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Lei S, Chen L, Liang F, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Xiao H, Tang R, Yang B, Wang L, Jiang H. Identification of a major QTL and candidate genes analysis for branch angle in rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.) using QTL-seq and RNA-seq. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1340892. [PMID: 38450405 PMCID: PMC10914954 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1340892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Branching angle is an essential trait in determining the planting density of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and hence the yield per unit area. However, the mechanism of branching angle formation in rapeseed is not well understood. Methods In this study, two rapeseed germplasm with extreme branching angles were used to construct an F2 segregating population; then bulked segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq) and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping were utilized to localize branching anglerelated loci and combined with transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) for candidate gene mining. Results and discussion A branching angle-associated quantitative trait loci (QTL) was mapped on chromosome C3 (C3: 1.54-2.65 Mb) by combining BSA-seq as well as traditional QTL mapping. A total of 54 genes had SNP/Indel variants within the QTL interval were identified. Further, RNA-seq of the two parents revealed that 12 of the 54 genes were differentially expressed between the two parents. Finally, we further validated the differentially expressed genes using qPCR and found that six of them presented consistent differential expression in all small branching angle samples and large branching angles, and thus were considered as candidate genes related to branching angles in rapeseed. Our results introduce new candidate genes for the regulation of branching angle formation in rapeseed, and provide an important reference for the subsequent exploration of its formation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolin Lei
- Guizhou Oil Crops Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Li Chen
- Guizhou Rapeseed Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Fenghao Liang
- Guizhou Oil Crops Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Guizhou Oil Crops Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Guizhou Oil Crops Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Huagui Xiao
- Guizhou Oil Crops Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Rong Tang
- Guizhou Oil Crops Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Guizhou Oil Crops Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Guizhou Oil Crops Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Huanhuan Jiang
- Guizhou Oil Crops Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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Figueiredo R, Costa M, Moreira D, Moreira M, Noble J, Pereira LG, Melo P, Palanivelu R, Coimbra S, Pereira AM. JAGGER localization and function are dependent on GPI anchor addition. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2024:10.1007/s00497-024-00495-w. [PMID: 38294499 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-024-00495-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE GPI anchor addition is important for JAGGER localization and in vivo function. Loss of correct GPI anchor addition in JAGGER, negatively affects its localization and function. In flowering plants, successful double fertilization requires the correct delivery of two sperm cells to the female gametophyte inside the ovule. The delivery of a single pair of sperm cells is achieved by the entrance of a single pollen tube into one female gametophyte. To prevent polyspermy, Arabidopsis ovules avoid the attraction of multiple pollen tubes to one ovule-polytubey block. In Arabidopsis jagger mutants, a significant number of ovules attract more than one pollen tube to an ovule due to an impairment in synergid degeneration. JAGGER encodes a putative arabinogalactan protein which is predicted to be anchored to the plasma membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. Here, we show that JAGGER fused to citrine yellow fluorescent protein (JAGGER-cYFP) is functional and localizes mostly to the periphery of ovule integuments and transmitting tract cells. We further investigated the importance of GPI-anchor addition domains for JAGGER localization and function. Different JAGGER proteins with deletions in predicted ω-site regions and GPI attachment signal domain, expected to compromise the addition of the GPI anchor, led to disruption of JAGGER localization in the cell periphery. All JAGGER proteins with disrupted localization were also not able to rescue the polytubey phenotype, pointing to the importance of GPI-anchor addition to in vivo function of the JAGGER protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Figueiredo
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica Costa
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Diana Moreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Moreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jennifer Noble
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Luís Gustavo Pereira
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Melo
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Sílvia Coimbra
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Marta Pereira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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Ogawa ST, Kessler SA. Update on signaling pathways regulating polarized intercellular communication in Arabidopsis reproduction. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:1732-1744. [PMID: 37453128 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sienna T Ogawa
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47905, USA
| | - Sharon A Kessler
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47905, USA
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Sugi N, Maruyama D. Exploring Novel Polytubey Reproduction Pathways Utilizing Cumulative Genetic Tools. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:454-460. [PMID: 36943745 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In the anthers and ovaries of flowers, pollen grains and embryo sacs are produced with uniform cell compositions. This stable gametogenesis enables elaborate interactions between male and female gametophytes after pollination, forming the highly successful sexual reproduction system in flowering plants. As most ovules are fertilized with a single pollen tube, the resulting genome set in the embryo and endosperm is determined in a single pattern by independent fertilization of the egg cell and central cell by two sperm cells. However, if ovules receive four sperm cells from two pollen tubes, the expected options for genome sets in the developing seeds would more than double. In wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana plants, around 5% of ovules receive two pollen tubes. Recent studies have elucidated the abnormal fertilization in supernumerary pollen tubes and sperm cells related to polytubey, polyspermy, heterofertilization and fertilization recovery. Analyses of model plants have begun to uncover the mechanisms underlying this new pollen tube biology. Here, we review unusual fertilization phenomena and propose several breeding applications for flowering plants. These arguments contribute to the remodeling of plant reproduction, a challenging concept that alters typical plant fertilization by utilizing the current genetic toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Sugi
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813 Japan
| | - Daisuke Maruyama
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813 Japan
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5
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Lopes AL, Moreira D, Pereira AM, Ferraz R, Mendes S, Pereira LG, Colombo L, Coimbra S. AGPs as molecular determinants of reproductive development. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:827-838. [PMID: 36945741 PMCID: PMC10184450 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Morphogenesis occurs through accurate interaction between essential players to generate highly specialized plant organs. Fruit structure and function are triggered by a neat transcriptional control involving distinct regulator genes encoding transcription factors (TFs) or signalling proteins, such as the C2H2/C2HC zinc-finger NO TRANSMITTING TRACT (NTT) or the MADS-box protein SEEDSTICK (STK), which are important in setting plant reproductive competence, feasibly by affecting cell wall polysaccharide and lipid distribution. Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are major components of the cell wall and are thought to be involved in the reproductive process as important players in specific stages of development. The detection of AGPs epitopes in reproductive tissues of NTT and other fruit development-related TFs, such as MADS-box proteins including SHATTERPROOF1 (SHP1), SHP2 and STK, was the focus of this study. METHODS We used fluorescence microscopy to perform immunolocalization analyses on stk and ntt single mutants, on the ntt stk double mutant and on the stk shp1 shp2 triple mutant using specific anti-AGP monoclonal antibodies. In these mutants, the expression levels of selected AGP genes were also measured by quantitative real-time PCR and compared with the respective expression in wild-type (WT) plants. KEY RESULTS The present immunolocalization study collects information on the distribution patterns of specific AGPs in Arabidopsis female reproductive tissues, complemented by the quantification of AGP expression levels, comparing WT, stk and ntt single mutants, the ntt stk double mutant and the stk shp1 shp2 triple mutant. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal distinct AGP distribution patterns in different developmental mutants related to the female reproductive unit in Arabidopsis. The value of the immunofluorescence labelling technique is highlighted in this study as an invaluable tool to dissect the remodelling nature of the cell wall in developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia Lopes
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute – BioISI, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Moreira
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Marta Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Mendes
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Gustavo Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- GreenUPorto Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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6
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Moreira D, Kaur D, Pereira AM, Held MA, Showalter AM, Coimbra S. Type II arabinogalactans initiated by hydroxyproline-O-galactosyltransferases play important roles in pollen-pistil interactions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:371-389. [PMID: 36775989 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins containing a high sugar content and are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. AGPs have long been suggested to play important roles in sexual plant reproduction. The synthesis of their complex carbohydrates is initiated by a family of hydroxyproline galactosyltransferase (Hyp-GALT) enzymes which add the first galactose to Hyp residues in the protein backbone. Eight Hyp-GALT enzymes have been identified so far, and in the present work a mutant affecting five of these enzymes (galt2galt5galt7galt8galt9) was analyzed regarding the reproductive process. The galt25789 mutant presented a low seed set, and reciprocal crosses indicated a significant female gametophytic contribution to this mutant phenotype. Mutant ovules revealed abnormal callose accumulation inside the embryo sac and integument defects at the micropylar region culminating in defects in pollen tube reception. In addition, immunolocalization and biochemical analyses allowed the detection of a reduction in the amount of glucuronic acid in mutant ovary AGPs. Dramatically low amounts of high-molecular-weight Hyp-O-glycosides obtained following size exclusion chromatography of base-hydrolyzed mutant AGPs compared to the wild type indicated the presence of underglycosylated AGPs in the galt25789 mutant, while the monosaccharide composition of these Hyp-O-glycosides displayed no significant changes compared to the wild-type Hyp-O-glycosides. The present work demonstrates the functional importance of the carbohydrate moieties of AGPs in ovule development and pollen-pistil interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Moreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Dasmeet Kaur
