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Bozigar M, Konstantinoudis G, Zilli Vieira CL, Li L, Alwadi Y, Jones RR, Koutrakis P. Domestic radon exposure and childhood cancer risk by site and sex in 727 counties in the United States, 2001-2018. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 954:176288. [PMID: 39278504 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood cancer has few established risk factors and environmental influences are underexplored. This ecologic study investigated the association between domestic radon exposure and childhood cancer risk in a large sample of United States (U.S.) counties. METHODS Monthly ZIP code-level basement radon estimates from a geographic machine learning model were aggregated annually to counties, analyzed as continuous and dichotomized (cut point: 74 Bq/cubic meter (Bq/m3) or 2.0 picocuries/L (pCi/L)) versions, and lagged by one year. Annual county-level counts of sex- and site-specific (all, leukemia, brain and central nervous system [CNS], and other sites) incident cancer diagnoses among those 0-19 years from 2001 to 2018 were obtained from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program database. Sex- and site-specific counts were modeled as zero-inflated Poisson distributions in a Bayesian spatiotemporal framework and sequentially adjusted for random and fixed confounder effects. RESULTS In 727 counties across 14 states, the average population aged 0-19 years was 41,599 people at baseline. Results from fully adjusted spatiotemporal statistical models indicated 1.05 (95% credible interval, CrI: 1.00, 1.09) times higher relative risks (RRs) of leukemia among both sexes and a RR of 1.06 (95%CrI: 1.00, 1.12) in males from a 50 Bq/m3 (1.35 pCi/L) increase in radon concentration the year prior. For radon exposures ≥74 Bq/m3 (2.00 pCi/L) the year prior, RRs were 1.08 (95%CrI: 1.02, 1.15) for both sexes and 1.12 (95%CrI: 1.04, 1.22) for females. No associations were found with other cancer sites or sexes from prior year radon exposures. CONCLUSIONS County-level childhood leukemia risk in both sexes were associated with average radon levels below U.S. Environmental Protection Agency guidelines recommending mitigation (148 Bq/m3 or 4.00 pCi/L). These findings warrant further investigation using population-based and individual-level study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Bozigar
- School of Nutrition and Public Health, College of Health, Oregon State University, 160 SW 26(th) Street, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
| | - Garyfallos Konstantinoudis
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Carolina L Zilli Vieira
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Longxiang Li
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yazan Alwadi
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rena R Jones
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Exposure Epidemiology and Risk Program, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Maier A, Bailey T, Hinrichs A, Lerchl S, Newman RT, Fournier C, Vandevoorde C. Experimental Setups for In Vitro Studies on Radon Exposure in Mammalian Cells-A Critical Overview. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20095670. [PMID: 37174189 PMCID: PMC10178159 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20095670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring radon and its short lived progeny are the second leading cause of lung cancer after smoking, and the main risk factor for non-smokers. The radon progeny, mainly Polonium-218 (218Po) and Polonium-214 (214Po), are responsible for the highest dose deposition in the bronchial epithelium via alpha-decay. These alpha-particles release a large amount of energy over a short penetration range, which results in severe and complex DNA damage. In order to unravel the underlying biological mechanisms which are triggered by this complex DNA damage and eventually give rise to carcinogenesis, in vitro radiobiology experiments on mammalian cells have been performed using radon exposure setups, or radon analogues, which mimic alpha-particle exposure. This review provides an overview of the different experimental setups, which have been developed and used over the past decades for in vitro radon experiments. In order to guarantee reliable results, the design and dosimetry of these setups require careful consideration, which will be emphasized in this work. Results of these in vitro experiments, particularly on bronchial epithelial cells, can provide valuable information on biomarkers, which can assist to identify exposures, as well as to study the effects of localized high dose depositions and the heterogeneous dose distribution of radon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Maier
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tarryn Bailey
- Department of Physics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Cape Town 7600, South Africa
- Radiation Biophysics Division, Separated Sector Cyclotron Laboratory, NRF-iThemba LABS, Cape Town 7129, South Africa
| | - Annika Hinrichs
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Physics Department, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sylvie Lerchl
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Richard T Newman
- Department of Physics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Cape Town 7600, South Africa
| | - Claudia Fournier
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Charlot Vandevoorde
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Radiation Biophysics Division, Separated Sector Cyclotron Laboratory, NRF-iThemba LABS, Cape Town 7129, South Africa
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Kim S, Scheffer-Wentz H, Klug MG, Schwartz GG. Comparing Communication Methods to Increase Radon Knowledge and Home Testing: A Randomized Controlled Trial in a High-Radon City. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20095634. [PMID: 37174154 PMCID: PMC10178454 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20095634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposure to residential radon is a preventable cause of cancer. Prevention requires testing, but the percentage of homes that have been tested is small. One reason for the low testing rates may be that printed brochures fail to motivate people to obtain and return a radon test. METHODS We developed a radon app for smartphones that contained the same information as printed brochures. We conducted a randomized, controlled trial that compared the app to brochures in a population comprised largely of homeowners. Cognitive endpoints included radon knowledge, attitudes toward testing, perceived severity and susceptibility to radon, and response and self-efficacy. Behavioral endpoints were participants' requests for a free radon test and the return of the test to the lab. Participants (N = 116) were residents of Grand Forks, North Dakota, a city with one of the nation's highest radon levels. Data were analyzed by general linear models and logistic regression. RESULTS Participants in both conditions showed significant increases in radon knowledge (p < 0.001), perceived susceptibility (p < 0.001), and self-efficacy (p = 0.004). There was a significant interaction, with app users showing greater increases. After controlling for income, app users were three times more likely to request a free radon test. However, contrary to expectation, app users were 70% less likely to return it to the lab (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirm the superiority of smartphones in stimulating radon test requests. We speculate that the advantage of brochures in promoting test returns may be due to their ability to serve as physical reminders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojung Kim
