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Lo Conte M, Lucchino V, Scalise S, Zannino C, Valente D, Rossignoli G, Murfuni MS, Cicconetti C, Scaramuzzino L, Matassa DS, Procopio A, Martello G, Cuda G, Parrotta EI. Unraveling the impact of ZZZ3 on the mTOR/ribosome pathway in human embryonic stem cells homeostasis. Stem Cell Reports 2024; 19:729-743. [PMID: 38701777 PMCID: PMC11103890 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are defined as stem cells with self-renewing and differentiation capabilities. These unique properties are tightly regulated and controlled by complex genetic and molecular mechanisms, whose understanding is essential for both basic and translational research. A large number of studies have mostly focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms governing pluripotency and differentiation of ESCs, while the regulation of proliferation has received comparably less attention. Here, we investigate the role of ZZZ3 (zinc finger ZZ-type containing 3) in human ESCs homeostasis. We found that knockdown of ZZZ3 negatively impacts ribosome biogenesis, translation, and mTOR signaling, leading to a significant reduction in cell proliferation. This process occurs without affecting pluripotency, suggesting that ZZZ3-depleted ESCs enter a "dormant-like" state and that proliferation and pluripotency can be uncoupled also in human ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Lo Conte
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valeria Lucchino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefania Scalise
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Clara Zannino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Desirèe Valente
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giada Rossignoli
- Department of Biology (DiBio), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Stella Murfuni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Chiara Cicconetti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), 10060 Candiolo Torino, Italy
| | - Luana Scaramuzzino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Danilo Swann Matassa
- Department of Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Procopio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Cuda
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
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2
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Chen KG, Park K, Maric D, Johnson KR, Robey PG, Mallon BS. Metabolic Quadrivalency in RSeT Human Embryonic Stem Cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.21.581486. [PMID: 38496581 PMCID: PMC10942463 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.21.581486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
One of the most important properties of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is related to their pluripotent states. In our recent study, we identified a previously unrecognized pluripotent state induced by RSeT medium. This state makes primed hESCs resistant to conversion to naïve pluripotent state. In this study, we have further characterized the metabolic features in these RSeT hESCs, including metabolic gene expression, metabolomic analysis, and various functional assays. The commonly reported metabolic modes include glycolysis or both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (i.e., metabolic bivalency) in pluripotent stem cells. However, besides the presence of metabolic bivalency, RSeT hESCs exhibited a unique metabolome with additional fatty acid oxidation and imbalanced nucleotide metabolism. This metabolic quadrivalency is linked to hESC growth independent of oxygen tension and restricted capacity for naïve reprogramming in these cells. Thus, this study provides new insights into pluripotent state transitions and metabolic stress-associated hPSC growth in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G. Chen
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Kyeyoon Park
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Kory R. Johnson
- Intramural IT and Bioinformatics Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Pamela G. Robey
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Barbara S. Mallon
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Liu W, Wang Q, Bai Y, Xiao H, Li Z, Wang Y, Wang Q, Yang J, Sun H. Potential Application of Intestinal Organoids in Intestinal Diseases. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:124-137. [PMID: 37938407 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10651-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
To accurately reveal the scenario and mecahnism of gastrointestinal diseases, the establishment of in vitro models of intestinal diseases and drug screening platforms have become the focus of attention. Over the past few decades, animal models and immortalized cell lines have provided valuable but limited insights into gastrointestinal research. In recent years, the development of intestinal organoid culture system has revolutionized in vitro studies of intestinal diseases. Intestinal organoids are derived from self-renewal and self-organization intestinal stem cells (ISCs), which can replicate the genetic characteristics, functions, and structures of the original tissues. Consequently, they provide new stragety for studying various intestinal diseases in vitro. In the review, we will discuss the culture techniques of intestinal organoids and describe the use of intestinal organoids as research tools for intestinal diseases. The role of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) played in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and the treatment of intestinal epithelial dysfunction will be highlighted. Besides, we review the current knowledge on using intestinal organoids as models to study the pathogenesis of IBD caused by epithelial dysfunction and to develop new therapeutic approaches. Finally, we shed light on the current challenges of using intestinal organoids as in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Liu
- Cuiying Biomedical Research Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
- Lanzhou Huazhitiancheng Biotechnologies Co., Ltd, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Cuiying Biomedical Research Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Yanrui Bai
- Cuiying Biomedical Research Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Han Xiao
- Cuiying Biomedical Research Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Zhunduo Li
- Cuiying Biomedical Research Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Cuiying Biomedical Research Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Lanzhou Huazhitiancheng Biotechnologies Co., Ltd, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
| | - Jing Yang
- Cuiying Biomedical Research Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China.
| | - Hui Sun
- Cuiying Biomedical Research Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China.
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4
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Genome-engineering technologies for modeling and treatment of cystic fibrosis. Adv Med Sci 2023; 68:111-120. [PMID: 36917892 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by defects in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. Due to the genetic nature of the disease, interventions in the genome can target any underlying alterations and potentially provide permanent disease resolution. The current development of gene-editing tools, such as designer nuclease technology capable of genome correction, holds great promise for both CF and other genetic diseases. In recent years, Cas9-based technologies have enabled the generation of genetically defined human stem cell and disease models based on induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). In this article, we outline the potential and possibilities of using CRISPR/Cas9-based gene-editing technology in CF modeling.
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Organoid Technology and Its Role for Theratyping Applications in Cystic Fibrosis. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:children10010004. [PMID: 36670555 PMCID: PMC9856584 DOI: 10.3390/children10010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a autosomal recessive, multisystemic disease caused by different mutations in the CFTR gene encoding CF transmembrane conductance regulator. Although symptom management is important to avoid complications, the approval of CFTR modulator drugs in the clinic has demonstrated significant improvements by targeting the primary molecular defect of CF and thereby preventing problems related to CFTR deficiency or dysfunction. CFTR modulator therapies have positively changed the patients' quality of life, especially for those who start their use at the onset of the disease. Due to early diagnosis with the implementation of newborn screening programs and considerable progress in the treatment options, nowadays pediatric mortality was dramatically reduced. In any case, the main obstacle to treat CF is to predict the drug response of patients due to genetic complexity and heterogeneity. Advances in 3D culture systems have led to the extrapolation of disease modeling and individual drug response in vitro by producing mini organs called "organoids" easily obtained from nasal and rectal mucosa biopsies. In this review, we focus primarily on patient-derived intestinal organoids used as in vitro model for CF disease. Organoids combine high-validity of outcomes with a high throughput, thus enabling CF disease classification, drug development and treatment optimization in a personalized manner.
