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Berscheid A, Straetener J, Schilling NA, Ruppelt D, Konnerth MC, Schittek B, Krismer B, Peschel A, Steinem C, Grond S, Brötz-Oesterhelt H. The microbiome-derived antibacterial lugdunin acts as a cation ionophore in synergy with host peptides. mBio 2024; 15:e0057824. [PMID: 39133006 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00578-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Lugdunin is a microbiome-derived antibacterial agent with good activity against Gram-positive pathogens in vitro and in animal models of nose colonization and skin infection. We have previously shown that lugdunin depletes bacterial energy resources by dissipating the membrane potential of Staphylococcus aureus. Here, we explored the mechanism of action of lugdunin in more detail and show that lugdunin quickly depolarizes cytoplasmic membranes of different bacterial species and acidifies the cytoplasm of S. aureus within minutes due to protonophore activity. Varying the salt species and concentrations in buffers revealed that not only protons are transported, and we demonstrate the binding of the monovalent cations K+, Na+, and Li+ to lugdunin. By comparing known ionophores with various ion transport mechanisms, we conclude that the ion selectivity of lugdunin largely resembles that of 15-mer linear peptide gramicidin A. Direct interference with the main bacterial metabolic pathways including DNA, RNA, protein, and cell wall biosyntheses can be excluded. The previously observed synergism of lugdunin with dermcidin-derived peptides such as DCD-1 in killing S. aureus is mechanistically based on potentiated membrane depolarization. We also found that lugdunin was active against certain eukaryotic cells, however strongly depending on the cell line and growth conditions. While adherent lung epithelial cell lines were almost unaffected, more sensitive cells showed dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential. Lugdunin seems specifically adapted to its natural environment in the respiratory tract. The ionophore mechanism is refractory to resistance development and benefits from synergy with host-derived antimicrobial peptides. IMPORTANCE The vast majority of antimicrobial peptides produced by members of the microbiome target the bacterial cell envelope by many different mechanisms. These compounds and their producers have evolved side-by-side with their host and were constantly challenged by the host's immune system. These molecules are optimized to be well tolerated at their physiological site of production, and their modes of action have proven efficient in vivo. Imbalancing the cellular ion homeostasis is a prominent mechanism among antibacterial natural products. For instance, over 120 naturally occurring polyether ionophores are known to date, and antimicrobial peptides with ionophore activity have also been detected in microbiomes. In this study, we elucidated the mechanism underlying the membrane potential-dissipating activity of the thiazolidine-containing cycloheptapeptide lugdunin, the first member of the fibupeptides discovered in a commensal bacterium from the human nose, which is a promising future probiotic candidate that is not prone to resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Berscheid
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Microbial Bioactive Compounds, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Microbial Bioactive Compounds, University of Tübingen, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Straetener
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Microbial Bioactive Compounds, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nadine A Schilling
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Ruppelt
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin C Konnerth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Schittek
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Dermatooncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Krismer
- Microbial Bioactive Compounds, University of Tübingen, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Microbial Bioactive Compounds, University of Tübingen, Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124-Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peschel
- Microbial Bioactive Compounds, University of Tübingen, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Microbial Bioactive Compounds, University of Tübingen, Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124-Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Steinem
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Dynamics and Self Organization, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Grond
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Microbial Bioactive Compounds, University of Tübingen, Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124-Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Heike Brötz-Oesterhelt
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Microbial Bioactive Compounds, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Microbial Bioactive Compounds, University of Tübingen, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Microbial Bioactive Compounds, University of Tübingen, Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124-Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, Tubingen, Germany
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Bao L, Zhu Z, Ismail A, Zhu B, Anandan V, Whiteley M, Kitten T, Xu P. Experimental evolution of gene essentiality in bacteria. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.16.600122. [PMID: 39071448 PMCID: PMC11275930 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.16.600122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Essential gene products carry out fundamental cellular activities in interaction with other components. However, the lack of essential gene mutants and appropriate methodologies to link essential gene functions with their partners poses significant challenges. Here, we have generated deletion mutants in 32 genes previously identified as essential, with 23 mutants showing extremely slow growth in the SK36 strain of Streptococcus sanguinis . The 23 genes corresponding to these mutants encode components of diverse pathways, are widely conserved among bacteria, and are essential in many other bacterial species. Whole-genome sequencing of 243 independently evolved populations of these mutants has identified >1000 spontaneous suppressor mutations in experimental evolution. Many of these mutations define new gene and pathway relationships, such as F1Fo-ATPase/V1Vo-ATPase/TrkA1-H1 that were demonstrated across multiple Streptococcus species. Patterns of spontaneous mutations occurring in essential gene mutants differed from those found in wildtype. While gene duplications occurred rarely and appeared most often at later stages of evolution, substitutions, deletions, and insertions were prevalent in evolved populations. These essential gene deletion mutants and spontaneous mutations fixed in the mutant populations during evolution establish a foundation for understanding gene essentiality and the interaction of essential genes in networks. Significance Identifying genes that interact with essential genes offers profound theoretical insights into the basic cellular processes of life and practical benefits for fields such as synthetic biology and the fight against drug resistance. Despite its importance, this task is challenging due to the difficulties in creating essential-gene deletion mutants and linking essential gene functions with their interacting partners. In our study, we changed the transformation system to create viable mutants with deletions in genes previously identified as essential in Streptococcus sanguinis . Fortunately, we obtained dozens of essential gene knockout mutants for the first time. These genes, involved in various pathways, are conserved as core components of the essential genome across many bacterial species. Furthermore, through the experimental evolution of 243 independent populations with deletions in these genes, we identified over 1,000 spontaneous suppressor mutations that affect gene essentiality. This collection of spontaneous suppressor mutations, combined with our essential gene deletion mutants, provides a crucial foundation for elucidating gene essentiality and the interactions of essential genes within cellular networks.
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Shore SFH, Ptacek M, Steen AD, Fozo EM. A simple BLASTn-based approach generates novel insights into the regulation and biological function of type I toxin-antitoxins. mSystems 2024; 9:e0120423. [PMID: 38856235 PMCID: PMC11264685 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01204-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial chromosomal type I toxin-antitoxin systems consist of a small protein, typically under 60 amino acids, and a small RNA (sRNA) that represses toxin translation. These gene pairs have gained attention over the last decade for their contribution to antibiotic persistence and phage tolerance in bacteria. However, biological functions for many remain elusive as gene deletions often fail to produce an observable phenotype. For many pairs, it is still unknown when the toxin and/or antitoxin gene are natively expressed within the bacterium. We examined sequence conservation of three type I toxin-antitoxin systems, tisB/istR-1, shoB/ohsC, and zor/orz, in over 2,000 Escherichia coli strains, including pathogenic and commensal isolates. Using our custom database, we found that these gene pairs are widespread across E. coli and have expression potential via BLASTn. We identified an alternative, dominant sequence variant of TisB and confirmed that it is toxic upon overproduction. Additionally, analyses revealed a highly conserved sequence in the zorO mRNA untranslated region that is required for full toxicity. We further noted that over 30% of E. coli genomes contain an orz antitoxin gene only and confirmed its expression in a representative strain: the first confirmed report of a type I antitoxin without its cognate toxin. Our results add to our understanding of these systems, and our methodology is applicable for other type I loci to identify critical regulatory and functional features.IMPORTANCEChromosomal type I toxin-antitoxins are a class of genes that have gained increasing attention over the last decade for their roles in antibiotic persistence which may contribute to therapeutic failures. However, the control of many of these genes and when they function have remained elusive. We demonstrate that a simple genetic conservation-based approach utilizing free, publicly available data yields known and novel insights into the regulation and function of three chromosomal type I toxin-antitoxins in Escherichia coli. This study also provides a framework for how this approach could be applied to other genes of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene F. H. Shore
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael Ptacek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andrew D. Steen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Fozo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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Hubert A, Tabuteau H, Farasin J, Loncar A, Dufresne A, Méheust Y, Le Borgne T. Fluid flow drives phenotypic heterogeneity in bacterial growth and adhesion on surfaces. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6161. [PMID: 39039040 PMCID: PMC11263347 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49997-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteria often thrive in surface-attached communities, where they can form biofilms affording them multiple advantages. In this sessile form, fluid flow is a key component of their environments, renewing nutrients and transporting metabolic products and signaling molecules. It also controls colonization patterns and growth rates on surfaces, through bacteria transport, attachment and detachment. However, the current understanding of bacterial growth on surfaces neglects the possibility that bacteria may modulate their division behavior as a response to flow. Here, we employed single-cell imaging in microfluidic experiments to demonstrate that attached Escherichia coli cells can enter a growth arrest state while simultaneously enhancing their adhesion underflow. Despite utilizing clonal populations, we observed a non-uniform response characterized by bistable dynamics, with co-existing subpopulations of non-dividing and actively dividing bacteria. As the proportion of non-dividing bacteria increased with the applied flow rate, it resulted in a reduction in the average growth rate of bacterial populations on flow-exposed surfaces. Dividing bacteria exhibited asymmetric attachment, whereas non-dividing counterparts adhered to the surface via both cell poles. Hence, this phenotypic diversity allows bacterial colonies to combine enhanced attachment with sustained growth, although at a reduced rate, which may be a significant advantage in fluctuating flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Hubert
- Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118 University of Rennes and CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Hervé Tabuteau
- Institut de Physique de Rennes, UMR 6251 University of Rennes and CNRS, Rennes, France.
| | - Julien Farasin
- Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118 University of Rennes and CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Aleksandar Loncar
- Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118 University of Rennes and CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Alexis Dufresne
- ECOBIO, UMR 6553 University of Rennes and CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Yves Méheust
- Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118 University of Rennes and CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Tanguy Le Borgne
- Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118 University of Rennes and CNRS, Rennes, France.