- Department of Communication, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Hannah Scheffer-Wentz
- Department of Communication, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Marilyn G Klug
- Department of Population Health, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Gary G Schwartz
- Department of Population Health, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
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Ramadhani D, Purnami S, Tetriana D, Sugoro I, Suvifan VA, Rahadjeng N, Wanandi SI, Wibowo H, Kashiwakura I, Miura T, Syaifudin M. Chromosome aberrations, micronucleus frequency, and catalase concentration in a population chronically exposed to high levels of radon. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 99:1188-1203. [PMID: 35930491 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2110314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To deepen our knowledge on the effects of high levels of indoor radon exposure, we assessed the frequencies of unstable and stable chromosome aberrations and micronucleus (MN), as well as the concentration of an endogenous antioxidant (catalase, CAT), in blood samples of individuals chronically exposed to high indoor radon concentrations in Indonesia (Tande-Tande sub-village, Mamuju, West Sulawesi). Moreover, we also investigated the occurrence of a radio-adaptive response (RAR) in Tande-Tande sub-village inhabitants using the G2 MN assay. MATERIALS AND METHODS The frequencies of dicentric (DC), acentric (AF), ring (R), and translocation (Tr) chromosomes in Tande-Tande inhabitants were compared to those in people living in a reference area with low levels of indoor radon levels (Topoyo village, Indonesia). The number of MN per 1000 binucleated cells (BNC) and CAT concentration per total protein was quantified and compared between groups. Lastly, we irradiated (2 Gy) phytohemagglutinin-stimulated samples in vitro and measured the frequency of MN to verify the occurrence of a RAR in Tande-Tande sub-village inhabitants. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The frequencies of DC, AF, and Tr did not differ between Tande-Tande inhabitants and control subjects (p = 0.350, 0.521, 0.597). The frequency of MN in Tande-Tande inhabitants was significantly lower than that in the control group (p = 0.006). Similarly, CAT concentration in Tande-Tande inhabitants was also significantly lower than that in the control population (p < 0.001). Significant negative correlations were identified for MN number and CAT concentration versus indoor radon concentration, annual effective dose, or cumulative dose both within groups and when all data were analyzed together. Our findings indicate that, despite the high indoor radon levels, Tande-Tande inhabitants are not under oxidative stress, since this group had lower CAT concentration and MN frequency than those in the control group. The negative correlation between MN frequency and indoor radon concentration, annual effective dose, and cumulative dose suggests the occurrence of an RAR phenomenon in Tande-Tande sub-village inhabitants. This interpretation is also supported by the results of the G2 MN assay, which revealed lower MN frequencies after in vitro irradiation of samples from Tande-Tande sub-village inhabitants than those in samples from the control group (p = 0.0069, for cumulative MN frequency; p = 0.0146, for radiation-induced MN only).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwi Ramadhani
- Doctoral Program for Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sofiati Purnami
- Research Center for Safety, Metrology, and Nuclear Quality Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Devita Tetriana
- Research Center for Safety, Metrology, and Nuclear Quality Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Irawan Sugoro
- Research Center for Radiation Process Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Viria Agesti Suvifan
- Research Center for Safety, Metrology, and Nuclear Quality Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nastiti Rahadjeng
- Research Center for Safety, Metrology, and Nuclear Quality Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Septelia Inawati Wanandi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Heri Wibowo
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ikuo Kashiwakura
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tomisato Miura
- Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Mukh Syaifudin
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Effects of radiation quality and dose rate on radiation-induced nucleoplasmic bridges in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Mutat Res 2021; 863-864:503321. [PMID: 33678246 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that the yield of cobalt-60 γ-rays-induced nucleoplasmic bridges (NPB) in human peripheral blood lymphocytes is dose dependent. However, the influence of the radiation quality and dose rates on NPB frequencies has not been investigated. The present study aimed to investigate NPB frequencies in human peripheral blood lymphocytes induced by carbon ions and explore the dose rate effect on cobalt-60 γ-rays-induced NPB. To establish dose-response curves, human peripheral blood samples were irradiated with 0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 8.0 Gy of carbon ions at a dose rate of 3.0 Gy/min in vitro. To explore the dose rate effect, human peripheral blood samples were irradiated with 2.0 and 5.0 Gy of cobalt-60 γ-rays at dose rates of 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 10.0 Gy/min in vitro. NPB and micronuclei (MN) in binucleated cells were analyzed with the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay. Results showed that the dose-response curve of carbon ion-induced NPB frequencies follow a linear-quadratic model (R2 = 0.934). The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) values of carbon ions to cobalt-60 γ-rays decreased with increased NPB frequencies (ranging from 2.47 to 5.86). Compared with group 1.0 Gy/min, the NPB frequencies in groups 10.0 Gy/min (2.0 Gy), 5.0 and 10.0 Gy/min (5.0 Gy) were decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Carbon ion-induced NPB in human peripheral blood lymphocytes have a good dose-response relationship. Cobalt-60 γ-rays-induced NPB frequencies are affected by the specific dose rate.