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Molins B, Mesquida M, Adan A. Bioengineering approaches for modelling retinal pathologies of the outer blood-retinal barrier. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022:101097. [PMID: 35840488 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alterations of the junctional complex of the outer blood-retinal barrier (oBRB), which is integrated by the close interaction of the retinal pigment epithelium, the Bruch's membrane, and the choriocapillaris, contribute to the loss of neuronal signalling and subsequent vision impairment in several retinal inflammatory disorders such as age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Reductionist approaches into the mechanisms that underlie such diseases have been hindered by the absence of adequate in vitro models using human cells to provide the 3D dynamic architecture that enables expression of the in vivo phenotype of the oBRB. Conventional in vitro cell models are based on 2D monolayer cellular cultures, unable to properly recapitulate the complexity of living systems. The main drawbacks of conventional oBRB models also emerge from the cell sourcing, the lack of an appropriate Bruch's membrane analogue, and the lack of choroidal microvasculature with flow. In the last years, the advent of organ-on-a-chip, bioengineering, and stem cell technologies is providing more advanced 3D models with flow, multicellularity, and external control over microenvironmental properties. By incorporating additional biological complexity, organ-on-a-chip devices can mirror physiologically relevant properties of the native tissue while offering additional set ups to model and study disease. In this review we first examine the current understanding of oBRB biology as a functional unit, highlighting the coordinated contribution of the different components to barrier function in health and disease. Then we describe recent advances in the use of pluripotent stem cells-derived retinal cells, Bruch's membrane analogues, and co-culture techniques to recapitulate the oBRB. We finally discuss current advances and challenges of oBRB-on-a-chip technologies for disease modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Molins
- Group of Ocular Inflammation: Clinical and Experimental Studies, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), C/ Sabino de Arana 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marina Mesquida
- Group of Ocular Inflammation: Clinical and Experimental Studies, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), C/ Sabino de Arana 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alfredo Adan
- Group of Ocular Inflammation: Clinical and Experimental Studies, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), C/ Sabino de Arana 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto Clínic de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, C/ Sabino de Arana 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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Wu H, Tang X, Wang Y, Wang N, Chen Q, Xie J, Liu S, Zhong Z, Qiu Y, Situ P, Zern MA, Wang J, Chen H, Duan Y. Dextran sulfate prevents excess aggregation of human pluripotent stem cells in 3D culture by inhibiting ICAM1 expression coupled with down-regulating E-cadherin through activating the Wnt signaling pathway. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:218. [PMID: 35619172 PMCID: PMC9137216 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02890-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential in applications for regenerative medicine and drug development. However, 3D suspension culture systems for clinical-grade hPSC large-scale production have been a major challenge. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the addition of dextran sulfate (DS) could prevent excessive adhesion of hPSCs from forming larger aggregates in 3D suspension culture. However, the signaling and molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain elusive. Methods By using a cell aggregate culture assay and separating big and small aggregates in suspension culture systems, the potential mechanism and downstream target genes of DS were investigated by mRNA sequence analysis, qRT-PCR validation, colony formation assay, and interference assay. Results Since cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) play important roles in hPSC adhesion and aggregation, we assumed that DS might prevent excess adhesion through affecting the expression of CAMs in hPSCs. As expected, after DS treatment, we found that the expression of CAMs was significantly down-regulated, especially E-cadherin (E-cad) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), two highly expressed CAMs in hPSCs. The role of E-cad in the adhesion of hPSCs has been widely investigated, but the function of ICAM1 in hPSCs is hardly understood. In the present study, we demonstrated that ICAM1 exhibited the capacity to promote the adhesion in hPSCs, and this adhesion was suppressed by the treatment with DS. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis of RNA-seq revealed that DS treatment up-regulated genes related to Wnt signaling resulting in the activation of Wnt signaling in which SLUG, TWIST, and MMP3/7 were highly expressed, and further inhibited the expression of E-cad. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that DS played an important role in controlling the size of hPSC aggregates in 3D suspension culture by inhibiting the expression of ICAM1 coupled with the down-regulation of E-cad through the activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. These results represent a significant step toward developing the expansion of hPSCs under 3D suspension condition in large-scale cultures. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-02890-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Wu
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, No. 382 Waihuan East Road, Suite 406, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianglian Tang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, No. 382 Waihuan East Road, Suite 406, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, 510180, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Birth Defects Prevention, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Genetic Diseases, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530003, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Birth Defects Research and Prevention Institute, Nanning, 530003, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyu Wang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, No. 382 Waihuan East Road, Suite 406, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Wang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, No. 382 Waihuan East Road, Suite 406, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, 510180, People's Republic of China
| | - Qicong Chen
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, No. 382 Waihuan East Road, Suite 406, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, 510180, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghe Xie
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, No. 382 Waihuan East Road, Suite 406, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, 510180, People's Republic of China
| | - Shoupei Liu
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, No. 382 Waihuan East Road, Suite 406, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Zhong
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, No. 382 Waihuan East Road, Suite 406, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, 510180, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqi Qiu
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, No. 382 Waihuan East Road, Suite 406, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Situ
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, No. 382 Waihuan East Road, Suite 406, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, 510180, People's Republic of China
| | - Mark A Zern
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Jue Wang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, No. 382 Waihuan East Road, Suite 406, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Honglin Chen
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, No. 382 Waihuan East Road, Suite 406, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China. .,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, People's Republic of China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuyou Duan
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, No. 382 Waihuan East Road, Suite 406, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China. .,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, People's Republic of China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Induced pluripotency in the context of stem cell expansion bioprocess development, optimization, and manufacturing: a roadmap to the clinic. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:72. [PMID: 34725374 PMCID: PMC8560749 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The translation of laboratory-scale bioprocess protocols and technologies to industrial scales and the application of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) derivatives in clinical trials globally presents optimism for the future of stem-cell products to impact healthcare. However, while many promising therapeutic approaches are being tested in pre-clinical studies, hiPSC-derived products currently account for a small fraction of active clinical trials. The complexity and volatility of hiPSCs present several bioprocessing challenges, where the goal is to generate a sufficiently large, high-quality, homogeneous population for downstream differentiation-the derivatives of which must retain functional efficacy and meet regulatory safety criteria in application. It is argued herein that one of the major challenges currently faced in improving the robustness of routine stem-cell biomanufacturing is in utilizing continuous, meaningful assessments of molecular and cellular characteristics from process to application. This includes integrating process data with biological characteristic and functional assessment data to model the interplay between variables in the search for global optimization strategies. Coupling complete datasets with relevant computational methods will contribute significantly to model development and automation in achieving process robustness. This overarching approach is thus crucially important in realizing the potential of hiPSC biomanufacturing for transformation of regenerative medicine and the healthcare industry.