- Department of Environmental & Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701-2979, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
| | - Ana Marta Pereira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Michael A Held
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
| | - Allan M Showalter
- Department of Environmental & Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701-2979, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
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7
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Ferreira MJ, Silva J, Pinto SC, Coimbra S. I Choose You: Selecting Accurate Reference Genes for qPCR Expression Analysis in Reproductive Tissues in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030463. [PMID: 36979397 PMCID: PMC10046263 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a widely used method to analyse the gene expression pattern in the reproductive tissues along with detecting gene levels in mutant backgrounds. This technique requires stable reference genes to normalise the expression level of target genes. Nonetheless, a considerable number of publications continue to present qPCR results normalised to a single reference gene and, to our knowledge, no comparative evaluation of multiple reference genes has been carried out in specific reproductive tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana. Herein, we assessed the expression stability levels of ten candidate reference genes (UBC9, ACT7, GAPC-2, RCE1, PP2AA3, TUA2, SAC52, YLS8, SAMDC and HIS3.3) in two conditional sets: one across flower development and the other using inflorescences from different genotypes. The stability analysis was performed using the RefFinder tool, which combines four statistical algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and the comparative ΔCt method). Our results showed that RCE1, SAC52 and TUA2 had the most stable expression in different flower developmental stages while YLS8, HIS3.3 and ACT7 were the top-ranking reference genes for normalisation in mutant studies. Furthermore, we validated our results by analysing the expression pattern of genes involved in reproduction and examining the expression of these genes in published mutant backgrounds. Overall, we provided a pool of appropriate reference genes for expression studies in reproductive tissues of A. thaliana, which will facilitate further gene expression studies in this context. More importantly, we presented a framework that will promote a consistent and accurate analysis of gene expression in any scientific field. Simultaneously, we highlighted the relevance of clearly defining and describing the experimental conditions associated with qPCR to improve scientific reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Ferreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jessy Silva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Sara Cristina Pinto
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Yu TY, Xu CX, Li WJ, Wang B. Peptides/receptors signaling during plant fertilization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1090836. [PMID: 36589119 PMCID: PMC9797866 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1090836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Double fertilization is a unique and particularly complicated process for the generation alternation of angiosperms. Sperm cells of angiosperms lose the motility compared with that of gymnosperms. The sperm cells are passively carried and transported by the pollen tube for a long journey before targeting the ovule. Two sperm cells are released at the cleft between the egg and the central cell and fused with two female gametes to produce a zygote and endosperm, respectively, to accomplish the so-called double fertilization process. In this process, extensive communication and interaction occur between the male (pollen or pollen tube) and the female (ovule). It is suggested that small peptides and receptor kinases play critical roles in orchestrating this cell-cell communication. Here, we illuminate the understanding of phases in the process, such as pollen-stigma recognition, the hydration and germination of pollen grains, the growth, guidance, and rupture of tubes, the release of sperm cells, and the fusion of gametes, by reviewing increasing data recently. The roles of peptides and receptor kinases in signaling mechanisms underlying cell-cell communication were focused on, and directions of future studies were perspected in this review.
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Moreira D, Lopes AL, Silva J, Ferreira MJ, Pinto SC, Mendes S, Pereira LG, Coimbra S, Pereira AM. New insights on the expression patterns of specific Arabinogalactan proteins in reproductive tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1083098. [PMID: 36531351 PMCID: PMC9755587 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1083098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins containing a high proportion of carbohydrates, widely distributed in the plant kingdom and ubiquitously present in land plants. AGPs have long been suggested to play important roles in plant reproduction and there is already evidence that specific glycoproteins are essential for male and female gametophyte development, pollen tube growth and guidance, and successful fertilization. However, the functions of many of these proteins have yet to be uncovered, mainly due to the difficulty to study individual AGPs. In this work, we generated molecular tools to analyze the expression patterns of a subgroup of individual AGPs in different Arabidopsis tissues, focusing on reproductive processes. This study focused on six AGPs: four classical AGPs (AGP7, AGP25, AGP26, AGP27), one AG peptide (AGP24) and one chimeric AGP (AGP31). These AGPs were first selected based on their predicted expression patterns along the reproductive tissues from available RNA-seq data. Promoter analysis using β-glucuronidase fusions and qPCR in different Arabidopsis tissues allowed to confirm these predictions. AGP7 was mainly expressed in female reproductive tissues, more precisely in the style, funiculus, and integuments near the micropyle region. AGP25 was found to be expressed in the style, septum and ovules with higher expression in the chalaza and funiculus tissues. AGP26 was present in the ovules and pistil valves. AGP27 was expressed in the transmitting tissue, septum and funiculus during seed development. AGP24 was expressed in pollen grains, in mature embryo sacs, with highest expression at the chalazal pole and in the micropyle. AGP31 was expressed in the mature embryo sac with highest expression at the chalaza and, occasionally, in the micropyle. For all these AGPs a co-expression analysis was performed providing new hints on its possible functions. This work confirmed the detection in Arabidopsis male and female tissues of six AGPs never studied before regarding the reproductive process. These results provide novel evidence on the possible involvement of specific AGPs in plant reproduction, as strong candidates to participate in pollen-pistil interactions in an active way, which is significant for this field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Moreira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV) Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Lúcia Lopes
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute – BioISI, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jessy Silva
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV) Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria João Ferreira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV) Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Cristina Pinto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV) Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Mendes
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV) Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Gustavo Pereira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV) Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Marta Pereira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV) Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Arabinogalactan Proteins: Focus on the Role in Cellulose Synthesis and Deposition during Plant Cell Wall Biogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126578. [PMID: 35743022 PMCID: PMC9223364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) belong to a family of glycoproteins that are widely present in plants. AGPs are mostly composed of a protein backbone decorated with complex carbohydrate side chains and are usually anchored to the plasma membrane or secreted extracellularly. A trickle of compelling biochemical and genetic evidence has demonstrated that AGPs make exciting candidates for a multitude of vital activities related to plant growth and development. However, because of the diversity of AGPs, functional redundancy of AGP family members, and blunt-force research tools, the precise functions of AGPs and their mechanisms of action remain elusive. In this review, we put together the current knowledge about the characteristics, classification, and identification of AGPs and make a summary of the biological functions of AGPs in multiple phases of plant reproduction and developmental processes. In addition, we especially discuss deeply the potential mechanisms for AGP action in different biological processes via their impacts on cellulose synthesis and deposition based on previous studies. Particularly, five hypothetical models that may explain the AGP involvement in cellulose synthesis and deposition during plant cell wall biogenesis are proposed. AGPs open a new avenue for understanding cellulose synthesis and deposition in plants.
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ROS homeostasis mediated by MPK4 and SUMM2 determines synergid cell death. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1746. [PMID: 35365652 PMCID: PMC8976062 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual plant reproduction depends on the attraction of sperm-cell delivering pollen tubes (PT) by two synergids, followed by their programmed cell death (PCD) in Arabidopsis. Disruption of the mitogen-activated protein kinase 4 (MPK4) by pathogenic effectors activates the resistance protein (R) SUMM2-mediated immunity and cell death. Here we show that synergid preservation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis are intimately linked and maintained by MPK4. In mpk4, ROS levels are increased and synergids prematurely undergo PCD before PT-reception. However, ROS scavengers and the disruption of SUMM2, in mpk4, restore ROS homeostasis, synergid maintenance and PT perception, demonstrating that the guardian of MPK4, SUMM2, triggers synergid-PCD. In mpk4/summ2, PTs show a feronia-like overgrowth phenotype. Our results show that immunity-associated PCD and synergid cell death during plant reproduction are regulated by MPK4 underscoring an underlying molecular mechanism for the suppression of plant reproduction during systemic R-mediated immunity. Synergid cells undergo programmed cell death following pollen tube reception and successful fertilization. Here the authors show that premature synergid cell death is prevented by the mitogen activated protein kinase MPK4 and the R protein SUMM2 which maintain ROS homeostasis in Arabidopsis.
