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Zapadka TE, Lindstrom SI, Taylor BE, Lee CA, Tang J, Taylor ZRR, Howell SJ, Taylor PR. RORγt Inhibitor-SR1001 Halts Retinal Inflammation, Capillary Degeneration, and the Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3547. [PMID: 32429598 PMCID: PMC7279039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a diabetes-mediated retinal microvascular disease that is the leading cause of blindness in the working-age population worldwide. Interleukin (IL)-17A is an inflammatory cytokine that has been previously shown to play a pivotal role in the promotion and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gammaT (RORγt) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that mediates IL-17A production. However, the role of RORγt in diabetes-mediated retinal inflammation and capillary degeneration, as well as its potential therapeutic attributes for diabetic retinopathy has not yet been determined. In the current study, we examined retinal inflammation and vascular pathology in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. We found RORγt expressing cells in the retinal vasculature of diabetic mice. Further, diabetes-mediated retinal inflammation, oxidative stress, and retinal endothelial cell death were all significantly lower in RORγt-/- mice. Finally, when a RORγt small molecule inhibitor (SR1001) was subcutaneously injected into diabetic mice, retinal inflammation and capillary degeneration were ameliorated. These findings establish a pathologic role for RORγt in the onset of diabetic retinopathy and identify a potentially novel therapeutic for this blinding disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Capillaries/drug effects
- Capillaries/pathology
- Cell Death/genetics
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetic Retinopathy/chemically induced
- Diabetic Retinopathy/drug therapy
- Diabetic Retinopathy/metabolism
- Drug Inverse Agonism
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Hyperglycemia/blood
- Hyperglycemia/genetics
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress/genetics
- Retinal Vessels/drug effects
- Retinal Vessels/metabolism
- Retinal Vessels/pathology
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Sulfonamides/therapeutic use
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
- Thiazoles/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Zapadka
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (T.E.Z.); (S.I.L.); (B.E.T.); (C.A.L.); (J.T.); (Z.R.R.T.); (S.J.H.)
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sarah I. Lindstrom
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (T.E.Z.); (S.I.L.); (B.E.T.); (C.A.L.); (J.T.); (Z.R.R.T.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Brooklyn E. Taylor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (T.E.Z.); (S.I.L.); (B.E.T.); (C.A.L.); (J.T.); (Z.R.R.T.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Chieh A. Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (T.E.Z.); (S.I.L.); (B.E.T.); (C.A.L.); (J.T.); (Z.R.R.T.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (T.E.Z.); (S.I.L.); (B.E.T.); (C.A.L.); (J.T.); (Z.R.R.T.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Zakary R. R. Taylor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (T.E.Z.); (S.I.L.); (B.E.T.); (C.A.L.); (J.T.); (Z.R.R.T.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Scott J. Howell
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (T.E.Z.); (S.I.L.); (B.E.T.); (C.A.L.); (J.T.); (Z.R.R.T.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Patricia R. Taylor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (T.E.Z.); (S.I.L.); (B.E.T.); (C.A.L.); (J.T.); (Z.R.R.T.); (S.J.H.)