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9
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Larsen JB, Taebnia N, Dolatshahi-Pirouz A, Eriksen AZ, Hjørringgaard C, Kristensen K, Larsen NW, Larsen NB, Marie R, Mündler AK, Parhamifar L, Urquhart AJ, Weller A, Mortensen KI, Flyvbjerg H, Andresen TL. Imaging therapeutic peptide transport across intestinal barriers. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1115-1143. [PMID: 34458827 PMCID: PMC8341777 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00024a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral delivery is a highly preferred method for drug administration due to high patient compliance. However, oral administration is intrinsically challenging for pharmacologically interesting drug classes, in particular pharmaceutical peptides, due to the biological barriers associated with the gastrointestinal tract. In this review, we start by summarizing the pharmacological performance of several clinically relevant orally administrated therapeutic peptides, highlighting their low bioavailabilities. Thus, there is a strong need to increase the transport of peptide drugs across the intestinal barrier to realize future treatment needs and further development in the field. Currently, progress is hampered by a lack of understanding of transport mechanisms that govern intestinal absorption and transport of peptide drugs, including the effects of the permeability enhancers commonly used to mediate uptake. We describe how, for the past decades, mechanistic insights have predominantly been gained using functional assays with end-point read-out capabilities, which only allow indirect study of peptide transport mechanisms. We then focus on fluorescence imaging that, on the other hand, provides opportunities to directly visualize and thus follow peptide transport at high spatiotemporal resolution. Consequently, it may provide new and detailed mechanistic understanding of the interplay between the physicochemical properties of peptides and cellular processes; an interplay that determines the efficiency of transport. We review current methodology and state of the art in the field of fluorescence imaging to study intestinal barrier transport of peptides, and provide a comprehensive overview of the imaging-compatible in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo platforms that currently are being developed to accelerate this emerging field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Bruun Larsen
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Nayere Taebnia
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Alireza Dolatshahi-Pirouz
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Anne Zebitz Eriksen
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Claudia Hjørringgaard
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Kasper Kristensen
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Nanna Wichmann Larsen
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Niels Bent Larsen
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Rodolphe Marie
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Ann-Kathrin Mündler
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Ladan Parhamifar
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Andrew James Urquhart
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Arjen Weller
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Kim I Mortensen
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Henrik Flyvbjerg
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Thomas Lars Andresen
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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10
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Chen KG, Park K, Spence JR. Studying SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and therapeutic responses with complex organoids. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:822-833. [PMID: 34341531 PMCID: PMC8355201 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00721-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Clinical management of patients with severe complications of COVID-19 has been hindered by a lack of effective drugs and a failure to capture the extensive heterogeneity of the disease with conventional methods. Here we review the emerging roles of complex organoids in the study of SARS-CoV-2 infection, modelling of COVID-19 disease pathology and in drug, antibody and vaccine development. We discuss opportunities for COVID-19 research and remaining challenges in the application of organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Chen
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Kyeyoon Park
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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11
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Roessler HI, Knoers NVAM, van Haelst MM, van Haaften G. Drug Repurposing for Rare Diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:255-267. [PMID: 33563480 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there are about 7000 identified rare diseases, together affecting 10% of the population. However, fewer than 6% of all rare diseases have an approved treatment option, highlighting their tremendous unmet needs in drug development. The process of repurposing drugs for new indications, compared with the development of novel orphan drugs, is a time-saving and cost-efficient method resulting in higher success rates, which can therefore drastically reduce the risk of drug development for rare diseases. Although drug repurposing is not novel, new strategies have been developed in recent years to do it in a systematic and rational way. Here, we review applied methodologies, recent accomplished progress, and the challenges associated in drug repurposing for rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen I Roessler
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nine V A M Knoers
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke M van Haelst
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location VUMC, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Haaften
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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12
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Boussaad I, Cruciani G, Bolognin S, Antony P, Dording CM, Kwon YJ, Heutink P, Fava E, Schwamborn JC, Krüger R. Integrated, automated maintenance, expansion and differentiation of 2D and 3D patient-derived cellular models for high throughput drug screening. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1439. [PMID: 33446877 PMCID: PMC7809482 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived cellular models become an increasingly powerful tool to model human diseases for precision medicine approaches. The identification of robust cellular disease phenotypes in these models paved the way towards high throughput screenings (HTS) including the implementation of laboratory advanced automation. However, maintenance and expansion of cells for HTS remains largely manual work. Here, we describe an integrated, complex automated platform for HTS in a translational research setting also designed for maintenance and expansion of different cell types. The comprehensive design allows automation of all cultivation steps and is flexible for development of methods for variable cell types. We demonstrate protocols for controlled cell seeding, splitting and expansion of human fibroblasts, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), and neural progenitor cells (NPC) that allow for subsequent differentiation into different cell types and image-based multiparametric screening. Furthermore, we provide automated protocols for neuronal differentiation of NPC in 2D culture and 3D midbrain organoids for HTS. The flexibility of this multitask platform makes it an ideal solution for translational research settings involving experiments on different patient-derived cellular models for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Boussaad
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Translational Neuroscience, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Disease Modeling and Screening Platform (DMSP), Luxembourg Centre of Systems Biomedicine (Biomedicine), University of Luxembourg and Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 6 Avenue du Swing, 4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Gérald Cruciani
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Translational Neuroscience, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Disease Modeling and Screening Platform (DMSP), Luxembourg Centre of Systems Biomedicine (Biomedicine), University of Luxembourg and Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 6 Avenue du Swing, 4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Silvia Bolognin
- Developmental Biology, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Paul Antony
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Translational Neuroscience, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Disease Modeling and Screening Platform (DMSP), Luxembourg Centre of Systems Biomedicine (Biomedicine), University of Luxembourg and Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 6 Avenue du Swing, 4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Claire M Dording
- Disease Modeling and Screening Platform (DMSP), Luxembourg Centre of Systems Biomedicine (Biomedicine), University of Luxembourg and Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 6 Avenue du Swing, 4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Yong-Jun Kwon
- Disease Modeling and Screening Platform (DMSP), Luxembourg Centre of Systems Biomedicine (Biomedicine), University of Luxembourg and Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 6 Avenue du Swing, 4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Oncology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Peter Heutink
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Tübingen &, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Otfried Müller Strasse 23, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eugenio Fava
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) - Core Research Facilities and Services - Venusberg-Campus 1, Gebäude 99, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens C Schwamborn
- Developmental Biology, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Translational Neuroscience, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
- Disease Modeling and Screening Platform (DMSP), Luxembourg Centre of Systems Biomedicine (Biomedicine), University of Luxembourg and Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 6 Avenue du Swing, 4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg.
- Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg.
- Parkinson Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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13
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Human Embryo Models and Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020637. [PMID: 33440617 PMCID: PMC7828037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For obvious reasons, such as, e.g., ethical concerns or sample accessibility, model systems are of highest importance to study the underlying molecular mechanisms of human maladies with the aim to develop innovative and effective therapeutic strategies. Since many years, animal models and highly proliferative transformed cell lines are successfully used for disease modelling, drug discovery, target validation, and preclinical testing. Still, species-specific differences regarding genetics and physiology and the limited suitability of immortalized cell lines to draw conclusions on normal human cells or specific cell types, are undeniable shortcomings. The progress in human pluripotent stem cell research now allows the growth of a virtually limitless supply of normal and DNA-edited human cells, which can be differentiated into various specific cell types. However, cells in the human body never fulfill their functions in mono-lineage isolation and diseases always develop in complex multicellular ecosystems. The recent advances in stem cell-based 3D organoid technologies allow a more accurate in vitro recapitulation of human pathologies. Embryoids are a specific type of such multicellular structures that do not only mimic a single organ or tissue, but the entire human conceptus or at least relevant components of it. Here we briefly describe the currently existing in vitro human embryo models and discuss their putative future relevance for disease modelling and drug discovery.
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14
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Suhito IR, Koo KM, Kim TH. Recent Advances in Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Biomolecules and Whole Cells. Biomedicines 2020; 9:15. [PMID: 33375330 PMCID: PMC7824644 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical sensors are considered an auspicious tool to detect biomolecules (e.g., DNA, proteins, and lipids), which are valuable sources for the early diagnosis of diseases and disorders. Advances in electrochemical sensing platforms have enabled the development of a new type of biosensor, enabling label-free, non-destructive detection of viability, function, and the genetic signature of whole cells. Numerous studies have attempted to enhance both the sensitivity and selectivity of electrochemical sensors, which are the most critical parameters for assessing sensor performance. Various nanomaterials, including metal nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, graphene and its derivatives, and metal oxide nanoparticles, have been used to improve the electrical conductivity and electrocatalytic properties of working electrodes, increasing sensor sensitivity. Further modifications have been implemented to advance sensor platform selectivity and biocompatibility using biomaterials such as antibodies, aptamers, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, and peptide composites. This paper summarizes recent electrochemical sensors designed to detect target biomolecules and animal cells (cancer cells and stem cells). We hope that this review will inspire researchers to increase their efforts to accelerate biosensor progress-enabling a prosperous future in regenerative medicine and the biomedical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intan Rosalina Suhito
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (I.R.S.); (K.-M.K.)
| | - Kyeong-Mo Koo
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (I.R.S.); (K.-M.K.)
| | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (I.R.S.); (K.-M.K.)
- Integrative Research Center for Two-Dimensional Functional Materials, Institute of Interdisciplinary Convergence Research, Chung Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
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15
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Renner H, Grabos M, Becker KJ, Kagermeier TE, Wu J, Otto M, Peischard S, Zeuschner D, TsyTsyura Y, Disse P, Klingauf J, Leidel SA, Seebohm G, Schöler HR, Bruder JM. A fully automated high-throughput workflow for 3D-based chemical screening in human midbrain organoids. eLife 2020; 9:52904. [PMID: 33138918 PMCID: PMC7609049 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) culture systems have fueled hopes to bring about the next generation of more physiologically relevant high-throughput screens (HTS). However, current protocols yield either complex but highly heterogeneous aggregates (‘organoids’) or 3D structures with less physiological relevance (‘spheroids’). Here, we present a scalable, HTS-compatible workflow for the automated generation, maintenance, and optical analysis of human midbrain organoids in standard 96-well-plates. The resulting organoids possess a highly homogeneous morphology, size, global gene expression, cellular composition, and structure. They present significant features of the human midbrain and display spontaneous aggregate-wide synchronized neural activity. By automating the entire workflow from generation to analysis, we enhance the intra- and inter-batch reproducibility as demonstrated via RNA sequencing and quantitative whole mount high-content imaging. This allows assessing drug effects at the single-cell level within a complex 3D cell environment in a fully automated HTS workflow. In 1907, the American zoologist Ross Granville Harrison developed the first technique to artificially grow animal cells outside the body in a liquid medium. Cells are still grown in much the same way in modern laboratories: a single layer of cells is placed in a warm incubator with nutrient-rich broth. These cell layers are often used to test new drugs, but they cannot recapitulate the complexity of a real organ made from multiple cell types within a living, breathing human body. Growing three-dimensional miniature organs or 'organoids' that behave in a similar way to real organs is the next step towards creating better platforms for drug screening, but there are several difficulties inherent to this process. For one thing, it is hard to recreate the multitude of cell types that make up an organ. For another, the cells that do grow often fail to connect and communicate with each other in biologically realistic ways. It is also tough to grow a large number of organoids that all behave in the same way, making it hard to know whether a particular drug works or whether it is just being tested on a 'good' organoid. Renner et al. have been able to overcome these issues by using robotic technology to create thousands of identical, mid-brain organoids from human cells in the lab. The robots perform a series of precisely controlled tasks – including dispensing the initial cells into wells, feeding organoids as they grow and testing them at different stages of development. These mini-brains, which are the size of the head of a pin, mimic the part of the brain where Parkinson's disease first manifests. They can be used to test new drugs for Parkinson's, and to better understand the biology of the brain. Perhaps more importantly, other types of organoids can be created using the same technique to model diseases that affect other areas of the brain, or other organs altogether. For example, Renner et al. also generated forebrain organoids using an automated approach for both generation and analysis. This research, which shows that organoids can be grown and tested in a fully automated, reproducible and scalable way, creates a platform to quickly, cheaply and easily test thousands of drugs for Parkinson's and other difficult-to-treat diseases in a human setting. This approach has the potential to reduce research waste by increasing the chances that a drug that works in the lab will also ultimately work in a patient; and reduce animal experiments, as drugs that do not work in human tissues will not proceed to animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Renner
- Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Martha Grabos
- Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina J Becker
- Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Theresa E Kagermeier
- Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jie Wu
- Max Planck Research Group for RNA Biology, Max Planck Institute for molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Research Group for RNA Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mandy Otto
- Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Peischard
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Dagmar Zeuschner
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Max Planck Institute for molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Yaroslav TsyTsyura
- Cellular Biophysics Group, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Paul Disse
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Klingauf
- Cellular Biophysics Group, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian A Leidel
- Max Planck Research Group for RNA Biology, Max Planck Institute for molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Research Group for RNA Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Guiscard Seebohm
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans R Schöler
- Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan M Bruder
- Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
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16
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Chen KG, Duran GE, Mogul MJ, Wang YC, Ross KL, Jaffrézou JP, Huff LM, Johnson KR, Fojo T, Lacayo NJ, Sikic BI. Genomic stability at the coding regions of the multidrug transporter gene ABCB1: insights into the development of alternative drug resistance mechanisms in human leukemia cells. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2020; 3:959-979. [PMID: 34541464 PMCID: PMC8445225 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2020.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM Despite considerable efforts to reverse clinical multidrug resistance (MDR), targeting the predominant multidrug transporter ABCB1/P-glycoprotein (P-gp) using small molecule inhibitors has been unsuccessful, possibly due to the emergence of alternative drug resistance mechanisms. However, the non-specific P-gp inhibitor cyclosporine (CsA) showed significant clinical benefits in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which likely represents the only proof-of-principle clinical trial using several generations of MDR inhibitors. Nevertheless, the mutational mechanisms that may underlie unsuccessful MDR modulation by CsA are not elucidated because of the absence of CsA-relevant cellular models. In this study, our aims were to establish CsA-resistant leukemia models and to examine the presence or absence of ABCB1 exonic mutations in these models as well as in diverse types of human cancer samples including AMLs. METHODS Drug-resistant lines were established by stepwise drug co-selection and characterized by drug sensitivity assay, rhodamine-123 accumulation, [3H]-labeled drug export, ABCB1 cDNA sequencing, and RNase protection assay. The genomic stability of the ABCB1 coding regions was evaluated by exome sequencing analysis of variant allele frequencies in human populations. Moreover, the mutational spectrum of ABCB1 was further assessed in diverse types of cancer samples including AMLs in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) at the National Cancer Institute. RESULTS We report the development of two erythroleukemia variants, RVC and RDC, which were derived by stepwise co-selection of K562/R7 drug-resistant leukemia cells with the etoposide-CsA and doxorubicin-CsA drug combinations, respectively. Interestingly, both RVC and RDC cell lines, which retained P-gp expression, showed altered multidrug-resistant phenotypes that were resistant to CsA modulation. Strikingly, no mutations were found in the ABCB1 coding regions in these variant cells even under long-term stringent drug selection. Genomically, ABCB1 displayed relatively low variant allele frequencies in human populations when compared with several ABC superfamily members. Moreover, ABCB1 also exhibited a very low mutational frequency in AMLs compared with all types of human cancer. In addition, we found that CsA played a role in undermining the selection of highly drug-resistant cells via induction of low-level and unstable drug resistance. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that ABCB1 coding regions are genomically stable and relatively resistant to drug-induced mutations. Non-ABCB1 mutational mechanisms are responsible for the drug-resistant phenotypes in both RVC and RDC cell lines, which are also prevalent in clinical AML patients. Accordingly, we propose several relevant models that account for the development of alternative drug resistance mechanisms in the absence of ABCB1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G. Chen
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Current Address: NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - George E. Duran
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark J. Mogul
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Current Address: Medical Affairs U.S., Servier Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Yan C. Wang
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kevin L. Ross
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Current Address: Ross BioPharm Group, Rocky Point, NY 11778, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Jaffrézou
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Current Address: French National Centre for Scientific Research, Paris 75016, France
| | - Lyn M. Huff
- Medicine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Current Address, Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kory R. Johnson
- Intramural IT and Bioinformatics Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tito Fojo
- Medicine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Current Address: Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Norman J. Lacayo
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology-Stem Cell Transplantation and Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine and Stanford Cancer Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Branimir I. Sikic
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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17
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Lee SJ, Lee HA. Trends in the development of human stem cell-based non-animal drug testing models. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 24:441-452. [PMID: 33093266 PMCID: PMC7585597 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2020.24.6.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In vivo animal models are limited in their ability to mimic the extremely complex systems of the human body, and there is increasing disquiet about the ethics of animal research. Many authorities in different geographical areas are considering implementing a ban on animal testing, including testing for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, there is a need for research into systems that can replicate the responses of laboratory animals and simulate environments similar to the human body in a laboratory. An in vitro two-dimensional cell culture model is widely used, because such a system is relatively inexpensive, easy to implement, and can gather considerable amounts of reference data. However, these models lack a real physiological extracellular environment. Recent advances in stem cell biology, tissue engineering, and microfabrication techniques have facilitated the development of various 3D cell culture models. These include multicellular spheroids, organoids, and organs-on-chips, each of which has its own advantages and limitations. Organoids are organ-specific cell clusters created by aggregating cells derived from pluripotent, adult, and cancer stem cells. Patient-derived organoids can be used as models of human disease in a culture dish. Biomimetic organ chips are models that replicate the physiological and mechanical functions of human organs. Many organoids and organ-on-a-chips have been developed for drug screening and testing, so competition for patents between countries is also intensifying. We analyzed the scientific and technological trends underlying these cutting-edge models, which are developed for use as non-animal models for testing safety and efficacy at the nonclinical stages of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Lee
