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Elbay A, Ercan Ç, Akbaş F, Bulut H, Ozdemir H. Three new circulating microRNAs may be associated with wet age-related macular degeneration. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2019; 79:388-394. [PMID: 31277558 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2019.1637931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the circulating microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and the role of miRNA in wet AMD and its pathways. Exosomes were extracted from serum samples of AMD patients (n = 70) and a control group (n = 50). After isolating miRNA from the exosomes, miRNAs were transformed into cDNA. In the control and AMD samples, the expression was compared with a panel including 175 genes using the PCR array method. Target genes and pathways of miRNAs were detected by KEGG and Biocarta signaling pathway enrichments. Comparing the serum samples between groups revealed that the expression levels of 15 microRNAs within 175 genes had significantly changed. In the validation studies, miR-129-3p and miR-132-3p had no significant expression in AMD group compared to the controls. miR-486-5p and miR-626 had higher expression in AMD patients compared to the control group, while miR-885-5p showed significantly lower expression. Pathway analysis revealed that these miRNAs may have critical roles in the apoptosis and neovascularization pathways. The data suggest that some miRNAs within the serum may have a role in the pathogenesis of wet AMD. Further studies are needed to examine the use of these miRNAs as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Elbay
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakıf University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Çilem Ercan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Fahri Akbaş
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Huri Bulut
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Hakan Ozdemir
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakıf University , Istanbul , Turkey
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Barkana BD, Saricicek I, Yildirim B. Performance analysis of descriptive statistical features in retinal vessel segmentation via fuzzy logic, ANN, SVM, and classifier fusion. Knowl Based Syst 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.knosys.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Estrago-Franco MF, Moustafa MT, Riazi-Esfahani M, Sapkal AU, Piche-Lopez R, Patil AJ, Sharma A, Falatoonzadeh P, Chwa M, Luczy-Bachman G, Kuppermann BD, Kenney MC. Effects of Benzo(e)pyrene on Reactive Oxygen/Nitrogen Species and Inflammatory Cytokines Induction in Human RPE Cells and Attenuation by Mitochondrial-involved Mechanism. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2016; 11:385-393. [PMID: 27994808 PMCID: PMC5139551 DOI: 10.4103/2008-322x.194091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To identify inhibitors that could effectively lower reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), complement and inflammatory cytokine levels induced by Benzo(e)pyrene [B(e)p], an element of cigarette smoke, in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) in vitro. Methods: ARPE-19 cells were treated for 24 hours with 200 μM, 100 μM, and 50 μM B(e)p or DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide)-equivalent concentrations. Some cultures were pre-treated with ROS/RNS inhibitors (NG nitro-L-arginine, inhibits nitric oxide synthase; Apocynin, inhibits NADPH oxidase; Rotenone, inhibits mitochondrial complex I; Antimycin A, inhibits mitochondria complex III) and ROS/RNS levels were measured with a fluorescent H2 DCFDA assay. Multiplex bead arrays were used to measure levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF), Transforming Growth Factor alpha (TGF-α) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). IL-6 levels were also measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Real-time qPCR analyses were performed with primers for C3 (component 3), CFH (inhibits complement activation), CD59 (inhibitor of the complement membrane attack complex (MAC)) and CD55/DAF (accelerates decay of target complement target proteins). Results: The ARPE-19 cultures treated with B(e)p showed significantly increased ROS/RNS levels (P < 0.001), which were then partially reversed by 6 μM Antimycin A (19%, P = 0.03), but not affected by the other ROS/RNS inhibitors. The B(e)p treated cultures demonstrated increased levels of IL-6 (33%; P = 0.016) and GM-CSF (29%; P = 0.0001) compared to DMSO-equivalent controls, while the expression levels for components of the complement pathway (C3, CFH, CD59 and CD55/DAF) were not changed. Conclusion: The cytotoxic effects of B(e)p include elevated ROS/RNS levels along with pro-inflammatory IL-6 and GM-CSF proteins. Blocking the Qi site of cytochrome c reductase (complex III) with Antimycin A led to partial reduction in B(e)p induced ROS production. Our findings suggest that inhibitors for multiple pathways would be necessary to protect the retinal cells from B(e)p induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fernanda Estrago-Franco
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Clinica Dres Estrago, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - M Tarek Moustafa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Ophthalmology Department, Minia University, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Riazi-Esfahani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Eye Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashish U Sapkal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rhina Piche-Lopez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - A Jayaprakash Patil
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Royal Lancaster Infirmary, University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Trust, Lancaster, UK
| | - Ashish Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Lotus Eye Care Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Payam Falatoonzadeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Marilyn Chwa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Baruch D Kuppermann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - M Cristina Kenney
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Goyal S, Lyzogubov VV, Ali O, Bora PS, Bora NS, Uwaydat SH. Effect of aspirin on models of retinal pigment epithelium pathology. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 44:610-617. [PMID: 26861462 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To characterize the effect of aspirin (ASA) in mouse models of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and retinal degeneration. METHODS In vivo: Male C57BL/6 mice were given ASA in food or regular rodent diet. CNV was induced by argon laser photocoagulation. Subretinal injections of polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400) were administered to induce retinal degeneration. CNV size, laser spot area and mean intensity of VEGF in the laser injured zones were measured. In the PEG injected eyes the thickness of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid was measured. In vitro: Human ARPE-19 cells were treated with 0.5 or 2.0 mM/L of ASA for 72 h. ELISA was used to measure the concentration of VEGF and CCL-2 in the supernatants. Additionally, damaged RPE monolayer was treated with ASA (0.5 or 2.0 mM/L) and vehicle separately. Size of damaged area was measured. ELISA was used to measure secretion of VEGF-A and CCL-2 by damaged cells after 24 h. RESULTS No statistically significant effect of ASA on CNV size, laser spot size or VEGF expression was noted in CNV model. In the PEG model, ASA did not have any effect on RPE and choroid thickness; however, a significant increase in RPE atrophy was observed (P = 0.02 + 38%). In addition, ASA had a significant effect on the ability of the RPE cells to regenerate and become confluent after mechanical damage. CONCLUSIONS ASA at doses consumed clinically for various medical causes may not worsen CNV in human subjects. However, ASA may increase RPE atrophy when consumed over long periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunali Goyal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, Pat and Willard Walker Eye Research Center University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