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12
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Zheng X, Li Y, Ma C, Chen B, Sun Z, Tian Y, Wang C. A mutation in the promoter of the arabinogalactan protein 7-like gene PcAGP7-1 affects cell morphogenesis and brassinolide content in pear (Pyrus communis L.) stems. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:47-63. [PMID: 34695268 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dwarfing rootstocks and dwarf cultivars are urgently needed for modern pear cultivation. However, germplasm resources for dwarfing pear are limited, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We previously showed that dwarfism in pear is controlled by the single dominant gene PcDw (Dwarf). We report here that the expression of PcAGP7-1 (ARABINOGALACTAN PROTEIN 7-1), a key candidate gene for PcDw, is significantly higher in dwarf-type pear plants because of a mutation in an E-box in the promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and transient infiltration showed that the transcription factors PcBZR1 and PcBZR2 could directly bind to the E-box of the PcAGP7-1 promoter and repress transcription. Moreover, transgenic pear lines overexpressing PcAGP7-1 exhibited obvious dwarf phenotypes, whereas RNA interference pear lines for PcAGP7-1 were taller than controls. PcAGP7-1 overexpression also enhanced cell wall thickness, affected cell morphogenesis, and reduced brassinolide (BL) content, which inhibited BR signaling via a negative feedback loop, resulting in further dwarfing. Overall, we identified a dwarfing mechanism in perennial woody plants involving the BL-BZR/BES-AGP-BL regulatory module. Our findings provide insight into the molecular mechanism of plant dwarfism and suggest strategies for the molecular breeding of dwarf pear cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yuchao Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Changqing Ma
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Baoyin Chen
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Zhijuan Sun
- College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yike Tian
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109, China
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13
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Ajayi OO, Held MA, Showalter AM. Glucuronidation of type II arabinogalactan polysaccharides function in sexual reproduction of Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:164-181. [PMID: 34726315 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are complex, hyperglycosylated plant cell wall proteins with little known about the biological roles of their glycan moieties in sexual reproduction. Here, we report that GLCAT14A, GLCAT14B, and GLCAT14C, three enzymes responsible for the addition of glucuronic acid residues to AGPs, function in pollen development, polytubey block, and normal embryo development in Arabidopsis. Using biochemical and immunolabeling techniques, we demonstrated that the loss of function of the GLCAT14A, GLCAT14B, and GLCAT14C genes resulted in disorganization of the reticulate structure of the exine wall, abnormal development of the intine layer, and collapse of pollen grains in glcat14a/b and glcat14a/b/c mutants. Synchronous development between locules within the same anther was also lost in some glcat14a/b/c stamens. In addition, we observed excessive attraction of pollen tubes targeting glcat14a/b/c ovules, indicating that the polytubey block mechanism was compromised. Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed significant reductions in all sugars in glcat14a/b and glcat14a/b/c mutants except for arabinose and galactose, while immunolabeling showed decreased amounts of AGP sugar epitopes recognized by glcat14a/b and glcat14a/b/c mutants compared with the wild type. This work demonstrates the important roles that AG glucuronidation plays in Arabidopsis sexual reproduction and reproductive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyeyemi O Ajayi
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Michael A Held
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Allan M Showalter
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
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Huang H, Miao Y, Zhang Y, Huang L, Cao J, Lin S. Comprehensive Analysis of Arabinogalactan Protein-Encoding Genes Reveals the Involvement of Three BrFLA Genes in Pollen Germination in Brassica rapa. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313142. [PMID: 34884948 PMCID: PMC8658186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are a superfamily of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins that are massively glycosylated, widely implicated in plant growth and development. No comprehensive analysis of the AGP gene family has been performed in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis). Here, we identified a total of 293 putative AGP-encoding genes in B. rapa, including 25 classical AGPs, three lysine-rich AGPs, 30 AG-peptides, 36 fasciclin-like AGPs (FLAs), 59 phytocyanin-like AGPs, 33 xylogen-like AGPs, 102 other chimeric AGPs, two non-classical AGPs and three AGP/extensin hybrids. Their protein structures, phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal location and gene duplication status were comprehensively analyzed. Based on RNA sequencing data, we found that 73 AGP genes were differentially expressed in the floral buds of the sterile and fertile plants at least at one developmental stage in B. rapa, suggesting a potential role of AGPs in male reproductive development. We further characterized BrFLA2, BrFLA28 and BrFLA32, three FLA members especially expressed in anthers, pollen grains and pollen tubes. BrFLA2, BrFLA28 and BrFLA32 are indispensable for the proper timing of pollen germination under high relative humidity. Our study greatly extends the repertoire of AGPs in B. rapa and reveals a role for three members of the FLA subfamily in pollen germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Huang
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China; (H.H.); (Y.M.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yingjing Miao
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China; (H.H.); (Y.M.); (Y.Z.)
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China; (H.H.); (Y.M.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Li Huang
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Jiashu Cao
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Sue Lin
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China; (H.H.); (Y.M.); (Y.Z.)
- Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (S.L.)
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15
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Laggoun F, Ali N, Tourneur S, Prudent G, Gügi B, Kiefer-Meyer MC, Mareck A, Cruz F, Yvin JC, Nguema-Ona E, Mollet JC, Jamois F, Lehner A. Two Carbohydrate-Based Natural Extracts Stimulate in vitro Pollen Germination and Pollen Tube Growth of Tomato Under Cold Temperatures. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:552515. [PMID: 34691089 PMCID: PMC8529017 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.552515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To date, it is widely accepted by the scientific community that many agricultural regions will experience more extreme temperature fluctuations. These stresses will undoubtedly impact crop production, particularly fruit and seed yields. In fact, pollination is considered as one of the most temperature-sensitive phases of plant development and until now, except for the time-consuming and costly processes of genetic breeding, there is no immediate alternative to address this issue. In this work, we used a multidisciplinary approach using physiological, biochemical, and molecular techniques for studying the effects of two carbohydrate-based natural activators on in vitro tomato pollen germination and pollen tube growth cultured in vitro under cold conditions. Under mild and strong cold temperatures, these two carbohydrate-based compounds significantly enhanced pollen germination and pollen tube growth. The two biostimulants did not induce significant changes in the classical molecular markers implicated in pollen tube growth. Neither the number of callose plugs nor the CALLOSE SYNTHASE genes expression were significantly different between the control and the biostimulated pollen tubes when pollens were cultivated under cold conditions. PECTIN METHYLESTERASE (PME) activities were also similar but a basic PME isoform was not produced or inactive in pollen grown at 8°C. Nevertheless, NADPH oxidase (RBOH) gene expression was correlated with a higher number of viable pollen tubes in biostimulated pollen tubes compared to the control. Our results showed that the two carbohydrate-based products were able to reduce in vitro the effect of cold temperatures on tomato pollen tube growth and at least for one of them to modulate reactive oxygen species production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdousse Laggoun
- UNIROUEN, Normandie Université, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, Carnot I2C, IRIB, Rouen, France
- Sanofi Pasteur, Val-de-Reuil, France
| | - Nusrat Ali
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation, Laboratoire Nutrition Végétale, Groupe Roullier, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Sabine Tourneur
- UNIROUEN, Normandie Université, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, Carnot I2C, IRIB, Rouen, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, Université de Nantes, Université Bretagne Loire, Nantes, France
| | - Grégoire Prudent
- UNIROUEN, Normandie Université, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, Carnot I2C, IRIB, Rouen, France
| | - Bruno Gügi
- UNIROUEN, Normandie Université, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, Carnot I2C, IRIB, Rouen, France
| | - Marie-Christine Kiefer-Meyer
- UNIROUEN, Normandie Université, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, Carnot I2C, IRIB, Rouen, France
| | - Alain Mareck
- UNIROUEN, Normandie Université, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, Carnot I2C, IRIB, Rouen, France
| | - Florence Cruz
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation, Laboratoire Nutrition Végétale, Groupe Roullier, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Jean-Claude Yvin
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation, Laboratoire Nutrition Végétale, Groupe Roullier, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Eric Nguema-Ona
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation, Laboratoire Nutrition Végétale, Groupe Roullier, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Jean-Claude Mollet
- UNIROUEN, Normandie Université, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, Carnot I2C, IRIB, Rouen, France
| | - Frank Jamois
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation, Laboratoire Nutrition Végétale, Groupe Roullier, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Arnaud Lehner
- UNIROUEN, Normandie Université, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, Carnot I2C, IRIB, Rouen, France
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16
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Leszczuk A, Szczuka E, Lewtak K, Chudzik B, Zdunek A. Effect of Low Temperature on Changes in AGP Distribution during Development of Bellis perennis Ovules and Anthers. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081880. [PMID: 34440649 PMCID: PMC8391657 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are a class of heavily glycosylated proteins occurring as a structural element of the cell wall-plasma membrane continuum. The features of AGPs described earlier suggest that the proteins may be implicated in plant adaptation to stress conditions in important developmental phases during the plant reproduction process. In this paper, the microscopic and immunocytochemical studies conducted using specific antibodies (JIM13, JIM15, MAC207) recognizing the carbohydrate chains of AGPs showed significant changes in the AGP distribution in female and male reproductive structures during the first stages of Bellis perennis development. In typical conditions, AGPs are characterized by a specific persistent spatio-temporal pattern of distribution. AGP epitopes are visible in the cell walls of somatic cells and in the megasporocyte walls, megaspores, and embryo sac at every stage of formation. During development in stress conditions, the AGP localization is altered, and AGPs entirely disappear in the embryo sac wall. In the case of male development, AGPs are present in the tapetum, microsporocytes, and microspores in normal conditions. In response to development at lower temperature, AGPs are localized in the common wall of microspores and in mature pollen grains. Additionally, they are accumulated in remnants of tapetum cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 20-290 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ewa Szczuka
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (E.S.); (K.L.)
| | - Kinga Lewtak
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (E.S.); (K.L.)