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Hyang-Ae Lee
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
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18
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Wang LK, Wu TJ, Hong JH, Chen FH, Yu J, Wang CC. Radiation Induces Pulmonary Fibrosis by Promoting the Fibrogenic Differentiation of Alveolar Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:6312053. [PMID: 33061990 PMCID: PMC7542528 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6312053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung is a radiosensitive organ, which imposes limits on the therapeutic dose in thoracic radiotherapy. Irradiated alveolar epithelial cells promote radiation-related pneumonitis and fibrosis. However, the role of lung stem cells (LSCs) in the development of radiation-induced lung injury is still unclear. In this study, we found that both LSCs and LSC-derived type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECII) can repair radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks, but the irradiated LSCs underwent growth arrest and cell differentiation faster than the irradiated AECII cells. Moreover, radiation drove LSCs to fibrosis as shown with the elevated levels of markers for epithelial-mesenchymal transition and myofibroblast (α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)) differentiation in in vitro and ex vivo studies. Increased gene expressions of connective tissue growth factor and α-SMA were found in both irradiated LSCs and alveolar cells, suggesting that radiation could induce the fibrogenic differentiation of LSCs. Irradiated LSCs showed an increase in the expression of surfactant protein C (SP-C), the AECII cell marker, and α-SMA, and irradiated AECII cells expressed SP-C and α-SMA. These results indicated that radiation induced LSCs to differentiate into myofibroblasts and AECII cells; then, AECII cells differentiated further into either myofibroblasts or type I alveolar epithelial cells (AECI). In conclusion, our results revealed that LSCs are sensitive to radiation-induced cell damage and may be involved in radiation-induced lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Kai Wang
- Radiation Biology Core Laboratory, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University/Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Jung Wu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Hong Hong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University/Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Hsin Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University/Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - John Yu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Wang
- Radiation Biology Core Laboratory, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University/Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University/Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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19
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Hotra A, Ragunathan P, Ng PS, Seankongsuk P, Harikishore A, Sarathy JP, Saw W, Lakshmanan U, Sae‐Lao P, Kalia NP, Shin J, Kalyanasundaram R, Anbarasu S, Parthasarathy K, Pradeep CN, Makhija H, Dröge P, Poulsen A, Tan JHL, Pethe K, Dick T, Bates RW, Grüber G. Discovery of a Novel Mycobacterial F‐ATP Synthase Inhibitor and its Potency in Combination with Diarylquinolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13295-13304. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hotra
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
- Nanyang Institute of Technology in Health and Medicine Interdisciplinary Graduate School Nanyang Technological University Republic of Singapore
| | - Priya Ragunathan
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Pearly Shuyi Ng
- Experimental Drug Development Centre Agency for Science Technology and Research, A*STAR 10 Biopolis Road Singapore 138670 Republic of Singapore
| | - Pattarakiat Seankongsuk
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
| | - Amaravadhi Harikishore
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Jickky Palmae Sarathy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore 14 Medical Drive Singapore 117599 Republic of Singapore
| | - Wuan‐Geok Saw
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Umayal Lakshmanan
- Experimental Drug Development Centre Agency for Science Technology and Research, A*STAR 10 Biopolis Road Singapore 138670 Republic of Singapore
| | - Patcharaporn Sae‐Lao
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
| | - Nitin Pal Kalia
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Experimental Medicine Building Republic of Singapore
| | - Joon Shin
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Revathy Kalyanasundaram
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Chennai 600119 India
| | - Sivaraj Anbarasu
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Chennai 600119 India
| | - Krupakar Parthasarathy
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Chennai 600119 India
| | - Chaudhari Namrata Pradeep
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Harshyaa Makhija
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Peter Dröge
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Anders Poulsen
- Experimental Drug Development Centre Agency for Science Technology and Research, A*STAR 10 Biopolis Road Singapore 138670 Republic of Singapore
| | - Jocelyn Hui Ling Tan
- Experimental Drug Development Centre Agency for Science Technology and Research, A*STAR 10 Biopolis Road Singapore 138670 Republic of Singapore
| | - Kevin Pethe
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Experimental Medicine Building Republic of Singapore
| | - Thomas Dick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore 14 Medical Drive Singapore 117599 Republic of Singapore
- Center for Discovery and Innovation Hackensack Meridian Health 340 Kingsland Street Nutley NJ 07110 USA
| | - Roderick W. Bates
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
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20
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Hotra A, Ragunathan P, Ng PS, Seankongsuk P, Harikishore A, Sarathy JP, Saw W, Lakshmanan U, Sae‐Lao P, Kalia NP, Shin J, Kalyanasundaram R, Anbarasu S, Parthasarathy K, Pradeep CN, Makhija H, Dröge P, Poulsen A, Tan JHL, Pethe K, Dick T, Bates RW, Grüber G. Discovery of a Novel Mycobacterial F‐ATP Synthase Inhibitor and its Potency in Combination with Diarylquinolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hotra
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
- Nanyang Institute of Technology in Health and Medicine Interdisciplinary Graduate School Nanyang Technological University Republic of Singapore
| | - Priya Ragunathan
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Pearly Shuyi Ng
- Experimental Drug Development Centre Agency for Science Technology and Research, A*STAR 10 Biopolis Road Singapore 138670 Republic of Singapore
| | - Pattarakiat Seankongsuk
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
| | - Amaravadhi Harikishore
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Jickky Palmae Sarathy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore 14 Medical Drive Singapore 117599 Republic of Singapore
| | - Wuan‐Geok Saw
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Umayal Lakshmanan
- Experimental Drug Development Centre Agency for Science Technology and Research, A*STAR 10 Biopolis Road Singapore 138670 Republic of Singapore
| | - Patcharaporn Sae‐Lao
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
| | - Nitin Pal Kalia
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Experimental Medicine Building Republic of Singapore
| | - Joon Shin
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Revathy Kalyanasundaram
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Chennai 600119 India
| | - Sivaraj Anbarasu
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Chennai 600119 India
| | - Krupakar Parthasarathy
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Chennai 600119 India
| | - Chaudhari Namrata Pradeep
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Harshyaa Makhija
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Peter Dröge
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Anders Poulsen
