with neonatal testicular development. In this study, to further explore the distribution and function of MTMR7 in mouse testis, we studied the effect of Mtmr7 knockdown on neonatal testicular development by testicular and SSC culture methods. Our results revealed that MTMR7 is exclusively located in early germ cells. Deficiency of MTMR7 by morpholino in neonatal testis caused excessive SSC proliferation, which was attributable to the aberrant PI3K/AKT signaling activation. Altogether, our study demonstrates that MTMR7 maintains SSC homeostasis by inhibiting PI3K/AKT signaling activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Cong Shen
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Suzhou , China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Tingting Gao
- Center of Clinical Reproductive Medicine, the Affiliated Changzhou Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Changzhou , China
| | - Hong Li
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Suzhou , China
| | - Yueshuai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China.,The Affiliated Wuxi Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Wuxi , China
| | - Feng Li
- Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China.,Reproductive Medicine Center, Northern Jiangsu Province Hospital , Yangzhou , China
| | - Chenchen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Suzhou , China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yangyang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yi Yu
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Suzhou , China
| | - Meng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yan Yuan
- Human Reproductive and Genetic center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Xiaofang Chen
- Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Shenmin Yang
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Suzhou , China
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Suzhou , China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
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Abstract
Renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) are a diverse set of malignancies that have recently been shown to harbour mutations in a number of chromatin modifier genes - including PBRM1, SETD2, BAP1, KDM5C, KDM6A, and MLL2 - through high-throughput sequencing efforts. Current research focuses on understanding the biological activities that chromatin modifiers employ to suppress tumorigenesis and on developing clinical approaches that take advantage of this knowledge. Unsurprisingly, several common themes unify the functions of these epigenetic modifiers, particularly regulation of histone post-translational modifications and nucleosome organization. Furthermore, chromatin modifiers also govern processes crucial for DNA repair and maintenance of genomic integrity as well as the regulation of splicing and other key processes. Many chromatin modifiers have additional non-canonical roles in cytoskeletal regulation, which further contribute to genomic stability, expanding the repertoire of functions that might be essential in tumorigenesis. Our understanding of how mutations in chromatin modifiers contribute to tumorigenesis in RCC is improving but remains an area of intense investigation. Importantly, elucidating the activities of chromatin modifiers offers intriguing opportunities for the development of new therapeutic interventions in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aguirre A de Cubas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - W Kimryn Rathmell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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48
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Li S, Almeida AR, Radebaugh CA, Zhang L, Chen X, Huang L, Thurston AK, Kalashnikova AA, Hansen JC, Luger K, Stargell LA. The elongation factor Spn1 is a multi-functional chromatin binding protein. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:2321-2334. [PMID: 29300974 PMCID: PMC5861400 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) in a chromatin context involves a large number of crucial factors. Spn1 is a highly conserved protein encoded by an essential gene and is known to interact with RNAPII and the histone chaperone Spt6. Spn1 negatively regulates the ability of Spt6 to interact with nucleosomes, but the chromatin binding properties of Spn1 are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that full length Spn1 (amino acids 1–410) binds DNA, histones H3–H4, mononucleosomes and nucleosomal arrays, and has weak nucleosome assembly activity. The core domain of Spn1 (amino acids 141–305), which is necessary and sufficient in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for growth under ideal growth conditions, is unable to optimally interact with histones, nucleosomes and/or DNA and fails to assemble nucleosomes in vitro. Although competent for binding with Spt6 and RNAPII, the core domain derivative is not stably recruited to the CYC1 promoter, indicating chromatin interactions are an important aspect of normal Spn1 functions in vivo. Moreover, strong synthetic genetic interactions are observed with Spn1 mutants and deletions of histone chaperone genes. Taken together, these results indicate that Spn1 is a histone binding factor with histone chaperone functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1870, USA
| | - Adam R Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1870, USA
| | - Catherine A Radebaugh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1870, USA
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1870, USA
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1870, USA
| | - Liangqun Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1870, USA
| | - Alison K Thurston
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1870, USA
| | - Anna A Kalashnikova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1870, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1870, USA
| | - Karolin Luger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Laurie A Stargell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1870, USA.,Institute for Genome Architecture and Function, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1870, USA
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49
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The elongation factor Elof1 is required for mammalian gastrulation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219410. [PMID: 31276560 PMCID: PMC6611630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite having been sequenced over a decade ago, the functional significance of much of the mammalian genome remains unknown. The mouse has become the preeminent mammalian model for identifying endogenous gene function in vivo. Here we characterize the phenotype of a loss-of function allele for the evolutionarily conserved transcription factor, Elongation Factor Homolog 1 (Elof1). Recent work utilizing the yeast homolog, Elf1, has demonstrated that Elf1 associates with the RNA polymerase II complex to promote elongation by relieving the association of the template DNA strand with bound histones. Loss of Elof1 results in developmental delay and morphological defects during early mouse development resulting in peri-gastrulation lethality. Although Elof1 is highly conserved we observe tissue specific expression during gastrulation and in adult murine tissues, suggesting there may be other genes with similar function in diverse tissues or that mElof1 has adopted lineage specific functions. To better understand its function in mammalian transcription, we examined splice variants and find that Elof1 regulates mutually exclusive exon use in vivo. Distinct from what has been demonstrated in yeast, we demonstrate that Elof1 is essential for viability during mammalian gastrulation which may be due to a role mediating tissue specific exclusive exon use, a regulatory function unique to higher eukaryotes.
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50
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More than a messenger: Alternative splicing as a therapeutic target. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2019; 1862:194395. [PMID: 31271898 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA is an essential post- and co-transcriptional mechanism of gene expression regulation that produces multiple mature mRNA transcripts from a single gene. Genetic mutations that affect splicing underlie numerous devastating diseases. The complexity of splicing regulation allows for multiple therapeutic approaches to correct disease-associated mis-splicing events. In this review, we first highlight recent findings from therapeutic strategies that have used splice switching antisense oligonucleotides and small molecules that bind directly to RNA. Second, we summarize different genetic and chemical approaches to target components of the spliceosome to correct splicing defects in pathological conditions. Finally, we present an overview of compounds that target kinases and accessory pathways that intersect with the splicing machinery. Advancements in the understanding of disease-specific defects caused by mis-regulation of alternative splicing will certainly increase the development of therapeutic options for the clinic. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: RNA structure and splicing regulation edited by Francisco Baralle, Ravindra Singh and Stefan Stamm.
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