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Beccacece L, Abondio P, Giorgetti A, Bini C, Pelletti G, Luiselli D, Pelotti S. A Genome-Wide Analysis of a Sudden Cardiac Death Cohort: Identifying Novel Target Variants in the Era of Molecular Autopsy. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1265. [PMID: 37372445 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is an unexpected natural death due to cardiac causes, usually happening within one hour of symptom manifestation or in individuals in good health up to 24 h before the event. Genomic screening has been increasingly applied as a useful approach to detecting the genetic variants that potentially contribute to SCD and helping the evaluation of SCD cases in the post-mortem setting. Our aim was to identify the genetic markers associated with SCD, which might enable its target screening and prevention. In this scope, a case-control analysis through the post-mortem genome-wide screening of 30 autopsy cases was performed. We identified a high number of novel genetic variants associated with SCD, of which 25 polymorphisms were consistent with a previous link to cardiovascular diseases. We ascertained that many genes have been already linked to cardiovascular system functioning and diseases and that the metabolisms most implicated in SCD are the lipid, cholesterol, arachidonic acid, and drug metabolisms, suggesting their roles as potential risk factors. Overall, the genetic variants pinpointed herein might be useful markers of SCD, but the novelty of these results requires further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Beccacece
- Computational Genomics Lab, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Abondio
- aDNA Lab, Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna Campus, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Arianna Giorgetti
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carla Bini
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Guido Pelletti
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Donata Luiselli
- aDNA Lab, Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna Campus, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Susi Pelotti
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Ayuso P, García-Martín E, Cornejo-García JA, Agúndez JAG, Ladero JM. Genetic Variants of Alcohol Metabolizing Enzymes and Alcohol-Related Liver Cirrhosis Risk. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11050409. [PMID: 34068303 PMCID: PMC8153263 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11050409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD) is a major public health issue caused by excessive alcohol consumption. ARLD encompasses a wide range of chronic liver lesions, alcohol-related liver cirrhosis being the most severe and harmful state. Variations in the genes encoding the enzymes, which play an active role in ethanol metabolism, might influence alcohol exposure and hence be considered as risk factors of developing cirrhosis. We conducted a case-control study in which 164 alcohol-related liver cirrhosis patients and 272 healthy controls were genotyped for the following functional single nucleotide variations (SNVs): ADH1B gene, rs1229984, rs1041969, rs6413413, and rs2066702; ADH1C gene, rs35385902, rs283413, rs34195308, rs1693482, and rs35719513; CYP2E1 gene, rs3813867. Furthermore, copy number variations (CNVs) for ADH1A, ADH1B, ADH1C, and CYP2E1 genes were analyzed. A significant protective association with the risk of developing alcohol-related liver cirrhosis was observed between the mutant alleles of SNVs ADH1B rs1229984 (Pc value = 0.037) and ADH1C rs283413 (Pc value = 0.037). We identified CNVs in all genes studied, ADH1A gene deletions being more common in alcohol-related liver cirrhosis patients than in control subjects, although the association lost statistical significance after multivariate analyses. Our findings support that susceptibility to alcohol-related liver cirrhosis is related to variations in alcohol metabolism genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ayuso
- ARADyAL, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, UEx, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (E.G.-M.); (J.A.G.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Elena García-Martín
- ARADyAL, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, UEx, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (E.G.-M.); (J.A.G.A.)
| | - José A. Cornejo-García
- ARADyAL, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Research Laboratory, IBIMA, Regional University Hospital of Málaga, UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | - José A. G. Agúndez
- ARADyAL, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, UEx, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (E.G.-M.); (J.A.G.A.)