| | - Barbara Chudzik
- Department of Biological and Environmental Education with Zoological Museum, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 20-290 Lublin, Poland;
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Abstract
The gametophyte represents the sexual phase in the alternation of generations in plants; the other, nonsexual phase is the sporophyte. Here, we review the evolutionary origins of the male gametophyte among land plants and, in particular, its ontogenesis in flowering plants. The highly reduced male gametophyte of angiosperm plants is a two- or three-celled pollen grain. Its task is the production of two male gametes and their transport to the female gametophyte, the embryo sac, where double fertilization takes place. We describe two phases of pollen ontogenesis-a developmental phase leading to the differentiation of the male germline and the formation of a mature pollen grain and a functional phase representing the pollen tube growth, beginning with the landing of the pollen grain on the stigma and ending with double fertilization. We highlight recent advances in the complex regulatory mechanisms involved, including posttranscriptional regulation and transcript storage, intracellular metabolic signaling, pollen cell wall structure and synthesis, protein secretion, and phased cell-cell communication within the reproductive tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Hafidh
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic; ,
| | - David Honys
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic; ,
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18
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Miao Y, Cao J, Huang L, Yu Y, Lin S. FLA14 is required for pollen development and preventing premature pollen germination under high humidity in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:254. [PMID: 34082704 PMCID: PMC8173729 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an important subfamily of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), fasciclin-like AGPs (FLAs) contribute to various aspects of growth, development and adaptation, yet their function remains largely elusive. Despite the diversity of FLAs, only two members, Arabidopsis FLA3 and rice MTR1, are reported to be involved in sexual reproduction. In this study, another Arabidopsis FLA-encoding gene, FLA14, was identified, and its role was investigated. RESULTS Arabidopsis FLA14 was found to be a pollen grain-specific gene. Expression results from fusion with green fluorescent protein showed that FLA14 was localized along the cell membrane and in Hechtian strands. A loss-of-function mutant of FLA14 showed no discernible defects during male gametogenesis, but precocious pollen germination occurred inside the mature anthers under high moisture conditions. Overexpression of FLA14 caused 39.2% abnormal pollen grains with a shrunken and withered appearance, leading to largely reduced fertility with short mature siliques and lower seed set. Cytological and ultramicroscopic observation showed that ectopic expression of FLA14 caused disruption at the uninucleate stage, resulting in either collapsed pollen with absent intine or pollen of normal appearance but with a thickened intine. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data suggest a role for FLA14 in pollen development and preventing premature pollen germination inside the anthers under high relative humidity in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjing Miao
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiashu Cao
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Li Huang
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Youjian Yu
- College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, 311300, China
| | - Sue Lin
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
- Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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Rafińska K, Niedojadło K, Świdziński M, Niedojadło J, Bednarska-Kozakiewicz E. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Arabinogalactan Proteins during Larix decidua Mill. Male Gametophyte and Ovule Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094298. [PMID: 33919026 PMCID: PMC8122408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of ArabinoGalactan Proteins (AGPs) in the sexual reproduction of gymnosperms is not as well documented as that of angiosperms. In earlier studies, we demonstrated that AGPs play important roles during ovule differentiation in Larix decidua Mill. The presented results encouraged us to carry out further studies focused on the functions of these unique glycoproteins during pollen/pollen tube and ovule interactions in Larix. We identified and analyzed the localization of AGPs epitopes by JIM4, JIM8, JIM13 and LM2 antibodies (Abs) in male gametophytes and ovule tissue during pollination, the progamic phase, and after fertilization and in vitro growing pollen tubes. Our results indicated that (1) AGPs recognized by JIM4 Abs play an essential role in the interaction of male gametophytes and ovules because their appearance in ovule cells is induced by physical contact between reproductive partners; (2) after pollination, AGPs are secreted from the pollen cytoplasm into the pollen wall and contact the extracellular matrix of stigmatic tip cells followed by micropylar canal cells; (3) AGPs synthesized in nucellus cells before pollen grain germination are secreted during pollen tube growth into the extracellular matrix, where they can directly interact with male gametophytes; (4) in vitro cultured pollen tube AGPs labeled with LM2 Abs participate in the germination of pollen grain, while AGPs recognized by JIM8 Abs are essential for pollen tube tip growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Rafińska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Niedojadło
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.Ś.); (J.N.); (E.B.-K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Michał Świdziński
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.Ś.); (J.N.); (E.B.-K.)
| | - Janusz Niedojadło
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.Ś.); (J.N.); (E.B.-K.)
| | - Elżbieta Bednarska-Kozakiewicz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.Ś.); (J.N.); (E.B.-K.)
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20
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In Situ/Subcellular Localization of Arabinogalactan Protein Expression by Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH). Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 32617948 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0621-6_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The arabinogalactan proteins are highly glycosylated and ubiquitous in plants. They are involved in several aspects of plant development and reproduction; however, the mechanics behind their function remains for the most part unclear, as the carbohydrate moiety, covering the most part of the protein core, is poorly characterized at the individual protein level. Traditional immunolocalization using antibodies that recognize the glycosidic moiety of the protein cannot be used to elucidate individual proteins' distribution, function, or interactors. Indirect approaches are typically used to study these proteins, relying on reverse genetic analysis of null mutants or using a reporter fusion system. In the method presented here, we propose the use of RNA probes to assist in the localization of individual AGPs expression/mRNAs in tissues of Arabidopsis by fluorescent in situ hybridization, FISH. An extensive description of all aspects of this technique is provided, from RNA probe synthesis to the hybridization, trying to overcome the lack of specific antibodies for the protein core of AGPs.
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21
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Strasser R, Seifert G, Doblin MS, Johnson KL, Ruprecht C, Pfrengle F, Bacic A, Estevez JM. Cracking the "Sugar Code": A Snapshot of N- and O-Glycosylation Pathways and Functions in Plants Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:640919. [PMID: 33679857 PMCID: PMC7933510 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.640919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a fundamental co-translational and/or post-translational modification process where an attachment of sugars onto either proteins or lipids can alter their biological function, subcellular location and modulate the development and physiology of an organism. Glycosylation is not a template driven process and as such produces a vastly larger array of glycan structures through combinatorial use of enzymes and of repeated common scaffolds and as a consequence it provides a huge expansion of both the proteome and lipidome. While the essential role of N- and O-glycan modifications on mammalian glycoproteins is already well documented, we are just starting to decode their biological functions in plants. Although significant advances have been made in plant glycobiology in the last decades, there are still key challenges impeding progress in the field and, as such, holistic modern high throughput approaches may help to address these conceptual gaps. In this snapshot, we present an update of the most common O- and N-glycan structures present on plant glycoproteins as well as (1) the plant glycosyltransferases (GTs) and glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) responsible for their biosynthesis; (2) a summary of microorganism-derived GHs characterized to cleave specific glycosidic linkages; (3) a summary of the available tools ranging from monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), lectins to chemical probes for the detection of specific sugar moieties within these complex macromolecules; (4) selected examples of N- and O-glycoproteins as well as in their related GTs to illustrate the complexity on their mode of action in plant cell growth and stress responses processes, and finally (5) we present the carbohydrate microarray approach that could revolutionize the way in which unknown plant GTs and GHs are identified and their specificities characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Seifert
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- The Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kim L. Johnson
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- The Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Colin Ruprecht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabian Pfrengle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antony Bacic
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- The Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - José M. Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
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22
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Dyachenko EA, Kulakova AV, Meleshin AA, Shchennikova AV, Kochieva EZ. Amylase Inhibitor SbAI in Potato Species: Structure, Variability and Expression Pattern. RUSS J GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s102279542101004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhang Y, Held MA, Kaur D, Showalter AM. CRISPR-Cas9 multiplex genome editing of the hydroxyproline-O-galactosyltransferase gene family alters arabinogalactan-protein glycosylation and function in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:16. [PMID: 33407116 PMCID: PMC7789275 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02791-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are a class of hydroxyproline-rich proteins (HRGPs) that are heavily glycosylated (> 90%) with type II arabinogalactans (AGs). AGPs are implicated in various plant growth and development processes including cell expansion, somatic embryogenesis, root and stem growth, salt tolerance, hormone signaling, male and female gametophyte development, and defense. To date, eight Hyp-O-galactosyltransferases (GALT2-6, HPGT1-3) have been identified; these enzymes are responsible for adding the first sugar, galactose, onto AGPs. Due to gene redundancy among the GALTs, single or double galt genetic knockout mutants are often not sufficient to fully reveal their biological functions. RESULTS Here, we report the successful application of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing/multiplexing technology to generate higher-order knockout mutants of five members of the GALT gene family (GALT2-6). AGPs analysis of higher-order galt mutants (galt2 galt5, galt3 galt4 galt6, and galt2 galt3 galt4 galt5 gal6) demonstrated significantly less glycosylated AGPs in rosette leaves, stems, and siliques compared to the corresponding wild-type organs. Monosaccharide composition analysis of AGPs isolated from rosette leaves revealed significant decreases in arabinose and galactose in all the higher-order galt mutants. Phenotypic analyses revealed that mutation of two or more GALT genes was able to overcome the growth inhibitory effect of β-D-Gal-Yariv reagent, which specifically binds to β-1,3-galactan backbones on AGPs. In addition, the galt2 galt3 galt4 galt5 gal6 mutant exhibited reduced overall growth, impaired root growth, abnormal pollen, shorter siliques, and reduced seed set. Reciprocal crossing experiments demonstrated that galt2 galt3 galt4 galt5 gal6 mutants had defects in the female gametophyte which were responsible for reduced seed set. CONCLUSIONS Our CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing/multiplexing approach provides a simpler and faster way to generate higher-order mutants for functional characterization compared to conventional genetic crossing of T-DNA mutant lines. Higher-order galt mutants produced and characterized in this study provide insight into the relationship between sugar decorations and the various biological functions attributed to AGPs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701–2979 USA
- Department of Environmental & Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701–2979 USA
| | - Michael A. Held
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701–2979 USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701–2979 USA
| | - Dasmeet Kaur
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701–2979 USA
- Department of Environmental & Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701–2979 USA
| | - Allan M. Showalter
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701–2979 USA
- Department of Environmental & Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701–2979 USA
