1
|
Oh T, Hong JJ, Park JH. Histopathological pulmonary lesions in rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) macaques experimentally infected with wild-type severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. J Comp Pathol 2024; 208:5-10. [PMID: 38007889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes a viral pneumonia characterized by acute interstitial pneumonia and diffuse alveolar damage in humans. Non-human primates (NHPs) are widely used as preclinical animal models for vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2. However, the pathological changes in NHPs have been described only in selected facets and inconsistent nomenclature is used, making it difficult to interpret and compare the outcomes between studies. Here, we present a standardized methodology for histopathological evaluation of experimental infection outcomes in rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) macaques. Evaluation criteria for vascular and epithelial changes in the early (3 days post infection [dpi]) and late (21 dpi) phases of the infection were developed, and a four-grade classification encompassing all the histopathological lung lesions was established. The grades of histopathological lung lesions were higher at 3 dpi compared with 21 dpi in both species of macaques, and there were no statistically significant differences in the grades between the two species at 3 dpi and 21 dpi. This study contextualized the pathological SARS-CoV-2 presentation and standardized the terminology and grading scale for lesion severity to facilitate histopathological examination in the macaque model. By referring to the standardized histopathological criteria and grades proposed here, comparable results with high reproducibility can be obtained in future studies of pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taehwan Oh
- National Primate Research Centre, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Chengwon-gu, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Joo Hong
- National Primate Research Centre, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Chengwon-gu, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk, 28116, Republic of Korea; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science & Technology, 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Hak Park
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chu WT, Castro MA, Reza S, Cooper TK, Bartlinski S, Bradley D, Anthony SM, Worwa G, Finch CL, Kuhn JH, Crozier I, Solomon J. Novel machine-learning analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a subclinical nonhuman primate model using radiomics and blood biomarkers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19607. [PMID: 37950044 PMCID: PMC10638262 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46694-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of the physiological response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is challenging in the absence of overt clinical signs but remains necessary to understand a full subclinical disease spectrum. In this study, our objective was to use radiomics (from computed tomography images) and blood biomarkers to predict SARS-CoV-2 infection in a nonhuman primate model (NHP) with inapparent clinical disease. To accomplish this aim, we built machine-learning models to predict SARS-CoV-2 infection in a NHP model of subclinical disease using baseline-normalized radiomic and blood sample analyses data from SARS-CoV-2-exposed and control (mock-exposed) crab-eating macaques. We applied a novel adaptation of the minimum redundancy maximum relevance (mRMR) feature-selection technique, called mRMR-permute, for statistically-thresholded and unbiased feature selection. Through performance comparison of eight machine-learning models trained on 14 feature sets, we demonstrated that a logistic regression model trained on the mRMR-permute feature set can predict SARS-CoV-2 infection with very high accuracy. Eighty-nine percent of mRMR-permute selected features had strong and significant class effects. Through this work, we identified a key set of radiomic and blood biomarkers that can be used to predict infection status even in the absence of clinical signs. Furthermore, we proposed and demonstrated the utility of a novel feature-selection technique called mRMR-permute. This work lays the foundation for the prediction and classification of SARS-CoV-2 disease severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Winston T Chu
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marcelo A Castro
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Syed Reza
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy K Cooper
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sean Bartlinski
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Dara Bradley
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Scott M Anthony
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Gabriella Worwa
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Courtney L Finch
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ian Crozier
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Solomon
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nieuwland JM, Nutma E, Philippens IHCHM, Böszörményi KP, Remarque EJ, Bakker J, Meijer L, Woerdman N, Fagrouch ZC, Verstrepen BE, Langermans JAM, Verschoor EJ, Windhorst AD, Bontrop RE, de Vries HE, Stammes MA, Middeldorp J. Longitudinal positron emission tomography and postmortem analysis reveals widespread neuroinflammation in SARS-CoV-2 infected rhesus macaques. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:179. [PMID: 37516868 PMCID: PMC10387202 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02857-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients initially develop respiratory symptoms, but they may also suffer from neurological symptoms. People with long-lasting effects after acute infections with severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), i.e., post-COVID syndrome or long COVID, may experience a variety of neurological manifestations. Although we do not fully understand how SARS-CoV-2 affects the brain, neuroinflammation likely plays a role. METHODS To investigate neuroinflammatory processes longitudinally after SARS-CoV-2 infection, four experimentally SARS-CoV-2 infected rhesus macaques were monitored for 7 weeks with 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) positron emission tomography (PET) using [18F]DPA714, together with computed tomography (CT). The baseline scan was compared to weekly PET-CTs obtained post-infection (pi). Brain tissue was collected following euthanasia (50 days pi) to correlate the PET signal with TSPO expression, and glial and endothelial cell markers. Expression of these markers was compared to brain tissue from uninfected animals of comparable age, allowing the examination of the contribution of these cells to the neuroinflammatory response following SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS TSPO PET revealed an increased tracer uptake throughout the brain of all infected animals already from the first scan obtained post-infection (day 2), which increased to approximately twofold until day 30 pi. Postmortem immunohistochemical analysis of the hippocampus and pons showed TSPO expression in cells expressing ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and collagen IV. In the hippocampus of SARS-CoV-2 infected animals the TSPO+ area and number of TSPO+ cells were significantly increased compared to control animals. This increase was not cell type specific, since both the number of IBA1+TSPO+ and GFAP+TSPO+ cells was increased, as well as the TSPO+ area within collagen IV+ blood vessels. CONCLUSIONS This study manifests [18F]DPA714 as a powerful radiotracer to visualize SARS-CoV-2 induced neuroinflammation. The increased uptake of [18F]DPA714 over time implies an active neuroinflammatory response following SARS-CoV-2 infection. This inflammatory signal coincides with an increased number of TSPO expressing cells, including glial and endothelial cells, suggesting neuroinflammation and vascular dysregulation. These results demonstrate the long-term neuroinflammatory response following a mild SARS-CoV-2 infection, which potentially precedes long-lasting neurological symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M Nieuwland
- Department of Neurobiology and Aging, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Nutma
- Department of Neurobiology and Aging, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid H C H M Philippens
- Department of Neurobiology and Aging, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Kinga P Böszörményi
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Edmond J Remarque
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Jaco Bakker
- Department of Radiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette Meijer
- Department of Radiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Noor Woerdman
- Department of Radiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Zahra C Fagrouch
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Babs E Verstrepen
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A M Langermans
- Department of Animal Sciences, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
- Department Population Health Sciences, Unit Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst J Verschoor
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Tracer Center Amsterdam (TCA), Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald E Bontrop
- Department of Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
- Department of Biology, Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke A Stammes
- Department of Radiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Jinte Middeldorp
- Department of Neurobiology and Aging, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Subramaniyan B, Gurung S, Bodas M, Moore AR, Larabee JL, Reuter D, Georgescu C, Wren JD, Myers DA, Papin JF, Walters MS. The Isolation and In Vitro Differentiation of Primary Fetal Baboon Tracheal Epithelial Cells for the Study of SARS-CoV-2 Host-Virus Interactions. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040862. [PMID: 37112842 PMCID: PMC10146425 DOI: 10.3390/v15040862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucociliary airway epithelium lines the human airways and is the primary site of host-environmental interactions in the lung. Following virus infection, airway epithelial cells initiate an innate immune response to suppress virus replication. Therefore, defining the virus-host interactions of the mucociliary airway epithelium is critical for understanding the mechanisms that regulate virus infection, including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Non-human primates (NHP) are closely related to humans and provide a model to study human disease. However, ethical considerations and high costs can restrict the use of in vivo NHP models. Therefore, there is a need to develop in vitro NHP models of human respiratory virus infection that would allow for rapidly characterizing virus tropism and the suitability of specific NHP species to model human infection. Using the olive baboon (Papio anubis), we have developed methodologies for the isolation, in vitro expansion, cryopreservation, and mucociliary differentiation of primary fetal baboon tracheal epithelial cells (FBTECs). Furthermore, we demonstrate that in vitro differentiated FBTECs are permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection and produce a potent host innate-immune response. In summary, we have developed an in vitro NHP model that provides a platform for the study of SARS-CoV-2 infection and other human respiratory viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharathiraja Subramaniyan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (B.S.); (M.B.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Sunam Gurung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (S.G.); (D.A.M.)
| | - Manish Bodas
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (B.S.); (M.B.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Andrew R. Moore
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (B.S.); (M.B.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Jason L. Larabee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Darlene Reuter
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (D.R.); (J.F.P.)
| | - Constantin Georgescu
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (C.G.); (J.D.W.)
| | - Jonathan D. Wren
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (C.G.); (J.D.W.)
| | - Dean A. Myers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (S.G.); (D.A.M.)