| | - Valeriy V Lyzogubov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, Pat and Willard Walker Eye Research Center University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Omair Ali
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, Pat and Willard Walker Eye Research Center University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Puran S Bora
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, Pat and Willard Walker Eye Research Center University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Nalini S Bora
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, Pat and Willard Walker Eye Research Center University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Sami H Uwaydat
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, Pat and Willard Walker Eye Research Center University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Systemic safety of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents in age-related macular degeneration. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2016; 27:224-43. [PMID: 26871657 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0000000000000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of review is to summarize the literature addressing nonocular adverse events in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration treated with intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors and to present possible mechanisms of effect. RECENT FINDINGS The incidence of overall nonocular serious adverse events varied from 0 to 39.3% and nonocular adverse events ranged from 0 to 86.9%. Few studies have reported a significant association between use of intravitreal anti-VEGF agents and overall incidence of adverse events, stroke, myocardial infarction, nonocular hemorrhage and death, with overall greater concern in patients treated with bevacizumab. Additionally, history of stroke or other arterial thromboembolic event may be a risk factor for future stroke in patients treated with intravitreal anti-VEGF agents. Theories explaining the mechanisms of increased risk of nonocular adverse events secondary to anti-VEGF agent use surround the necessity of VEGF for the normal functioning of the endothelium and the damage incurred with use of anti-VEGF agents. SUMMARY Current data are insufficient to definitively conclude that intravitreal anti-VEGF agents are safe, although there is a trend toward an overall favorable systemic safety profile. Caution should be exerted in patients with a history of cardiovascular disease, as these patients may be at greater risk for nonocular serious adverse events.
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Hennig R, Goepferich A. Nanoparticles for the treatment of ocular neovascularizations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 95:294-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in developed countries with the neovascular form accounting for the majority of severe vision loss in the disease. The management of wet age-related macular degeneration has improved drastically in the past decade as anti-VEGF agents took its place at the forefront of treatment. As the choice of therapy is based on a number of factors, this review summarizes the pivotal studies that brought these agents to use and compares the different agents currently available. This review also briefly describes the promising new therapies that are in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Mansoor S, Gupta N, Falatoonzadeh P, Kuppermann BD, Kenney MC. 2-ethylpyridine, a cigarette smoke component, causes mitochondrial damage in human retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro. Indian J Ophthalmol 2014; 62:16-22. [PMID: 24492497 PMCID: PMC3955065 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.126168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Our goal was to identify the cellular and molecular effects of 2-ethylpyridine (2-EP, a component of cigarette smoke) on human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) in vitro. Materials and Methods: ARPE-19 cells were exposed to varying concentrations of 2-EP. Cell viability (CV) was measured by a trypan blue dye exclusion assay. Caspase-3/7 and caspase-9 activities were measured by fluorochrome assays. The production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) was detected with a 2’,7’-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate dye assay. The JC-1 assay was used to measure mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). Mitochondrial redox potential was measured using a RedoxSensor Red kit and mitochondria were evaluated with Mitotracker dye. Results: After 2-EP exposure, ARPE-19 cells showed significantly decreased CV, increased caspase-3/7 and caspase-9 activities, elevated ROS/RNS levels, decreased ΔΨm value and decreased redox fluorescence when compared with control samples. Conclusions: These results show that 2-EP treatment induced cell death by caspase-dependent apoptosis associated with an oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. These data represent a possible mechanism by which smoking contributes to age-related macular degeneration and other retinal diseases and identify mitochondria as a target for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - M C Kenney
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA,
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Present and possible therapies for age-related macular degeneration. ISRN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014; 2014:608390. [PMID: 25097787 PMCID: PMC4009180 DOI: 10.1155/2014/608390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of blindness in the elderly population worldwide and is defined as a chronic, progressive disorder characterized by changes occurring within the macula reflective of the ageing process. At present, the prevalence of AMD is currently rising and is estimated to increase by a third by 2020. Although our understanding of the several components underpinning the pathogenesis of this condition has increased significantly, the treatment options for this condition remain substantially limited. In this review, we outline the existing arsenal of therapies available for AMD and discuss the additional role of further novel therapies currently under investigation for this debilitating disease.