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Yu CY, Zhang HK, Wang N, Gao XQ. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins mediate the interactions between pollen/pollen tube and pistil tissues. PLANTA 2021; 253:19. [PMID: 33394122 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03526-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, pollen germination on the stigma and pollen tube growth in pistil tissues are critical for sexual plant reproduction, which are involved in the interactions between pollen/pollen tube and pistil tissues. GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are located on the external surface of the plasma membrane and function in various processes of sexual plant reproduction. The evidences suggest that GPI-APs participate in endosome machinery, Ca2+ oscillations, the development of the transmitting tract, the maintenance of the integrity of pollen tube, the enhancement of interactions of the receptor-like kinase (RLK) and ligand, and guidance of the growth of pollen tube, and so on. In this review, we will summarize the recent progress on the roles of GPI-APs in the interactions between pollen/pollen tube and pistil tissues during pollination, such as pollen germination on the stigma, pollen tube growth in the transmitting tract, pollen tube guidance to the ovule, and pollen tube reception in the embryo sac. We will also discuss the future outlook of GPI-APs in the interactions between pollen/pollen tube and pistil tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Yu Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Huan Kai Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Ning Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Xin-Qi Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
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Cascallares M, Setzes N, Marchetti F, López GA, Distéfano AM, Cainzos M, Zabaleta E, Pagnussat GC. A Complex Journey: Cell Wall Remodeling, Interactions, and Integrity During Pollen Tube Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:599247. [PMID: 33329663 PMCID: PMC7733995 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.599247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, pollen tubes undergo a journey that starts in the stigma and ends in the ovule with the delivery of the sperm cells to achieve double fertilization. The pollen cell wall plays an essential role to accomplish all the steps required for the successful delivery of the male gametes. This extended path involves female tissue recognition, rapid hydration and germination, polar growth, and a tight regulation of cell wall synthesis and modification, as its properties change not only along the pollen tube but also in response to guidance cues inside the pistil. In this review, we focus on the most recent advances in elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of cell wall synthesis and modification during pollen germination, pollen tube growth, and rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gabriela Carolina Pagnussat
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Desnoyer N, Howard G, Jong E, Palanivelu R. AtPIG-S, a predicted Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Transamidase subunit, is critical for pollen tube growth in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:380. [PMID: 32811442 PMCID: PMC7437025 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02587-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) addition is one of the several post-translational modifications to proteins that increase their affinity for membranes. In eukaryotes, the GPI transamidase complex (GPI-T) catalyzes the attachment of pre-assembled GPI anchors to GPI-anchored proteins (GAPs) through a transamidation reaction. A mutation in AtGPI8 (gpi8-2), the putative catalytic subunit of GPI-T in Arabidopsis, is transmitted normally through the female gametophyte (FG), indicating the FG tolerates loss of GPI transamidation. In contrast, gpi8-2 almost completely abolishes male gametophyte (MG) function. Still, the unexpected finding that gpi8-2 FGs function normally requires further investigation. Additionally, specific developmental defects in the MG caused by loss of GPI transamidation remain poorly characterized. RESULTS Here we investigated the effect of loss of AtPIG-S, another GPI-T subunit, in both gametophytes. Like gpi8-2, we showed that a mutation in AtPIG-S (pigs-1) disrupted synergid localization of LORELEI (LRE), a putative GAP critical for pollen tube reception by the FG. Still, pigs-1 is transmitted normally through the FG. Conversely, pigs-1 severely impaired male gametophyte (MG) function during pollen tube emergence and growth in the pistil. A pPIGS:GFP-PIGS transgene complemented these MG defects and enabled generation of pigs-1/pigs-1 seedlings. However, the pPIGS:GFP-PIGS transgene seemingly failed to rescue the function of AtPIG-S in the sporophyte, as pigs-1/pigs-1, pPIGS:GFP-PIGS seedlings died soon after germination. CONCLUSIONS Characterization of pigs-1 provided further evidence that the FG tolerates loss of GPI transamidation more than the MG and that the MG compared to the FG may be a better haploid system to study the role of GPI-anchoring. Pigs-1 pollen develops normally and thus represent a tool in which GPI anchor biosynthesis and transamidation of GAPs have been uncoupled, offering a potential way to study free GPI in plant development. While previously reported male fertility defects of GPI biosynthesis mutants could have been due either to loss of GPI or GAPs lacking the GPI anchor, our results clarified that the loss of mature GAPs underlie male fertility defects of GPI-deficient pollen grains, as pigs-1 is defective only in the downstream transamidation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Desnoyer
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Present Address: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Howard
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Emma Jong
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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27
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Doronina TV, Sheval EV, Lazareva EM. Programmed Cell Death during Formation of the Embryo Sac and Seed. Russ J Dev Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360420030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhang Y, Held MA, Showalter AM. Elucidating the roles of three β-glucuronosyltransferases (GLCATs) acting on arabinogalactan-proteins using a CRISPR-Cas9 multiplexing approach in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:221. [PMID: 32423474 PMCID: PMC7236193 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02420-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are one of the most complex protein families in the plant kingdom and are present in the cell walls of all land plants. AGPs are implicated in diverse biological processes such as plant growth, development, reproduction, and stress responses. AGPs are extensively glycosylated by the addition of type II arabinogalactan (AG) polysaccharides to hydroxyproline residues in their protein cores. Glucuronic acid (GlcA) is the only negatively charged sugar added to AGPs and the functions of GlcA residues on AGPs remain to be elucidated. RESULTS Three members of the CAZy GT14 family (GLCAT14A-At5g39990, GLCAT14B-At5g15050, and GLCAT14C-At2g37585), which are responsible for transferring glucuronic acid (GlcA) to AGPs, were functionally characterized using a CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing approach in Arabidopsis. RNA seq and qRT-PCR data showed all three GLCAT genes were broadly expressed in different plant tissues, with GLCAT14A and GLCAT14B showing particularly high expression in the micropylar endosperm. Biochemical analysis of the AGPs from knock-out mutants of various glcat single, double, and triple mutants revealed that double and triple mutants generally had small increases of Ara and Gal and concomitant reductions of GlcA, particularly in the glcat14a glcat14b and glcat14a glcat14b glcat14c mutants. Moreover, AGPs isolated from all the glcat mutants displayed significant reductions in calcium binding compared to WT. Further phenotypic analyses found that the glcat14a glcat14b and glcat14a glcat14b glcat14c mutants exhibited significant delays in seed germination, reductions in root hair length, reductions in trichome branching, and accumulation of defective pollen grains. Additionally, both glcat14b glcat14c and glcat14a glcat14b glcat14c displayed significantly shorter siliques and reduced seed set. Finally, all higher-order mutants exhibited significant reductions in adherent seed coat mucilage. CONCLUSIONS This research provides genetic evidence that GLCAT14A-C function in the transfer of GlcA to AGPs, which in turn play a role in a variety of biochemical and physiological phenotypes including calcium binding by AGPs, seed germination, root hair growth, trichome branching, pollen development, silique development, seed set, and adherent seed coat mucilage accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701–2979 USA
- Department of Environmental & Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701–2979 USA
| | - Michael A. Held
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701–2979 USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701–2979 USA
| | - Allan M. Showalter
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701–2979 USA
- Department of Environmental & Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701–2979 USA
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29
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Adhikari PB, Liu X, Wu X, Zhu S, Kasahara RD. Fertilization in flowering plants: an odyssey of sperm cell delivery. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:9-32. [PMID: 32124177 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-00987-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In light of the available discoveries in the field, this review manuscript discusses on plant reproduction mechanism and molecular players involved in the process. Sperm cells in angiosperms are immotile and are physically distant to the female gametophytes (FG). To secure the production of the next generation, plants have devised a clever approach by which the two sperm cells in each pollen are safely delivered to the female gametophyte where two fertilization events occur (by each sperm cell fertilizing an egg cell and central cell) to give rise to embryo and endosperm. Each of the successfully fertilized ovules later develops into a seed. Sets of macromolecules play roles in pollen tube (PT) guidance, from the stigma, through the transmitting tract and funiculus to the micropylar end of the ovule. Other sets of genetic players are involved in PT reception and in its rupture after it enters the ovule, and yet other sets of genes function in gametic fusion. Angiosperms have come long way from primitive reproductive structure development to today's sophisticated, diverse, and in most cases flamboyant organ. In this review, we will be discussing on the intricate yet complex molecular mechanism of double fertilization and how it might have been shaped by the evolutionary forces focusing particularly on the model plant Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash B Adhikari
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center (HBMC), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center (HBMC), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center (HBMC), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shaowei Zhu
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center (HBMC), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ryushiro D Kasahara
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center (HBMC), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
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30
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Hater F, Nakel T, Groß-Hardt R. Reproductive Multitasking: The Female Gametophyte. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 71:517-546. [PMID: 32442389 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-081519-035943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fertilization of flowering plants requires the organization of complex tasks, many of which become integrated by the female gametophyte (FG). The FG is a few-celled haploid structure that orchestrates division of labor to coordinate successful interaction with the sperm cells and their transport vehicle, the pollen tube. As reproductive outcome is directly coupled to evolutionary success, the underlying mechanisms are under robust molecular control, including integrity check and repair mechanisms. Here, we review progress on understanding the development and function of the FG, starting with the functional megaspore, which represents the haploid founder cell of the FG. We highlight recent achievements that have greatly advanced our understanding of pollen tube attraction strategies and the mechanisms that regulate plant hybridization and gamete fusion. In addition, we discuss novel insights into plant polyploidization strategies that expand current concepts on the evolution of flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Hater
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany;
| | - Thomas Nakel
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany;
| | - Rita Groß-Hardt
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany;
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31
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Moreira D, Pereira AM, Lopes AL, Coimbra S. The best CRISPR/Cas9 versus RNA interference approaches for Arabinogalactan proteins' study. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:2315-2325. [PMID: 31950325 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan Proteins (AGPs) are hydroxyproline-rich proteins containing a high proportion of carbohydrates, widely spread in the plant kingdom. AGPs have been suggested to play important roles in plant development processes, especially in sexual plant reproduction. Nevertheless, the functions of a large number of these molecules, remains to be discovered. In this review, we discuss two revolutionary genetic techniques that are able to decode the roles of these glycoproteins in an easy and efficient way. The RNA interference is a frequently technique used in plant biology that promotes genes silencing. The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9), emerged a few years ago as a revolutionary genome-editing technique that has allowed null mutants to be obtained in a wide variety of organisms, including plants. The two techniques have some differences between them and depending on the research objective, these may work as advantage or disadvantage. In the present work, we propose the use of the two techniques to obtain AGP mutants easily and quickly, helping to unravel the role of AGPs, surely a great asset for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Moreira
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde - Requimte, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Marta Pereira
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Ana Lúcia Lopes
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute - BioISI, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde - Requimte, Porto, Portugal.
