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Wang YG, Zhang YM, Wang YH, Zhang K, Ma J, Hang JX, Su YT, Tan SS, Liu H, Xiong AS, Xu ZS. The Y locus encodes a REPRESSOR OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC GENES protein that represses carotenoid biosynthesis via interaction with APRR2 in carrot. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2798-2817. [PMID: 38593056 PMCID: PMC11289637 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Little is known about the factors regulating carotenoid biosynthesis in roots. In this study, we characterized DCAR_032551, the candidate gene of the Y locus responsible for the transition of root color from ancestral white to yellow during carrot (Daucus carota) domestication. We show that DCAR_032551 encodes a REPRESSOR OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC GENES (RPGE) protein, named DcRPGE1. DcRPGE1 from wild carrot (DcRPGE1W) is a repressor of carotenoid biosynthesis. Specifically, DcRPGE1W physically interacts with DcAPRR2, an ARABIDOPSIS PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR2 (APRR2)-like transcription factor. Through this interaction, DcRPGE1W suppresses DcAPRR2-mediated transcriptional activation of the key carotenogenic genes phytoene synthase 1 (DcPSY1), DcPSY2, and lycopene ε-cyclase (DcLCYE), which strongly decreases carotenoid biosynthesis. We also demonstrate that the DcRPGE1W-DcAPRR2 interaction prevents DcAPRR2 from binding to the RGATTY elements in the promoter regions of DcPSY1, DcPSY2, and DcLCYE. Additionally, we identified a mutation in the DcRPGE1 coding region of yellow and orange carrots that leads to the generation of alternatively spliced transcripts encoding truncated DcRPGE1 proteins unable to interact with DcAPRR2, thereby failing to suppress carotenoid biosynthesis. These findings provide insights into the transcriptional regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis and offer potential target genes for enhancing carotenoid accumulation in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yu-Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ya-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Ma
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jia-Xin Hang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yu-Ting Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shan-Shan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Tachibana R, Abe S, Marugami M, Yamagami A, Akema R, Ohashi T, Nishida K, Nosaki S, Miyakawa T, Tanokura M, Kim JM, Seki M, Inaba T, Matsui M, Ifuku K, Kushiro T, Asami T, Nakano T. BPG4 regulates chloroplast development and homeostasis by suppressing GLK transcription factors and involving light and brassinosteroid signaling. Nat Commun 2024; 15:370. [PMID: 38191552 PMCID: PMC10774444 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44492-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Chloroplast development adapts to the environment for performing suitable photosynthesis. Brassinosteroids (BRs), plant steroid hormones, have crucial effects on not only plant growth but also chloroplast development. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of BR signaling in chloroplast development remain unclear. Here, we identify a regulator of chloroplast development, BPG4, involved in light and BR signaling. BPG4 interacts with GOLDEN2-LIKE (GLK) transcription factors that promote the expression of photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes (PhANGs), and suppresses their activities, thereby causing a decrease in the amounts of chlorophylls and the size of light-harvesting complexes. BPG4 expression is induced by BR deficiency and light, and is regulated by the circadian rhythm. BPG4 deficiency causes increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and damage to photosynthetic activity under excessive high-light conditions. Our findings suggest that BPG4 acts as a chloroplast homeostasis factor by fine-tuning the expression of PhANGs, optimizing chloroplast development, and avoiding ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Tachibana
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Susumu Abe
- CSRS, RIKEN, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Momo Marugami
- CSRS, RIKEN, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Ayumi Yamagami
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Rino Akema
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takao Ohashi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kaisei Nishida
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shohei Nosaki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba University, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba-shi, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyakawa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanokura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Jong-Myong Kim
- CSRS, RIKEN, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Ac-Planta Inc., Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0044, Japan
| | - Motoaki Seki
- CSRS, RIKEN, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takehito Inaba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | | | - Kentaro Ifuku
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kushiro
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Tadao Asami
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
- CSRS, RIKEN, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.