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5
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Niu H, Gu J, Zhang Y. Bacterial persisters: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic development. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:174. [PMID: 39013893 PMCID: PMC11252167 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01866-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Persisters refer to genetically drug susceptible quiescent (non-growing or slow growing) bacteria that survive in stress environments such as antibiotic exposure, acidic and starvation conditions. These cells can regrow after stress removal and remain susceptible to the same stress. Persisters are underlying the problems of treating chronic and persistent infections and relapse infections after treatment, drug resistance development, and biofilm infections, and pose significant challenges for effective treatments. Understanding the characteristics and the exact mechanisms of persister formation, especially the key molecules that affect the formation and survival of the persisters is critical to more effective treatment of chronic and persistent infections. Currently, genes related to persister formation and survival are being discovered and confirmed, but the mechanisms by which bacteria form persisters are very complex, and there are still many unanswered questions. This article comprehensively summarizes the historical background of bacterial persisters, details their complex characteristics and their relationship with antibiotic tolerant and resistant bacteria, systematically elucidates the interplay between various bacterial biological processes and the formation of persister cells, as well as consolidates the diverse anti-persister compounds and treatments. We hope to provide theoretical background for in-depth research on mechanisms of persisters and suggest new ideas for choosing strategies for more effective treatment of persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Niu
- School of Basic Medical Science and Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaying Gu
- School of Basic Medical Science and Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, China.
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6
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Bustamante P, Ramos-Corominas MN, Martinez-Medina M. Contribution of Toxin-Antitoxin Systems to Adherent-Invasive E. coli Pathogenesis. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1158. [PMID: 38930540 PMCID: PMC11205521 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathobionts have been implicated in various chronic diseases, including Crohn's disease (CD), a multifactorial chronic inflammatory condition that primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract, causing inflammation and damage to the digestive system. While the exact cause of CD remains unclear, adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) strains have emerged as key contributors to its pathogenesis. AIEC are characterized by their ability to adhere to and invade intestinal epithelial cells and survive and replicate inside macrophages. However, the mechanisms underlying the virulence and persistence of AIEC within their host remain the subject of intensive research. Toxin-antitoxin systems (TAs) play a potential role in AIEC pathogenesis and may be therapeutic targets. These systems generally consist of two components: a toxin harmful to the cell and an antitoxin that neutralizes the toxin's effects. They contribute to bacterial survival in adverse conditions and regulate bacterial growth and behavior, affecting various cellular processes in bacterial pathogens. This review focuses on the current information available to determine the roles of TAs in the pathogenicity of AIEC. Their contribution to the AIEC stress response, biofilm formation, phage inhibition, the maintenance of mobile genetic elements, and host lifestyles is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Bustamante
- Molecular and Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile
| | - María Núria Ramos-Corominas
- Microbiology of Intestinal Diseases, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; (M.N.R.-C.); (M.M.-M.)
| | - Margarita Martinez-Medina
- Microbiology of Intestinal Diseases, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; (M.N.R.-C.); (M.M.-M.)
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7
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Shore SFH, Leinberger FH, Fozo EM, Berghoff BA. Type I toxin-antitoxin systems in bacteria: from regulation to biological functions. EcoSal Plus 2024:eesp00252022. [PMID: 38767346 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0025-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin systems are ubiquitous in the prokaryotic world and widely distributed among chromosomes and mobile genetic elements. Several different toxin-antitoxin system types exist, but what they all have in common is that toxin activity is prevented by the cognate antitoxin. In type I toxin-antitoxin systems, toxin production is controlled by an RNA antitoxin and by structural features inherent to the toxin messenger RNA. Most type I toxins are small membrane proteins that display a variety of cellular effects. While originally discovered as modules that stabilize plasmids, chromosomal type I toxin-antitoxin systems may also stabilize prophages, or serve important functions upon certain stress conditions and contribute to population-wide survival strategies. Here, we will describe the intricate RNA-based regulation of type I toxin-antitoxin systems and discuss their potential biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene F H Shore
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Florian H Leinberger
- Institute for Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Elizabeth M Fozo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bork A Berghoff
- Institute for Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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8
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Zhu HY, Xiang WL, Cai T, Zhang M, Wang HY. PemK's Arg24 is a crucial residue for PemIK toxin-antitoxin system to induce the persistence of Weissella cibaria against ciprofloxacin stress. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1402319. [PMID: 38808277 PMCID: PMC11130411 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1402319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The toxin-antitoxin (TA) system plays a key role in bacteria escaping antibiotic stress with persistence, however, the mechanisms by which persistence is controlled remain poorly understood. Weissella cibaria, a novel probiotic, can enters a persistent state upon encountering ciprofloxacin stress. Conversely, it resumes from the persistence when ciprofloxacin stress is relieved or removed. Here, it was found that PemIK TA system played a role in transitioning between these two states. And the PemIK was consisted of PemK, an endonuclease toxic to mRNA, and antitoxin PemI which neutralized its toxicity. The PemK specifically cleaved the U↓AUU in mRNA encoding enzymes involved in glycolysis, TCA cycle and respiratory chain pathways. This cleavage event subsequently disrupted the crucial cellular processes such as hydrogen transfer, electron transfer, NADH and FADH2 synthesis, ultimately leading to a decrease in ATP levels and an increase in membrane depolarization and persister frequency. Notably, Arg24 was a critical active residue for PemK, its mutation significantly reduced the mRNA cleavage activity and the adverse effects on metabolism. These insights provided a clue to comprehensively understand the mechanism by which PemIK induced the persistence of W. cibaria to escape ciprofloxacin stress, thereby highlighting another novel aspect PemIK respond for antibiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yu Zhu
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen-Liang Xiang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology of Sichuan, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Cai
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology of Sichuan, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Han-Yang Wang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
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da Silva CV, Velikkakam T, de Oliveira ECM, Silveira ACA, de Lima Júnior JP, Uombe NPI, da Silva PHR, Borges BC. Cellular dormancy: A widespread phenomenon that perpetuates infectious diseases. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:e2300389. [PMID: 38064123 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Under adverse environmental conditions, microorganisms are able to enter a state of cellular dormancy which consists of cell cycle arrest and interruption of multiplication. This process ensures their perpetuation in the infected host organism and enables the spread of disease. Throughout biological evolution, dormancy allowed microorganisms to persist in a harsh niche until favorable conditions for their reactivation were re-established. Here, we propose to discuss the dormancy of bacteria and protozoa pathogens focusing on the potential mechanisms and components associated with dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio V da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Teresiama Velikkakam
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Elida C M de Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Anna C A Silveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Joed P de Lima Júnior
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Nelsa P I Uombe
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Paulo H R da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Bruna C Borges
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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Lyu Z, Ling Y, van Hoof A, Ling J. Inactivation of the ribosome assembly factor RimP causes streptomycin resistance and impairs motility in Salmonella. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024:e0000224. [PMID: 38629858 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00002-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The ribosome is the central hub for protein synthesis and the target of many antibiotics. Although the majority of ribosome-targeting antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis and are bacteriostatic, aminoglycosides promote protein mistranslation and are bactericidal. Understanding the resistance mechanisms of bacteria against aminoglycosides is not only vital for improving the efficacy of this critically important group of antibiotics but also crucial for studying the molecular basis of translational fidelity. In this work, we analyzed Salmonella mutants evolved in the presence of the aminoglycoside streptomycin (Str) and identified a novel gene rimP to be involved in Str resistance. RimP is a ribosome assembly factor critical for the maturation of the 30S small subunit that binds Str. Deficiency in RimP increases resistance against Str and facilitates the development of even higher resistance. Deleting rimP decreases mistranslation and cellular uptake of Str and further impairs flagellar motility. Our work thus highlights a previously unknown mechanism of aminoglycoside resistance via defective ribosome assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Lyu
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Yunyi Ling
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Ambro van Hoof
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jiqiang Ling
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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11
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Mukhopadhyay S, Bishayi R, Shaji A, Lee AH, Gupta R, Mohajeri M, Katiyar A, McKee B, Schmitz IR, Shin R, Lele TP, Lele PP. Dynamic Adaptation in Extant Porins Facilitates Antibiotic Tolerance in Energetic Escherichia coli. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.07.583920. [PMID: 38496420 PMCID: PMC10942424 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.07.583920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria can tolerate antibiotics despite lacking the genetic components for resistance. The prevailing notion is that tolerance results from depleted cellular energy or cell dormancy. In contrast to this view, many cells in the tolerant population of Escherichia coli can exhibit motility - a phenomenon that requires cellular energy, specifically, the proton-motive force (PMF). As these motile-tolerant cells are challenging to isolate from the heterogeneous tolerant population, their survival mechanism is unknown. Here, we discovered that motile bacteria segregate themselves from the tolerant population under micro-confinement, owing to their unique ability to penetrate micron-sized channels. Single-cell measurements on the motile-tolerant population showed that the cells retained a high PMF, but they did not survive through active efflux alone. By utilizing growth assays, single-cell fluorescence studies, and chemotaxis assays, we showed that the cells survived by dynamically inhibiting the function of existing porins in the outer membrane. A drug transport model for porin-mediated intake and efflux pump-mediated expulsion suggested that energetic tolerant cells withstand antibiotics by constricting their porins. The novel porin adaptation we have uncovered is independent of gene expression changes and may involve electrostatic modifications within individual porins to prevent extracellular ligand entry.