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Seifert GJ. On the Potential Function of Type II Arabinogalactan O-Glycosylation in Regulating the Fate of Plant Secretory Proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:563735. [PMID: 33013983 PMCID: PMC7511660 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.563735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In a plant-specific mode of protein glycosylation, various sugars and glycans are attached to hydroxyproline giving rise to a variety of diverse O-glycoproteins. The sub-family of arabinogalactan proteins is implicated in a multitude of biological functions, however, the mechanistic role of O-glycosylation on AGPs by type II arabinogalactans is largely elusive. Some models suggest roles of the O-glycans such as in ligand-receptor interactions and as localized calcium ion store. Structurally different but possibly analogous types of protein O-glycosylation exist in animal and yeast models and roles for O-glycans were suggested in determining the fate of O-glycoproteins by affecting intracellular sorting or proteolytic activation and degradation. At present, only few examples exist that describe how the fate of artificial and endogenous arabinogalactan proteins is affected by O-glycosylation with type II arabinogalactans. In addition to other roles, these glycans might act as a molecular determinant for cellular localization and protein lifetime of many endogenous proteins.
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33
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Zhang Y, Showalter AM. CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing Technology: A Valuable Tool for Understanding Plant Cell Wall Biosynthesis and Function. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:589517. [PMID: 33329650 PMCID: PMC7714752 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.589517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
For the past 5 years, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) technology has appeared in the molecular biology research spotlight. As a game-changing player in genome editing, CRISPR/Cas9 technology has revolutionized animal research, including medical research and human gene therapy as well as plant science research, particularly for crop improvement. One of the most common applications of CRISPR/Cas9 is to generate genetic knock-out mutants. Recently, several multiplex genome editing approaches utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 were developed and applied in various aspects of plant research. Here we summarize these approaches as they relate to plants, particularly with respect to understanding the biosynthesis and function of the plant cell wall. The plant cell wall is a polysaccharide-rich cell structure that is vital to plant cell formation, growth, and development. Humans are heavily dependent on the byproducts of the plant cell wall such as shelter, food, clothes, and fuel. Genes involved in the assembly of the plant cell wall are often highly redundant. To identify these redundant genes, higher-order knock-out mutants need to be generated, which is conventionally done by genetic crossing. Compared with genetic crossing, CRISPR/Cas9 multi-gene targeting can greatly shorten the process of higher-order mutant generation and screening, which is especially useful to characterize cell wall related genes in plant species that require longer growth time. Moreover, CRISPR/Cas9 makes it possible to knock out genes when null T-DNA mutants are not available or are genetically linked. Because of these advantages, CRISPR/Cas9 is becoming an ideal and indispensable tool to perform functional studies in plant cell wall research. In this review, we provide perspectives on how to design CRISPR/Cas9 to achieve efficient gene editing and multi-gene targeting in plants. We also discuss the recent development of the virus-based CRISPR/Cas9 system and the application of CRISPR/Cas9 to knock in genes. Lastly, we summarized current progress on using CRISPR/Cas9 for the characterization of plant cell wall-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Environmental & Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Allan M. Showalter
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Environmental & Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Allan M. Showalter,
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Costa M, Pereira AM, Pinto SC, Silva J, Pereira LG, Coimbra S. In silico and expression analyses of fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins reveal functional conservation during embryo and seed development. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2019; 32:353-370. [PMID: 31501923 PMCID: PMC6820600 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-019-00376-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins organization into four groups is conserved and may be related to specific roles in developmental processes across angiosperms. Fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins (FLAs) are a subclass of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), which contain fasciclin-like domains in addition to typical AGP domains. FLAs are present across all embryophytes, and despite their low overall sequence similarity, conserved regions that define the fasciclin functional domain (FAS) have been identified, suggesting that the cell adhesion property is also conserved. FLAs in Arabidopsis have been organized into four subgroups according to the number and distribution of functional domains. Recent studies associated FLAs with cell wall-related processes where domain organization seemed to be related to functional roles. In Arabidopsis, FLAs containing a single FAS domain were found to be important for the integrity and elasticity of the plant cell wall matrix, and FLAs with two FAS domains and two AGP domains were found to be involved in maintaining proper cell expansion under salt stress conditions. The main purpose of the present work was to elucidate the expression pattern of selected FLA genes during embryo and seed development using RT-qPCR. AtFLA8 and AtFLA10, two Arabidopsis genes that stood out in previous microarray studies of embryo development, were further examined using promoter-driven gene reporter analyses. We also studied the expression of cork oak FLA genes and found that their expression partially parallels the expression patterns of the putative AtFLA orthologs. We propose that the functional organization of FLAs is conserved and may be related to fundamental aspects of embryogenesis and seed development across angiosperms. Phylogenetic studies were performed, and we show that the same basic four-subgroup organization described for Arabidopsis FLA gene classification is valid for most Arabidopsis FLA orthologs of several plant species, namely poplar, corn and cork oak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Costa
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Marta Pereira
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Cristina Pinto
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jessy Silva
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Gustavo Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- GreenUPorto Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Ma T, Dong F, Luan D, Hu H, Zhao J. Gene expression and localization of arabinogalactan proteins during the development of anther, ovule, and embryo in rice. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:909-922. [PMID: 30675653 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are hyperglycosylated members of the hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) superfamily and are widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom. In Oryza sativa (rice), the gene expression and biological function of AGPs only have received minimal research attention. Here, we used qRT-PCR to detect the expression patterns of OsAGP genes in various organs, and found that six genes were preferentially expressed in panicles, three genes were specifically expressed in anthers, and one gene in the stigma. Furthermore, using four specific monoclonal antibodies (JIM8, JIM13, LM2, MAC207), we observed the distribution of AGPs in rice anthers, ovules, and embryos. In anthers, the strong fluorescence signals of AGPs were present in tapetum cells, pollen mother cells, and mature pollens, suggesting that AGPs might be related to the development of anther and pollen. In ovules, signals of AGPs were specifically distributed in the three micropylar megaspores of the tetrad, and with intense signals in the egg cell and synergid cells in the mature embryo sac. This suggests that AGPs may be involved in megaspore determination and double fertilization. In embryos, the immunological signals of AGPs appeared in peripheral and inner cells at the early stage, and in the scutellum, plumule, and radicle at the late stage, indicating that AGPs may be associated with organ differentiation and maturation of embryos. In this study, we revealed that AGPs were widely distributed in rice anthers, ovules, and embryos, which lays a foundation for the functional investigation of AGPs in various processes of sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Fang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Die Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hengjin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Lopes AL, Moreira D, Ferreira MJ, Pereira AM, Coimbra S. Insights into secrets along the pollen tube pathway in need to be discovered. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2979-2992. [PMID: 30820535 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The process of plant fertilization provides an outstanding example of refined control of gene expression. During this elegant process, subtle communication occurs between neighboring cells, based on chemical signals, that induces cellular mechanisms of patterning and growth. Having faced an immediate issue of self-incompatibility responses, the pathway to fertilization starts once the stigmatic cells recognize a compatible pollen grain, and it continues with numerous players interacting to affect pollen tube growth and the puzzling process of navigation along the transmitting tract. The pollen tube goes through a guidance process that begins with a preovular stage (i.e. prior to the influence of the target ovule), with interactions with factors from the transmitting tissue. In the subsequent ovular-guidance stage a specific relationship develops between the pollen tube and its target ovule. This stage is divided into the funicular and micropylar guidance steps, with numerous receptors working in signalling cascades. Finally, just after the pollen tube has passed beyond the synergids, fusion of the gametes occurs and the developing seed-the ultimate aim of the process-will start to mature. In this paper, we review the existing knowledge of the crucial biological processes involved in pollen-pistil interactions that give rise to the new seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia Lopes
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute - BioISI, Porto, Portugal
- Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre - GreenUPorto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Diana Moreira
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Ferreira
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Marta Pereira
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre - GreenUPorto, Vairão, Portugal
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Leszczuk A, Szczuka E, Zdunek A. Arabinogalactan proteins: Distribution during the development of male and female gametophytes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 135:9-18. [PMID: 30496891 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), i.e. a subfamily of hydroxyproline-rich proteins (HRGPs), are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. For many years, AGPs have been connected with the multiple phases of plant reproduction and developmental processes. Currently, extensive knowledge is available about their various functions, i.e. involvement in pollen grain formation, initiation of pollen grain germination, pollen tube guidance in the transmission tissue of pistil and ovule nucellus, and function as a signaling molecule during cell-cell communication. Although many studies have been performed, the mechanism of action, the heterogeneous molecule structure, and the connection with other extracellular matrix components have not been sufficiently explained. The aim of this work was to gather and describe the most important information on the distribution of AGPs in gametophyte development. The present review provides a summary of the first reports about AGPs and the most recent knowledge about their functions during male and female gametophyte formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland.