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Yuksel K, Altinkaynak H, Kina A, Kara N, Yazici AT, Demirok A. Can intravitreal ranibizumab alter retrobulbar circulation in eyes with age-related macular degeneration? J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2013; 29:723-7. [PMID: 23829173 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2013.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of a single intravitreal ranibizumab injection on retrobulbar circulation in cases with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS In this prospective and interventional study, 32 patients with neovascular AMD were enrolled. A single intravitreal ranibizumab dose was in only 1 eye per patient. Peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, resistive index and pulsatility index values in the common carotid artery, ophthalmic artery, central retinal artery, nasal posterior ciliary artery, and temporal posterior ciliary artery in both injected and uninjected healthy fellow eyes were measured using color Doppler ultrasonography at baseline and 1 week and 1 month after the injection of ranibizumab. RESULTS All measurements revealed no statistically significant difference among baseline, first week, and first month after injection measurements for all parameters measured in all arteries in both the injected and uninjected healthy fellow eyes. CONCLUSION A single intravitreal injection of ranibizumab does not significantly affect on retrobulbar circulation of either the injected or the uninjected healthy fellow eyes with neovascular AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Yuksel
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Beyoglu Eye Research and Education Hospital , Istanbul, Turkey
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11
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Askou AL, Pournaras JAC, Pihlmann M, Svalgaard JD, Arsenijevic Y, Kostic C, Bek T, Dagnaes-Hansen F, Mikkelsen JG, Jensen TG, Corydon TJ. Reduction of choroidal neovascularization in mice by adeno-associated virus-delivered anti-vascular endothelial growth factor short hairpin RNA. J Gene Med 2013; 14:632-41. [PMID: 23080553 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strategies leading to the long-term suppression of inappropriate ocular angiogenesis are required to avoid the need for repetitive monthly injections for treatment of diseases of the eye, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The present study aimed to develop a strategy for the sustained repression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is identified as the key player in exudative AMD. METHODS We have employed short hairpin (sh)RNAs combined with adeno-associated virus (AAV) delivery to obtain the targeted expression of potent gene-regulatory molecules. Anti-VEGF shRNAs were analyzed in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells using Renilla luciferase screening. For in vivo delivery of the most potent shRNA, self-complementary AAV vectors were packaged in serotype 8 capsids (scAAV2/8-hU6-sh9). In vivo efficacy was evaluated either by injection of scAAV2/8-hU6-sh9 into murine hind limb muscles or in a laser-induced murine model of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) following scAAV2/8-hU6-sh9 subretinal delivery. RESULTS Plasmids encoding anti-VEGF shRNAs showed efficient knockdown of human VEGF in RPEs. Intramuscular administration led to localized expression and 91% knockdown of endogenous murine (m)VEGF. Subsequently, the ability of AAV2/8-encoded shRNAs to impair vessel formation was evaluated in the murine model of CNV. In this model, the sizes of the CNV were significantly reduced (up to 48%) following scAAV2/8-hU6-sh9 subretinal delivery. CONCLUSIONS Using anti-VEGF vectors, we have demonstrated efficient silencing of endogenous mVEGF and showed that subretinal administration of scAAV2/8-hU6-sh9 has the ability to impair vessel formation in an AMD animal model. Thus, AAV-encoded shRNA can be used for the inhibition of neovascularization, leading to the development of sustained anti-VEGF therapy.