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12
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Ardissone S, Greub G. The Chlamydia-related Waddlia chondrophila encodes functional type II toxin-antitoxin systems. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0068123. [PMID: 38214519 PMCID: PMC10880633 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00681-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are widespread in chromosomes and plasmids of free-living microorganisms, but only a few have been identified in obligate intracellular species. We found seven putative type II TA modules in Waddlia chondrophila, a Chlamydia-related species that is able to infect a very broad series of eukaryotic hosts, ranging from protists to mammalian cells. The RNA levels of Waddlia TA systems are significantly upregulated by iron starvation and novobiocin, but they are not affected by antibiotics such as β-lactams and glycopeptides, which suggests different mechanisms underlying stress responses. Five of the identified TA modules, including HigBA1 and MazEF1, encoded on the Waddlia cryptic plasmid, proved to be functional when expressed in a heterologous host. TA systems have been associated with the maintenance of mobile genetic elements, bacterial defense against bacteriophages, and persistence upon exposure to adverse conditions. As their RNA levels are upregulated upon exposure to adverse conditions, Waddlia TA modules may be involved in survival to stress. Moreover, as Waddlia can infect a wide range of hosts including free-living amoebae, TA modules could also represent an innate immunity system to fight against bacteriophages and other microorganisms with which Waddlia has to share its replicative niche.IMPORTANCEThe response to adverse conditions, such as exposure to antibiotics, nutrient starvation and competition with other microorganisms, is essential for the survival of a bacterial population. TA systems are modules composed of two elements, a toxic protein and an antitoxin (protein or RNA) that counteracts the toxin. Although many aspects of TA biological functions still await to be elucidated, TAs have often been implicated in bacterial response to stress, including the response to nutrient starvation, antibiotic treatment and bacteriophage infection. TAs are ubiquitous in free-living bacteria but rare in obligate intracellular species such as chlamydiae. We identified functional TA systems in Waddlia chondrophila, a chlamydial species with a strikingly broad host range compared to other chlamydiae. Our work contributes to understand how obligate intracellular bacteria react to adverse conditions that might arise from competition with other viruses/bacteria for the same replicative niche and would threaten their ability to replicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ardissone
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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Li Y, Chen X, Zhang W, Fang K, Tian J, Li F, Han M, Huang J, Sun T, Bai F, Cheng M, Xu Y. The metabolic slowdown caused by the deletion of pspA accelerates protein aggregation during stationary phase facilitating antibiotic persistence. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0093723. [PMID: 38169282 PMCID: PMC10848772 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00937-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Entering a dormant state is a prevailing mechanism used by bacterial cells to transiently evade antibiotic attacks and become persisters. The dynamic progression of bacterial dormancy depths driven by protein aggregation has been found to be critical for antibiotic persistence in recent years. However, our current understanding of the endogenous genes that affects dormancy depth remains limited. Here, we discovered a novel role of phage shock protein A (pspA) gene in modulating bacterial dormancy depth. Deletion of pspA of Escherichia coli resulted in increased bacterial dormancy depths and prolonged lag times for resuscitation during the stationary phase. ∆pspA exhibited a higher persister ratio compared to the wild type when challenged with various antibiotics. Microscopic images revealed that ∆pspA showed accelerated formation of protein aggresomes, which were collections of endogenous protein aggregates. Time-lapse imaging established the positive correlation between protein aggregation and antibiotic persistence of ∆pspA at the single-cell level. To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying accelerated protein aggregation, we performed transcriptome profiling and found the increased abundance of chaperons and a general metabolic slowdown in the absence of pspA. Consistent with the transcriptomic results, the ∆pspA strain showed a decreased cellular ATP level, which could be rescued by glucose supplementation. Then, we verified that replenishment of cellular ATP levels by adding glucose could inhibit protein aggregation and reduce persister formation in ∆pspA. This study highlights the novel role of pspA in maintaining proteostasis, regulating dormancy depth, and affecting antibiotic persistence during stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Biomedical Engineering Facility of National Infrastructures for Translational Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Centre (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Weili Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kefan Fang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Centre (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Tian
- Biomedical Engineering Facility of National Infrastructures for Translational Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyuan Li
- Clinical Biobank, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mingfei Han
- National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Tianshu Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Clinical Biobank, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Centre (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingchun Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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14
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Hare PJ, Gonzalez JR, Quelle RM, Wu YI, Mok WWK. Metabolic and transcriptional activities underlie stationary-phase Pseudomonas aeruginosa sensitivity to Levofloxacin. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0356723. [PMID: 38078717 PMCID: PMC10896071 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03567-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is responsible for a variety of chronic human infections. Even in the absence of identifiable resistance mutations, this pathogen can tolerate lethal antibiotic doses through phenotypic strategies like biofilm formation and metabolic quiescence. In this study, we determined that P. aeruginosa maintains greater metabolic activity in the stationary phase compared to the model organism, Escherichia coli, which has traditionally been used to study fluoroquinolone antibiotic tolerance. We demonstrate that hallmarks of E. coli fluoroquinolone tolerance are not conserved in P. aeruginosa, including the timing of cell death and necessity of the SOS DNA damage response for survival. The heightened sensitivity of stationary-phase P. aeruginosa to fluoroquinolones is attributed to maintained transcriptional and reductase activity. Our data suggest that perturbations that suppress transcription and respiration in P. aeruginosa may actually protect the pathogen against this important class of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia J Hare
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, UConn Health , Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health , Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Juliet R Gonzalez
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, UConn Health , Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ryan M Quelle
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, UConn Health , Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yi I Wu
- Richard D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, UConn Health , Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Wendy W K Mok
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, UConn Health , Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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15
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Lyu Z, Ling Y, van Hoof A, Ling J. Deficiency in ribosome biogenesis causes streptomycin resistance and impairs motility in Salmonella. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.08.574728. [PMID: 38260697 PMCID: PMC10802465 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.08.574728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The ribosome is the central hub for protein synthesis and the target of many antibiotics. Whereas the majority of ribosome-targeting antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis and are bacteriostatic, aminoglycosides promote protein mistranslation and are bactericidal. Understanding the resistance mechanisms of bacteria against aminoglycosides is not only vital for improving the efficacy of this critically important group of antibiotics but also crucial for studying the molecular basis of translational fidelity. In this work, we analyzed Salmonella mutants evolved in the presence of the aminoglycoside streptomycin (Str) and identified a novel gene rimP to be involved in Str resistance. RimP is a ribosome assembly factor critical for the maturation of the 30S small subunit that binds Str. Deficiency in RimP increases resistance against Str and facilitates the development of even higher resistance. Deleting rimP decreases mistranslation and cellular uptake of Str, and further impairs flagellar motility. Our work thus highlights a previously unknown mechanism of aminoglycoside resistance via defective ribosome assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Lyu
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Yunyi Ling
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ambro van Hoof
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jiqiang Ling
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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16
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Thompson NT, Kitzenberg DA, Kao DJ. Persister-mediated emergence of antimicrobial resistance in agriculture due to antibiotic growth promoters. AIMS Microbiol 2023; 9:738-756. [PMID: 38173975 PMCID: PMC10758577 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2023038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The creation and continued development of antibiotics have revolutionized human health and disease for the past century. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance represents a major threat to human health, and practices that contribute to the development of this threat need to be addressed. Since the 1950s, antibiotics have been used in low doses to increase growth and decrease the feed requirement of animal-derived food sources. A consequence of this practice is the accelerated emergence of antimicrobial resistance that can influence human health through its distribution via animal food products. In the laboratory setting, sublethal doses of antibiotics promote the expansion of bacterial persister populations, a low energy, low metabolism phenotype characterized broadly by antibiotic tolerance. Furthermore, the induction of persister bacteria has been positively correlated with an increased emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. This body of evidence suggests that the use of antibiotics in agriculture at subtherapeutic levels is actively catalyzing the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria through the expansion of bacterial persister populations, which is potentially leading to increased infections in humans and decreased antibiotic potency. There is an urgent need to address this debilitating effect on antibiotics and its influence on human health. In this review, we summarize the recent literature on the topic of emerging antimicrobial resistance and its association with bacterial persister populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah T Thompson
- Department of Medicine and Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - David A Kitzenberg
- Department of Medicine and Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel J Kao
- Department of Medicine and Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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17
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Grucela PK, Zhang YE. Basal level of ppGpp coordinates Escherichia coli cell heterogeneity and ampicillin resistance and persistence. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2023; 10:248-260. [PMID: 37933276 PMCID: PMC10625690 DOI: 10.15698/mic2023.11.808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The universal stringent response alarmone ppGpp (guanosine penta and tetra phosphates) plays a crucial role in various aspects of fundamental cell physiology (e.g., cell growth rate, cell size) and thus bacterial tolerance to and survival of external stresses, including antibiotics. Besides transient antibiotic tolerance (persistence), ppGpp was recently found to contribute to E. coli resistance to ampicillin. How ppGpp regulates both the persistence and resistance to antibiotics remains incompletely understood. In this study, we first clarified that the absence of ppGpp in E. coli (ppGpp0 strain) resulted in a decreased minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) value of ampicillin but, surprisingly, a higher persistence level to ampicillin during exponential growth in MOPS rich medium. High basal ppGpp levels, thus lower growth rate, did not produce high ampicillin persistence. Importantly, we found that the high ampicillin persistence of the ppGpp0 strain is not due to dormant overnight carry-over cells. Instead, the absence of ppGpp produced higher cell heterogeneity, propagating during the regrowth and the killing phases, leading to higher ampicillin persistence. Consistently, we isolated a suppressor mutation of the ppGpp0 strain that restored the standard MIC value of ampicillin and reduced its cell heterogeneity and the ampicillin persistence level concomitantly. Altogether, we discussed the fundamental role of basal level of ppGpp in regulating cell homogeneity and ampicillin persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong Everett Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Lan X, Zhong J, Huang R, Liu Y, Ma X, Li X, Zhao D, Qing G, Zhang Y, Liu L, Wang J, Ma X, Luo T, Guo W, Wang Y, Li LL, Su YX, Liang XJ. Conformation Dependent Architectures of Assembled Antimicrobial Peptides with Enhanced Antimicrobial Ability. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301688. [PMID: 37540835 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a developing class of natural and synthetic oligopeptides with host defense mechanisms against a broad spectrum of microorganisms. With in-depth research on the structural conformations of AMPs, synthesis or modification of peptides has shown great potential in effectively obtaining new therapeutic agents with improved physicochemical and biological properties. Notably, AMPs with self-assembled properties have gradually become a hot research topic for various biomedical applications. Compared to monomeric peptides, these peptides can exist in diverse forms (e.g., nanoparticles, nanorods, and nanofibers) and possess several advantages, such as high stability, good biocompatibility, and potent biological functions, after forming aggregates under specific conditions. In particular, the stability and antibacterial property of these AMPs can be modulated by rationally regulating the peptide sequences to promote self-assembly, leading to the reconstruction of molecular structure and spatial orientation while introducing some peptide fragments into the scaffolds. In this work, four self-assembled AMPs are developed, and the relationship between their chemical structures and antibacterial activity is explored extensively through different experiments. Importantly, the evaluation of antibacterial performance in both in vitro and in vivo studies has provided a general guide for using self-assembled AMPs in subsequent treatments for combating bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Lan
