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Bharadwaj S, Groza Y, Mierzwicka JM, Malý P. Current understanding on TREM-2 molecular biology and physiopathological functions. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112042. [PMID: 38703564 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM-2), a glycosylated receptor belonging to the immunoglobin superfamily and especially expressed in the myeloid cell lineage, is frequently explained as a reminiscent receptor for both adaptive and innate immunity regulation. TREM-2 is also acknowledged to influence NK cell differentiation via the PI3K and PLCγ signaling pathways, as well as the partial activation or direct inhibition of T cells. Additionally, TREM-2 overexpression is substantially linked to cell-specific functions, such as enhanced phagocytosis, reduced toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated inflammatory cytokine production, increased transcription of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and reshaped T cell function. Whereas TREM-2-deficient cells exhibit diminished phagocytic function and enhanced proinflammatory cytokines production, proceeding to inflammatory injuries and an immunosuppressive environment for disease progression. Despite the growing literature supporting TREM-2+ cells in various diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, substantial facets of TREM-2-mediated signaling remain inadequately understood relevant to pathophysiology conditions. In this direction, herein, we have summarized the current knowledge on TREM-2 biology and cell-specific TREM-2 expression, particularly in the modulation of pivotal TREM-2-dependent functions under physiopathological conditions. Furthermore, molecular regulation and generic biological relevance of TREM-2 are also discussed, which might provide an alternative approach for preventing or reducing TREM-2-associated deformities. At last, we discussed the TREM-2 function in supporting an immunosuppressive cancer environment and as a potential drug target for cancer immunotherapy. Hence, summarized knowledge of TREM-2 might provide a window to overcome challenges in clinically effective therapies for TREM-2-induced diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Bharadwaj
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Yaroslava Groza
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Joanna M Mierzwicka
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Malý
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic.
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Xu K, Chen G, Ma Y, Wang Y. A study on the effect of joint detection of biochemical markers and electrophysiological examination in the early diagnosis of children with Green-Barre Syndrome. Minerva Pediatr (Torino) 2023; 75:501-505. [PMID: 30299027 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5276.18.05313-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of early diagnosis in children with Green-Barre Syndrome (GBS) via joint detection of biochemical markers and electrophysiological examination. METHODS A total of 90 children with (GBS collected from the Department of Neurology, Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Rehabilitation Department of Cerebral Palsy of Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Department of Pediatrics of First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Province People's Hospital were selected as the research objects. According to their onset time, they were divided into group A (N.=30) hospitalized within 3 days of onset, group B (N.=30) hospitalized from 4 to 7 days of onset, and group C (N.=30) hospitalized after more than 7 days of onset. The titer levels of serum anti-ganglioside immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies, the motor nerve conduction velocity (MCV), Hoffmann reflex (H-reflex) condition and serum immunoglobulin in all groups of children were compared. RESULTS The levels of serum anti-ganglioside IgG antibodies in three groups of children from low to high were group A<group B<group C. MCV decreasing rates in group A, B and C were successively 3.33%, 16.66% and 29.99%, namely group A<group B<group C. 60 cases of H-reflex were detected in each group, and the abnormal rates were successively 76.66%, 81.66% and 95% respectively in group A, group B and group C, namely group A<group B<group C. The serum levels of immunoglobulin in three groups of children from low to high were group A<group B<group C (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Anti-ganglioside antibody, electrophysiological parameter and serum level of immunoglobulin can be helpful in the diagnosis of GBS, and the changes in them can be monitored clinically so as to carry out the early treatment effectively for children and improve the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Xu
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guohong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China -
| | - Yanli Ma
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Murphy PV, Romero A, Xiao Q, Ludwig AK, Jogula S, Shilova NV, Singh T, Gabba A, Javed B, Zhang D, Medrano FJ, Kaltner H, Kopitz J, Bovin NV, Wu AM, Klein ML, Percec V, Gabius HJ. Probing sulfatide-tissue lectin recognition with functionalized glycodendrimersomes. iScience 2020; 24:101919. [PMID: 33409472 PMCID: PMC7773886 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The small 3-O-sulfated galactose head group of sulfatides, an abundant glycosphingolipid class, poses the (sphinx-like) riddle on involvement of glycan bridging by tissue lectins (sugar code). First, synthesis of head group derivatives for functionalization of amphiphilic dendrimers is performed. Aggregation of resulting (biomimetic) vesicles, alone or in combination with lactose, demonstrates bridging by a tissue lectin (galectin-4). Physiologically, this can stabilize glycolipid-rich microdomains (rafts) and associate sulfatide-rich regions with specific glycoproteins. Further testing documents importance of heterobivalency and linker length. Structurally, sulfatide recognition by galectin-8 is shown to involve sphingosine's OH group as substitute for the 3′-hydroxyl of glucose of lactose. These discoveries underscore functionality of this small determinant on biomembranes intracellularly and on the cell surface. Moreover, they provide a role model to examine counterreceptor capacity of more complex glycans of glycosphingolipids and to start their bottom-up glycotope surface programming. Nanoparticle programming detects sulfatide-(N)-glycan bridging by galectins-4 and -8 Protein design (linker/domain type) is a switch for aggregation activity Sphingosine's OH group is involved in contact building with a galectin