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Wolters SM, Benninghaus VA, Roelfs KU, van Deenen N, Twyman RM, Prüfer D, Schulze Gronover C. Overexpression of a pseudo-etiolated-in-light-like protein in Taraxacum koksaghyz leads to a pale green phenotype and enables transcriptome-based network analysis of photomorphogenesis and isoprenoid biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1228961. [PMID: 37841614 PMCID: PMC10569127 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1228961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Plant growth and greening in response to light require the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophylls and carotenoids, which are derived from isoprenoid precursors. In Arabidopsis, the pseudo-etiolated-in-light phenotype is caused by the overexpression of repressor of photosynthetic genes 2 (RPGE2), which regulates chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthetic genes. Methods We investigated a homologous protein in the Russian dandelion (Taraxacum koksaghyz) to determine its influence on the rich isoprenoid network in this species, using a combination of in silico analysis, gene overexpression, transcriptomics and metabolic profiling. Results Homology-based screening revealed a gene designated pseudo-etiolated-in-light-like (TkPEL-like), and in silico analysis identified a light-responsive G-box element in its promoter. TkPEL-like overexpression in dandelion plants and other systems reduced the levels of chlorophylls and carotenoids, but this was ameliorated by the mutation of one or both conserved cysteine residues. Comparative transcriptomics in dandelions overexpressing TkPEL-like showed that genes responsible for the synthesis of isoprenoid precursors and chlorophyll were downregulated, probably explaining the observed pale green leaf phenotype. In contrast, genes responsible for carotenoid synthesis were upregulated, possibly in response to feedback signaling. The evaluation of additional differentially expressed genes revealed interactions between pathways. Discussion We propose that TkPEL-like negatively regulates chlorophyll- and photosynthesis-related genes in a light-dependent manner, which appears to be conserved across species. Our data will inform future studies addressing the regulation of leaf isoprenoid biosynthesis and photomorphogenesis and could be used in future breeding strategies to optimize selected plant isoprenoid profiles and generate suitable plant-based production platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silva Melissa Wolters
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Kai-Uwe Roelfs
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Münster, Germany
| | - Nicole van Deenen
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Prüfer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Münster, Germany
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Kim N, Jeong J, Kim J, Oh J, Choi G. Withdrawn as duplicate: Shade represses photosynthetic genes by disrupting the DNA binding of GOLDEN2-LIKE1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:680. [PMID: 36756693 PMCID: PMC10152669 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn due to an error that caused the article to be duplicated. The definitive version of this article is published under DOI https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiad029.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namuk Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon
34141, Korea
| | - Jinkil Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon
34141, Korea
| | - Jeongheon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon
34141, Korea
| | - Jeonghwa Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon
34141, Korea
| | - Giltsu Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon
34141, Korea
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5
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Rashid A, Ruan H, Wang Y. The Gene FvTST1 From Strawberry Modulates Endogenous Sugars Enhancing Plant Growth and Fruit Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:774582. [PMID: 35087549 PMCID: PMC8786802 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.774582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sugar is an important carbon source and contributes significantly to the improvement of plant growth and fruit flavor quality. Sugar transport through the tonoplast is important for intracellular homeostasis and metabolic balance in plant cells. There are four tonoplast sugar transporters (FvTST1-4) in strawberry genome. The qRT-PCR results indicated that FvTST1 has a differential expression pattern in different tissues and developmental stages, and exhibited highest expression level in mature fruits. The yeast complementation assay showed that FvTST1 can mediate the uptake of different sugars, such as fructose, glucose, sucrose, and mannose. Subcellular localization analyses revealed that FvTST1 was mainly targeted to the tonoplast. Transient expression of FvTST1 in strawberry fruits enhanced both fruit ripening and sugar accumulation. Furthermore, FvTST1-transformed tomato plants exhibited higher sucrose and auxin content, enhanced seed germination and vegetative growth, higher photosynthetic rate, early flowering, and bore fruit; fructose and glucose levels were higher in transgenic fruits than those in the control. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that the auxin signaling pathway was highly enriched pathway in up-regulated Gene-ontology terms. In transgenic plants, genes encoding transcription factors, such as phytochrome-interacting factors PIF1, -3, and -4, as well as their potential target genes, were also induced. Collectively, the results show that FvTST1 enhances plant growth and fruit ripening by modulating endogenous sugars, and highlight the biological significance of this gene for future breeding purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Rashid
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Haixiang Ruan
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Hong J, Gunasekara C, He C, Liu S, Huang J, Wei H. Identification of biological pathway and process regulators using sparse partial least squares and triple-gene mutual interaction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13174. [PMID: 34162988 PMCID: PMC8222328 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of biological process- and pathway-specific regulators is essential for advancing our understanding of regulation and formation of various phenotypic and complex traits. In this study, we applied two methods, triple-gene mutual interaction (TGMI) and Sparse Partial Least Squares (SPLS), to identify the regulators of multiple metabolic pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana and Populus trichocarpa using high-throughput gene expression data. We analyzed four pathways: (1) lignin biosynthesis pathway in A. thaliana and P. trichocarpa; (2) flavanones, flavonol and anthocyannin biosynthesis in A. thaliana; (3) light reaction pathway and Calvin cycle in A. thaliana. (4) light reaction pathway alone in A. thaliana. The efficiencies of two methods were evaluated by examining the positive known regulators captured, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the area under ROC curves (AUROC). Our results showed that TGMI is in general more efficient than SPLS in identifying true pathway regulators and ranks them to the top of candidate regulatory gene lists, but the two methods are to some degree complementary because they could identify some different pathway regulators. This study identified many regulators that potentially regulate the above pathways in plants and are valuable for genetic engineering of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Hong
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Linan, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Linan, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Chathura Gunasekara
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Cheng He
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Sanzhen Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Jianqin Huang
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Linan, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Linan, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Hairong Wei
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA.