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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2
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Nandedkar-Kulkarni N, Vartak AR, Sucheck SJ, Wall KA, Quinn A, Morran MP, McInerney MF. Development of a Bioconjugate Platform for Modifying the Immune Response of Autoreactive Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Involved in Type 1 Diabetes. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2049-2059. [PMID: 31274300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by autoimmune cell mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Pancreatic beta cells are the only source of insulin in the body. T1D patients then have to depend on insulin injections for their lifetime. Insulin injection can modulate the blood sugar levels, but insulin has little effect on the autoimmune process. Altered peptide ligands (APL) derived from known autoantigens in T1D are able to induce tolerance in autoreactive cells in T1D animal models, but are currently unable to elicit this protection in humans. There is a need to improve immunogenicity of the APLs, as these short peptides can be easily degraded by enzymes in the blood. GAD546-554 is a dominant epitope recognized by autoreactive T cells in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model that can cause destruction of beta cells. Alanine substitution at the eighth position of GAD546-554 peptide (APL9) induced tolerance in a GAD546-554 specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte clone. To improve the antigen presentation and endosomal escape of APL9, we developed a bioconjugate platform that consists of a liposome containing a bioconjugate of APL9 and toll-like receptor 2 ligand Pam3CysSK4 as well as an antibody against macrophage protein F4/80. APL9 bioconjugate liposome with F4/80 antibody was able to induce tolerance in a GAD 546-554 specific clone. Diabetic NOD splenocytes pretreated with APL9 bioconjugate were also not able to transfer diabetes into prediabetic NOD recipient mice. This work is beneficial to prevent T1D as an immunotherapy strategy to render autoreactive immune cells more tolerant of beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Nandedkar-Kulkarni
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry , University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Campus , 3000 Arlington Avenue , Toledo , Ohio 43614 , United States
| | - Abhishek R Vartak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Toledo, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics , Main Campus, 2801 West Bancroft Street , Toledo , Ohio 43606 , United States
| | - Steven J Sucheck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Toledo, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics , Main Campus, 2801 West Bancroft Street , Toledo , Ohio 43606 , United States
| | - Katherine A Wall
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry , University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Campus , 3000 Arlington Avenue , Toledo , Ohio 43614 , United States
| | - Anthony Quinn
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of Toledo, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics , Main Campus, 2801 West Bancroft Street , Toledo , Ohio 43606 , United States
| | - Michael P Morran
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry , University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Campus , 3000 Arlington Avenue , Toledo , Ohio 43614 , United States
| | - Marcia F McInerney
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry , University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Campus , 3000 Arlington Avenue , Toledo , Ohio 43614 , United States.,Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research , University of Toledo, Health Science Campus , 3000 Arlington Avenue , Toledo , Ohio 43614 , United States
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3
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Azuma MM, Gomes-Filho JE, Prieto AKC, Samuel RO, de Lima VMF, Sumida DH, Ervolino E, Cintra LTA. Diabetes increases interleukin-17 levels in periapical, hepatic, and renal tissues in rats. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 83:230-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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4
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van Lummel M, van Veelen PA, de Ru AH, Janssen GMC, Pool J, Laban S, Joosten AM, Nikolic T, Drijfhout JW, Mearin ML, Aanstoot HJ, Peakman M, Roep BO. Dendritic Cells Guide Islet Autoimmunity through a Restricted and Uniquely Processed Peptidome Presented by High-Risk HLA-DR. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3253-63. [PMID: 26944932 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Identifying T cell epitopes of islet autoantigens is important for understanding type 1 diabetes (T1D) immunopathogenesis and to design immune monitoring and intervention strategies in relationship to disease progression. Naturally processed T cell epitopes have been discovered by elution from HLA-DR4 of pulsed B lymphocytes. The designated professional APC directing immune responses is the dendritic cell (DC). To identify naturally processed epitopes, monocyte-derived DC were pulsed with preproinsulin (PPI), glutamic acid decarboxylase (65-kDa isoform; GAD65), and insulinoma-associated Ag-2 (IA-2), and peptides were eluted of HLA-DR3 and -DR4, which are associated with highest risk for T1D development. Proteome analysis confirmed uptake and processing of islet Ags by DC. PPI peptides generated by DC differed from those processed by B lymphocytes; PPI signal-sequence peptides were eluted from HLA-DR4 and -DR3/4 that proved completely identical to a primary target epitope of diabetogenic HLA-A2-restricted CD8 T cells. HLA-DR4 binding was confirmed. GAD65 peptides, eluted from HLA-DR3 and -DR4, encompassed two core regions overlapping the two most immunodominant and frequently studied CD4 T cell targets. GAD65 peptides bound to HLA-DR3. Strikingly, the IA-2 ligandome of HLA-DR was exclusively generated from the extracellular part of IA-2, whereas most previous immune studies have focused on intracellular IA-2 epitopes. The newly identified IA-2 peptides bound to HLA-DR3 and -DR4. Differential T cell responses were detected against the newly identified IA-2 epitopes in blood from T1D patients. The core regions to which DC may draw attention from autoreactive T cells are largely distinct and more restricted than are those of B cells. GAD65 peptides presented by DC focus on highly immunogenic T cell targets, whereas HLA-DR-binding peptides derived from IA-2 are distinct from the target regions of IA-2 autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno van Lummel