- Experimental Drug Development Centre Agency for Science Technology and Research, A*STAR 10 Biopolis Road Singapore 138670 Republic of Singapore
| | - Jocelyn Hui Ling Tan
- Experimental Drug Development Centre Agency for Science Technology and Research, A*STAR 10 Biopolis Road Singapore 138670 Republic of Singapore
| | - Kevin Pethe
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Experimental Medicine Building Republic of Singapore
| | - Thomas Dick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore 14 Medical Drive Singapore 117599 Republic of Singapore
- Center for Discovery and Innovation Hackensack Meridian Health 340 Kingsland Street Nutley NJ 07110 USA
| | - Roderick W. Bates
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
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21
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Lopes-Pacheco M. CFTR Modulators: The Changing Face of Cystic Fibrosis in the Era of Precision Medicine. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1662. [PMID: 32153386 PMCID: PMC7046560 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lethal inherited disease caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, which result in impairment of CFTR mRNA and protein expression, function, stability or a combination of these. Although CF leads to multifaceted clinical manifestations, the respiratory disorder represents the major cause of morbidity and mortality of these patients. The life expectancy of CF patients has substantially lengthened due to early diagnosis and improvements in symptomatic therapeutic regimens. Quality of life remains nevertheless limited, as these individuals are subjected to considerable clinical, psychosocial and economic burdens. Since the discovery of the CFTR gene in 1989, tremendous efforts have been made to develop therapies acting more upstream on the pathogenesis cascade, thereby overcoming the underlying dysfunctions caused by CFTR mutations. In this line, the advances in cell-based high-throughput screenings have been facilitating the fast-tracking of CFTR modulators. These modulator drugs have the ability to enhance or even restore the functional expression of specific CF-causing mutations, and they have been classified into five main groups depending on their effects on CFTR mutations: potentiators, correctors, stabilizers, read-through agents, and amplifiers. To date, four CFTR modulators have reached the market, and these pharmaceutical therapies are transforming patients' lives with short- and long-term improvements in clinical outcomes. Such breakthroughs have paved the way for the development of novel CFTR modulators, which are currently under experimental and clinical investigations. Furthermore, recent insights into the CFTR structure will be useful for the rational design of next-generation modulator drugs. This review aims to provide a summary of recent developments in CFTR-directed therapeutics. Barriers and future directions are also discussed in order to optimize treatment adherence, identify feasible and sustainable solutions for equitable access to these therapies, and continue to expand the pipeline of novel modulators that may result in effective precision medicine for all individuals with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquéias Lopes-Pacheco
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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22
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Yu S, Li P, Li B, Miao D, Deng Q. RelA promotes proliferation but inhibits osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:1368-1378. [PMID: 31981416 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB is known to be implicated in skeletal development and related diseases. Previous studies have shown that RelA, a key subunit of NF-κB, is involved in osteoblast and chondrocyte survival and differentiation. Yet, the physiological roles of RelA in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which give rise to both chondrocytes and osteoblasts, are still poorly understood. Here, we generated Prrx1-Cre;RelAf/f mice to delete RelA in Prrx1+ bone marrow MSCs and found that RelA deletion led to decreased MSC proliferation and altered differentiation, with increased osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation but decreased adipogenic differentiation. Bone size and mass were not significantly changed in the mutant mice, although they developed moderate osteoarthritis-like phenotypes. Thus, our studies reveal important but discordant functions of RelA in MSC proliferation and differentiation, and provide an explanation why MSC-specific RelA knockout mice only develop minor skeletal phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxiang Yu
- The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Ping Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Baojie Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Dengshun Miao
- The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Qi Deng
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
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23
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Eremeev AV, Volovikov EA, Shuvalova LD, Davidenko AV, Khomyakova EA, Bogomiakova ME, Lebedeva OS, Zubkova OA, Lagarkova MA. "Necessity Is the Mother of Invention" or Inexpensive, Reliable, and Reproducible Protocol for Generating Organoids. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:321-328. [PMID: 31221070 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919030143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Organoids are three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures that replicate some of the key features of morphology, spatial architecture, and functions of a particular organ. Organoids can be generated from both adult and pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), and complex organoids can also be obtained by combining different types of cells, including differentiated cells. The ability of pluripotent cells to self-organize into organotypic structures containing several cell subtypes specific for a particular organ was used for creating organoids of the brain, eye, kidney, intestine, and other organs. Despite the advantages of using PSCs for obtaining organoids, an essential shortcoming that prevents their widespread use has been a low yield when they are obtained from a PSC monolayer culture and a large variation in size. This leads to great heterogeneity on further differentiation. In this article, we describe our own protocol for generating standardized organoids, with emphasis on a method for generating brain organoids, which allows scaling-up experiments and makes their cultivation less expensive and easier.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Eremeev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine (FRCC PCM), Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia (FMBA), Moscow, 119435, Russia.
| | - E A Volovikov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine (FRCC PCM), Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia (FMBA), Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - L D Shuvalova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine (FRCC PCM), Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia (FMBA), Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - A V Davidenko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine (FRCC PCM), Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia (FMBA), Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - E A Khomyakova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine (FRCC PCM), Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia (FMBA), Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - M E Bogomiakova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine (FRCC PCM), Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia (FMBA), Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - O S Lebedeva
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine (FRCC PCM), Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia (FMBA), Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - O A Zubkova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine (FRCC PCM), Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia (FMBA), Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - M A Lagarkova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine (FRCC PCM), Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia (FMBA), Moscow, 119435, Russia.