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul V Murphy
- CÚRAM - SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices and the School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Antonio Romero
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, CIB Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Qi Xiao
- Institute of Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.,Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Anna-Kristin Ludwig
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Srinivas Jogula
- CÚRAM - SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices and the School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Nadezhda V Shilova
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., 117437 Moscow, Russian Federation.,National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina str, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tanuja Singh
- Glyco-Immunology Research Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Chang-Gung-Medical College, Kwei-san, Tao-yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Adele Gabba
- CÚRAM - SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices and the School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Bilal Javed
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Francisco J Medrano
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, CIB Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Zentrum Pathologie, Institut für Angewandte Tumorbiologie, Medizinische Fakultät der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolai V Bovin
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., 117437 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Albert M Wu
- Glyco-Immunology Research Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Chang-Gung-Medical College, Kwei-san, Tao-yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Michael L Klein
- Institute of Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
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The sugar code: letters and vocabulary, writers, editors and readers and biosignificance of functional glycan-lectin pairing. Biochem J 2019; 476:2623-2655. [PMID: 31551311 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitous occurrence in Nature, abundant presence at strategically important places such as the cell surface and dynamic shifts in their profile by diverse molecular switches qualifies the glycans to serve as versatile biochemical signals. However, their exceptional structural complexity often prevents one noting how simple the rules of objective-driven assembly of glycan-encoded messages are. This review is intended to provide a tutorial for a broad readership. The principles of why carbohydrates meet all demands to be the coding section of an information transfer system, and this at unsurpassed high density, are explained. Despite appearing to be a random assortment of sugars and their substitutions, seemingly subtle structural variations in glycan chains by a sophisticated enzymatic machinery have emerged to account for their specific biological meaning. Acting as 'readers' of glycan-encoded information, carbohydrate-specific receptors (lectins) are a means to turn the glycans' potential to serve as signals into a multitude of (patho)physiologically relevant responses. Once the far-reaching significance of this type of functional pairing has become clear, the various modes of spatial presentation of glycans and of carbohydrate recognition domains in lectins can be explored and rationalized. These discoveries are continuously revealing the intricacies of mutually adaptable routes to achieve essential selectivity and specificity. Equipped with these insights, readers will gain a fundamental understanding why carbohydrates form the third alphabet of life, joining the ranks of nucleotides and amino acids, and will also become aware of the importance of cellular communication via glycan-lectin recognition.
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Shirotani K, Hori Y, Yoshizaki R, Higuchi E, Colonna M, Saito T, Hashimoto S, Saito T, Saido TC, Iwata N. Aminophospholipids are signal-transducing TREM2 ligands on apoptotic cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7508. [PMID: 31101881 PMCID: PMC6525155 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43535-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) are associated with an increased incidence of Alzheimer’s disease, as well as other neurodegenerative disorders. Using a newly developed, highly sensitive reporter cell model, consisting of Jurkat T cells stably overexpressing a reporter gene and a gene encoding TREM2DAP12 fusion protein, we show here that TREM2-dependent signal transduction in response to apoptotic Neuro2a cells is mediated by aminophospholipid ligands, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine, which are not exposed on the intact cell surface, but become exposed upon apoptosis. We also show that signal-transducing TREM2 ligands different from aminophospholipids, which appear to be derived from neurons, might be present in membrane fractions of mouse cerebral cortex. These results may suggest that TREM2 regulates microglial function by transducing intracellular signals from aminophospholipids on apoptotic cells, as well as unidentified ligands in the membranes of the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiro Shirotani
- Department of Genome-based Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan. .,Unit for Dementia Research and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Yuma Hori
- Department of Genome-based Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan.,Unit for Dementia Research and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Ryohei Yoshizaki
- Department of Genome-based Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Eri Higuchi
- Department of Genome-based Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Cell Signalling, Department of Immunology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shoko Hashimoto
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Iwata
- Department of Genome-based Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan. .,Unit for Dementia Research and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan.