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter A van Veelen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Arnoud H de Ru
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - George M C Janssen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jos Pool
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra Laban
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Antoinette M Joosten
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tatjana Nikolic
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jan W Drijfhout
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - M Luisa Mearin
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Henk J Aanstoot
- Diabeter, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes Care and Research, 3011 TA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Peakman
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Bart O Roep
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Diabetes Immunology, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Xiao
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
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6
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Hu C, Wong FS, Wen L. Type 1 diabetes and gut microbiota: Friend or foe? Pharmacol Res 2015; 98:9-15. [PMID: 25747961 PMCID: PMC4469505 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Environmental factors play an important role in the initiation of the disease in genetically predisposed individuals. With the improved control of infectious disease, the incidence of autoimmune diseases, particularly type 1 diabetes, has dramatically increased in developed countries. Increasing evidence suggests that gut microbiota are involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Here we focus on recent advances in this field and provide a rationale for novel therapeutic strategies targeting gut microbiota for the prevention of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyun Hu
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - F Susan Wong
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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7
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Sauer EL, Cloake NC, Greer JM. Taming the TCR: antigen-specific immunotherapeutic agents for autoimmune diseases. Int Rev Immunol 2015; 34:460-85. [PMID: 25970132 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1027822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for autoimmune diseases are typically non-specific anti-inflammatory agents that affect not only the autoreactive cells but also the parts of the immune system that are required to maintain health. There is a need for the development of antigen-specific therapeutic agents that can effectively prevent the autoimmune attack while leaving the rest of the immune system functioning as normal. The simplest way to achieve this is using the autoantigen itself as a tolerizing agent; however, there is some risk involved with administering a potentially pathogenic antigen. In this review, we focus instead on the development and use of modified T cell receptor (TCR) ligands, in which the peptide ligand is modified to change the response by the T cell from a disease inducing to a protective response, and still retain the antigen-specificity necessary to target the autoreactive T cells. We review the use of modified TCR ligands as therapeutic agents in animal models of autoimmunity and in human autoimmune disease, and finally consider how they need to be improved in order to use them effectively in patients with autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Sauer
- a UQ Centre for Clinical Research , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Nancy C Cloake
- a UQ Centre for Clinical Research , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Judith M Greer
- a UQ Centre for Clinical Research , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
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8
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Xiao X, Gittes GK. Concise Review: New Insights Into the Role of Macrophages in β-Cell Proliferation. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:655-8. [PMID: 25900729 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Diabetes mellitus can potentially be treated with islet transplantation, but additional sources of β cells are necessary to overcome the short supply of donor pancreases. Although controversy still exists, it is generally believed that the postnatal expansion of the β-cell mass is mainly through pre-existing β-cell replication. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of β-cell proliferation might lead to clinical strategies for increasing β-cell numbers, both in vitro and in vivo. Macrophages have a well-recognized role in the development of insulitis as part of the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. However, a potential role for macrophage polarization, triggered by specific environmental stimuli, in promoting β-cell proliferation has only recently been appreciated. In the present review, we discuss several independent studies, using different regeneration models, that demonstrate a substantial inductive role for macrophages in β-cell proliferation. Additional dissection of the involved cell-cell crosstalk through specific signal transduction pathways is expected to improve our understanding of β-cell proliferation and might facilitate the current β-cell replacement therapy. SIGNIFICANCE New independent findings from different β-cell regeneration models, contributed by different research groups, have provided compelling evidence to highlight a previously unappreciated role for macrophages in β-cell proliferation. Additional dissection of the underlying mechanisms and cell-cell crosstalk might shed new light on strategies to increase the functional β-cell mass in vivo and on β-cell replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Xiao
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - George K Gittes
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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9
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Chujo D, Foucat E, Nguyen TS, Chaussabel D, Banchereau J, Ueno H. ZnT8-Specific CD4+ T cells display distinct cytokine expression profiles between type 1 diabetes patients and healthy adults. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55595. [PMID: 23390544 PMCID: PMC3563599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Determination of antigen-specific T cell repertoires in human blood has been a challenge. Here, we show a novel integrated approach that permits determination of multiple parameters of antigen-specific T cell repertoires. The approach consists of two assays: the Direct assay and the Cytokine-driven assay. Briefly, human PBMCs are first stimulated with overlapping peptides encoding a given antigen for 48 hours to measure cytokine secretion (Direct assay). Peptide-reactive T cells are further expanded by IL-2 for 5 days; and after overnight starvation, expanded cells are stimulated with the same peptides from the initial culture to analyze cytokine secretion (Cytokine-driven assay). We first applied this integrated approach to determine the type of islet-antigen-specific T cells in healthy adults. Out of ten donors, the Direct assay identified GAD65-specific CD4+ T cells in three adults and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8)-specific CD4+ T cells in five adults. The intracytoplasmic cytokine staining assay showed that these islet-antigen-specific CD4+ T cells belonged to the CD45RO+ memory compartment. The Cytokine-driven assay further revealed that islet-antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in healthy adults were capable of secreting various types of cytokines including type 1 and type 2 cytokines as well as IL-10. We next applied our integrated assay to determine whether the type of ZnT8-specific CD4+ T cells is different between Type 1 diabetes patients and age/gender/HLA-matched healthy adults. We found that ZnT8-specific CD4+ T cells were skewed towards Th1 cells in T1D patients, while Th2 and IL-10-producing cells were prevalent in healthy adults. In conclusion, the Direct assay and the Cytokine-driven assay complement each other, and the combination of the two assays provides information of antigen-specific T cell repertoires on the breadth, type, and avidity. This strategy is applicable to determine the differences in the quality of antigen-specific T cells between health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Chujo
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Emile Foucat
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thien-Son Nguyen
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Damien Chaussabel
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jacques Banchereau
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hideki Ueno
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Surendar J, Aravindhan V, Rao MM, Ganesan A, Mohan V. Decreased serum interleukin-17 and increased transforming growth factor-β levels in subjects with metabolic syndrome (Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study-95). Metabolism 2011; 60:586-90. [PMID: 20667562 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 05/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The term metabolic syndrome (MS) refers to a conglomeration of many metabolic disorders. Recent studies suggest that inflammation plays a vital role in MS. There are however no data available on the recently characterized novel T-cell-derived cytokine interleukin (IL)-17 in MS; studies on the anti-inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF)-β are also limited. The aim of the study was to look at IL-17 and TGF-β levels in subjects with and without MS. The study subjects were recruited from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES), a population-based study in Chennai (formerly Madras) in southern India. Group 1 consisted of subjects without MS (non-MS) (n = 98) and group 2 consisted of subjects with MS (n = 156). MS was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria modified for waist, according to the World Health Organization Asia Pacific guidelines. Serum IL-17 and TGF-β levels were estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Interleukin-17 levels were decreased (P < .001) and TGF-β levels (P < .001) were increased in subjects with MS compared to those without. With an increase in the number of metabolic risk factors, the IL-17 levels showed a decline, whereas the TGF-β levels showed an increase (P < .001). With respect to individual components of MS, TGF-β and IL-17 showed a significant association with blood pressure and blood glucose even after adjusting for age and sex. We report that IL-17 levels are decreased, whereas TGF-β levels are increased, among Asian Indians with MS.