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Job N, Datta S. PIF3/HY5 module regulates BBX11 to suppress protochlorophyllide levels in dark and promote photomorphogenesis in light. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:190-204. [PMID: 33330975 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Greening of cotyledons during de-etiolation is critical for harvesting light energy and sustaining plant growth. PIF3 and HY5 antagonistically regulate protochlorophyllide synthesis in the dark. However, the mechanism by which the PIF3/HY5 module regulates genes involved in protochlorophyllide synthesis is not clear. Using genetic, molecular and biochemical techniques we identified that the B-BOX protein BBX11 acts directly downstream of PIF3 and HY5 to transcriptionally modulate genes involved in protochlorophyllide synthesis. Dark-grown bbx11 and 35S:BBX11 seedlings exhibit an enhanced and reduced ability to green, respectively, when exposed to light. Transcript levels of HEMA1 and CHLH are upregulated in 35S:BBX11 seedlings that accumulate high levels of protochlorophyllide in the dark and undergo photobleaching upon illumination. PIF3 inhibits BBX11 in the dark by directly binding to its promoter. bbx11 suppresses the cotyledon greening defect of pif3 after prolonged dark, indicating that the PIF3-mediated regulation of greening is dependent on BBX11. The enhanced greening of hy5 is also suppressed in hy5 lines overexpressing BBX11. In light, HY5 directly binds to the promoter of BBX11 and activates its expression to regulate BBX11-mediated hypocotyl inhibition. We show that a PIF3/HY5 module regulates BBX11 expression in opposite ways to optimise protochlorophyllide accumulation in the dark and promote photomorphogenesis in light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Job
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Sourav Datta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
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Spatial Organization and Coordination of the Plant Circadian System. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030442. [PMID: 33804638 PMCID: PMC8003751 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant circadian clock has a pervasive influence on many aspects of plant biology and is proposed to function as a developmental manager. To do so, the circadian oscillator needs to be able to integrate a multiplicity of environmental signals and coordinate an extensive and diverse repertoire of endogenous rhythms accordingly. Recent studies on tissue-specific characteristics and spatial structure of the plant circadian clock suggest that such plasticity may be achieved through the function of distinct oscillators, which sense the environment locally and are then coordinated across the plant through both intercellular coupling and long-distance communication. This review summarizes the current knowledge on tissue-specific features of the clock in plants and their spatial organization and synchronization at the organismal level.
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Su SH, Keith MA, Masson PH. Gravity Signaling in Flowering Plant Roots. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1290. [PMID: 33003550 PMCID: PMC7601833 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Roots typically grow downward into the soil where they anchor the plant and take up water and nutrients necessary for plant growth and development. While the primary roots usually grow vertically downward, laterals often follow a gravity set point angle that allows them to explore the surrounding environment. These responses can be modified by developmental and environmental cues. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms that govern root gravitropism in flowering plant roots. In this system, the primary site of gravity sensing within the root cap is physically separated from the site of curvature response at the elongation zone. Gravity sensing involves the sedimentation of starch-filled plastids (statoliths) within the columella cells of the root cap (the statocytes), which triggers a relocalization of plasma membrane-associated PIN auxin efflux facilitators to the lower side of the cell. This process is associated with the recruitment of RLD regulators of vesicular trafficking to the lower membrane by LAZY proteins. PIN relocalization leads to the formation of a lateral gradient of auxin across the root cap. Upon transmission to the elongation zone, this auxin gradient triggers a downward curvature. We review the molecular mechanisms that control this process in primary roots and discuss recent insights into the regulation of oblique growth in lateral roots and its impact on root-system architecture, soil exploration and plant adaptation to stressful environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick H. Masson
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 425G Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (S.-H.S.); (M.A.K.)