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Vitallé J, Terrén I, Orrantia A, Zenarruzabeitia O, Borrego F. CD300 receptor family in viral infections. Eur J Immunol 2018; 49:364-374. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Vitallé
- Immunopathology GroupBiocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute Barakaldo Bizkaia Spain
| | - Iñigo Terrén
- Immunopathology GroupBiocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute Barakaldo Bizkaia Spain
| | - Ane Orrantia
- Immunopathology GroupBiocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute Barakaldo Bizkaia Spain
| | - Olatz Zenarruzabeitia
- Immunopathology GroupBiocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute Barakaldo Bizkaia Spain
| | - Francisco Borrego
- Immunopathology GroupBiocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute Barakaldo Bizkaia Spain
- IkerbasqueBasque Foundation for Science Bilbao Bizkaia Spain
- Basque Center for Transfusion and Human Tissues Galdakao Spain
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Jay TR, von Saucken VE, Landreth GE. TREM2 in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:56. [PMID: 28768545 PMCID: PMC5541421 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TREM2 variants have been identified as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Because TREM2 encodes a receptor exclusively expressed on immune cells, identification of these variants conclusively demonstrates that the immune response can play an active role in the pathogenesis of NDDs. These TREM2 variants also confer the highest risk for developing Alzheimer's disease of any risk factor identified in nearly two decades, suggesting that understanding more about TREM2 function could provide key insights into NDD pathology and provide avenues for novel immune-related NDD biomarkers and therapeutics. The expression, signaling and function of TREM2 in NDDs have been extensively investigated in an effort to understand the role of immune function in disease pathogenesis and progression. We provide a comprehensive review of our current understanding of TREM2 biology, including new insights into the regulation of TREM2 expression, and TREM2 signaling and function across NDDs. While many open questions remain, the current body of literature provides clarity on several issues. While it is still often cited that TREM2 expression is decreased by pro-inflammatory stimuli, it is now clear that this is true in vitro, but inflammatory stimuli in vivo almost universally increase TREM2 expression. Likewise, while TREM2 function is classically described as promoting an anti-inflammatory phenotype, more than half of published studies demonstrate a pro-inflammatory role for TREM2, suggesting that its role in inflammation is much more complex. Finally, these components of TREM2 biology are applied to a discussion of how TREM2 impacts NDD pathologies and the latest assessment of how these findings might be applied to immune-directed clinical biomarkers and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R. Jay
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Victoria E. von Saucken
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W 15th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Gary E. Landreth
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W 15th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
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8
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Kober DL, Brett TJ. TREM2-Ligand Interactions in Health and Disease. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:1607-1629. [PMID: 28432014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The protein triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) is an immunomodulatory receptor with a central role in myeloid cell activation and survival. In recent years, the importance of TREM2 has been highlighted by the identification of coding variants that increase risk for Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Animal studies have further shown the importance of TREM2 in neurodegenerative and other inflammatory disease models including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. A mechanistic understanding of TREM2 function remains elusive, however, due in part to the absence of conclusive information regarding the identity of endogenous TREM2 ligands. While many TREM2 ligands have been proposed, their physiological role and mechanism of engagement remain to be determined. In this review, we highlight the suggested roles of TREM2 in these diseases and the recent advances in our understanding of TREM2 and discuss putative TREM2-ligand interactions and their potential roles in signaling during health and disease. We develop a model based on the TREM2 structure to explain how different TREM2 ligands might interact with the receptor and how disease risk variants may alter ligand interactions. Finally, we propose future experimental directions to establish the role and importance of these different interactions on TREM2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Kober
- Molecular Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tom J Brett
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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9