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Regina Huang
- Discipline of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yuhan Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University and Beijing Institute of Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Discipline of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Guangchao Qing
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinjin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xu Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ting Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Weisheng Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuji Wang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Li-Li Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu-Xiong Su
- Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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19
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Pan X, Liu W, Du Q, Zhang H, Han D. Recent Advances in Bacterial Persistence Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14311. [PMID: 37762613 PMCID: PMC10531727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The recurrence of bacterial infectious diseases is closely associated with bacterial persisters. This subpopulation of bacteria can escape antibiotic treatment by entering a metabolic status of low activity through various mechanisms, for example, biofilm, toxin-antitoxin modules, the stringent response, and the SOS response. Correspondingly, multiple new treatments are being developed. However, due to their spontaneous low abundance in populations and the lack of research on in vivo interactions between persisters and the host's immune system, microfluidics, high-throughput sequencing, and microscopy techniques are combined innovatively to explore the mechanisms of persister formation and maintenance at the single-cell level. Here, we outline the main mechanisms of persister formation, and describe the cutting-edge technology for further research. Despite the significant progress regarding study techniques, some challenges remain to be tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Institute of Pediatric Infection, Immunity, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wenxin Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Institute of Pediatric Infection, Immunity, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Qingqing Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Institute of Pediatric Infection, Immunity, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Institute of Pediatric Infection, Immunity, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Dingding Han
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Institute of Pediatric Infection, Immunity, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
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20
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Yokoyama T, Yamagata Y, Honna S, Mizuno S, Katagiri S, Oi R, Nogi T, Hizukuri Y, Akiyama Y. S2P intramembrane protease RseP degrades small membrane proteins and suppresses the cytotoxicity of intrinsic toxin HokB. mBio 2023; 14:e0108623. [PMID: 37409810 PMCID: PMC10470546 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01086-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The site2-protease (S2P) family of intramembrane proteases (IMPs) is conserved in all kingdoms of life and cleaves transmembrane proteins within the membrane to regulate and maintain various cellular activities. RseP, an Escherichia coli S2P peptidase, is involved in the regulation of gene expression through the regulated cleavage of the two target membrane proteins (RseA and FecR) and in membrane quality control through the proteolytic elimination of remnant signal peptides. RseP is expected to have additional substrates and to be involved in other cellular processes. Recent studies have shown that cells express small membrane proteins (SMPs; single-spanning membrane proteins of approximately 50-100 amino acid residues) with crucial cellular functions. However, little is known about their metabolism, which affects their functions. This study investigated the possible RseP-catalyzed cleavage of E. coli SMPs based on the apparent similarity of the sizes and structures of SMPs to those of remnant signal peptides. We screened SMPs cleaved by RseP in vivo and in vitro and identified 14 SMPs, including HokB, an endogenous toxin that induces persister formation, as potential substrates. We demonstrated that RseP suppresses the cytotoxicity and biological functions of HokB. The identification of several SMPs as novel potential substrates of RseP provides a clue to a comprehensive understanding of the cellular roles of RseP and other S2P peptidases and highlights a novel aspect of the regulation of SMPs. IMPORTANCE Membrane proteins play an important role in cell activity and survival. Thus, understanding their dynamics, including proteolytic degradation, is crucial. E. coli RseP, an S2P family intramembrane protease, cleaves membrane proteins to regulate gene expression in response to environmental changes and to maintain membrane quality. To identify novel substrates of RseP, we screened small membrane proteins (SMPs), a group of proteins that have recently been shown to have diverse cellular functions, and identified 14 potential substrates. We also showed that RseP suppresses the cytotoxicity of the intrinsic toxin, HokB, an SMP that has been reported to induce persister cell formation, by degrading it. These findings provide new insights into the cellular roles of S2P peptidases and the functional regulation of SMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Yokoyama
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yutaro Yamagata
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Saisei Honna
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Mizuno
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shizuka Katagiri
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Rika Oi
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Terukazu Nogi
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yohei Hizukuri
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Akiyama
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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21
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Bollen C, Louwagie E, Verstraeten N, Michiels J, Ruelens P. Environmental, mechanistic and evolutionary landscape of antibiotic persistence. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57309. [PMID: 37395716 PMCID: PMC10398667 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recalcitrant infections pose a serious challenge by prolonging antibiotic therapies and contributing to the spread of antibiotic resistance, thereby threatening the successful treatment of bacterial infections. One potential contributing factor in persistent infections is antibiotic persistence, which involves the survival of transiently tolerant subpopulations of bacteria. This review summarizes the current understanding of antibiotic persistence, including its clinical significance and the environmental and evolutionary factors at play. Additionally, we discuss the emerging concept of persister regrowth and potential strategies to combat persister cells. Recent advances highlight the multifaceted nature of persistence, which is controlled by deterministic and stochastic elements and shaped by genetic and environmental factors. To translate in vitro findings to in vivo settings, it is crucial to include the heterogeneity and complexity of bacterial populations in natural environments. As researchers continue to gain a more holistic understanding of this phenomenon and develop effective treatments for persistent bacterial infections, the study of antibiotic persistence is likely to become increasingly complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celien Bollen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant GeneticsKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIBLeuvenBelgium
| | - Elen Louwagie
- Centre of Microbial and Plant GeneticsKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIBLeuvenBelgium
| | - Natalie Verstraeten
- Centre of Microbial and Plant GeneticsKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIBLeuvenBelgium
| | - Jan Michiels
- Centre of Microbial and Plant GeneticsKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIBLeuvenBelgium
| | - Philip Ruelens
- Centre of Microbial and Plant GeneticsKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIBLeuvenBelgium
- Laboratory of Socioecology and Social EvolutionKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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22
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Zhou Y, Liao H, Pei L, Pu Y. Combatting persister cells: The daunting task in post-antibiotics era. CELL INSIGHT 2023; 2:100104. [PMID: 37304393 PMCID: PMC10250163 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2023.100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, much attention has been drawn to antibiotic resistance bacteria, but drug inefficacy caused by a subgroup of special phenotypic variants - persisters - has been largely neglected in both scientific and clinical field. Interestingly, this subgroup of phenotypic variants displayed their power of withstanding sufficient antibiotics exposure in a mechanism different from antibiotic resistance. In this review, we summarized the clinical importance of bacterial persisters, the evolutionary link between resistance, tolerance, and persistence, redundant mechanisms of persister formation as well as methods of studying persister cells. In the light of our recent findings of membrane-less organelle aggresome and its important roles in regulating bacterial dormancy depth, we propose an alternative approach for anti-persister therapy. That is, to force a persister into a deeper dormancy state to become a VBNC (viable but non-culturable) cell that is incapable of regrowth. We hope to provide the latest insights on persister studies and call upon more research interest into this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei- MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hebin Liao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei- MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Linsen Pei
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei- MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yingying Pu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei- MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
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23
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Saleh DO, Horstmann JA, Giralt-Zúñiga M, Weber W, Kaganovitch E, Durairaj AC, Klotzsch E, Strowig T, Erhardt M. SPI-1 virulence gene expression modulates motility of Salmonella Typhimurium in a proton motive force- and adhesins-dependent manner. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011451. [PMID: 37315106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Both the bacterial flagellum and the evolutionary related injectisome encoded on the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) play crucial roles during the infection cycle of Salmonella species. The interplay of both is highlighted by the complex cross-regulation that includes transcriptional control of the flagellar master regulatory operon flhDC by HilD, the master regulator of SPI-1 gene expression. Contrary to the HilD-dependent activation of flagellar gene expression, we report here that activation of HilD resulted in a dramatic loss of motility, which was dependent on the presence of SPI-1. Single cell analyses revealed that HilD-activation triggers a SPI-1-dependent induction of the stringent response and a substantial decrease in proton motive force (PMF), while flagellation remains unaffected. We further found that HilD activation enhances the adhesion of Salmonella to epithelial cells. A transcriptome analysis revealed a simultaneous upregulation of several adhesin systems, which, when overproduced, phenocopied the HilD-induced motility defect. We propose a model where the SPI-1-dependent depletion of the PMF and the upregulation of adhesins upon HilD-activation enable flagellated Salmonella to rapidly modulate their motility during infection, thereby enabling efficient adhesion to host cells and delivery of effector proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Osama Saleh
- Institute for Biology/Molecular Microbiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Julia A Horstmann
- Junior Research Group Infection Biology of Salmonella, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - María Giralt-Zúñiga
- Institute for Biology/Molecular Microbiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Willi Weber
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics/Mechanobiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eugen Kaganovitch
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany
| | - Abilash Chakravarthy Durairaj
- Junior Research Group Infection Biology of Salmonella, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Enrico Klotzsch
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics/Mechanobiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Erhardt
- Institute for Biology/Molecular Microbiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens, Berlin, Germany
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24
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Riffaud CM, Rucks EA, Ouellette SP. Persistence of obligate intracellular pathogens: alternative strategies to overcome host-specific stresses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1185571. [PMID: 37284502 PMCID: PMC10239878 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1185571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In adapting to the intracellular niche, obligate intracellular bacteria usually undergo a reduction of genome size by eliminating genes not needed for intracellular survival. These losses can include, for example, genes involved in nutrient anabolic pathways or in stress response. Living inside a host cell offers a stable environment where intracellular bacteria can limit their exposure to extracellular effectors of the immune system and modulate or outright inhibit intracellular defense mechanisms. However, highlighting an area of vulnerability, these pathogens are dependent on the host cell for nutrients and are very sensitive to conditions that limit nutrient availability. Persistence is a common response shared by evolutionarily divergent bacteria to survive adverse conditions like nutrient deprivation. Development of persistence usually compromises successful antibiotic therapy of bacterial infections and is associated with chronic infections and long-term sequelae for the patients. During persistence, obligate intracellular pathogens are viable but not growing inside their host cell. They can survive for a long period of time such that, when the inducing stress is removed, reactivation of their growth cycles resumes. Given their reduced coding capacity, intracellular bacteria have adapted different response mechanisms. This review gives an overview of the strategies used by the obligate intracellular bacteria, where known, which, unlike model organisms such as E. coli, often lack toxin-antitoxin systems and the stringent response that have been linked to a persister phenotype and amino acid starvation states, respectively.