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11
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Liu Z, Li B, Li X, Zhang L, Lai L. Identification of small-molecule inhibitors against human leukocyte antigen-death receptor 4 (HLA-DR4) through a comprehensive strategy. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:326-34. [PMID: 21284404 DOI: 10.1021/ci100444c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease mediated by T-lymphocytes and associated with the human leukocyte antigen-death receptor 4 (HLA-DR4). The HLA-DR4 protein selectively interacts with the antigenic peptides on the cell surface and presents them to the T cell receptor (TCR) on CD4+ T cells. The HLA-DR4-antigen-TCR complex initiates the autoimmune response and eventually causes the chronic inflammation within patients bodies. To inhibit HLA-DR4-restricted T cell activation, an ideal approach is to discover non-T cell stimulating substrates that specifically bind to HLA-DR4. In this paper, a comprehensive structure-based design strategy involved de novo design approach, pharmacophore search, and dock method was presented and applied to "simplify" the known binding peptide ligand of HLA-DR4 and identified specific small-molecule inhibitors for HLA-DR4. The designed three-step strategy successfully identified five nonpeptide ligands with novel scaffolds from a chemical library containing 4 × 10(6) commercially available compounds within a tolerable computing time. The identified five chemicals, BAS-0219606, T0506-2494, 6436645, 3S-71981, and KM 11073, are all non-T cell stimulators and are able to significantly inhibit HLA-DR4-restricted T cell activation induced by type II collagen (CII) 263-272 peptide. IC(50) for the best two potentials, BAS-0219606 and T0506-2494, was 31 and 17 μM, respectively, which is equivalent or better than the known peptide ligands. It is hopeful that they can be used as effective therapeutic means for further treatment of RA patients. In addition, the comprehensive strategy presented in this paper exhibited itself to be an effective flow line from peptide ligands to small-molecule inhibitors and will have applications to other targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Honkanen J, Nieminen JK, Gao R, Luopajarvi K, Salo HM, Ilonen J, Knip M, Otonkoski T, Vaarala O. IL-17 immunity in human type 1 diabetes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 185:1959-67. [PMID: 20592279 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Th17 immunity has been shown to regulate autoimmune diabetes in mice. IL-17 neutralization prevented development of diabetes when given postinitiation of insulitis but not earlier, suggesting interference with the effector phase of the disease. Islet-cell Ag-specific Th17 cells converted into IFN-gamma-secreting Th1-like cells and caused diabetes in mice recipients. The role of IL-17 in human type 1 diabetes (T1D) is, however, not established. In this study, we show upregulation of Th17 immunity in peripheral blood T cells from children with T1D. This was characterized by increased IL-17 secretion and expression of IL-17, IL-22, and retinoic acid-related orphan receptor C isoform 2, but also FOXP3 transcripts upon T cell activation in vitro. Also, circulating memory CD4 cells from children with T1D showed the same pattern of IL-17, IL-22 and FOXP3 mRNA upregulation, indicating IL-17 pathway activation in vivo. IL-17-positive T cells appeared to be CD4(+) cells expressing TCR-alphabeta and CCR6, and a subpopulation showed coproduction of IFN-gamma. Given the Th17 immunity in T1D, we demonstrated that IL-17 had detrimental effects on human islet cells in vitro; it potentiated both inflammatory and proapoptotic responses. Our findings highlight the role of IL-17 immunity in the pathogenesis of human T1D and point to a potential therapeutic strategy.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Humans
- Infant
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Inflammation Mediators/physiology
- Interleukin-17/adverse effects
- Interleukin-17/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Interleukin-17/physiology
- Interleukins/biosynthesis
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Up-Regulation/immunology
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarno Honkanen