| | - E Szczuka
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - A Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland.
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Lora J, Laux T, Hormaza JI. The role of the integuments in pollen tube guidance in flowering plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1074-1089. [PMID: 30169910 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, pollen tube entry into the ovule generally takes place through the micropyle, but the exact role of the micropyle in pollen tube guidance remains unclear. A limited number of studies have examined eudicots with bitegmic micropyles, but information is lacking in ovules of basal/early-divergent angiosperms with unitegmic micropyles. We have evaluated the role of the micropyle in pollen tube guidance in an early-divergent angiosperm (Annona cherimola) and the evolutionarily derived Arabidopsis thaliana by studying γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) in wild-type plants and integument-defective mutants. A conserved inhibitory role of GABA in pollen tube growth was shown in A. cherimola, in which AGPs surround the egg apparatus. In Arabidopsis, the micropyle formed only by the outer integument in wuschel-7 mutants caused a partial defect in pollen tube guidance. Moreover, pollen tubes were not observed in the micropyle of an inner no outer (ino) mutant in Arabidopsis, but were observed in homologous ino mutants in Annona. The similar distribution of GABA and AGPs observed in the micropyle of Arabidopsis and Annona, together with the anomalies from specific integument mutants, support the role of the inner integument in preventing multiple tube entrance (polytubey) in these two phylogenetically distant genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Lora
- Department of Subtropical Fruit Crops, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Thomas Laux
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - José I Hormaza
- Department of Subtropical Fruit Crops, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
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Zhou K. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Proteins in Arabidopsis and One of Their Common Roles in Signaling Transduction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1022. [PMID: 31555307 PMCID: PMC6726743 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Diverse proteins are found modified with glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) at their carboxyl terminus in eukaryotes, which allows them to associate with membrane lipid bilayers and anchor on the external surface of the plasma membrane. GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) play crucial roles in various processes, and more and more GPI-APs have been identified and studied. In this review, previous genomic and proteomic predictions of GPI-APs in Arabidopsis have been updated, which reveal their high abundance and complexity. From studies of individual GPI-APs in Arabidopsis, certain GPI-APs have been found associated with partner receptor-like kinases (RLKs), targeting RLKs to their subcellular localization and helping to recognize extracellular signaling polypeptide ligands. Interestingly, the association might also be involved in ligand selection. The analyses suggest that GPI-APs are essential and widely involved in signal transduction through association with RLKs.
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Zhou LZ, Dresselhaus T. Friend or foe: Signaling mechanisms during double fertilization in flowering seed plants. Curr Top Dev Biol 2018; 131:453-496. [PMID: 30612627 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the first description of double fertilization 120 years ago, the processes of pollen tube growth and guidance, sperm cell release inside the receptive synergid cell, as well as fusion of two sperm cells to the female gametes (egg and central cell) have been well documented in many flowering plants. Especially microscopic techniques, including live cell imaging, were used to visualize these processes. Molecular as well as genetic methods were applied to identify key players involved. However, compared to the first 11 decades since its discovery, the past decade has seen a tremendous advancement in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating angiosperm fertilization. Whole signaling networks were elucidated including secreted ligands, corresponding receptors, intracellular interaction partners, and further downstream signaling events involved in the cross-talk between pollen tubes and their cargo with female reproductive cells. Biochemical and structural biological approaches are now increasingly contributing to our understanding of the different signaling processes required to distinguish between compatible and incompatible interaction partners. Here, we review the current knowledge about signaling mechanisms during above processes with a focus on the model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Zea mays (maize). The analogy that many of the identified "reproductive signaling mechanisms" also act partly or fully in defense responses and/or cell death is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Zi Zhou
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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Abstract
The arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are highly glycosylated proteins, ubiquitous in plants that have been linked to numerous aspects of sexual reproduction in several plant species, including the monoecious tree species Quercus suber. AGPs are found in cell membranes and cell walls of all types of tissues, including reproductive cells and organs. Pectins are cell wall components that also have been shown to change in composition and quantity during the maturations of the male and female gametophyte in cork oak. These findings were only possible to reveal, due to the histological study of AGP and pectins epitopes by immunolabeling. The immunofluorescence microscopy technique uses antibodies linked to fluorophores and relies on the specificity of the antibody binding to its antigen, labeling the epitope with a fluorescent dye.In the method presented here, we explore the immunolocalization technique performed in male and female flowers of Quercus suber, using London Resin (LR-White) as the embedding medium, after vacuum fixation with formaldehyde/glutaraldehyde. An extensive description of all the aspects of this technique is provided, from the plant material developmental stages selection to the critical analysis of results performed, continuously supported by troubleshooting recommendations.
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Su S, Higashiyama T. Arabinogalactan proteins and their sugar chains: functions in plant reproduction, research methods, and biosynthesis. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2018; 31:67-75. [PMID: 29470639 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-018-0329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The arabinogalactan protein (AGP) family is one of the most complex protein families and is ubiquitous in the plant kingdom. Moreover, it has been demonstrated to play various roles during plant reproduction. A typical AGP contains a hydroxyproline-rich core protein with high heterogeneity and varying numbers of polysaccharide side chains. However, the functions of the polysaccharide components (i.e. AG sugar chains) remain largely unknown due to the general difficulties associated with studying sugar chains in glycobiology. In recent years, methodological breakthroughs have resulted in substantial progress in AGP research. Here, we summarise the multiple roles of AGPs during plant gametophyte development and male-female communication, with a focus on recent advances. In addition, we discuss the analytical tools used in AGP research, and the biosynthesis and function of AG sugar chains. A comprehensive understanding of the AGP family will help clarify the mechanisms precisely controlling reproductive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Su
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan.
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43
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Sankaranarayanan S, Higashiyama T. Capacitation in Plant and Animal Fertilization. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:129-139. [PMID: 29170007 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction relies on the successful fusion of the sperm and egg cell. Despite the vast differences between plants and animals, there are similarities at a molecular level between plant and animal reproduction. While the molecular basis of fertilization has been extensively studied in plants, the process of capacitation has received little attention until recently. Recent research has started to uncover the molecular basis of plant capacitation. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that the key molecules in plants and animal fertilization are functionally conserved. Here, we review new insights for our understanding of capacitation of pollen tube and fertilization in plants and also propose that there are commonalities in the process of sexual reproduction between plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Sankaranarayanan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan.
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44
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Kanaoka MM. Cell-cell communications and molecular mechanisms in plant sexual reproduction. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:37-47. [PMID: 29181649 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0997-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction is achieved by precise interactions between male and female reproductive organs. In plant fertilization, sperm cells are carried to ovules by pollen tubes. Signals from the pistil are involved in elongation and control of the direction of the pollen tube. Genetic, reverse genetic, and cell biological analyses using model plants have identified various factors related to the regulation of pollen tube growth and guidance. In this review, I summarize the mechanisms and molecules controlling pollen tube growth to the ovule, micropylar guidance, reception of the guidance signal in the pollen tube, rupture of the pollen tube to release sperm cells, and cessation of the tube guidance signal. I also briefly introduce various techniques used to analyze pollen tube guidance in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro M Kanaoka
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan.