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Albertini RJ, Kaden DA. Mutagenicity monitoring in humans: Global versus specific origin of mutations. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2020; 786:108341. [PMID: 33339577 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An underappreciated aspect of human mutagenicity biomonitoring is tissue specificity reflected in different assays, especially those that measure events that can only occur in developing bone marrow (BM) cells. Reviewed here are 9 currently-employed human mutagenicity biomonitoring assays. Several assays measure chromosome-level events in circulating T-lymphocytes (T-cells), i.e., traditional analyses of aberrations, translocation studies involving chromosome painting and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and determinations of micronuclei (MN). Other T-cell assays measure gene mutations. i.e., hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoriboslytransferase (HPRT) and phosphoribosylinositol glycan class A (PIGA). In addition to the T-cell assays, also reviewed are those assays that measure events in peripheral blood cells that necessarily arose in BM cells, i.e., MN in reticulocytes; glycophorin A (GPA) gene mutations in red blood cells (RBCs), and PIGA gene mutations in RBC or granulocytes. This review considers only cell culture- or cytometry-based assays to describe endpoints measured, methods, optimal sampling times, and sample summaries of typical quantitative and qualitative results. However, to achieve its intended focus on the target cells where events occur, kinetics of the cells of peripheral blood that derive at some point from precursor cells are reviewed to identify body sites and tissues where the genotoxic events originate. Kinetics indicate that in normal adults, measured events in T-cells afford global assessments of in vivo mutagenicity but are not specific for BM effects. Therefore, an agent's capacity for inducing mutations in BM cells cannot be reliably inferred from T-cell assays as the magnitude of effect in BM, if any, is unknown. By contrast, chromosome or gene level mutations measured in RBCs/reticulocytes or granulocytes must originate in BM cells, i.e. in RBC or granulocyte precursors, thereby making them specific indicators for effects in BM. Assays of mutations arising directly in BM cells may quantitatively reflect the mutagenicity of potential leukemogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Albertini
- University of Vermont, 111 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05401, United States
| | - Debra A Kaden
- Ramboll US Consulting, Inc., 101 Federal Street, Suite 1900, Boston, MA 02110, United States.
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Hashim AK, Hatif AR, Ahmed NM, Wadi IA, Al Qaaod AA. Comparison study of CR-39 and CN-85 detectors to evaluate the alpha radioactivity of some samples of drinks in Iraq. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 167:109410. [PMID: 33065401 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Radon and progeny concentration measurements in various drink samples are intrinsically important for assessing the health risks resulting from daily consumption of these drinks. In this study the comparison between two Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs), the CR-39 and the CN-85 has been conducted for the purpose of evaluating the radon concentration, annual effective dose, the rate of exhalation of radon and the effective radium content in thirty-two different samples of soft drink, water, and milk available in the local Iraq markets. The results showed that there are significant differences in the measurement results for the two detectors. The annual effective dose of the investigated samples is still below the limit of International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommendation in the measurements of both detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abbas R Hatif
- Department of Physics, Collage of Science, Kerbala University, Karbala, Iraq
| | | | - I A Wadi
- Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Preparatory Year Deanship, Basic Science Unit, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia; University of Nyala, Faculty of Education, Physics Department, Nyala, Sudan.