- Immune Response Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Mai J, Wang H, Yang XF. Th 17 cells interplay with Foxp3+ Tregs in regulation of inflammation and autoimmunity. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2010; 15:986-1006. [PMID: 20515737 DOI: 10.2741/3657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T helper 17 cells (Th17) are a new CD4+ T helper subset that has been implicated in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Th17, along with CD4(+)CD25(high) Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) and other new T helper subsets, have expanded the Th1-Th2 paradigm. Although this new eight-subset paradigm significantly improved our understanding on the differentiation and regulation of CD4+ T helper subsets, many questions remain to be answered. Here we will briefly review the following issues: a) Old Th1-Th2 paradigm versus new multi-subset paradigm; b) Structural features of IL-17 family cytokines; c) Th17 cells; d) Effects of IL-17 on various cell types and tissues; e) IL-17 receptor and signaling pathways; f) Th17-mediated inflammations; and g) Protective mechanisms of IL-17 in infections. Lastly, we will examine the interactions of Th17 and Treg in autoimmune diseases and inflammation: Th17 cells interplay with Tregs. Regulation of autoimmunity and inflammation lies in the interplays of the different T helper subsets, therefore, better understanding of these subsets' interactions would greatly improve our approaches in developing therapy to combat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jietang Mai
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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14
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Burster T, Boehm BO. Processing and presentation of (pro)-insulin in the MHC class II pathway: the generation of antigen-based immunomodulators in the context of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2010; 26:227-38. [PMID: 20503254 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes play a crucial role in the autoimmune process leading to T1D. Dendritic cells take up foreign antigens and autoantigens; within their endocytic compartments, proteases degrade exogenous antigens for subsequent presentation to CD4(+) T cells via MHC class II molecules. A detailed understanding of autoantigen processing and the identification of autoantigenic T cell epitopes are crucial for the development of antigen-based specific immunomodulators. APL are peptide analogues of auto-immunodominant T cell epitopes that bind to MHC class II molecules and can mediate T cell activation. However, APL can be rapidly degraded by proteases occurring in the extracellular space and inside cells, substantially weakening their efficiency. By contrast, protease-resistant APL function as specific immunomodulators and can be used at low doses to examine the functional plasticity of T cells and to potentially interfere with autoimmune responses. Here, we review the latest achievements in (pro)-insulin processing in the MHC class II pathway and the generation of APL to mitigate autoreactive T cells and to activate Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Burster
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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15
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van Aalst D, Kalbacher H, Palesch D, Zou F, Spyrantis A, Rosinger S, Boehm BO, Burster T. A proinsulin74-90
-derived protease-resistant, altered peptide ligand increases TGF-β1 secretion in PBMC from patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 87:943-8. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1109713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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16
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Burster T, Macmillan H, Hou T, Boehm BO, Mellins ED. Cathepsin G: roles in antigen presentation and beyond. Mol Immunol 2009; 47:658-65. [PMID: 19910052 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Contributions from multiple cathepsins within endosomal antigen processing compartments are necessary to process antigenic proteins into antigenic peptides. Cysteine and aspartyl cathepsins have been known to digest antigenic proteins. A role for the serine protease, cathepsin G (CatG), in this process has been described only recently, although CatG has long been known to be a granule-associated proteolytic enzyme of neutrophils. In line with a role for this enzyme in antigen presentation, CatG is found in endocytic compartments of a variety of antigen presenting cells. CatG is found in primary human monocytes, B cells, myeloid dendritic cells 1 (mDC1), mDC2, plasmacytoid DC (pDC), and murine microglia, but is not expressed in B cell lines or monocyte-derived DC. Purified CatG can be internalized into endocytic compartments in CatG non-expressing cells, widening the range of cells where this enzyme may play a role in antigen processing. Functional assays have implicated CatG as a critical enzyme in processing of several antigens and autoantigens. In this review, historical and recent data on CatG expression, distribution, function and involvement in disease will be summarized and discussed, with a focus on its role in antigen presentation and immune-related events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Burster
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
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