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Barak Y, Heroman WJ, Tezel TH. The past, present, and future of exudative age-related macular degeneration treatment. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 2012; 19:43-51. [PMID: 22346114 PMCID: PMC3277024 DOI: 10.4103/0974-9233.92115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration has been revolutionized within the last 6 years with the introduction of vascular endothelial growth factor neutralizing agents. Previously popular “destructive treatments,” such as laser photocoagulation and photodynamic treatment have either been abandoned or used as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy. Despite the increase in vision after antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents, they require repetitive and costly intravitreal injections that also carry the inherit risks of infection, retinal tears, and detachment. Several new and more potent VEGF inhibitors are at different stages of development. The goal of evolving pharmacotherapy is to preserve the therapeutic effect while reducing or eliminating the discomfort of intravitreal drug delivery, as well as identify new therapeutic targets. Complement inhibitors, immunomodulators, integrin inhibitors are a few of the new class of drugs that are expected to be in our armamentarium soon. Current medications act to decrease leakage through abnormal subretinal choroidal vasculature and promote involution. However, these medications are only effective in treating the active stage of the choroidal neovascular membrane. Restoration of vision of a large number of patients with involuted choroidal neovascular membranes is warranted. For this purpose, tissue engineering techniques have been employed to reconstruct the subretinal anatomy. Discovery of biomarkers, pharmacogenetics, and very specific targeting holds the promise of increased potency and safety in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoreh Barak
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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Li H, Yan Z, Cao H, Wang Y. Effective mobilisation of bone marrow-derived cells through proteolytic activity: a new treatment strategy for age-related macular degeneration. Med Hypotheses 2011; 78:286-90. [PMID: 22129485 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Selective targeting of bone marrow-derived cells (BMCs) has been heralded as a promising avenue for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) therapeutics. Many researchers have demonstrated that the function of circulating BMCs is related to disease severity in patients with AMD. Transplanted BMCs are able to transdifferentiate into retina-specific cells to replace those lost due to damage or degeneration in the pathologic process of experimental models of AMD, which may provide beneficial effects in patients with AMD. However, a major barrier to transferring the use of BMCs into clinical practice is the limited quantity of BMCs in the peripheral circulation. Technology has not yet reached a stage where ex vivo-expanded BMCs can be routinely used for cell therapy. A feasible strategy to circumvent this issue of BMC scarcity is to increase the mobilisation of autologous BMCs from the patient's bone marrow into the blood circulation. Extensive studies have demonstrated that the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis is a key regulator for BMC mobilisation. Moreover, abrogation of the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis by proteolytic modification can efficiently increase BMC mobilisation. We speculate that BMC mobilisation by proteolytic enzymes may supply a sufficient amount of autologous cells to repair and regenerate injured and degenerated the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), photoreceptors, or other retina-specific cells, which could prevent AMD progression. If the BMC mobilisation strategy is used to treat AMD, it may overcome the existing problems of transferring BMC-based therapy into the clinic and become a particularly feasible therapeutic approach for AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
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Kramer MA, Andrews B, Hugar DL, Jaitli A, Larsen SB, Kline BP, McEllen KN, Agrawal N, Su SM, Dammu SA, Kammeyer RM, Ivanisevic A. Characterization of conformational adsorbate changes on a tissue-derived substrate using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:18083-18088. [PMID: 21067159 DOI: 10.1021/la1038766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy is utilized to observe adsorbate interactions with a tissue-derived collagen scaffold extracted from the Bruch's membrane of pig eyes. The characterization includes conformational changes in isoleucine, polyisoleucine, collagen-binding peptide, RGD-tagged collagen-binding peptide, and laminin after adsorption onto the substrate. Isotopically labeled isoleucine is further utilized to understand changes in the biomolecular structure upon binding to a tissue-derived surface. The adsorbates associated with the collagen scaffold predominately through hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding. The results of this study can be used to improve our understanding of surface chemistry changes during the engineering of biomimetic scaffolds before and after biomolecule adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Kramer
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
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Mansoor S, Gupta N, Luczy-Bachman G, Limb GA, Kuppermann BD, Kenney MC. Protective effects of memantine and epicatechin on catechol-induced toxicity on Müller cells in vitro. Toxicology 2010; 271:107-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 03/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schmidt-Erfurth U. Clinical safety of ranibizumab in age-related macular degeneration. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2010; 9:149-65. [PMID: 20001757 DOI: 10.1517/14740330903418422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Clinical safety of pharmaceutical products in the elderly is vital because of their increased risk of cardiac and other adverse events. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Search of the Medline database, including articles and abstracts from 1984 to 2009. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Knowledge of ocular and systemic risks: The rate of endophthalmitis was 0.05% per injection (MARINA) and <0.1% per injection (ANCHOR), rates confirmed in a retrospective analysis of 14,320 injections. Moderate increases in intraocular pressure were transient, and incidences of intraocular inflammation were rarely serious. Systemic arterial thromboembolic events occurred in 4.6 and 0% of ranibizumab-treated patients and in 3.8 and 0% of sham-treated patients in MARINA (2 years) and PIER (1 year), respectively. In SAILOR, there was a numerically higher rate of cerebrovascular stroke with 0.5 mg ranibizumab compared with 0.3 mg ranibizumab (1.2 vs 0.7%), which was a non-statistically significant trend in patients with a history of stroke. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Although further studies to investigate the risk of stroke with ranibizumab therapy are required, repeated intravitreal ranibizumab was well tolerated and not associated with clinically significant safety risks during up to 2 years of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Ophthalmology, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Kurji KH, Cui JZ, Lin T, Harriman D, Prasad SS, Kojic L, Matsubara JA. Microarray analysis identifies changes in inflammatory gene expression in response to amyloid-beta stimulation of cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 51:1151-63. [PMID: 19797223 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-3622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common cause of irreversible vision loss in the elderly. The hypothesis was that in vitro stimulation of RPE cells with Abeta(1-40), a constituent of drusen, promotes changes in gene expression and cellular pathways associated with the pathogenesis of AMD, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and angiogenesis. METHODS Confluent human RPE cells were stimulated with Abeta(1-40), or the reverse peptide Abeta(40-1), and genome wide changes in gene expression were studied with gene microarrays. Selected genes were verified by qRT-PCR and ELISA. Pathway analysis with gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and ingenuity revealed top functional pathways in RPE after Abeta(1-40) stimulation. RESULTS RPE cells stimulated with Abeta(1-40) (0.3 microM) for 24 hours resulted in 63 upregulated and 22 downregulated previously known genes. The upregulated genes were predominantly in inflammatory and immune response categories, but other categories were also represented, including apoptosis, cell signaling, cell proliferation, and signal transduction. Categories of downregulated genes included immune response, transporters, metabolic functions and transcription factors. ELISA confirmed that secreted levels of IL-8 were two times higher than control levels. GSEA and ingenuity analysis confirmed that the top affected pathways in RPE cells after Abeta(1-40) stimulation were inflammation and immune response related. Surprisingly, few angiogenic pathways were activated at the doses and exposure times studied. CONCLUSIONS Abeta(1-40) promotes RPE gene expression changes in pathways associated with immune response, inflammation, and cytokine and interferon signaling pathways. Results may relate to in vivo mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaliq H Kurji
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
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18
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Schaal S, Kaplan HJ, Tezel TH. Author reply. Ophthalmology 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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19
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MacDonald IM, Russell L, Chan CC. Choroideremia: new findings from ocular pathology and review of recent literature. Surv Ophthalmol 2009; 54:401-7. [PMID: 19422966 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Histopathology of young individuals affected by choroideremia is rarely available to allow correlation with the clinical presentation. A 30-year-old man with choroideremia died in a motor vehicle accident and one eye was subjected to histopathological examination. Immunoblot analysis of protein derived from white blood cells of a living brother, also affected with choroideremia, confirmed the absence of Rab escort protein-1, the normal CHM gene product. Direct sequencing of the coding region and adjacent splice sites of the CHM gene was undertaken on genomic DNA from the living brother and revealed a transition mutation, C to T, in exon 6 (R253X) which resulted in a stop codon and was predicted to truncate the protein product. Histopathological examination of the eye of the deceased brother showed relative independent degeneration of choriocapillaris, retinal pigment epithelium, and retina, similar to observations in the mouse model of choroideremia. In addition, mild T-lymphocytic infiltration was found within the choroid. The ophthalmic features and the pathology of choroideremia are discussed in light of new findings in the current case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M MacDonald
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1860, USA
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20
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Wang ZY, Shen LJ, Tu L, Hu DN, Liu GY, Zhou ZL, Lin Y, Chen LH, Qu J. Erythropoietin protects retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative damage. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:1032-41. [PMID: 19136057 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage from reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in many diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, in which the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is considered a primary target. The aim of this study was to determine whether erythropoietin (EPO) protects cultured human RPE cells against oxidative damage and to identify the pathways that may mediate protection. EPO (1 IU/ml) significantly increased the viability of oxidant-treated RPE cells, decreased the release of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta, recovered the RPE cells' barrier integrity disrupted by oxidative stress, prevented oxidant-induced cell DNA fragmentation and membrane phosphatidylserine exposure, and also reduced the levels of oxidant-induced intracellular ROS and restored cellular antioxidant potential, total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase and decreased malondialdehyde, the end product of lipid peroxidation. EPO inhibited caspase-3-like activity. Protection by EPO was partly dependent on the activation of Akt1 and the maintenance of the mitochondrial membrane potential. No enhanced or synergistic protection was observed during application of Z-DEVD-FMK (caspase-3 inhibitor) combined with EPO compared with cultures exposed to EPO and H(2)O(2) alone. Together, these results suggest that EPO could protect against oxidative injury-induced cell death and mitochondrial dysfunction in RPE cells through modulation of Akt1 phosphorylation, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cysteine protease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-yang Wang
- The School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Ayoub
- Guys & St Thomas NHS Trust Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH.