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25
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Pulido S, Rückert H, Falsone SF, Göbl C, Meyer NH, Zangger K. The membrane-binding bacterial toxin long direct repeat D inhibits protein translation. Biophys Chem 2023; 298:107040. [PMID: 37229877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2023.107040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial plasmids and chromosomes widely contain toxin-antitoxin (TA) loci, which are implicated in stress response, growth regulation and even tolerance to antibiotics and environmental stress. Type I TA systems consist of a stable toxin-expressing mRNA, which is counteracted by an unstable RNA antitoxin. The Long Direct Repeat (LDR-) D locus, a type I TA system of Escherichia Coli (E. coli) K12, encodes a 35 amino acid toxic peptide, LdrD. Despite being characterized as a bacterial toxin, causing rapid killing and nucleoid condensation, little was known about its function and its mechanism of toxicity. Here, we show that LdrD specifically interacts with ribosomes which potentially blocks translation. Indeed, in vitro translation of LdrD-coding mRNA greatly reduces translation efficiency. The structure of LdrD in a hydrophobic environment, similar to the one found in the interior of ribosomes was determined by NMR spectroscopy in 100% trifluoroethanol solution. A single compact α-helix was found which would fit nicely into the ribosomal exit tunnel. Therefore, we conclude that rather than destroying bacterial membranes, LdrD exerts its toxic activity by inhibiting protein synthesis through binding to the ribosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Pulido
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; LifeFactors ZF S.A.S., Zona France Rionegro, Rionegro, Colombia
| | - Hanna Rückert
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - S Fabio Falsone
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Göbl
- Dept. of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - N Helge Meyer
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Division of General and Visceral Surgery, Department of Human Medicine, University of Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Zangger
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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26
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Li Y, Wood TK, Zhang W, Li C. Purine metabolism regulates Vibrio splendidus persistence associated with protein aggresome formation and intracellular tetracycline efflux. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1127018. [PMID: 37007472 PMCID: PMC10060992 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1127018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A small subpopulation of Vibrio splendidus AJ01 that was exposed to tetracycline at 10 times the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) still survived, named tetracycline-induced persister cells in our previous work. However, the formation mechanisms of persister is largely unknown. Here, we investigated tetracycline-induced AJ01 persister cells by transcriptome analysis and found that the purine metabolism pathway was significantly downregulated, which was consistent with lower levels of ATP, purine, and purine derivatives in our metabolome analysis. Inhibition of the purine metabolism pathway by 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP, inhibits ATP production), increased persister cell formation and accompanied with the decreasing intracellular ATP levels and increasing cells with protein aggresome. On the other hand, the persister cells had reduced intracellular tetracycline concentrations and higher membrane potential after 6-MP treatment. Inhibition of the membrane potential by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone reversed 6-MP-induced persistence and resulted in higher levels of intracellular tetracycline accumulation. Meanwhile, cells with 6-MP treatment increased the membrane potential by dissipating the transmembrane proton pH gradient, which activated efflux to decrease the intracellular tetracycline concentration. Together, our findings show that reduction of purine metabolism regulates AJ01 persistence and is associated with protein aggresome formation and intracellular tetracycline efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Thomas K. Wood
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chenghua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Chenghua Li,
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27
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Lee AH, Gupta R, Nguyen HN, Schmitz IR, Siegele DA, Lele PP. Heterogeneous Distribution of Proton Motive Force in Nonheritable Antibiotic Resistance. mBio 2023; 14:e0238422. [PMID: 36598258 PMCID: PMC9973297 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02384-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections that are difficult to eradicate are often treated by sequentially exposing the bacteria to different antibiotics. Although effective, this approach can give rise to epigenetic or other phenomena that may help some cells adapt to and tolerate the antibiotics. Characteristics of such adapted cells are dormancy and low energy levels, which promote survival without lending long-term genetic resistance against antibiotics. In this work, we quantified motility in cells of Escherichia coli that adapted and survived sequential exposure to lethal doses of antibiotics. In populations that adapted to transcriptional inhibition by rifampicin, we observed that ~1 of 3 cells continued swimming for several hours in the presence of lethal concentrations of ampicillin. As motility is powered by proton motive force (PMF), our results suggested that many adapted cells retained a high PMF. Single-cell growth assays revealed that the high-PMF cells resuscitated and divided upon the removal of ampicillin, just as the low-PMF cells did, a behavior reminiscent of persister cells. Our results are consistent with the notion that cells in a clonal population may employ multiple different mechanisms to adapt to antibiotic stresses. Variable PMF is likely a feature of a bet-hedging strategy: a fraction of the adapted cell population lies dormant while the other fraction retains high PMF to be able to swim out of the deleterious environment. IMPORTANCE Bacterial cells with low PMF may survive antibiotic stress due to dormancy, which favors nonheritable resistance without genetic mutations or acquisitions. On the other hand, cells with high PMF are less tolerant, as PMF helps in the uptake of certain antibiotics. Here, we quantified flagellar motility as an indirect measure of the PMF in cells of Escherichia coli that had adapted to ampicillin. Despite the disadvantage of maintaining a high PMF in the presence of antibiotics, we observed high PMF in ~30% of the cells, as evidenced by their ability to swim rapidly for several hours. These and other results were consistent with the idea that antibiotic tolerance can arise via different mechanisms in a clonal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie H. Lee
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Rachit Gupta
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Hong Nhi Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Isabella R. Schmitz
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Deborah A. Siegele
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Pushkar P. Lele
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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28
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Yee JX, Kim J, Yeom J. Membrane Proteins as a Regulator for Antibiotic Persistence in Gram-Negative Bacteria. J Microbiol 2023; 61:331-341. [PMID: 36800168 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00024-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic treatment failure threatens our ability to control bacterial infections that can cause chronic diseases. Persister bacteria are a subpopulation of physiological variants that becomes highly tolerant to antibiotics. Membrane proteins play crucial roles in all living organisms to regulate cellular physiology. Although a diverse membrane component involved in persistence can result in antibiotic treatment failure, the regulations of antibiotic persistence by membrane proteins has not been fully understood. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding with regards to membrane proteins in Gram-negative bacteria as a regulator for antibiotic persistence, highlighting various physiological mechanisms in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xin Yee
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Juhyun Kim
- School of Life Science, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinki Yeom
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Mason S, Vornhagen J, Smith SN, Mike LA, Mobley HLT, Bachman MA. The Klebsiella pneumoniae ter Operon Enhances Stress Tolerance. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0055922. [PMID: 36651775 PMCID: PMC9933665 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00559-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthcare-acquired infections are a leading cause of disease in patients that are hospitalized or in long-term-care facilities. Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) is a leading cause of bacteremia, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections in these settings. Previous studies have established that the ter operon, a genetic locus that confers tellurite oxide (K2TeO3) resistance, is associated with infection in colonized patients. Rather than enhancing fitness during infection, the ter operon increases Kp fitness during gut colonization; however, the biologically relevant function of this operon is unknown. First, using a murine model of urinary tract infection, we demonstrate a novel role for the ter operon protein TerC as a bladder fitness factor. To further characterize TerC, we explored a variety of functions, including resistance to metal-induced stress, resistance to radical oxygen species-induced stress, and growth on specific sugars, all of which were independent of TerC. Then, using well-defined experimental guidelines, we determined that TerC is necessary for tolerance to ofloxacin, polymyxin B, and cetylpyridinium chloride. We used an ordered transposon library constructed in a Kp strain lacking the ter operon to identify the genes that are required to resist K2TeO3-induced and polymyxin B-induced stress, which suggested that K2TeO3-induced stress is experienced at the bacterial cell envelope. Finally, we confirmed that K2TeO3 disrupts the Kp cell envelope, though these effects are independent of ter. Collectively, the results from these studies indicate a novel role for the ter operon as a stress tolerance factor, thereby explaining its role in enhancing fitness in the gut and bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Mason
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jay Vornhagen
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sara N. Smith
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Laura A. Mike
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Harry L. T. Mobley
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael A. Bachman
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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30
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Liao W, Nie W, Ahmad I, Chen G, Zhu B. The occurrence, characteristics, and adaptation of A-to-I RNA editing in bacteria: A review. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1143929. [PMID: 36960293 PMCID: PMC10027721 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1143929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A-to-I RNA editing is a very important post-transcriptional modification or co-transcriptional modification that creates isoforms and increases the diversity of proteins. In this process, adenosine (A) in RNA molecules is hydrolyzed and deaminated into inosine (I). It is well known that ADAR (adenosine deaminase acting on RNA)-dependent A-to-I mRNA editing is widespread in animals. Next, the discovery of A-to-I mRNA editing was mediated by TadA (tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase) in Escherichia coli which is ADAR-independent event. Previously, the editing event S128P on the flagellar structural protein FliC enhanced the bacterial tolerance to oxidative stress in Xoc. In addition, the editing events T408A on the enterobactin iron receptor protein XfeA act as switches by controlling the uptake of Fe3+ in response to the concentration of iron in the environment. Even though bacteria have fewer editing events, the great majority of those that are currently preserved have adaptive benefits. Interestingly, it was found that a TadA-independent A-to-I RNA editing event T408A occurred on xfeA, indicating that there may be other new enzymes that perform a function like TadA. Here, we review recent advances in the characteristics, functions, and adaptations of editing in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixue Liao
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Shanghai Cooperative Innovation Center for Modern Seed Industry, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhan Nie
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Shanghai Cooperative Innovation Center for Modern Seed Industry, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wenhan Nie,
| | - Iftikhar Ahmad
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Shanghai Cooperative Innovation Center for Modern Seed Industry, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Gongyou Chen
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Shanghai Cooperative Innovation Center for Modern Seed Industry, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Shanghai Cooperative Innovation Center for Modern Seed Industry, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Bo Zhu,
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31
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Bogati B, Shore SFH, Nipper TD, Stoiculescu O, Fozo EM. Charged Amino Acids Contribute to ZorO Toxicity. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 15:32. [PMID: 36668852 PMCID: PMC9860968 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomally encoded toxin-antitoxin systems have been increasingly identified and characterized across bacterial species over the past two decades. Overproduction of the toxin gene results in cell growth stasis or death for the producing cell, but co-expression of its antitoxin can repress the toxic effects. For the subcategory of type I toxin-antitoxin systems, many of the described toxin genes encode a small, hydrophobic protein with several charged residues distributed across the sequence of the toxic protein. Though these charged residues are hypothesized to be critical for the toxic effects of the protein, they have not been studied broadly across different type I toxins. Herein, we mutated codons encoding charged residues in the type I toxin zorO, from the zor-orz toxin-antitoxin system, to determine their impacts on growth inhibition, membrane depolarization, ATP depletion, and the localization of this small protein. The non-toxic variants of ZorO accumulated both in the membrane and cytoplasm, indicating that membrane localization alone is not sufficient for its toxicity. While mutation of a charged residue could result in altered toxicity, this was dependent not only on the position of the amino acid within the protein but also on the residue to which it was converted, suggesting a complex role of charged residues in ZorO-mediated toxicity. A previous study indicated that additional copies of the zor-orz system improved growth in aminoglycosides: within, we note that this improved growth is independent of ZorO toxicity. By increasing the copy number of the zorO gene fused with a FLAG-tag, we were able to detect the protein expressed from its native promoter elements: an important step for future studies of toxin expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elizabeth M. Fozo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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32