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Pertussis toxin targets the innate immunity through DAP12, FcRγ, and MyD88 adaptor proteins. Immunobiology 2017; 222:664-671. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Kober DL, Alexander-Brett JM, Karch CM, Cruchaga C, Colonna M, Holtzman MJ, Brett TJ. Neurodegenerative disease mutations in TREM2 reveal a functional surface and distinct loss-of-function mechanisms. eLife 2016; 5:e20391. [PMID: 27995897 PMCID: PMC5173322 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variations in the myeloid immune receptor TREM2 are linked to several neurodegenerative diseases. To determine how TREM2 variants contribute to these diseases, we performed structural and functional studies of wild-type and variant proteins. Our 3.1 Å TREM2 crystal structure revealed that mutations found in Nasu-Hakola disease are buried whereas Alzheimer's disease risk variants are found on the surface, suggesting that these mutations have distinct effects on TREM2 function. Biophysical and cellular methods indicate that Nasu-Hakola mutations impact protein stability and decrease folded TREM2 surface expression, whereas Alzheimer's risk variants impact binding to a TREM2 ligand. Additionally, the Alzheimer's risk variants appear to epitope map a functional surface on TREM2 that is unique within the larger TREM family. These findings provide a guide to structural and functional differences among genetic variants of TREM2, indicating that therapies targeting the TREM2 pathway should be tailored to these genetic and functional differences with patient-specific medicine approaches for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Kober
- Molecular Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Jennifer M Alexander-Brett
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Thomas J Brett
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
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Gabius HJ, Manning JC, Kopitz J, André S, Kaltner H. Sweet complementarity: the functional pairing of glycans with lectins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1989-2016. [PMID: 26956894 PMCID: PMC11108359 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates establish the third alphabet of life. As part of cellular glycoconjugates, the glycans generate a multitude of signals in a minimum of space. The presence of distinct glycotopes and the glycome diversity are mapped by sugar receptors (antibodies and lectins). Endogenous (tissue) lectins can read the sugar-encoded information and translate it into functional aspects of cell sociology. Illustrated by instructive examples, each glycan has its own ligand properties. Lectins with different folds can converge to target the same epitope, while intrafamily diversification enables functional cooperation and antagonism. The emerging evidence for the concept of a network calls for a detailed fingerprinting. Due to the high degree of plasticity and dynamics of the display of genes for lectins the validity of extrapolations between different organisms of the phylogenetic tree yet is inevitably limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-J Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - J C Manning
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - J Kopitz
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S André
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - H Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
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12
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The immunobiology of Campylobacter jejuni: Innate immunity and autoimmune diseases. Immunobiology 2015; 221:535-43. [PMID: 26709064 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Campylobacter jejuni causes gastroenteritis and Guillain-Barré syndrome in humans. Recent advances in the immunobiology of C. jejuni have been made. This review summarizes C. jejuni-binding innate receptors and highlights the role of innate immunity in autoimmune diseases. This human pathogen produces a variety of glycoconjugates, including human ganglioside-like determinants and multiple activators of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Furthermore, C. jejuni targets MyD88, NLRP3 inflammasome, TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF), sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs), macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL), and immunoglobulin-like receptors (TREM2, LMIR5/CD300b). The roles of these innate receptors and signaling molecules have been extensively studied. MyD88-mediated TLR activation or inflammasome-dependent IL-1β secretion is essential for autoimmune induction. TRIF mediates the production of type I interferons that promote humoral immune responses and immunoglobulin class-switching. Siglec-1 and Siglec-7 interact directly with gangliosides. Siglec-1 activation enhances phagocytosis and inflammatory responses. MGL internalizes GalNAc-containing glycoconjugates. TREM2 is well-known for its role in phagocytosis. LMIR5 recognizes C. jejuni components and endogenous sulfoglycolipids. Several lines of evidence from animal models of autoimmune diseases suggest that simultaneous activation of innate immunity in the presence of autoreactive lymphocytes or antigen mimicry may link C. jejuni to immunopathology.