| | - Amer A Al Qaaod
- International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy
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Stainforth R, Schuemann J, McNamara AL, Wilkins RC, Chauhan V. Challenges in the quantification approach to a radiation relevant adverse outcome pathway for lung cancer. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 97:85-101. [PMID: 32909875 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1820096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) provide a modular framework for describing sequences of biological key events (KEs) and key event relationships (KERs) across levels of biological organization. Empirical evidence across KERs can support construction of quantified AOPs (qAOPs). Using an example AOP of energy deposition from ionizing radiation onto DNA leading to lung cancer incidence, we investigate the feasibility of quantifying data from KERs supported by all types of stressors. The merits and challenges of this process in the context of AOP construction are discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Empirical evidence across studies of dose-response from four KERs of the AOP were compiled independently for quantification. Three upstream KERs comprised of evidence from various radiation types in line with AOP guidelines. For these three KERs, a focused analysis of data from alpha-particle studies was undertaken to better characterize the process to the adverse outcome (AO) for a radon gas stressor. Numerical information was extracted from tables and graphs to plot and tabulate the response of KEs. To complement areas of the AOP quantification process, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations in TOPAS-nBio were performed to model exposure conditions relevant to the AO for an example bronchial compartment of the lung with secretory cell nuclei targets. RESULTS Quantification of AOP KERs highlighted the relevance of radiation types under the stressor-agnostic intent of AOP design, motivating a focus on specific types. For a given type, significant differences of KE response indicate meaningful data to derive linkages from the MIE to the AO is lacking and that better response-response focused studies are required. The MC study estimates the linear energy transfer (LET) of alpha-particles emitted by radon-222 and its progeny in the secretory cell nuclei of the example lung compartment to range from 94 - 5 + 5 to 192 - 18 + 15 keV/µm. CONCLUSION Quantifying AOP components provides a means to assemble empirical evidence across different studies. This highlights challenges in the context of studies examining similar endpoints using different radiation types. Data linking KERs to a MIE of 'deposition of energy' is shown to be non-compatible with the stressor-agnostic principles of AOP design. Limiting data to that describing response-response relationships between adjacent KERs may better delineate studies relevant to the damage that drives a pathway to the next KE and still support an 'all hazards' approach. Such data remains limited and future investigations in the radiation field may consider this approach when designing experiments and reporting their results and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Schuemann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aimee L McNamara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruth C Wilkins
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Vinita Chauhan
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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Micronuclei frequency in peripheral blood lymphocytes and levels of anti-p53 autoantibodies in serum of residents of Kowary city regions (Poland) with elevated indoor concentrations of radon. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 838:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sinha P, Arunachalam KD, Annamalai SK. Radio-protective dosimetry of Pangasius sutchi as a biomarker, against gamma radiation dosages perceived by genotoxic assays. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 164:629-640. [PMID: 30165340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation is harmful to any living organism. It may cause varying levels of genetic mutation or ultimately death. Synthetic compounds have been used to counteract the hazardous effect of radiation on the live cells, but the possibility of these synthetic compounds being harmful to the organism being treated also exists. Herbal formulations are thus being explored as a possible alternative for the synthetic radioprotectant. Induction of DNA damage in fishes caused by ionizing radiation and its protection by phytocompounds is a hardly studied topic. In this study, we analyzed the radioprotective effect of Gymnema sylvestre leaves extract (GS) and its active compound gymnemagenin (GG) against different doses of gamma radiation (60Co) on the freshwater fish Pangasius sutchi. The radioprotective efficacy was assessed by micronuclei and alkaline comet assays. The freshwater fish P. sutchi was pre-treated with intramuscular injection (IM) of amifostine (83.3 mg/kg of B.W.), GS (25 mg/kg of B.W.) and GG (0.3 mg/kg of B.W.), 1 h prior to the gamma radiation. The fishes were exposed to LD30, LD50 and LD70 of gamma radiation and the protection activities were assessed by analyzing the number of micronuclei (MN) and erythrocytic abnormalities in the blood after 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 days after exposure. Compared to the irradiated fishes, frequency of erythrocytic abnormalities were decreased in response to the radio-protection in the amifostine treated groups for all three doses of gamma radiation (LD70 - 77.62%), (LD50 - 80.11%) and (LD30 - 82.30%); GS (LD70 - 62.66%), (LD50 - 69.74%) and (LD30 - 70.81%); and GG (LD70 - 49.42%), (LD50 - 53.43%) and (LD30 - 58.42%). Similarly, a significant radio-protective effect in terms of decremented DNA damage was observed using the comet assay after post exposure. The percentage of protection noted for amifostine was (LD70 - 58.68%), (LD50 - 64.52%) and (LD30 - 74.40%); GS (LD70 - 53.84%), (LD50 - 59.02%) and (LD30 - 65.97%); GG (LD70 - 49.85%), (LD50 - 52.56%) and (LD30 - 64.30%). From the current study, we can conclude that the radioprotective efficacy of the GS is similar to the synthetic compound (amifostine) and also greater than the bioactive compound (GG). The synergetic effect of the plant extract which leads to a better protection than the bioactive compound must be further studied. MN and Comet assays can easily identify the damage due to radiation exposure and thus can be used as predictive biomarkers for aquatic organisms exposed to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Sinha
- Centre For Environmental Nuclear Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Administrative Block 4th Floor, Room No -2, SRM Nagar, Potheri, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Kantha D Arunachalam
- Centre For Environmental Nuclear Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Administrative Block 4th Floor, Room No -2, SRM Nagar, Potheri, Chennai 603203, India.