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Shi X, Zarkan A. Bacterial survivors: evaluating the mechanisms of antibiotic persistence. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168. [PMID: 36748698 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria withstand antibiotic onslaughts by employing a variety of strategies, one of which is persistence. Persistence occurs in a bacterial population where a subpopulation of cells (persisters) survives antibiotic treatment and can regrow in a drug-free environment. Persisters may cause the recalcitrance of infectious diseases and can be a stepping stone to antibiotic resistance, so understanding persistence mechanisms is critical for therapeutic applications. However, current understanding of persistence is pervaded by paradoxes that stymie research progress, and many aspects of this cellular state remain elusive. In this review, we summarize the putative persister mechanisms, including toxin-antitoxin modules, quorum sensing, indole signalling and epigenetics, as well as the reasons behind the inconsistent body of evidence. We highlight present limitations in the field and underscore a clinical context that is frequently neglected, in the hope of supporting future researchers in examining clinically important persister mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Shi
- Cambridge Centre for International Research, Cambridge CB4 0PZ, UK
| | - Ashraf Zarkan
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
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33
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Dou Q, Yuan J, Yu R, Yang J, Wang J, Zhu Y, Zhong J, Long H, Liu Z, Wang X, Li Y, Xiao Y, Liang J, Zhang X, Wang Y. MomL inhibits bacterial antibiotic resistance through the starvation stringent response pathway. MLIFE 2022; 1:428-442. [PMID: 38818489 PMCID: PMC10989899 DOI: 10.1002/mlf2.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in gram-negative pathogens has become one of the most serious global public health threats. The role of the N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL)-mediated signaling pathway, which is widespread in gram-negative bacteria, in the bacterial resistance process should be studied in depth. Here, we report a degrading enzyme of AHLs, MomL, that inhibits the antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa through a novel mechanism. The MomL-mediated reactivation of kanamycin is highly associated with the relA-mediated starvation stringent response. The degradation of AHLs by MomL results in the inability of LasR to activate relA, which, in turn, stops the activation of downstream rpoS. Further results show that rpoS directly regulates the type VI secretion system H2-T6SS. Under MomL treatment, inactivated RpoS fails to regulate H2-T6SS; therefore, the expression of effector phospholipase A is reduced, and the adaptability of bacteria to antibiotics is weakened. MomL in combination with kanamycin is effective against a wide range of gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, this study reports a MomL-antibiotic treatment strategy on antibiotic-resistant bacteria and reveals its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Dou
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Institute of Evolution & Marine BiodiversityOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Jin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Rilei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and PharmacyOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Jiahui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiayi Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Institute of Evolution & Marine BiodiversityOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Yuxiang Zhu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Institute of Evolution & Marine BiodiversityOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Jing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Hongan Long
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Institute of Evolution & Marine BiodiversityOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Zhiqing Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Institute of Evolution & Marine BiodiversityOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Xianghong Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Institute of Evolution & Marine BiodiversityOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Yuying Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Institute of Evolution & Marine BiodiversityOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Yichen Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiazhen Liang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and PharmacyOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Xiao‐Hua Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Institute of Evolution & Marine BiodiversityOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental ScienceQingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Institute of Evolution & Marine BiodiversityOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental ScienceQingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina
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Das S, Datta PP. Effect of a single amino acid substitution G98D in a ribosome-associated essential GTPase, CgtA, on the growth and morphology of Vibrio cholerae. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:617. [PMID: 36097213 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03233-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
CgtA, a highly conserved 50S ribosome-associated essential GTPase, acts as a repressor of the stringent stress response under nutrient-rich growth conditions to suppress basal levels of the alarmone ppGpp in V. cholerae. To further explore the in vivo functionality of CgtA, we introduced an amino acid substitution, i.e., Gly98Asp, in a conserved glycine residue in the N-terminal domain. The constructed V. cholerae mutant was designated CgtA(G98D). Comparison of cell sizes of the CgtA(G98D)mutant with its isogenic wild-type (Wt) strain N16961 under different phases of growth by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and statistical analysis suggests that CgtA may control the cell size of V. cholerae. The cell length is significantly reduced, corresponding to the delayed growth in the mid-logarithmic phase. The differences in the cell length of CgtA(G98D) and Wt are indistinguishable in the late logarithmic phase. During the stationary phase, marked by higher OD600, a sub-population of CgtA(G98D) cells outnumbered the Wt cells lengthwise. CgtA(G98D) cells appeared slenderer than Wt cells with significantly reduced cell width. However, the centerline curvature is preserved in CgtA(G98D) cells. We propose that in addition to its multitude of intracellular roles, CgtA may influence the cell size of V. cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagarika Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohanpur, Nadia, Kolkata, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Partha Pratim Datta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohanpur, Nadia, Kolkata, 741246, West Bengal, India.
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35
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Berkvens A, Chauhan P, Bruggeman FJ. Integrative biology of persister cell formation: molecular circuitry, phenotypic diversification and fitness effects. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY, INTERFACE 2022; 19:20220129. [PMID: 36099930 PMCID: PMC9470271 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microbial populations often contain persister cells, which reduce the extinction risk upon sudden stresses. Persister cell formation is deeply intertwined with physiology. Due to this complexity, it cannot be satisfactorily understood by focusing only on mechanistic, physiological or evolutionary aspects. In this review, we take an integrative biology perspective to identify common principles of persister cell formation, which might be applicable across evolutionary-distinct microbes. Persister cells probably evolved to cope with a fundamental trade-off between cellular stress and growth tasks, as any biosynthetic resource investment in growth-supporting proteins is at the expense of stress tasks and vice versa. Natural selection probably favours persister cell subpopulation formation over a single-phenotype strategy, where each cell is prepared for growth and stress to a suboptimal extent, since persister cells can withstand harsher environments and their coexistence with growing cells leads to a higher fitness. The formation of coexisting phenotypes requires bistable molecular circuitry. Bistability probably emerges from growth-modulated, positive feedback loops in the cell's growth versus stress control network, involving interactions between sigma factors, guanosine pentaphosphate and toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems. We conclude that persister cell formation is most likely a response to a sudden reduction in growth rate, which can be achieved by antibiotic addition, nutrient starvation, sudden stresses, nutrient transitions or activation of a TA system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Berkvens
- Systems Biology Lab, AIMMS, VU University, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Priyanka Chauhan
- Systems Biology Lab, AIMMS, VU University, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Bruggeman
- Systems Biology Lab, AIMMS, VU University, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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36
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Schink SJ, Gough Z, Biselli E, Huiman MG, Chang YF, Basan M, Gerland U. MetA is a "thermal fuse" that inhibits growth and protects Escherichia coli at elevated temperatures. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111290. [PMID: 36044860 PMCID: PMC10477958 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive stress resistance in microbes is mostly attributed to the expression of stress response genes, including heat-shock proteins. Here, we report a response of E. coli to heat stress caused by degradation of an enzyme in the methionine biosynthesis pathway (MetA). While MetA degradation can inhibit growth, which by itself is detrimental for fitness, we show that it directly benefits survival at temperatures exceeding 50°C, increasing survival chances by more than 1,000-fold. Using both experiments and mathematical modeling, we show quantitatively how protein expression, degradation rates, and environmental stressors cause long-term growth inhibition in otherwise habitable conditions. Because growth inhibition can be abolished with simple mutations, namely point mutations of MetA and protease knockouts, we interpret the breakdown of methionine synthesis as a system that has evolved to halt growth at high temperatures, analogous to "thermal fuses" in engineering that shut off electricity to prevent overheating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severin J Schink
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Physics of Complex Biosystems, Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Zara Gough
- Physics of Complex Biosystems, Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Elena Biselli
- Physics of Complex Biosystems, Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Mariel Garcia Huiman
- Physics of Complex Biosystems, Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Yu-Fang Chang
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Markus Basan
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ulrich Gerland
- Physics of Complex Biosystems, Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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Chakraborty A, Halder S, Kishore P, Saha D, Saha S, Sikder K, Basu A. The structure-function analysis of Obg-like GTPase proteins along the evolutionary tree from bacteria to humans. Genes Cells 2022; 27:469-481. [PMID: 35610748 PMCID: PMC9545696 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Obg proteins belong to P-loop guanine triphosphatase (GTPase) that are conserved from bacteria to humans. Like other GTPases, Obg cycles between guanine triphosphate (GTP) bound "on" state and guanine diphosphate (GDP)-bound "off" state, thereby controlling various cellular processes. Different members of this group have unique structural characteristics; a conserved glycine-rich N-terminal domain known as obg fold, a central conserved nucleotide binding domain, and a less conserved C-terminal domain of other functions. Obg is a ribosome dependent GTPase helps in ribosome maturation by interacting with several proteins of the 50S subunit of the ribosome. Obg proteins have been widely considered as a regulator of cellular functions, helping in DNA replication, cell division. Apart from that, this protein also takes part in various stress adaptation pathways like a stringent response, sporulation, and general stress response. In this particular review, the structural features of ObgE have been highlighted and how the structure plays important role in interacting with regulators like GTP, ppGpp that are crucial for executing biological function has been orchestrated. In particular, we believe that Obg-like proteins can provide a link between different global pathways that are necessary for fine-tuning cellular processes to maintain the cellular energy status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Chakraborty
- JIVAN, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational Research Institute (RKMVERI), Kolkata, India
| | - Sheta Halder
- Department of Biotechnology, Amity University Kolkata, Kolkata, India
| | - Purvi Kishore
- Department of Biotechnology, Amity University Kolkata, Kolkata, India
| | - Disha Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, Amity University Kolkata, Kolkata, India
| | - Sujata Saha
- JIVAN, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational Research Institute (RKMVERI), Kolkata, India
| | - Kunal Sikder
- JIVAN, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational Research Institute (RKMVERI), Kolkata, India
| | - Arnab Basu
- JIVAN, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational Research Institute (RKMVERI), Kolkata, India
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Adenosine Awakens Metabolism to Enhance Growth-Independent Killing of Tolerant and Persister Bacteria across Multiple Classes of Antibiotics. mBio 2022; 13:e0048022. [PMID: 35575513 PMCID: PMC9239199 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00480-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic and growth arrest are primary drivers of antibiotic tolerance and persistence in clinically diverse bacterial pathogens. We recently showed that adenosine (ADO) suppresses bacterial growth under nutrient-limiting conditions. In the current study, we show that despite the growth-suppressive effect of ADO, extracellular ADO enhances antibiotic killing in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria by up to 5 orders of magnitude. The ADO-potentiated antibiotic activity is dependent on purine salvage and is paralleled with a suppression of guanosine tetraphosphate synthesis and the massive accumulation of ATP and GTP. These changes in nucleoside phosphates coincide with transient increases in rRNA transcription and proton motive force. The potentiation of antibiotic killing by ADO is manifested against bacteria grown under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and it is exhibited even in the absence of alternative electron acceptors such as nitrate. ADO potentiates antibiotic killing by generating proton motive force and can occur independently of an ATP synthase. Bacteria treated with an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation and NADH dehydrogenase-deficient bacteria are refractory to the ADO-potentiated killing, suggesting that the metabolic awakening induced by this nucleoside is intrinsically dependent on an energized membrane. In conclusion, ADO represents a novel example of metabolite-driven but growth-independent means to reverse antibiotic tolerance. Our investigations identify the purine salvage pathway as a potential target for the development of therapeutics that may improve infection clearance while reducing the emergence of antibiotic resistance. IMPORTANCE Antibiotic tolerance, which is a hallmark of persister bacteria, contributes to treatment-refractory infections and the emergence of heritable antimicrobial resistance. Drugs that reverse tolerance and persistence may become part of the arsenal to combat antimicrobial resistance. Here, we demonstrate that salvage of extracellular ADO reduces antibiotic tolerance in nutritionally stressed Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus. ADO potentiates bacterial killing under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and takes place in bacteria lacking the ATP synthase. However, the sensitization to antibiotic killing elicited by ADO requires an intact NADH dehydrogenase, suggesting a requirement for an energized electron transport chain. ADO antagonizes antibiotic tolerance by activating ATP and GTP synthesis, promoting proton motive force and cellular respiration while simultaneously suppressing the stringent response. These investigations reveal an unprecedented role for purine salvage stimulation as a countermeasure of antibiotic tolerance and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance.