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Enzmann V, Yolcu E, Kaplan HJ, Ildstad ST. Stem cells as tools in regenerative therapy for retinal degeneration. ARCHIVES OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (CHICAGO, ILL. : 1960) 2009; 127:563-71. [PMID: 19365041 PMCID: PMC3192438 DOI: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the use of stem cells (SCs) for regeneration of retinal degenerations. Regenerative medicine intends to provide therapies for severe injuries or chronic diseases where endogenous repair does not sufficiently restore the tissue. Pluripotent SCs, with their capacity to give rise to specialized cells, are the most promising candidates for clinical application. Despite encouraging results, a combination with up-to-date tissue engineering might be critical for ultimate success. DESIGN The focus is on the use of SCs for regeneration of retinal degenerations. Cell populations include embryonic, neural, and bone marrow-derived SCs, and engineered grafts will also be described. RESULTS Experimental approaches have successfully replaced damaged photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium using endogenous and exogenous SCs. CONCLUSIONS Stem cells have the potential to significantly impact retinal regeneration. A combination with bioengineering may bear even greater promise. However, ethical and scientific issues have yet to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Enzmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Esma Yolcu
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Suzanne T. Ildstad
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
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Grisanti S, Tatar O. The role of vascular endothelial growth factor and other endogenous interplayers in age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2008; 27:372-90. [PMID: 18621565 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifaceted disease characterized by early subclinical changes at the choroidea-retinal pigment epithelium interface. Both the causal and formal pathogenesis of the disease is still puzzling. Similarly, the reason for progression into two distinct late forms which are "geographic atrophy" and "choroidal neovascularization" remains enigmatic. Late changes are usually responsible for the dramatic loss in central function that has a devastating effect on quality of life. In industrialized countries the disease is a major cause for visual disability among persons over 60 years of age. Due to demographic right-shift and increased life expectancy, AMD is not only a medical problem but will have a pronounced socio-economic effect. Neovascular AMD with the development of choroidal neovascularization in the macular area accounts for 80% of the severe loss of visual acuity due to AMD. In the last decades, treatment modes were merely based on the destruction or surgical removal of the neovascular complex. In the present, however, the philosophical approach to treat the disease is changing to a pathology modifying manner. Intelligent targeting of the involved relevant factors and pathways should stop disease progression, reduce complications and improve vision. The first step into this new era has been accomplished with the introduction of antiangiogenic agents. The new agents act either directly on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or indirectly on its functional cascade. VEGF makes a fundamental contribution to neovascular processes but it also acts in physiological pathways. The main purpose of this review is to summarize its physiological role especially within the eye, the role in the development of AMD and to understand and foresee both the benefits and potential side-effects of the anti-VEGF-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Grisanti
- Department of Ophthalmology at the University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany.
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Ramo K, Cashman SM, Kumar-Singh R. Evaluation of adenovirus-delivered human CD59 as a potential therapy for AMD in a model of human membrane attack complex formation on murine RPE. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49:4126-36. [PMID: 18487376 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Complement-mediated damage to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), Bruch membrane, and choroid has been associated with pathogenesis in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The terminal step of complement activation involves lysis of cells by the insertion of the membrane attack complex (MAC) in the plasma membrane. The hypothesis that local overexpression of human CD59 (hCD59) delivered by an adenovirus (Ad) vector to primary murine RPE cells in vitro, RPE in vivo, or cornea ex vivo protects those cells from human MAC deposition and lysis was tested. METHODS A humanized model of MAC deposition on murine cells and murine ocular tissues including RPE and cornea was developed to permit testing of human complement regulators in mice. A recombinant adenovirus-expressing hCD59 was generated, and this virus was injected into the subretinal space of adult mice. Subsequently, eyecups from these mice were exposed to human serum, and the levels of MAC deposition on the RPE were quantified. hCD59 was also expressed on murine cornea ex vivo and in murine hepatocytes, and primary RPE cells in vitro and levels of human MAC deposition and cell lysis were measured. RESULTS Adenovirus-mediated delivery of hCD59 to the RPE, cornea, or cells in culture protects those cells from human MAC deposition and MAC-mediated damage and vesiculation. CONCLUSIONS The humanized model of MAC deposition on murine ocular tissues allows testing of human complement regulators that may have potential in the treatment of AMD or other diseases associated with complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasmir Ramo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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A Possible Impaired Signaling Mechanism in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Patients with Macular Degeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 613:269-75. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-74904-4_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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26
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Jha P, Bora PS, Bora NS. The role of complement system in ocular diseases including uveitis and macular degeneration. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:3901-8. [PMID: 17768108 PMCID: PMC2045508 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.06.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the normal eye, the complement system is continuously activated at low levels and both membrane-bound and soluble intraocular complement regulatory proteins tightly regulate this spontaneous complement activation. This allows protection against pathogens without causing any damage to self-tissue and vision loss. The complement system and complement regulatory proteins control the intraocular inflammation in autoimmune uveitis and play an important role in the development of corneal inflammation, age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. The evidence derived from both animal models and patient studies support the concept that complement inhibition is a relevant therapeutic target in the treatment of various ocular diseases. Currently, several clinical trials using complement inhibitors are going on. It is possible that, in the near future, complement inhibitors might be used as therapeutic agents in eye clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purushottam Jha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Tezel TH. Intraocular pharmacotherapy: specificity and safety issues. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2.5.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Tatar O, Adam A, Shinoda K, Yoeruek E, Szurman P, Bopp S, Eckardt C, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Grisanti S. INFLUENCE OF VERTEPORFIN PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY ON INFLAMMATION IN HUMAN CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULAR MEMBRANES SECONDARY TO AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION. Retina 2007; 27:713-23. [PMID: 17621180 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0b013e318042d3b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the short- and long-term consequences of verteporfin photodynamic therapy (PDT) on inflammation with regard to infiltration of macrophages and leukocytes and expression of thy-1 in human choroidal neovascularization membranes (CNV) secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS Retrospective review of an interventional case series of 43 patients who underwent removal of CNV. Twenty patients were treated with PDT 3 to 246 days preoperatively. Twenty-three CNV without previous treatment were used as control. CNV were stained for CD34, CD105, cytokeratin 18, Ki-67, thy-1, an endothelial cell glycoprotein known to be upregulated only by inflammatory cytokines, CD68 (macrophages), and CD45 (common leukocyte antigen). RESULTS Specimens treated by PDT 3 days previously showed significantly reduced endothelial thy-1 expression (P = 0.008), leukocyte (P=0.04) and macrophage (P=0.0063) infiltration, and proliferative activity (P=0.02) compared to control CNV. Specimens at longer intervals after PDT, in contrast, disclosed a significantly increased expression of thy-1 (P=0.004), infiltration with leukocytes (P=0.044) and macrophages (P=0.01), and proliferative activity (P=0.03) compared to CNV excised 3 days after PDT. CONCLUSIONS The rebound effect after PDT seems to be based on an inflammatory response that contributes to enhanced proliferation. These data support the need for an anti-inflammatory therapy as adjuvant to PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olcay Tatar
- University Eye Hospital at the Center for Ophthalmology, Eberhard-Karls University Tuebingen, Germany
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Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in developed countries. There is no effective treatment for the most prevalent atrophic (dry) form of AMD. Atrophic AMD is triggered by abnormalities in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) that lies beneath the photoreceptor cells and normally provides critical metabolic support to these light-sensing cells. Secondary to RPE dysfunction, macular rods and cones degenerate leading to the irreversible loss of vision. Oxidative stress, formation of drusen, accumulation of lipofuscin, local inflammation and reactive gliosis represent the pathologic processes implicated in pathogenesis of atrophic AMD. This review discusses potential target areas for small-molecule and biologic intervention, which may lead to development of new therapeutic treatments for atrophic AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Petrukhin
- Columbia University, Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute Annex, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Tezel TH, Del Priore LV, Berger AS, Kaplan HJ. Adult retinal pigment epithelial transplantation in exudative age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 2007; 143:584-95. [PMID: 17303061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To improve visual function by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell transplantation and systemic immunosuppression at the time of surgical removal of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). DESIGN An interventional case series of RPE transplantation in exudative AMD. METHODS Twelve patients (one eye only) underwent subfoveal membranectomy with transplantation of a sheet of adult human allogeneic RPE cells at a single institution and were followed for one year. Eligibility criteria included age >60, best-corrected acuity < or =20/63 and subfoveal neovascularization < or =9 disk areas on preoperative fluorescein angiography. All patients were started on triple immunosuppression postoperatively. The primary outcome measure was best-corrected vision, with contrast sensitivity and reading speed as secondary outcome measures. RESULTS The best-corrected visual acuity (P = .085), contrast sensitivity (P = .204), and the reading speed (P = .077) did not change significantly at one year compared with preoperative values. Transplants showed no signs of rejection in patients who were able to continue the immunosuppressants for six months. Postoperative surgical complications included cataract progression requiring surgery (three of eight phakic eyes), retinal detachment (three eyes), intraoperative retinal breaks (two eyes), and macular pucker (two eyes). None of the patients developed cystoid macular edema on postoperative fluorescein angiography or postoperative inflammation. CONCLUSIONS A sheet of adult human allogeneic RPE can be transplanted into the subretinal space in AMD patients at the time of subfoveal membranectomy. Systemic immune suppression appeared to prevent rejection of the transplanted tissue, but did not lead to an improvement in visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongalp H Tezel
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Kim EA, Kim BG, Yi CH, Kim IG, Chae CH, Kang SK. Macular degeneration in an arc welder. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2007; 45:371-3. [PMID: 17485886 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.45.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A male welder who had been working in an industrial machine plant for more than 20 years experienced acute intense pain in his left eye with continuous lacrimation while performing arc welding in 1997. Later in 1997, at the age of 39 yr, macular edema was found in his left eye. He was diagnosed with macular degeneration (MD) of the left eye in 2002, and with right eye MD in 2004. Radiation in the visible and near infrared (IR) spectra penetrates the eye and is absorbed by the retina, possibly causing thermal or photochemical damage. Such retinal damage may be permanent and, therefore, sight-threatening. The young age and history of an acute painful eye injury are not consistent with age related macular degeneration (AMD) but rather is likely maculopathy caused by welding arc exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun A Kim
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Incheon, Korea