| | - James F. Papin
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (D.R.); (J.F.P.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Matthew S. Walters
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (B.S.); (M.B.); (A.R.M.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dillard JA, Martinez SA, Dearing JJ, Montgomery SA, Baxter AK. Animal Models for the Study of SARS-CoV-2-Induced Respiratory Disease and Pathology. Comp Med 2023; 73:72-90. [PMID: 36229170 PMCID: PMC9948904 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-22-000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Emergence of the betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in a historic pandemic, with millions of deaths worldwide. An unprecedented effort has been made by the medical, scientific, and public health communities to rapidly develop and implement vaccines and therapeutics to prevent and reduce hospitalizations and deaths. Although SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to disease in many organ systems, the respiratory system is its main target, with pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome as the hallmark features of severe disease. The large number of patients who have contracted COVID-19 infections since 2019 has permitted a detailed characterization of the clinical and pathologic features of the disease in humans. However, continued progress in the development of effective preventatives and therapies requires a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of infection. Studies using animal models are necessary to complement in vitro findings and human clinical data. Multiple animal species have been evaluated as potential models for studying the respiratory disease caused by SARSCoV-2 infection. Knowing the similarities and differences between animal and human responses to infection is critical for effective translation of animal data into human medicine. This review provides a detailed summary of the respiratory disease and associated pathology induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans and compares them with the disease that develops in 3 commonly used models: NHP, hamsters, and mice. The effective use of animals to study SARS-CoV-2-induced respiratory disease will enhance our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, allow the development of novel preventatives and therapeutics, and aid in the preparation for the next emerging virus with pandemic potential.
Collapse
Key Words
- ace2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- agm, african green monkey
- ali, acute lung injury
- ards, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- balf, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
- cards, covid-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome
- dad, diffuse alveolar damage
- dpi, days postinfection
- ggo, ground glass opacities
- s, spike glycoprotein
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Dillard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sabian A Martinez
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Justin J Dearing
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, Office of Graduate Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Stephanie A Montgomery
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Andvictoria K Baxter
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nelson CE, Foreman TW, Kauffman KD, Sakai S, Gould ST, Fleegle JD, Gomez F, Le Nouën C, Liu X, Burdette TL, Garza NL, Lafont BAP, Brooks K, Arlehamn CSL, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Hickman HD, Buchholz UJ, Johnson RF, Brenchley JM, Via LE, Barber DL. IL-10 suppresses T cell expansion while promoting tissue-resident memory cell formation during SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.09.13.507852. [PMID: 36172119 PMCID: PMC9516850 DOI: 10.1101/2022.09.13.507852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways that determine the balance of inflammation and viral control during SARS-CoV-2 infection are not well understood. Here we examine the roles of IFNγ and IL-10 in regulating inflammation, immune cell responses and viral replication during SARS-CoV-2 infection of rhesus macaques. IFNγ blockade tended to decrease lung inflammation based on 18 FDG-PET/CT imaging but had no major impact on innate lymphocytes, neutralizing antibodies, or antigen-specific T cells. In contrast, IL-10 blockade transiently increased lung inflammation and enhanced accumulation of virus-specific T cells in the lower airways. However, IL-10 blockade also inhibited the differentiation of virus-specific T cells into airway CD69 + CD103 + T RM cells. While virus-specific T cells were undetectable in the nasal mucosa of all groups, IL-10 blockade similarly reduced the frequency of total T RM cells in the nasal mucosa. Neither cytokine blockade substantially affected viral load and infection ultimately resolved. Thus, in the macaque model of mild COVID-19, the pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of IFNγ and IL-10 have no major role in control of viral replication. However, IL-10 has a key role in suppressing the accumulation of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in the lower airways, while also promoting T RM at respiratory mucosal surfaces.
Collapse
|
7
|
Meijer L, Böszörményi KP, Bakker J, Koopman G, Mooij P, Verel D, Fagrouch Z, Verstrepen BE, Funke U, Mooijer MPJ, Langermans JAM, Verschoor EJ, Windhorst AD, Stammes MA. Novel application of [ 18F]DPA714 for visualizing the pulmonary inflammation process of SARS-CoV-2-infection in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Nucl Med Biol 2022; 112-113:1-8. [PMID: 35660200 PMCID: PMC9148436 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Rationale The aim of this study was to investigate the application of [18F]DPA714 to visualize the inflammation process in the lungs of SARS-CoV-2-infected rhesus monkeys, focusing on the presence of pulmonary lesions, activation of mediastinal lymph nodes and surrounded lung tissue. Methods Four experimentally SARS-CoV-2 infected rhesus monkeys were followed for seven weeks post infection (pi) with a weekly PET-CT using [18F]DPA714. Two PET images, 10 min each, of a single field-of-view covering the chest area, were obtained 10 and 30 min after injection. To determine the infection process swabs, blood and bronchoalveolar lavages (BALs) were obtained. Results All animals were positive for SARS-CoV-2 in both the swabs and BALs on multiple timepoints pi. The initial development of pulmonary lesions was already detected at the first scan, performed 2-days pi. PET revealed an increased tracer uptake in the pulmonary lesions and mediastinal lymph nodes of all animals from the first scan obtained after infection and onwards. However, also an increased uptake was detected in the lung tissue surrounding the lesions, which persisted until day 30 and then subsided by day 37–44 pi. In parallel, a similar pattern of increased expression of activation markers was observed on dendritic cells in blood. Principal conclusions This study illustrates that [18F]DPA714 is a valuable radiotracer to visualize SARS-CoV-2-associated pulmonary inflammation, which coincided with activation of dendritic cells in blood. [18F]DPA714 thus has the potential to be of added value as diagnostic tracer for other viral respiratory infections. [18F]DPA714 PET can visualize alterations in the lungs after a SARS-CoV-2 infection. The PET signal increases in unaffected lung tissue till day 30 post infection. Dendritic cell activation in blood is increased till day 30/37 post infection