| | - Sathesh Kumar Annamalai
- Centre For Environmental Nuclear Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Administrative Block 4th Floor, Room No -2, SRM Nagar, Potheri, Chennai 603203, India
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Kravtsov VY, Livanova AA, Belyakov OV, Fedortseva RF. The Frequency of Lymphocytes Containing Dumbbell-Shaped Nuclei Depends on Ionizing Radiation Dose and Correlates with Appearance of Chromosomal Aberrations. Genome Integr 2018; 9:1. [PMID: 30820312 PMCID: PMC6388537 DOI: 10.4103/genint.genint_1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear anomalies of different types appear in cells in response to the action of ionizing radiation after the passage of the first mitotic division. In this article, we present the results of the study of the frequency of occurrence of three types of nuclear anomalies ("tailed" nuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges, and dumbbell-shaped nuclei) in vitro in human lymphocytes cultured with cytochalasin B when exposed to X-rays at doses of 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 Gy. To stop the cell cycle of cultured lymphocytes after the first mitotic division, a cytokinesis block was performed using cytochalasin B. Dose-dependent curves of the occurrence of lymphocytes containing "tailed" nuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges, or dumbbell-shaped nuclei after irradiation have been constructed. At the same time, frequencies of occurrence of chromosomal aberrations (dicentric and ring chromosomes) in the culture of lymphocytes exposed to the same radiation doses were studied. Comparison of the frequencies of occurrence of dicentric and ring chromosomes with frequencies of occurrence of nuclear anomalies allows us to conclude that these nuclear anomalies are formed as a result of chromosomal aberrations arising in lymphocytes under the action of ionizing radiation. More than that, most of the chromosomal aberrations are converted into dumbbell-shaped nuclei in vitro in the culture of lymphocytes in the cytochalasin block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav Yu Kravtsov
- A.M. Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, EMERCOM of Russia, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Clinical Diagnostics, S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, Department of Biology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexandra A Livanova
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, Department of Biology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg V Belyakov
- Division of Human Health, Applied Radiation Biology and Radiotherapy Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Regina F Fedortseva
- A.M. Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, EMERCOM of Russia, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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12
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Marcon AE, Navoni JA, de Oliveira Galvão MF, Garcia ACFS, do Amaral VS, Petta RA, Campos TFDC, Panosso R, Quinelato AL, de Medeiros SRB. Mutagenic potential assessment associated with human exposure to natural radioactivity. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 167:36-43. [PMID: 27705811 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lucrécia city, known to harbor a high cancer rate, is located in a semiarid region characterized by the presence of mineral reservoirs, facing a high exposure to metal and natural radioactivity. The present study aimed to assess the environmental scenario at a semiarid region located in Northeastern Brazil. Metal concentration, alpha and beta radiation, and cyanobacteria content in tap water along with indoor radon and gamma emitters (U, K and Th) concentrations were measured. In addition, mutagenic and nuclear instability effects were assessed using buccal micronucleus cytome assay. The study included five samplings corresponding to a period between 2007 and 2009. Drinking water from Lucrécia city presented levels of Mn, Ni and Cr along with cyanobacteria in concentrations one to four times higher than regulatory guidelines considered. Furthermore, high levels of all the tested radionuclides were found. A high percentage of the houses included in this study presented indoor radon concentrations over 100 Bq m-3. The mean annual effective dose from Lucrécia houses was six times higher than observed in a control region. The levels of exposure in most of the Lucrécia houses were classified as middle to high. A significant mutagenic effect, represented as an increase of micronuclei (MN) frequency and nuclear abnormalities as nuclear buds (NB), binucleated cells (BN), and pyknotic cells (PYC) were found. The results obtained highlight the role of high background radioactivity on the observed mutagenic effect and could help to explain the exacerbated cancer rate reported in this locality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Endres Marcon
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Julio Alejandro Navoni
- Graduate Program in Development and Environment, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | | | - Viviane Souza do Amaral
- Graduate Program in Development and Environment, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Antônio Petta
- Geology Department, Center for Exact and Earth Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Panosso
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Sílvia Regina Batistuzzo de Medeiros
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Graduate Program in Development and Environment, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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13
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Meenakshi C, Sivasubramanian K, Venkatraman B. Nucleoplasmic bridges as a biomarker of DNA damage exposed to radon. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 814:22-28. [PMID: 28137364 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Radon is a naturally occurring radionuclide in the environment, during decay it emits high linear energy transfer (LET) alpha particles. When radon exposure is accompanied by smoking it has been reported that lung cancer risk is higher. Blood samples were collected after prior consent, 25 smokers and 25 non smokers (only males) exposed in vitro to radon gas with doses ranging between 0.3-12.6mGy Ionizing radiation is a strong clastogenic agent and a potent inducer of MN. Cytokinesis-Blocked Micro Nucleus (CBMN) assay has proven to be a reliable, thoroughly validated and standardised technique in the field of radiation biology. In view of this, an invitro study has been undertaken using CBMN assay to suggest Nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) as a potential bio-dosimeter and to investigate the existence of a possible influence of smoking on genetic damage induced by ionizing radiation. The mean percentages frequencies of micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds among the exposed smoker group were 4.82±0.271, 0.6±0.04 and 0.12±0.02 respectively and these values for exposed non-smoker group were 2.78±0.285, 0.4±0.04 and 0.06±0.01 respectively. Spearman rank correlation for the frequency of nucleoplasmic bridge with respect to dose was considered to be significant (P<0.05) in non-smokers. This study is first of its kind to investigate NPB as a biomarker of early DNA damage induced by radon.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Meenakshi
- Radiological Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, 603102, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - K Sivasubramanian
- Radiological Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, 603102, Tamilnadu, India
| | - B Venkatraman
- Radiological Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, 603102, Tamilnadu, India
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14
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Shi X, Seymour C, Mothersill C. The effects of chronic, low doses of Ra-226 on cultured fish and human cells. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 148:303-309. [PMID: 27093471 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the chronic low-dose radiation effects caused by α-particle radiation from (226)Ra over multiple cell generations in CHSE/F fish cells and HaCaT human cells. METHODS CHSE/F cells and HaCaT cells were cultured in medium containing (226)Ra to deliver the chronic low-dose α-particle radiation. Clonogenic assay was used to test the clonogenic survival fractions of cells with or without being exposed to radiation from (226)Ra. RESULTS The chronic low-dose radiation from (226)Ra does have effects on the clonogenic survival of CHSE/F cells and HaCaT cells. When CHSE/F cells were cultured in (226)Ra-medium over 9 passages for about 134 days, the clonogenic surviving fractions for cells irradiated at dose rates ranging from 0.00066 to 0.66mGy/d were significantly lower than that of cells sham irradiated. For HaCaT cells grown in medium containing the same range of (226)Ra activity, the clonogenic surviving fraction decreased at first and reached the lowest value at about 42 days (8 passages). After that, the clonogenic survival began to increase, and was significantly higher than that of control cells by the end of the experimental period. CONCLUSION The chronic, low-dose high LET radiation from (226)Ra can influence the clonogenic survival of irradiated cells. CHSE/F cells were sensitized by the radiation, and HaCaT cells were initially sensitized but later appeared to be adapted. The results could have implications for determining risk from chronic versus acute exposures to radium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopei Shi
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Colin Seymour
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Carmel Mothersill
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada.