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Chen M, Forrester JV, Xu H. Synthesis of complement factor H by retinal pigment epithelial cells is down-regulated by oxidized photoreceptor outer segments. Exp Eye Res 2006; 84:635-45. [PMID: 17292886 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2006.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Complement activation is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), in part because certain gene polymorphisms in complement factor H (CFH), an important regulator of the alternative complement activation pathway, are high risk factors for AMD. How CFH is regulated locally at the retina/choroid interface and how this contributes to AMD development remain unknown. In the present study, we have confirmed that CFH was detectable by immunohistochemistry in the choroid, and at low levels in the RPE cell and interphotoreceptor matrix, but appeared to be concentrated in dense patches in Bruch's membrane. In vitro, cultured human and mouse RPE cells expressed high levels of CFH as evidenced by immunohistochemistry and western blot. Using a stabilized mouse RPE cell line, we confirmed that RPE cells constitutively synthesise CFH. Synthesis of CFH was not affected by a short-term (2 h) photoreceptor outer segment (POS) treatment. However, long-term (24-48 h) treatment of RPE cells with oxidised POS (ox-POS) but not normal POS (n-POS) markedly down-regulated CFH mRNA expression. Phagocytosis of both ox-POS and n-POS appeared to reduce intracellular CFH protein expression in RPE cultures. Synthesis of CFH by cultured RPE cells was also reduced at the mRNA level by the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6. Other cytokines tested including IFN-gamma, IL-1alpha and IL-4 showed no effect on either CFH protein or mRNA levels. Our results support the view that RPE cells synthesise and express CFH and are probably a major local source of this protein at the retina/choroid interface, secreting CFH into the interphotoreceptor matrix as well as Bruch's membrane. Prolonged phagocytosis of POS, particularly if modified by oxidative processes as occurs in inflammation, appears to markedly impair synthesis and secretion of CFH, with potential loss of important regulatory functions in counteracting the pro-inflammatory effects of activated complement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZD, UK
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Raz-Prag D, Ayyagari R, Fariss RN, Mandal MNA, Vasireddy V, Majchrzak S, Webber AL, Bush RA, Salem N, Petrukhin K, Sieving PA. Haploinsufficiency is not the key mechanism of pathogenesis in a heterozygous Elovl4 knockout mouse model of STGD3 disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47:3603-11. [PMID: 16877435 PMCID: PMC1761696 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.05-1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Autosomal dominant Stargardt-like (STGD3) disease results from mutations in the ELOVL4 gene (elongation of very-long-chain fatty acids). This study was undertaken to characterize a mouse model with a targeted deletion of Elovl4 and to explore the role of this gene in retinal/macular degeneration. METHODS A construct targeted to exon 2 of the Elovl4 gene was used to suppress expression of the gene. Elovl4 homozygous pups were nonviable and were not available for study. Hence, the analysis was performed on heterozygous Elovl4(+/-) mice 16 to 22 month of age and littermate wild-type (WT) control mice of the same age. Characterization included examining gene message and protein levels, electroretinogram (ERG), retinal morphology and ultrastructure, and plasma and retinal fatty acid composition. RESULTS Although the level of Elovl4 mRNA was reduced in Elovl4(+/-) retinas, only minimal morphologic abnormalities were found, and the retinal (ERG) function was essentially normal in Elovl4(+/-) retinas compared with the WT control retinas. Systemic fatty acid profiles of Elovl4(+/-) mice were unremarkable, although the concentration of several fatty acids was significantly lower in Elovl4(+/-) retinas, particularly the monounsaturated fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS The detailed characterization of this animal model provides the first in vivo evidence that Elovl4 haploinsufficiency is not the underlying key disease mechanism in STGD3. The results are consistent with a dominant negative mechanism for the deletion mutation. The Elovl4 knockout mouse is one of three complementary animal models that will help elucidate the disease mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Raz-Prag
- From the NIDCD/NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Radha Ayyagari
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W. K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robert N. Fariss
- Biological Imaging Core, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Md Nawajes A. Mandal
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W. K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Vidyullatha Vasireddy
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W. K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sharon Majchrzak
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, NIAAA, Bethesda, Maryland; and the
| | - Andrea L. Webber
- Department of Ophthalmics Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Ronald A. Bush
- From the NIDCD/NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Norman Salem
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, NIAAA, Bethesda, Maryland; and the
| | - Konstantin Petrukhin
- Department of Ophthalmics Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Paul A. Sieving
- From the NIDCD/NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Corresponding author: Paul A. Sieving, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Building 31, Room 6A03, MSC 2510, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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Abstract
Ocular angiogenesis, the formation of new vessels from the existing vascular tree, is a major cause of severe vision loss. It can affect different structures in the eye, including the retina, choroid and cornea. During the last decade our knowledge in the mechanisms underlying ocular angiogenesis has increased dramatically. We have witnessed the identification of key molecules. Many are classified as growth factors due to their biological properties, regulating angiogenesis. This knowledge has propelled the development of a new group of therapeutic tools, the antiangiogenic agents. This review gives an update on the role of growth factors in ocular angiogenesis from both a basic and a clinical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Kvanta
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Ophthalmology and Vision, Karolinska Institute, St Erik's Eye Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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35
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Zhou B, Wang B. Pegaptanib for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2006; 83:615-9. [PMID: 16678158 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2006.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2005] [Revised: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although neovascular (wet) age-related macular degeneration (AMD) only accounts for 10-20% of all AMD, the majority (about 90%) of severe vision loss associated with AMD is due to this form. Results from recent studies have implied that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), particularly VEGF(165), plays a predominant role in the development of ocular neovascularization and vascular leakage secondary to AMD. Thus VEGF is an important therapeutic target in neovascular AMD. Pegaptanib, an anti-VEGF aptamer, can selectively bind with VEGF(165) and inhibit both the growth of blood vessels and vascular leakage, and was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States as the therapy for the treatment of all subtypes of neovascular AMD in December 2004. This review summaries the mechanism, preclinical and clinical studies, and adverse events of pegaptanib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
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