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10
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Light modulates the gravitropic responses through organ-specific PIFs and HY5 regulation of LAZY4 expression in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18840-18848. [PMID: 32690706 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005871117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Light and gravity are two key environmental factors that control plant growth and architecture. However, the molecular basis of the coordination of light and gravity signaling in plants remains obscure. Here, we report that two classes of transcription factors, PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORS (PIFs) and ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5), can directly bind and activate the expression of LAZY4, a positive regulator of gravitropism in both shoots and roots in Arabidopsis In hypocotyls, light promotes degradation of PIFs to reduce LAZY4 expression, which inhibits the negative gravitropism of hypocotyls. LAZY4 overexpression can partially rescue the negative gravitropic phenotype of pifq in the dark without affecting amyloplast development. Our identification of the PIFs-LAZY4 regulatory module suggests the presence of another role for PIF proteins in gravitropism, in addition to a previous report demonstrating that PIFs positively regulate amyloplast development to promote negative gravitropism in hypocotyls. In roots, light promotes accumulation of HY5 proteins to activate expression of LAZY4, which promotes positive gravitropism in roots. Together, our data indicate that light exerts opposite regulation of LAZY4 expression in shoots and roots by mediating the protein levels of PIFs and HY5, respectively, to inhibit the negative gravitropism of shoots and promote positive gravitropism of roots in Arabidopsis.
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Qiu JR, Xiang XY, Wang JT, Xu WX, Chen J, Xiao Y, Jiang CZ, Huang Z. MfPIF1 of Resurrection Plant Myrothamnus flabellifolia Plays a Positive Regulatory Role in Responding to Drought and Salinity Stresses in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3011. [PMID: 32344614 PMCID: PMC7215370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21083011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs), a subfamily of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs), play critical roles in regulating plant growth and development. The resurrection plant Myrothamnus flabellifolia possesses a noteworthy tolerance to desiccation, but no PIFs related to the response to abiotic stress have been functionally studied. In this study, a dehydration-inducible PIF gene, MfPIF1, was cloned and characterized. Subcellular localization assay revealed that MfPIF1 is localized predominantly in the nucleus. Overexpression of MfPIF1 in Arabidopsis thaliana led to enhanced drought and salinity tolerance, which was attributed to higher contents of chlorophyll, proline (Pro), soluble protein, and soluble sugar, activities of antioxidant enzymes as well as lower water loss rate, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in transgenic lines compared with control plants. Moreover, MfPIF1 decreased stomatal aperture after drought and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment, and increased expression of both ABA biosynthesis and ABA-responsive genes including NCED3, P5CS, and RD29A. Overall, these results indicated that MfPIF1 may act as a positive regulator to drought and salinity responses, and therefore could be considered as a potential gene for plant genetic improvement of drought and salinity tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Rui Qiu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; (J.-R.Q.); (X.-Y.X.); (J.-T.W.); (W.-X.X.); (J.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xiang-Ying Xiang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; (J.-R.Q.); (X.-Y.X.); (J.-T.W.); (W.-X.X.); (J.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Jia-Tong Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; (J.-R.Q.); (X.-Y.X.); (J.-T.W.); (W.-X.X.); (J.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Wen-Xin Xu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; (J.-R.Q.); (X.-Y.X.); (J.-T.W.); (W.-X.X.); (J.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Jia Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; (J.-R.Q.); (X.-Y.X.); (J.-T.W.); (W.-X.X.); (J.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yao Xiao
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; (J.-R.Q.); (X.-Y.X.); (J.-T.W.); (W.-X.X.); (J.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Cai-Zhong Jiang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Zhuo Huang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; (J.-R.Q.); (X.-Y.X.); (J.-T.W.); (W.-X.X.); (J.C.); (Y.X.)
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The epidermis coordinates thermoresponsive growth through the phyB-PIF4-auxin pathway. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1053. [PMID: 32103019 PMCID: PMC7044213 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14905-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, an elevation in ambient temperature induces adaptive morphological changes including elongated hypocotyls, which is predominantly regulated by a bHLH transcription factor, PIF4. Although PIF4 is expressed in all aerial tissues including the epidermis, mesophyll, and vascular bundle, its tissue-specific functions in thermomorphogenesis are not known. Here, we show that epidermis-specific expression of PIF4 induces constitutive long hypocotyls, while vasculature-specific expression of PIF4 has no effect on hypocotyl growth. RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR analyses reveal that auxin-responsive genes and growth-related genes are highly activated by epidermal, but not by vascular, PIF4. Additionally, inactivation of epidermal PIF4 or auxin signaling, and overexpression of epidermal phyB suppresses thermoresponsive growth, indicating that epidermal PIF4-auxin pathways are essential for the temperature responses. Further, we show that high temperatures increase both epidermal PIF4 transcription and the epidermal PIF4 DNA-binding ability. Taken together, our study demonstrates that the epidermis regulates thermoresponsive growth through the phyB-PIF4-auxin pathway. The PIF4 transcription factor along with the phyB photoreceptor, regulates growth responses to elevated temperature in plants. Here the authors show that PIF4 expression in the epidermis, rather than the vasculature, stimulates auxin responses and thermoresponsive growth in Arabidopsis.