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Vogeleer P, Létisse F. Dynamic Metabolic Response to (p)ppGpp Accumulation in Pseudomonas putida. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:872749. [PMID: 35495732 PMCID: PMC9048047 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.872749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The stringent response is a ubiquitous bacterial reaction triggered by nutrient deprivation and mediated by the intracellular concentrations of ppGpp and pppGpp. These alarmones, jointly referred to as (p)ppGpp, control gene transcription, mRNA translation and protein activity to adjust the metabolism and growth rate to environmental changes. While the ability of (p)ppGpp to mediate cell growth slowdown and metabolism adaptation has been demonstrated in Escherichia coli, it’s role in Pseudomonas putida remains unclear. The aims of this study were therefore to determine which forms of (p)ppGpp are synthetized in response to severe growth inhibition in P. putida, and to decipher the mechanisms of (p)ppGpp-mediated metabolic regulation in this bacterium. We exposed exponentially growing cells of P. putida to serine hydroxamate (SHX), a serine analog known to trigger the stringent response, and tracked the dynamics of intra- and extracellular metabolites using untargeted quantitative MS and NMR-based metabolomics, respectively. We found that SHX promotes ppGpp and pppGpp accumulation few minutes after exposure and arrests bacterial growth. Meanwhile, central carbon metabolites increase in concentration while purine pathway intermediates drop sharply. Importantly, in a ΔrelA mutant and a ppGpp0 strain in which (p)ppGpp synthesis genes were deleted, SHX exposure inhibited cell growth but led to an accumulation of purine pathway metabolites instead of a decrease, suggesting that as observed in other bacteria, (p)ppGpp downregulates the purine pathway in P. putida. Extracellular accumulations of pyruvate and acetate were observed as a specific metabolic consequence of the stringent response. Overall, our results show that (p)ppGpp rapidly remodels the central carbon metabolism and the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway in P. putida. These data represent a hypothesis-generating resource for future studies on the stringent response.
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40
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Edelmann D, Berghoff BA. A Shift in Perspective: A Role for the Type I Toxin TisB as Persistence-Stabilizing Factor. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:871699. [PMID: 35369430 PMCID: PMC8969498 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.871699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial persistence is a phenomenon that is founded by the existence of a subpopulation of multidrug-tolerant cells. These so-called persister cells endure otherwise lethal stress situations and enable restoration of bacterial populations upon return to favorable conditions. Persisters are especially notorious for their ability to survive antibiotic treatments without conventional resistance genes and to cause infection relapse. The persister state is typically correlated with reduction or inhibition of cellular activity. Early on, chromosomal toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems were suspected to induce the persister state in response to environmental stress. However, this idea has been challenged during the last years. Especially the involvement of toxins from type II TA systems in persister formation is put into question. For toxins from type I TA systems the debate has just started. Here, we would like to summarize recent knowledge gained for the type I TA system tisB/istR-1 from Escherichia coli. TisB is a small, membrane-targeting toxin, which disrupts the proton motive force (PMF), leading to membrane depolarization. Based on experimental data, we hypothesize that TisB primarily stabilizes the persister state through depolarization and further, secondary effects. We will present a simple model that will provide a framework for future directions.
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41
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Sebesta J, Xiong W, Guarnieri MT, Yu J. Biocontainment of Genetically Engineered Algae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:839446. [PMID: 35310623 PMCID: PMC8924478 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.839446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Algae (including eukaryotic microalgae and cyanobacteria) have been genetically engineered to convert light and carbon dioxide to many industrially and commercially relevant chemicals including biofuels, materials, and nutritional products. At industrial scale, genetically engineered algae may be cultivated outdoors in open ponds or in closed photobioreactors. In either case, industry would need to address a potential risk of the release of the engineered algae into the natural environment, resulting in potential negative impacts to the environment. Genetic biocontainment strategies are therefore under development to reduce the probability that these engineered bacteria can survive outside of the laboratory or industrial setting. These include active strategies that aim to kill the escaped cells by expression of toxic proteins, and passive strategies that use knockouts of native genes to reduce fitness outside of the controlled environment of labs and industrial cultivation systems. Several biocontainment strategies have demonstrated escape frequencies below detection limits. However, they have typically done so in carefully controlled experiments which may fail to capture mechanisms of escape that may arise in the more complex natural environment. The selection of biocontainment strategies that can effectively kill cells outside the lab, while maintaining maximum productivity inside the lab and without the need for relatively expensive chemicals will benefit from further attention.
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42
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Zou J, Peng B, Qu J, Zheng J. Are Bacterial Persisters Dormant Cells Only? Front Microbiol 2022; 12:708580. [PMID: 35185807 PMCID: PMC8847742 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.708580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial persisters are a sub-population of phenotypic variants that tolerate high concentrations of antibiotics within the genetically homogeneous cells. They resume division upon the removal of drugs. Bacterial persistence is one of major causes of antibiotic treatment failure and recurrent infection. Cell dormancy, triggered by toxin/antitoxin pair, (p)ppGpp, SOS response and ATP levels, is known to be the mechanistic basis for persistence. However, recent studies have demonstrated that bacteria with active metabolism can maintain persistence by lowering intracellular antibiotic concentration via an efflux pump. Additionally, others and our work have showed that cell wall deficient bacteria (CWDB), including both L-form and spheroplasts that produced by β-lactam antibiotics, are associated with antibiotic persistence. They are not dormant cells as their cell walls have been completely damaged. In this review, we discuss the various types of persisters and highlight the contribution of non-walled bacteria on bacterial persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Southern University of Science and Technology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, China.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Zhuhai, Macau SAR, China
| | - Bo Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiuxin Qu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Southern University of Science and Technology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Zhuhai, Macau SAR, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Macau, Zhuhai, Macau SAR, China
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43
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Yamamoto N, Ohno Y, Tsuneda S. ldhA-induced persister in Escherichia coli is formed through accidental SOS response via intracellular metabolic perturbation. Microbiol Immunol 2022; 66:225-233. [PMID: 35174526 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Persisters are a subpopulation that exhibit growth suppression, antibiotic tolerance, and regrowth post antibiotic removal, without any genetic mutations, which causes the recalcitrance and recurrence of infectious diseases. Persisters are majorly induced through the repression of energy metabolism, but some exceptions have been reported. We have previously shown that ldhA, which encodes lactate dehydrogenase, induces Escherichia coli persisters, resulting in a state of high-energy metabolism. However, the detailed mechanism of persister formation upon ldhA expression remains elusive. In the present study, we focused on the SOS response pathway via the DNA repair pathway that consumes ATP and revealed that the SOS response pathway is activated upon ldhA expression even before antimicrobial treatment. Metabolome analysis of ldhA-overexpressing cells revealed that nucleotide metabolic pathways, such as de novo purine biosynthesis, were activated to prepare a nucleotide pool, as substrate for repairing ofloxacin-induced DNA damage. We provide a novel persister model that contributes to survival as a species by "accidentally" activating the SOS response even before receiving antimicrobial stress. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yurino Ohno
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tsuneda
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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44
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Van den Bergh B, Schramke H, Michiels JE, Kimkes TEP, Radzikowski JL, Schimpf J, Vedelaar SR, Burschel S, Dewachter L, Lončar N, Schmidt A, Meijer T, Fauvart M, Friedrich T, Michiels J, Heinemann M. Mutations in respiratory complex I promote antibiotic persistence through alterations in intracellular acidity and protein synthesis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:546. [PMID: 35087069 PMCID: PMC8795404 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic persistence describes the presence of phenotypic variants within an isogenic bacterial population that are transiently tolerant to antibiotic treatment. Perturbations of metabolic homeostasis can promote antibiotic persistence, but the precise mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we use laboratory evolution, population-wide sequencing and biochemical characterizations to identify mutations in respiratory complex I and discover how they promote persistence in Escherichia coli. We show that persistence-inducing perturbations of metabolic homeostasis are associated with cytoplasmic acidification. Such cytoplasmic acidification is further strengthened by compromised proton pumping in the complex I mutants. While RpoS regulon activation induces persistence in the wild type, the aggravated cytoplasmic acidification in the complex I mutants leads to increased persistence via global shutdown of protein synthesis. Thus, we propose that cytoplasmic acidification, amplified by a compromised complex I, can act as a signaling hub for perturbed metabolic homeostasis in antibiotic persisters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Van den Bergh
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Department of Molecular and Microbial Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Hannah Schramke
- Molecular Systems Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joran Elie Michiels
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Department of Molecular and Microbial Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom E P Kimkes
- Molecular Systems Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jakub Leszek Radzikowski
- Molecular Systems Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Schimpf
- Molecular Bioenergetics, Institute of Biochemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Silke R Vedelaar
- Molecular Systems Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Burschel
- Molecular Bioenergetics, Institute of Biochemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Liselot Dewachter
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Department of Molecular and Microbial Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nikola Lončar
- Molecular Enzymology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Schmidt
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tim Meijer
- Molecular Systems Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Fauvart
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Department of Molecular and Microbial Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- imec, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thorsten Friedrich
- Molecular Bioenergetics, Institute of Biochemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Jan Michiels
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Department of Molecular and Microbial Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Center for Microbiology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Matthias Heinemann
- Molecular Systems Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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45
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Kaushik V, Sharma S, Tiwari M, Tiwari V. Anti-persister strategies against stress induced bacterial persistence. Microb Pathog 2022; 164:105423. [PMID: 35092834 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The increase in antibiotic non-responsive bacteria is the leading concern in current research-oriented to eliminate pathogens. Nowadays, the excess use of antibiotics without specifically understanding the potentiality of killing pathogens and bacterial survival patterns has helped bacteria emerge indefatigably. Bacteria use various mechanisms such as resistance, persistence, and tolerance to ensure survival. Among these, persistence is a mechanism by which bacteria reside in their dormant state, bypassing the effects of treatments, making it crucial for bacterial survival. Persistent bacterial cells arise from the normal bacterial population as a slow-growing subset of bacteria with no metabolic flux. This behavior renders it to survive for a longer duration and at higher concentrations of antibiotics. They are one of the underlying causes of recurrence of bacterial infections. The present article explains the detailed molecular mechanisms and strategies of bacterial persistence, including the toxin-antitoxin modules, DNA damage, the formation of inactive ribosomal complexes, (p)ppGpp network, antibiotic-induced persistence, which are triggered by drug-induced stress. The article also comprehensively covers the epigenetic memory of persistence in bacteria, and anti-persistent therapeutics like antimicrobial molecules, synthetic peptides, acyldepsipeptide antibiotics, and endolysin therapy to reduce persister cell formation and control their frequency. These strategies could be utilized in combating the pathogenic bacteria undergoing persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Kaushik
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, 305817, India
| | - Saroj Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, 305817, India
| | - Monalisa Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, 305817, India
| | - Vishvanath Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, 305817, India.