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Druzhinin V, Bakanova M, Fucic A, Golovina T, Savchenko Y, Sinitsky M, Volobaev V. Lymphocytes with multiple chromosomal damages in a large cohort of West Siberia residents: Results of long-term monitoring. Mutat Res 2016; 784-785:1-7. [PMID: 26731314 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cells with specific multiple chromosome aberrations, defined as rogue cells (RC) have been described in different populations, predominantly those exposed to radiation. The frequency, etiology and related health risks have still not been elucidated due to their low frequency of occurrences and rarely performed studies. This study reports RC frequency using chromosome aberration (CA) assay in peripheral lymphocytes in the group of 3242 subjects, during a 30-year long follow-up study in a general rural and urban population, children environmentally exposed to radon, occupationally exposed population and lung cancer patients from the Kemerovo region (Siberia, Russian Federation). Results show that the highest RC frequency was present in children environmentally exposed to radon and the lowest in the general urban population. Total frequency of CA did not correlate with frequency of RC. Genotoxic analysis of air and water samples excluded anthropogenic pollution as a possible cause of genome damage and RC frequency. In 85% of RCs, double minutes, observed in a large number of human tumors, were present. Results of CA analysis suggested that radon and its decay products (alpha-emitters) were the leading factors causing RC in subjects exposed to high LET radiation. Thus, RC may be a candidate biomarker for exposure to this type of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Druzhinin
- Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo, Russia; Federal State Budget Scientific Institution «The Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences», Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Maria Bakanova
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution «The Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences», Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandra Fucic
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | - Yana Savchenko
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution «The Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences», Kemerovo, Russian Federation
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16
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Schwartz GG, Klug MG. Incidence rates of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in US states are associated with residential radon levels. Future Oncol 2016; 12:165-74. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Environmental risk factors for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have not been consistently identified. An etiologic role for ionizing radiation in CLL is controversial. Because most of the ionizing radiation to which individuals are exposed comes from radon at home, we examined CLL incidence rates in relation to residential radon levels. Methods: We used population-based rates for CLL for US states from 2007 to 2011 and measurements of residential radon made by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Results: Incidence rates for CLL were significantly correlated with residential radon levels among whites (both genders together and each gender separately; p < 0.005) and among blacks (p < 0.05). Conclusion: We speculate that radon increases CLL risk and that the mechanisms may be similar to those by which radon causes lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary G Schwartz
- Department of Population Health, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Marilyn G Klug
- Department of Family Medicine & Center for Rural Health, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
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17
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Anbumani S, Mohankumar MN. Nucleoplasmic bridges and tailed nuclei are signatures of radiation exposure in Oreochromis mossambicus using erythrocyte micronucleus cytome assay (EMNCA). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:18425-18436. [PMID: 26263884 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5107-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Gamma radiation-induced genetic perturbations in aquatic vertebrates is largely unknown at low-dose rate, especially in the wake of a nuclear disaster and/or other environmental outbreaks. Freshwater fish, Oreochromis mossambicus subjected to low-dose rate (2 mGy/min) at 2.5-, 5-, and 10-Gy doses, were analyzed for "exposure signatures" in blood samples drawn on days 3, 6, 12, 18, and 30, respectively. Significant dose-dependent increments in micronuclei frequency and other anomalies such as nucleoplasmic bridges and tailed nuclei were observed and exhibit a strong positive correlation, suggesting that they could be used as prospective signatures of radiation exposure. Similarly increased incidence of apoptosis and DNA repair machinery circuits at high and low doses were noted. This work highlighted "cytogenetic signatures" in fish and the sensitivity of these endpoints toward low-dose rate of radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anbumani
- Radiological Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, Tamilnadu, India, 603102.
- Ecotoxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Govt. of India, M.G.Marg, Lucknow, 226001, UP, India.
| | - Mary N Mohankumar
- Ecotoxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Govt. of India, M.G.Marg, Lucknow, 226001, UP, India.