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45
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Han T, Dong H, Cui J, Li M, Lin S, Cao J, Huang L. Genomic, Molecular Evolution, and Expression Analysis of Genes Encoding Putative Classical AGPs, Lysine-Rich AGPs, and AG Peptides in Brassica rapa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:397. [PMID: 28424711 PMCID: PMC5372829 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) belong to a class of Pro/Hyp-rich glycoproteins and are some of the most complex types of macromolecules found in plants. In the economically important plant species, Brassica rapa, only chimeric AGPs have been identified to date. This has significantly limited our understanding of the functional roles of AGPs in this plant. In this study, 64 AGPs were identified in the genome of B. rapa, including 33 classical AGPs, 28 AG peptides and three lys-rich AGPs. Syntenic gene analysis between B. rapa and A. thaliana suggested that the whole genome triplication event dominated the expansion of the AGP gene family in B. rapa. This resulted in a high retained proportion of the AGP family in the B. rapa genome, especially in the least fractionated subgenome. Phylogenetic and motif analysis classified the classical AGPs into six clades and three orphan genes, and the AG peptides into three clades and five orphan genes. Classical AGPs has a faster rate of molecular evolution than AG peptides revealed by estimation of molecular evolution rates. However, no significant differences were observed between classical AGPs and lys-rich AGPs. Under control conditions and in response to phytohormones treatment, a complete expression profiling experiment has identified five anther-specific AGPs and quite a number of AGPs responding to abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate and/or gibberellin. In this study, we presented a bioinformatics approach to identify important types of AGPs. Moreover, the association between their function and their protein structure, as well as the evolution and the expression of AGP genes were investigated, which might provide fundamental information for revealing the roles of AGPs in B. rapa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Han
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of AgricultureHangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative BiologyHangzhou, China
| | - Heng Dong
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of AgricultureHangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative BiologyHangzhou, China
| | - Jie Cui
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of AgricultureHangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative BiologyHangzhou, China
| | - Ming Li
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of AgricultureHangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative BiologyHangzhou, China
| | - Sue Lin
- Institute of Vegetable Science, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and TechnologyWenzhou, China
| | - Jiashu Cao
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of AgricultureHangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative BiologyHangzhou, China
| | - Li Huang
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of AgricultureHangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative BiologyHangzhou, China
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Ihsan MZ, Ahmad SJN, Shah ZH, Rehman HM, Aslam Z, Ahuja I, Bones AM, Ahmad JN. Gene Mining for Proline Based Signaling Proteins in Cell Wall of Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:233. [PMID: 28289422 PMCID: PMC5326801 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall (CW) as a first line of defense against biotic and abiotic stresses is of primary importance in plant biology. The proteins associated with cell walls play a significant role in determining a plant's sustainability to adverse environmental conditions. In this work, the genes encoding cell wall proteins (CWPs) in Arabidopsis were identified and functionally classified using geneMANIA and GENEVESTIGATOR with published microarrays data. This yielded 1605 genes, out of which 58 genes encoded proline-rich proteins (PRPs) and glycine-rich proteins (GRPs). Here, we have focused on the cellular compartmentalization, biological processes, and molecular functioning of proline-rich CWPs along with their expression at different plant developmental stages. The mined genes were categorized into five classes on the basis of the type of PRPs encoded in the cell wall of Arabidopsis thaliana. We review the domain structure and function of each class of protein, many with respect to the developmental stages of the plant. We have then used networks, hierarchical clustering and correlations to analyze co-expression, co-localization, genetic, and physical interactions and shared protein domains of these PRPs. This has given us further insight into these functionally important CWPs and identified a number of potentially new cell-wall related proteins in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Z. Ihsan
- Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies, The Islamia University BahawalpurBahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Samina J. N. Ahmad
- Plant Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Botany, University of Agriculture FaisalabadFaisalabad, Pakistan
- Integrated Genomics Cellular Developmental and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture FaisalabadFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Hussain Shah
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz M. Rehman
- Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, Chonnam National UniversityGwangju, South Korea
| | - Zubair Aslam
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture FaisalabadFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ishita Ahuja
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim, Norway
| | - Atle M. Bones
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim, Norway
| | - Jam N. Ahmad
- Plant Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Botany, University of Agriculture FaisalabadFaisalabad, Pakistan
- Integrated Genomics Cellular Developmental and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture FaisalabadFaisalabad, Pakistan
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Tekleyohans DG, Mao Y, Kägi C, Stierhof YD, Groß-Hardt R. Polyspermy barriers: a plant perspective. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 35:131-137. [PMID: 27951463 PMCID: PMC7610644 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A common denominator of sexual reproduction in many eukaryotic species is the exposure of an egg to excess sperm to maximize the chances of reproductive success. To avoid potential harmful or deleterious consequences of supernumerary sperm fusion to a single female gamete (polyspermy), many eukaryotes, including plants, have evolved barriers preventing polyspermy. Typically, these checkpoints are implemented at different stages in the reproduction process. The virtual absence of unambiguous reports of naturally occurring egg cell polyspermy in flowering plants is likely reflecting the success of this multiphasic strategy and highlights the difficulty to trace this presumably rare event. We here focus on potential polyspermy avoidance mechanisms in plants and discuss them in light of analogous processes in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawit G Tekleyohans
- Bremen University, Molecular Genetics, Leobenerstr. 5, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Yanbo Mao
- Bremen University, Molecular Genetics, Leobenerstr. 5, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Christina Kägi
- Federal Office for Agriculture FOAG, Mattenhofstr. 5, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Rita Groß-Hardt
- Bremen University, Molecular Genetics, Leobenerstr. 5, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
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48
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Pereira AM, Lopes AL, Coimbra S. Arabinogalactan Proteins as Interactors along the Crosstalk between the Pollen Tube and the Female Tissues. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1895. [PMID: 28018417 PMCID: PMC5159419 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) have long been considered to be implicated in several steps of the reproductive process of flowering plants. Pollen tube growth along the pistil tissues requires a multiplicity of signaling pathways to be activated and turned off precisely, at crucial timepoints, to guarantee successful fertilization and seed production. In the recent years, an outstanding effort has been made by the plant reproduction scientific community in order to better understand this process. This resulted in the discovery of a fairly substantial number of new players essential for reproduction, as well as their modes of action and interactions. Besides all the indications of AGPs involvement in reproduction, there were no convincing evidences about it. Recently, several studies came out to prove what had long been suggested about this complex family of glycoproteins. AGPs consist of a large family of hydroxyproline-rich proteins, predicted to be anchored to the plasma membrane and extremely rich in sugars. These two last characteristics always made them perfect candidates to be involved in signaling mechanisms, in several plant developmental processes. New findings finally relate AGPs to concrete functions in plant reproduction. In this review, it is intended not only to describe how different molecules and signaling pathways are functioning to achieve fertilization, but also to integrate the recent discoveries about AGPs along this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences InstitutePorto, Portugal
| | - Ana L. Lopes
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences InstitutePorto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences InstitutePorto, Portugal
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Maruyama D, Higashiyama T. The end of temptation: the elimination of persistent synergid cell identity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 34:122-126. [PMID: 27837692 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, sexual reproduction culminates in double fertilization, which occurs after an ovule receives two sperm cells from a single pollen tube. Recent progress in pollen tube guidance, as well as analyses of fertilization-defective mutants, have highlighted a post-fertilization event that rapidly terminates pollen tube attraction. This event plays a crucial role in ensuring a one-to-one fertilization system between males and females. This phenomenon is controlled by the activity of persistent synergid cells, which secrete peptides that attract and thus guide the pollen tube. This review briefly introduces new findings on cell biology and signaling pathways that regulate the unique inactivation mechanism of persistent synergid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Maruyama
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0813, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan; Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; JST ERATO Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan.
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Pereira AM, Lopes AL, Coimbra S. JAGGER, an AGP essential for persistent synergid degeneration and polytubey block in Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1209616. [PMID: 27413888 PMCID: PMC5022411 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1209616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A precise control of sperm cells delivery and fusion to the egg cell and the central cell is fundamental for the accomplishment of successful double fertilization in flowering plants. This is mostly regulated by female gametophyte egg and central cells, which control the timing of synergids cell degeneration. We recently identified an arabinogalactan protein, AGP4, named JAGGER, that impairs the persistent synergid degeneration, and consequently leads to the attraction of more than one pollen tube into one embryo sac, a situation termed polytubey. jagger mutants revealed an increased rate of polytubey and persistent synergids that do not degenerate. This persistent synergid, is, as we suggested, the cell responsible for attracting an extra pollen tube into the embryo sacs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marta Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Lúcia Lopes
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Porto, Portugal
- CONTACT Sílvia Coimbra
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