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisette Meijer
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | | | - Jaco Bakker
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Koopman
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Petra Mooij
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Dagmar Verel
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Zahra Fagrouch
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | | | - Uta Funke
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Tracer Center Amsterdam (TCA), Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martien P J Mooijer
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Tracer Center Amsterdam (TCA), Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan A M Langermans
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands; Population Health Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Utrect University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Tracer Center Amsterdam (TCA), Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nelson CE, Namasivayam S, Foreman TW, Kauffman KD, Sakai S, Dorosky DE, Lora NE, Brooks K, Potter EL, Garza NL, Lafont BAP, Johnson RF, Roederer M, Sher A, Weiskopf D, Sette A, de Wit E, Hickman HD, Brenchley JM, Via LE, Barber DL. Mild SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques is associated with viral control prior to antigen-specific T cell responses in tissues. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabo0535. [PMID: 35271298 PMCID: PMC8995035 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abo0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 primarily replicates in mucosal sites, and more information is needed about immune responses in infected tissues. Here, we used rhesus macaques to model protective primary immune responses in tissues during mild COVID-19. Viral RNA levels were highest on days 1-2 post-infection and fell precipitously thereafter. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-avid lung abnormalities and interferon (IFN)-activated monocytes and macrophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were found on days 3-4 post-infection. Virus-specific effector CD8+ and CD4+ T cells became detectable in the BAL and lung tissue on days 7-10, after viral RNA, radiologic evidence of lung inflammation, and IFN-activated myeloid cells had substantially declined. Notably, SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells were not detectable in the nasal turbinates, salivary glands, and tonsils on day 10 post-infection. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 replication wanes in the lungs of rhesus macaques prior to T cell responses, and in the nasal and oral mucosa despite the apparent lack of antigen-specific T cells, suggesting that innate immunity efficiently restricts viral replication during mild COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine E. Nelson
- T lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sivaranjani Namasivayam
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Taylor W. Foreman
- T lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Keith D. Kauffman
- T lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shunsuke Sakai
- T lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Danielle E. Dorosky
- T lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nickiana E. Lora
- T lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - NIAID/DIR Tuberculosis Imaging Program3†
- T lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Kelsie Brooks
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - E. Lake Potter
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicole L. Garza
- SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Bernard A. P. Lafont
- SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Reed F. Johnson
- SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mario Roederer
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Heather D. Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura E. Via
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Daniel L. Barber
- T lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rosas Mejia O, Gloag ES, Li J, Ruane-Foster M, Claeys TA, Farkas D, Wang SH, Farkas L, Xin G, Robinson RT. Mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis are resistant to acute disease caused by secondary infection with SARS-CoV-2. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010093. [PMID: 35325013 PMCID: PMC8946739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and SARS-CoV-2 (CoV2) are the leading causes of death due to infectious disease. Although Mtb and CoV2 both cause serious and sometimes fatal respiratory infections, the effect of Mtb infection and its associated immune response on secondary infection with CoV2 is unknown. To address this question we applied two mouse models of COVID19, using mice which were chronically infected with Mtb. In both model systems, Mtb-infected mice were resistant to the pathological consequences of secondary CoV2 infection, and CoV2 infection did not affect Mtb burdens. Single cell RNA sequencing of coinfected and monoinfected lungs demonstrated the resistance of Mtb-infected mice is associated with expansion of T and B cell subsets upon viral challenge. Collectively, these data demonstrate that Mtb infection conditions the lung environment in a manner that is not conducive to CoV2 survival. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and SARS-CoV-2 (CoV2) are distinct organisms which both cause lung disease. We report the surprising observation that Mtb-infected mice are resistant to secondary infection with CoV2, with no impact on Mtb burden and resistance associating with lung T and B cell expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniela Farkas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute
| | - Shu-Hua Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Laszlo Farkas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute
| | - Gang Xin
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology
| | | |
Collapse
|