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Peluffo H, Solari-Saquieres P, Negro-Demontel ML, Francos-Quijorna I, Navarro X, López-Vales R, Sayós J, Lago N. CD300f immunoreceptor contributes to peripheral nerve regeneration by the modulation of macrophage inflammatory phenotype. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:145. [PMID: 26259611 PMCID: PMC4531482 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has recently become evident that activating/inhibitory cell surface immune receptors play a critical role in regulating immune and inflammatory processes in the central nervous system (CNS). The immunoreceptor CD300f expressed on monocytes, neutrophils, and mast cells modulates inflammation, phagocytosis, and outcome in models of autoimmune demyelination, allergy, and systemic lupus erythematosus. On the other hand, a finely regulated inflammatory response is essential to induce regeneration after injury to peripheral nerves since hematogenous macrophages, together with resident macrophages and de-differentiated Schwann cells, phagocyte distal axonal and myelin debris in a well-orchestrated inflammatory response. The possible roles and expression of CD300f and its ligands have not been reported under these conditions. METHODS By using quantitative PCR (QPCR) and CD300f-IgG2a fusion protein, we show the expression of CD300f and its ligands in the normal and crush injured sciatic nerve. The putative role of CD300f in peripheral nerve regeneration was analyzed by blocking receptor-ligand interaction with the same CD300f-IgG2a soluble receptor fusion protein in sciatic nerves of Thy1-YFP-H mice injected at the time of injury. Macrophage M1/M2 polarization phenotype was also analyzed by CD206 and iNOS expression. RESULTS We found an upregulation of CD300f mRNA and protein expression after injury. Moreover, the ligands are present in restricted membrane patches of Schwann cells, which remain stable after the lesion. The lesioned sciatic nerves of Thy1-YFP-H mice injected with a single dose of CD300f-IgG2a show long lasting effects on nerve regeneration characterized by a lower number of YFP-positive fibres growing into the tibial nerve after 10 days post lesion (dpl) and a delayed functional recovery when compared to PBS- or IgG2a-administered control groups. Animals treated with CD300f-IgG2a show at 10 dpl higher numbers of macrophages and CD206-positive cells and lower levels of iNOS expression than both control groups. At later time points (28 dpl), increased numbers of macrophages and iNOS expression occur. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results show that the pair CD300f ligand is implicated in Wallerian degeneration and nerve regeneration by modulating both the influx and phenotype of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Peluffo
- Neuroinflammation and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Patricia Solari-Saquieres
- Neuroinflammation and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Maria Luciana Negro-Demontel
- Neuroinflammation and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Isaac Francos-Quijorna
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Ruben López-Vales
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Joan Sayós
- Immunobiology Group, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine Program, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Natalia Lago
- Neuroinflammation and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.
- Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Evidence for TLR4 and FcRγ-CARD9 activation by cholera toxin B subunit and its direct bindings to TREM2 and LMIR5 receptors. Mol Immunol 2015; 66:463-71. [PMID: 26021803 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CTX) is a virulent factor of Vibrio cholerae that causes life-threatening diarrheal disease. Its non-toxic subunit CTB has been extensively studied for vaccine delivery. In immune cells, CTB induces a number of signaling molecules related to cellular activation and cytokine production. The mechanisms by which CTB exerts its immunological effects are not understood. We report here the immunological targets of CTB. The unexpected finding that GM1 ganglioside inhibited NF-κB activation in human monocytes stimulated with CTX and agonists of Toll-like receptors (TLR) suggests the possibility of CTX-TLR interaction. Indeed, CTX-induced IL-6 production was substantially reduced in MyD88(-/-) or TLR4(-/-) macrophages. Ectopic expression of TLR4 was required for CTX-induced NF-κB activation in HEK 293 cells. Furthermore, the inflammatory capacity of CTB was lost in the absence of TLR4, adaptor protein FcRγ, or its downstream signaling molecule CARD9. Attempts have been made to identify CTB-binding targets from various C-type lectin and immunoglobulin-like receptors. CTB targeted not only GM1 and TLR4 but also TREM2 and LMIR5/CD300b. CTB-TREM2 interaction initiated signal transduction through adaptor protein DAP12. The binding of CTB inhibited LMIR5 activation induced by its endogenous ligand 3-O-sulfo-β-d-galactosylceramide C24:1. In summary, CTB targets TLR4, FcRγ-CARD9, TREM2, and LMIR5. These findings provide new insights into the immunobiology of cholera toxin.
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