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Yadavalli SS, Yuan J. Bacterial Small Membrane Proteins: the Swiss Army Knife of Regulators at the Lipid Bilayer. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0034421. [PMID: 34516282 PMCID: PMC8765417 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00344-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Small membrane proteins represent a subset of recently discovered small proteins (≤100 amino acids), which are a ubiquitous class of emerging regulators underlying bacterial adaptation to environmental stressors. Until relatively recently, small open reading frames encoding these proteins were not designated genes in genome annotations. Therefore, our understanding of small protein biology was primarily limited to a few candidates associated with previously characterized larger partner proteins. Following the first systematic analyses of small proteins in Escherichia coli over a decade ago, numerous small proteins across different bacteria have been uncovered. An estimated one-third of these newly discovered proteins in E. coli are localized to the cell membrane, where they may interact with distinct groups of membrane proteins, such as signal receptors, transporters, and enzymes, and affect their activities. Recently, there has been considerable progress in functionally characterizing small membrane protein regulators aided by innovative tools adapted specifically to study small proteins. Our review covers prototypical proteins that modulate a broad range of cellular processes, such as transport, signal transduction, stress response, respiration, cell division, sporulation, and membrane stability. Thus, small membrane proteins represent a versatile group of physiology regulators at the membrane and the whole cell. Additionally, small membrane proteins have the potential for clinical applications, where some of the proteins may act as antibacterial agents themselves while others serve as alternative drug targets for the development of novel antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srujana S. Yadavalli
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jing Yuan
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany
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47
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Chen J, Xie P, Huang Y, Gao H. Complex Interplay of Heme-Copper Oxidases with Nitrite and Nitric Oxide. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:979. [PMID: 35055165 PMCID: PMC8780969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrite and nitric oxide (NO), two active and critical nitrogen oxides linking nitrate to dinitrogen gas in the broad nitrogen biogeochemical cycle, are capable of interacting with redox-sensitive proteins. The interactions of both with heme-copper oxidases (HCOs) serve as the foundation not only for the enzymatic interconversion of nitrogen oxides but also for the inhibitory activity. From extensive studies, we now know that NO interacts with HCOs in a rapid and reversible manner, either competing with oxygen or not. During interconversion, a partially reduced heme/copper center reduces the nitrite ion, producing NO with the heme serving as the reductant and the cupric ion providing a Lewis acid interaction with nitrite. The interaction may lead to the formation of either a relatively stable nitrosyl-derivative of the enzyme reduced or a more labile nitrite-derivative of the enzyme oxidized through two different pathways, resulting in enzyme inhibition. Although nitrite and NO show similar biochemical properties, a growing body of evidence suggests that they are largely treated as distinct molecules by bacterial cells. NO seemingly interacts with all hemoproteins indiscriminately, whereas nitrite shows high specificity to HCOs. Moreover, as biologically active molecules and signal molecules, nitrite and NO directly affect the activity of different enzymes and are perceived by completely different sensing systems, respectively, through which they are linked to different biological processes. Further attempts to reconcile this apparent contradiction could open up possible avenues for the application of these nitrogen oxides in a variety of fields, the pharmaceutical industry in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Haichun Gao
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.C.); (P.X.); (Y.H.)
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48
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Bugs on Drugs: A Drosophila melanogaster Gut Model to Study In Vivo Antibiotic Tolerance of E. coli. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10010119. [PMID: 35056568 PMCID: PMC8780219 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With an antibiotic crisis upon us, we need to boost antibiotic development and improve antibiotics’ efficacy. Crucial is knowing how to efficiently kill bacteria, especially in more complex in vivo conditions. Indeed, many bacteria harbor antibiotic-tolerant persisters, variants that survive exposure to our most potent antibiotics and catalyze resistance development. However, persistence is often only studied in vitro as we lack flexible in vivo models. Here, I explored the potential of using Drosophila melanogaster as a model for antimicrobial research, combining methods in Drosophila with microbiology techniques: assessing fly development and feeding, generating germ-free or bacteria-associated Drosophila and in situ microscopy. Adult flies tolerate antibiotics at high doses, although germ-free larvae show impaired development. Orally presented E. coli associates with Drosophila and mostly resides in the crop. E. coli shows an overall high antibiotic tolerance in vivo potentially resulting from heterogeneity in growth rates. The hipA7 high-persistence mutant displays an increased antibiotic survival while the expected low persistence of ΔrelAΔspoT and ΔrpoS mutants cannot be confirmed in vivo. In conclusion, a Drosophila model for in vivo antibiotic tolerance research shows high potential and offers a flexible system to test findings from in vitro assays in a broader, more complex condition.
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Tate AT, Van Cleve J. Bet-hedging in innate and adaptive immune systems. Evol Med Public Health 2022; 10:256-265. [PMID: 35712085 PMCID: PMC9195227 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoac021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune system evolution is shaped by the fitness costs and trade-offs associated with mounting an immune response. Costs that arise mainly as a function of the magnitude of investment, including energetic and immunopathological costs, are well-represented in studies of immune system evolution. Less well considered, however, are the costs of immune cell plasticity and specialization. Hosts in nature encounter a large diversity of microbes and parasites that require different and sometimes conflicting immune mechanisms for defense, but it takes precious time to recognize and correctly integrate signals for an effective polarized response. In this perspective, we propose that bet-hedging can be a viable alternative to plasticity in immune cell effector function, discuss conditions under which bet-hedging is likely to be an advantageous strategy for different arms of the immune system, and present cases from both innate and adaptive immune systems that suggest bet-hedging at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann T Tate
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University , 465 21st Ave S. , Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation , Nashville, TN, USA
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeremy Van Cleve
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky , 101 T.H. Morgan Building , Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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50
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Bhaumik KN, Hetényi A, Olajos G, Martins A, Spohn R, Németh L, Jojart B, Szili P, Dunai A, Jangir PK, Daruka L, Földesi I, Kata D, Pál C, Martinek TA. Rationally designed foldameric adjuvants enhance antibiotic efficacy via promoting membrane hyperpolarization. MOLECULAR SYSTEMS DESIGN & ENGINEERING 2022; 7:21-33. [PMID: 35127141 PMCID: PMC8724909 DOI: 10.1039/d1me00118c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The negative membrane potential of bacterial cells influences crucial cellular processes. Inspired by the molecular scaffold of the antimicrobial peptide PGLa, we have developed antimicrobial foldamers with a computer-guided design strategy. The novel PGLa analogues induce sustained membrane hyperpolarization. When co-administered as an adjuvant, the resulting compounds - PGLb1 and PGLb2 - have substantially reduced the level of antibiotic resistance of multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Shigella flexneri clinical isolates. The observed antibiotic potentiation was mediated by hyperpolarization of the bacterial membrane caused by the alteration of cellular ion transport. Specifically, PGLb1 and PGLb2 are selective ionophores that enhance the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz potential across the bacterial membrane. These findings indicate that manipulating bacterial membrane electrophysiology could be a valuable tool to overcome antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Nath Bhaumik
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged Dóm tér 8 Szeged HU-6720 Hungary
| | - Anasztázia Hetényi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged Dóm tér 8 Szeged HU-6720 Hungary
| | - Gábor Olajos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged Dóm tér 8 Szeged HU-6720 Hungary
| | - Ana Martins
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH) Szeged Hungary
| | - Réka Spohn
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH) Szeged Hungary
| | - Lukács Németh
- Institute of Food Engineering, University of Szeged Szeged Hungary
| | - Balázs Jojart
- Institute of Food Engineering, University of Szeged Szeged Hungary
| | - Petra Szili
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH) Szeged Hungary
- Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Medical Sciences, University of Szeged Szeged Hungary
| | - Anett Dunai
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH) Szeged Hungary
| | - Pramod K Jangir
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH) Szeged Hungary
| | - Lejla Daruka
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH) Szeged Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged Szeged Hungary
| | - Imre Földesi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Szeged Szeged Hungary
| | - Diána Kata
- Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged Szeged Hungary
| | - Csaba Pál
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH) Szeged Hungary
| | - Tamás A Martinek
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged Dóm tér 8 Szeged HU-6720 Hungary
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