- , 40, D.J.Nagar, B.R.Puram, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, 641004, Tamilnadu, India.
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18
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Volobaev VP, Sinitsky MY, Larionov AV, Druzhinin VG, Gafarov NI, Minina VI, Kulemin JE. Modifying influence of occupational inflammatory diseases on the level of chromosome aberrations in coal miners. Mutagenesis 2015; 31:225-9. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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19
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Druzhinin VG, Sinitsky MY, Larionov AV, Volobaev VP, Minina VI, Golovina TA. Assessing the level of chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes in long-term resident children under conditions of high exposure to radon and its decay products. Mutagenesis 2015; 30:677-83. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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20
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Sinitsky MY, Druzhinin VG. The application of the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay on peripheral blood lymphocytes for the assessment of genome damage in long-term residents of areas with high radon concentration. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2014; 55:61-66. [PMID: 23908554 PMCID: PMC3885124 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrt091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Estimating the effects of small doses of ionising radiation on DNA is one of the most important problems in modern biology. Different cytogenetic methods exist to analyse DNA damage; the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMN) for human peripheral blood lymphocytes is a simple, cheap and informative cytogenetic method that can be used to detect genotoxic-related markers. With respect to previous studies on radiation-induced genotoxicity, children are a poorly studied group, as evidenced by the few publications in this area. In this study, we assessed radon genotoxic effects by counting micronuclei (MN), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) and nuclear buds (NBUDs) in the lymphocytes of children who are long-term residents from areas with high radon concentrations. In the exposed group, radon was found to cause significant cytogenetic alterations. We propose that this method can be employed for biomonitoring to screen for a variety of measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Yu. Sinitsky
- Department of Genetics, Kemerovo State University, Krasnaya Str 6, Kemerovo, 650043, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir G. Druzhinin
- Department of Genetics, Kemerovo State University, Krasnaya Str 6, Kemerovo, 650043, Russian Federation
- Institute of Human Ecology of SB RAS, Leningradsky Ave 10, Kemerovo, 650065, Russian Federation
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21
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Sinitsky MY. The Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Assay on Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes as a Prospective Biological Test-System to Estimate the Influence of Radon on the Human Organism: Recent Progress and Future Prospects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ojgen.2014.41001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Zhao H, Lu X, Li S, Chen DQ, Liu QJ. Characteristics of nucleoplasmic bridges induced by 60Co γ-rays in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Mutagenesis 2013; 29:49-51. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/get062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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23
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Wang RC, Yang L, Tang Y, Bai O. Micronucleus Expression and Acute Leukemia Prognosis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:5257-61. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.9.5257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Meenakshi C, Mohankumar MN. Synergistic effect of radon in blood cells of smokers – An in vitro study. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2013; 757:79-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Novel method to assessing and the impact of alpha emitter’s concentration of the uterus on women fertility in Iraqi Kurdistan region. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-013-2583-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Robertson A, Allen J, Laney R, Curnow A. The cellular and molecular carcinogenic effects of radon exposure: a review. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:14024-63. [PMID: 23880854 PMCID: PMC3742230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140714024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radon-222 is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that is responsible for approximately half of the human annual background radiation exposure globally. Chronic exposure to radon and its decay products is estimated to be the second leading cause of lung cancer behind smoking, and links to other forms of neoplasms have been postulated. Ionizing radiation emitted during the radioactive decay of radon and its progeny can induce a variety of cytogenetic effects that can be biologically damaging and result in an increased risk of carcinogenesis. Suggested effects produced as a result of alpha particle exposure from radon include mutations, chromosome aberrations, generation of reactive oxygen species, modification of the cell cycle, up or down regulation of cytokines and the increased production of proteins associated with cell-cycle regulation and carcinogenesis. A number of potential biomarkers of exposure, including translocations at codon 249 of TP53 in addition to HPRT mutations, have been suggested although, in conclusion, the evidence for such hotspots is insufficient. There is also substantial evidence of bystander effects, which may provide complications when calculating risk estimates as a result of exposure, particularly at low doses where cellular responses often appear to deviate from the linear, no-threshold hypothesis. At low doses, effects may also be dependent on cellular conditions as opposed to dose. The cellular and molecular carcinogenic effects of radon exposure have been observed to be both numerous and complex and the elevated chronic exposure of man may therefore pose a significant public health risk that may extend beyond the association with lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Robertson
- Clinical Photobiology, European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3HD, UK; E-Mails: (J.A.); (A.C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +44-1872-256-432; Fax: +44-1872-256-497
| | - James Allen
- Clinical Photobiology, European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3HD, UK; E-Mails: (J.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Robin Laney
- Clinical Oncology, Sunrise Centre, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3LJ, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Alison Curnow
- Clinical Photobiology, European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3HD, UK; E-Mails: (J.A.); (A.C.)