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24
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Friese A, Ursu A, Hochheimer A, Schöler HR, Waldmann H, Bruder JM. The Convergence of Stem Cell Technologies and Phenotypic Drug Discovery. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:1050-1066. [PMID: 31231030 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cell technologies and phenotypic screening shape the future of bioactive small-molecule discovery. In this review we analyze the impact of small-molecule phenotypic screens on drug discovery as well as on the investigation of human development and disease biology. We further examine the role of 3D spheroid/organoid structures, microfluidic systems, and miniaturized on-a-chip systems for future discovery strategies. In highlighting representative examples, we analyze how recent achievements can translate into future therapies. Finally, we discuss remaining challenges that need to be overcome for the adaptation of the next generation of screening approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Friese
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrei Ursu
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Hochheimer
- ISAR Bioscience GmbH, Institute for Stem Cell & Applied Regenerative Medicine Research, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Hans R Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany; Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 3, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Jan M Bruder
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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25
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Chen KG, Zhong P, Zheng W, Beekman JM. Pharmacological analysis of CFTR variants of cystic fibrosis using stem cell-derived organoids. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:2126-2138. [PMID: 31173911 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a life-shortening genetic disease caused by mutations of CFTR, the gene encoding cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. Despite considerable progress in CF therapies, targeting specific CFTR genotypes based on small molecules has been hindered because of the substantial genetic heterogeneity of CFTR mutations in patients with CF, which is difficult to assess by animal models in vivo. There are broadly four classes (e.g., II, III, and IV) of CF genotypes that differentially respond to current CF drugs (e.g., VX-770 and VX-809). In this review, we shed light on the pharmacogenomics of diverse CFTR mutations and the emerging role of stem cell-based organoids in predicting the CF drug response. We discuss mechanisms that underlie differential CF drug responses both in organoid-based assays and in CF clinical trials, thereby facilitating the precision design of safer and more effective therapies for individual patients with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Chen
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, USA.
| | - Pingyu Zhong
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Beekman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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26
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Neuronal Transdifferentiation Potential of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Neonatal and Adult Sources by a Small Molecule Cocktail. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:7627148. [PMID: 31065279 PMCID: PMC6466843 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7627148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are good candidates for brain cell replacement strategies and have already been used as adjuvant treatments in neurological disorders. MSCs can be obtained from many different sources, and the present study compares the potential of neuronal transdifferentiation in MSCs from adult and neonatal sources (Wharton's jelly (WhJ), dental pulp (DP), periodontal ligament (PDL), gingival tissue (GT), dermis (SK), placenta (PLAC), and umbilical cord blood (UCB)) with a protocol previously tested in bone marrow- (BM-) MSCs consisting of a cocktail of six small molecules: I-BET151, CHIR99021, forskolin, RepSox, Y-27632, and dbcAMP (ICFRYA). Neuronal morphology and the presence of cells positive for neuronal markers (TUJ1 and MAP2) were considered attributes of neuronal induction. The ICFRYA cocktail did not induce neuronal features in WhJ-MSCs, and these features were only partial in the MSCs from dental tissues, SK-MSCs, and PLAC-MSCs. The best response was found in UCB-MSCs, which was comparable to the response of BM-MSCs. The addition of neurotrophic factors to the ICFRYA cocktail significantly increased the number of cells with complex neuron-like morphology and increased the number of cells positive for mature neuronal markers in BM- and UCB-MSCs. The neuronal cells generated from UCB-MSCs and BM-MSCs showed increased reactivity of the neuronal genes TUJ1, MAP2, NF-H, NCAM, ND1, TAU, ENO2, GABA, and NeuN as well as down- and upregulation of MSC and neuronal genes, respectively. The present study showed marked differences between the MSCs from different sources in response to the transdifferentiation protocol used here. These results may contribute to identifying the best source of MSCs for potential cell replacement therapies.
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27
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Intestinal organoids: A new paradigm for engineering intestinal epithelium in vitro. Biomaterials 2019; 194:195-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Farkhondeh A, Li R, Gorshkov K, Chen KG, Might M, Rodems S, Lo DC, Zheng W. Induced pluripotent stem cells for neural drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:992-999. [PMID: 30664937 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are growing problems, as average life expectancy is increasing globally. Drug discovery for neurological disease remains a major challenge. Poor understanding of disease pathophysiology and incomplete representation of human disease in animal models hinder therapeutic drug development. Recent advances with induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have enabled modeling of human diseases with patient-derived neural cells. Utilizing iPSC-derived neurons advances compound screening and evaluation of drug efficacy. These cells have the genetic backgrounds of patients that more precisely model disease-specific pathophysiology and phenotypes. Neural cells derived from iPSCs can be produced in a large quantity. Therefore, application of iPSC-derived human neurons is a new direction for neuronal drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atena Farkhondeh
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rong Li
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kirill Gorshkov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin G Chen
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew Might
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Donald C Lo
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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29
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Chen GQ, Xu Y, Shen SM, Zhang J. Phenotype and target-based chemical biology investigations in cancers. Natl Sci Rev 2018; 6:1111-1127. [PMID: 34691990 PMCID: PMC8291603 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwy124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical biology has been attracting a lot of attention because of the key roles of chemical methods and techniques in helping to decipher and manipulate biological systems. Although chemical biology encompasses a broad field, this review will focus on chemical biology aimed at using exogenous chemical probes to interrogate, modify and manipulate biological processes, at the cellular and organismal levels, in a highly controlled and dynamic manner. In this area, many advances have been achieved for cancer biology and therapeutics, from target identification and validation based on active anticancer compounds (forward approaches) to discoveries of anticancer molecules based on some important targets including protein-protein interaction (reverse approaches). Herein we attempt to summarize some recent progresses mainly from China through applying chemical biology approaches to explore molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Additionally, we also outline several new strategies for chemistry to probe cellular activities such as proximity-dependent labeling methods for identifying protein-protein interactions, genetically encoded sensors, and light activating or repressing gene expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shao-Ming Shen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
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30
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Halim A, Luo Q, Ju Y, Song G. A Mini Review Focused on the Recent Applications of Graphene Oxide in Stem Cell Growth and Differentiation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E736. [PMID: 30231556 PMCID: PMC6163376 DOI: 10.3390/nano8090736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can give rise to any types of cells in our body. Hence, they have been utilized for various applications, such as drug testing and disease modeling. However, for the successful of those applications, the survival and differentiation of stem cells into specialized lineages should be well controlled. Growth factors and chemical agents are the most common signals to promote the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. However, those approaches holds several drawbacks such as the negative side effects, degradation or denaturation, and expensive. To address such limitations, nanomaterials have been recently used as a better approach for controlling stem cells behaviors. Graphene oxide is the derivative of graphene, the first two-dimensional (2D) materials in the world. Recently, due to its extraordinary properties and great biological effects on stem cells, many scientists around the world have utilized graphene oxide to enhance the differentiation potential of stem cells. In this mini review, we highlight the key advances about the effects of graphene oxide on controlling stem cell growth and various types of stem cell differentiation. We also discuss the possible molecular mechanisms of graphene oxide in controlling stem cell growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Halim
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Yang Ju
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Guanbin Song
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
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