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Zhang K, Zheng T, Zhu X, Jiu S, Liu Z, Guan L, Jia H, Fang J. Genome-Wide Identification of PIFs in Grapes ( Vitis vinifera L.) and Their Transcriptional Analysis under Lighting/Shading Conditions. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9090451. [PMID: 30205517 PMCID: PMC6162725 DOI: 10.3390/genes9090451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs), as the basic helix⁻loop⁻helix (bHLH) transcription factors, are the primary signaling partners for phytochromes (PHY) that play a key role in PHY-mediated light signal transduction. At present, there are few studies on PIFs in fruit trees. In order to clarify the status of PIFs in grapevines, we identified members of the grape PIFs family and conducted phylogenetic and expression analysis. We identified PIF1, PIF3, PIF4, and PIF7 in PIFs families of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), which were distributed on four different chromosomes with similar gene structures. Except for the closer relationship with PIF1 of citrus, PIFs of grape were distant from the other fruit species such as apple, pear, peach, and strawberry. The VvPIFs (except VvPIF4) were located in the syntenic block with those from Arabidopsisthaliana, Solanum lycopersicum, or Citrus sinensis. In addition to PIF1, all PIFs in grapevines have conserved active PHYB binding (APB) sequences. VvPIF1 has a conserved PIF1-specific active PHYA binding (APA) sequence, while amino acid mutations occurred in the specific APA sequence in VvPIF3. Interestingly, two specific motifs were found in the PIF4 amino acid sequence. The photoreceptor-related elements in the VvPIFs promoter region were the most abundant. PIF1, LONG HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) and PIF3, PIF4, GIBBERELLIC ACID INSENSITIVE 1 (GAI1) may interact with each other and participate together in light signal transduction. The relative expression levels of the VvPIFs showed diverse patterns in the various organs at different developmental stages, of which PIF4 was most highly expressed. Prior to maturation, the expression of PIF4 and PIF7 in the skin of the different cultivars increased, while the expression of all PIFs in the flesh decreased. The transcription level of PIFs in grape leaves was sensitive to changes in lighting and shading. Shading treatment was beneficial for enhancing the transcription level of VvPIFs, but the effect on VvPIF3 and VvPIF4 was time-controlled. We concluded that PIFs in grapevines are both conservative and species-specific. The identification and analysis of grape PIFs could provide a theoretical foundation for the further construction of grape light regulation networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kekun Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ting Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xudong Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Songtao Jiu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhongjie Liu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Le Guan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Haifeng Jia
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jinggui Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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Cai Y, Tu W, Zu Y, Yan J, Xu Z, Lu J, Zhang Y. Overexpression of a Grapevine Sucrose Transporter (VvSUC27) in Tobacco Improves Plant Growth Rate in the Presence of Sucrose In vitro. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1069. [PMID: 28676814 PMCID: PMC5476780 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The import of sugar from source leaves and it further accumulation in grape berries are considerably high during ripening, and this process is mediated via sucrose transporters. In this study, a grape sucrose transporter (SUT) gene, VvSUC27, located at the plasma membrane, was transferred to tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). The transformants were more sensitive to sucrose and showed more rapid development, especially roots, when cultured on MS agar medium containing sucrose, considering that the shoot/root dry weight ratio was only half that of the control. Moreover, all transformed plants exhibited light-colored leaves throughout their development, which indicated chlorosis and an associated reduction in photosynthesis. The total sugar content in the roots and stems of transformants was higher than that in control plants. No significant difference was observed in the leaves between the transformants and control plants. The levels of growth-promoting hormones were increased, and those of stress-mediating hormones were reduced in transgenic tobacco plants. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of VvSUC27 was 1,000 times higher than that of the autologous tobacco sucrose transporter, which suggested that the markedly increased growth rate of transformants was because of the heterogeneously expressed gene. The transgenic tobacco plants showed resistance to abiotic stresses. Strikingly, the overexpression of VvSUC27 leaded to the up regulation of most reactive oxygen species scavengers and abscisic acid-related genes that might enable transgenic plants to overcome abiotic stress. Taken together, these results revealed an important role of VvSUC27 in plant growth and response to abiotic stresses, especially in the presence of sucrose in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Cai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Wenrui Tu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yunyun Zu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Zimo Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jiang Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yali Zhang
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