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Anbumani S, Mohankumar MN. Gamma radiation induced micronuclei and erythrocyte cellular abnormalities in the fish Catla catla. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 122-123:125-132. [PMID: 22771702 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation induced DNA damage in fishes is a scarcely studied topic and very few studies are available in fishes exposed to ionizing radiation using the erythrocyte micronucleus assay under laboratory conditions. Since radionuclides released accidentally or during a nuclear disaster can contaminate inland water bodies, biomonitoring methods are required for assessing the impacts of high and low levels of radiation that may ultimately result in ionizing radiation exposure to both humans and non-human biota. Fresh water fish, Catla catla were subjected to protracted (0.002 Gy/min) and acute (3.2 Gy/min) gamma radiation to a total dose of 5 Gy. Peripheral blood samples were collected at different intervals (days 3, 6, 12, 18, 30, 45, 90, 135, 202) and analyzed by the erythrocyte micronucleus assay. Nuclear anomalies observed were micronuclei (MN), deformed nuclei (DN), nuclear bud (NBu), nuclear bridge (NBr), vacuolated nucleus (VN), binucleated cell (BNC), apoptotic cells (AC) while cytoplasmic abnormalities detected were vacuolated cytoplasm (VC), anisochromasia (AN), echinocytes (EC) and enucleus (EN). Both exposures caused a statistically significant increase in nuclear and cytoplasmic abnormalities that correlated with micronucleus and other nuclear anomalies. However, the extent of damage is higher after an acute exposure lasting for a longer period leading to apoptosis. Nuclear and cytoplasmic abnormalities are the resultants of gamma radiation induced genotoxicity and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anbumani
- Biodosimetry Laboratory, Radiological Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, Tamilnadu 603102, India
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28
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Apigenin ameliorates gamma radiation-induced cytogenetic alterations in cultured human blood lymphocytes. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 747:71-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tong J, Qin L, Cao Y, Li J, Zhang J, Nie J, An Y. Environmental radon exposure and childhood leukemia. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2012; 15:332-347. [PMID: 22852813 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2012.689555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that animal and human epidemiological studies confirmed a link between radon exposure in homes and increased risk of lung cancer in general population, other types of cancers induced by radon, such as leukemia, have not been consistently demonstrated. The aim of this review was to summarize data published thus far from ecological and case-control studies in exposed populations, taking into account radon dose estimation and evidence of radon-induced genotoxicity, in an effort to clarify the correlation between home radon exposure and incidence of childhood leukemia. Among 12 ecological studies, 11 reported a positive association between radon levels and elevated frequency of childhood leukemia, with 8 being significant. In conjunction with ecological studies, several case-control studies on indoor radon exposure and childhood leukemia were examined, and most investigations indicated a weak association with only a few showing significance. A major source of uncertainty in radon risk assessment is radon dose estimate. Methods for radon exposure measurement in homes of children are one of the factors that affect the risk estimates in a case-control study. The effects of radon-induced genetic damage were studied both in vitro and in vivo using genetic endpoints including chromosomal aberration (CA), micronuclei (MN) formation, gene mutation, and deletions and insertions. By applying a meta-analysis, an increased risk of childhood leukemia induced by indoor radon exposure was noted for overall leukemia and for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Data thus indicated an association between environmental radon exposure and elevated leukemia incidence, but more evidence is required in both human investigations and animal mechanistic research before this assumption may be confirmed with certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tong
- School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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30
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Chauhan V, Howland M, Kutzner B, McNamee JP, Bellier PV, Wilkins RC. Biological effects of alpha particle radiation exposure on human monocytic cells. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2011; 215:339-44. [PMID: 22153871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Radon ((222)Rn) gas produces decay progeny that emits high energy alpha (α)-particles. Epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to (222)Rn is linked with elevated risk of developing lung cancer, however clear mechanisms leading to such effects have not been delineated. Cytokines play a critical role in inflammation and their dysregulated production often contributes to disease pathogenesis. In this study, Bio-plex multiplex technology was employed to investigate modulations of 27 pro-inflammatory cytokines following exposure of human monocytic cells to 1.5 Gy of α-particle radiation. Concurrently, DNA damage was assessed by examining the formation of phosphorylated H2A histone family X (γ-H2AX) sites. Of the 27 cytokines assessed, 4 cytokines were shown to be statistically downregulated by ∼2 fold relative to the untreated controls and included the interleukin (IL) family of proteins (IL-2, IL-15 and IL-17) and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta (MIP-1b). Interferon-inducible protein-12 (IP-12), vascular endothelial growth factor and regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) were shown to be high expressors and upregulated. Cells irradiated with α-particles ranging from 0.27 to 2.14 Gy showed statistically significant, dose-dependant increases in γ-H2AX formation. These data suggest that α-particle radiation causes dysregulation in the production of a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines and results in significant DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita Chauhan
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, ON, Canada K1A 0K9. Vinita
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Mohankumar MN, Anbumani S. Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Abnormalities in the Fish Catla catla (Hamilton) Exposed to Chemicals and Ionizing Radiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/rjes.2011.867.877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Beaton LA, Burn TA, Stocki TJ, Chauhan V, Wilkins RC. Development and characterization of anin vitroalpha radiation exposure system. Phys Med Biol 2011; 56:3645-58. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/56/12/012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ismail AH, Jaafar MS. Interaction of low-intensity nuclear radiation dose with the human blood: Using the new technique of CR-39NTDs for an in vitro study. Appl Radiat Isot 2011; 69:559-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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