| | - José María Ladero
- Service of Gastroenterology (Liver Unit), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense Medical School, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Choudhary NS, Duseja A. Genetic and epigenetic disease modifiers: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 6:2. [PMID: 33409397 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2019.09.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-individual and inter-ethnic differences and difference in the severity and progression of liver disease among patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) suggests the involvement of genetic and epigenetic factors in their pathogenesis. This article reviews the genetic and epigenetic modifiers in patients with NAFLD and ALD. Evidence regarding the genetic and epigenetic disease modifiers of NAFLD and ALD was reviewed by searching the available literature. Both genome wide association studies (GWAS) and candidate gene studies pertaining to the pathogenesis in both diseases were included. Clinical implications of the available information are also discussed. Several studies have shown association of both NAFLD and ALD with I148M PNPLA3 variant. In addition to the higher prevalence of hepatic steatosis, the I148M PNPLA3 variant is also associated with severity of liver disease and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). TM6SF2 is the other genetic variant shown to be significantly associated with hepatic steatosis and cirrhosis in patients with NAFLD and ALD. The Membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain-containing 7 (MBOAT7) genetic variant is also associated with both NAFLD and ALD. In addition to these mutations, several variants related to the genes involved in glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammatory pathways, fibrosis have also been shown to be the disease modifiers in patients with NAFLD and ALD. Epigenetics involving several micro RNAs and DNA methylation could also modify the disease course in NAFLD and ALD. In conclusion the available literature suggests that genetics and epigenetics are involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and ALD which may affect the disease prevalence, severity and response to treatment in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Singh Choudhary
- Institute of Liver Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Medanta, The Medicity, Gurgaon, Delhi (NCR), India
| | - Ajay Duseja
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Zhang R, Zhu X, Bai H, Ning K. Network Pharmacology Databases for Traditional Chinese Medicine: Review and Assessment. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:123. [PMID: 30846939 PMCID: PMC6393382 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 659] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The research field of systems biology has greatly advanced and, as a result, the concept of network pharmacology has been developed. This advancement, in turn, has shifted the paradigm from a “one-target, one-drug” mode to a “network-target, multiple-component-therapeutics” mode. Network pharmacology is more effective for establishing a “compound-protein/gene-disease” network and revealing the regulation principles of small molecules in a high-throughput manner. This approach makes it very powerful for the analysis of drug combinations, especially Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) preparations. In this work, we first summarized the databases and tools currently used for TCM research. Second, we focused on several representative applications of network pharmacology for TCM research, including studies on TCM compatibility, TCM target prediction, and TCM network toxicology research. Third, we compared the general statistics of several current TCM databases and evaluated and compared the search results of these databases based on 10 famous herbs. In summary, network pharmacology is a rational approach for TCM studies, and with the development of TCM research, powerful and comprehensive TCM databases have emerged but need further improvements. Additionally, given that several diseases could be treated by TCMs, with the mediation of gut microbiota, future studies should focus on both the microbiome and TCMs to better understand and treat microbiome-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzhi Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Bai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kang Ning
- School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Ramos JSA, Felício LP, Alves AA, Lopes MP, Soares TN, de Melo E Silva D. Unraveling CYP2E1 haplotypes in alcoholics from Central Brazil: A comparative study with 1000 genomes population. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 62:30-39. [PMID: 29940492 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated genetic variability of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) situated in the CYP2E1 gene promoter in alcoholics. We also compared 1000 Genomes Project of CYP2E1 polymorphisms with frequencies of genotypes and haplotypes. Eight variation points were exclusively found in Brazilians. The allelic distributions of the rs3813867, rs2031920 and rs2031921 polymorphisms in the CYP2E1 showed that the wild alleles (G, C, T, respectively) had higher frequencies in both groups, alcoholic (96%, 96%, 96%) and a control group (95.8%, 94.9%, 94.9%), when compared to the mutated allele (C, T, C, respectively). The variation points, rs3813867, rs2031920 and rs2031921 showed strong linkage disequilibrium (LOD ≥ 2, D ' = 1). South Asian populations presented larger LD blocks compared to the other populations. Our results showed that the allelic frequencies were markedly different among ethnicities and have contributed to the knowledge regarding the distribution among ethnic groups, being associated to alcohol consumption worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jheneffer Sonara Aguiar Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Laboratório de Mutagênese, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Leandro Prado Felício
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Bioquímica e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Arruda Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Laboratório de Mutagênese, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Mariana Paiva Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Laboratório de Mutagênese, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Thannya Nascimento Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Laboratório de Genética e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Daniela de Melo E Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Laboratório de Mutagênese, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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Gu Y, Zhao J, Ao L, Ma J, Bao K, Liu M, Huang W. The influence of polymorphic GSTM1 gene on the increased susceptibility of non-viral hepatic cirrhosis: evidence from observational studies. Eur J Med Res 2018; 23:34. [PMID: 29921322 PMCID: PMC6011196 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-018-0331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is reported that glutathione S-transferase mu (GSTM1) polymorphism is associated with non-viral hepatic cirrhosis (HC). However, some studies showed different views. Therefore, in this paper, a meta-analysis was conducted to get a more comprehensive understanding of GSTM1 polymorphisms in non-viral HC susceptibility. The results showed that GSTM1 null was associated with the increased risk of non-viral HC (OR = 1.337, 95% CI 1.112–1.804, p = 0.005). Subgroup analysis of cirrhosis type revealed that GSTM1 null was a prominent risk factor for alcoholic HC (OR = 1.416, 95% CI 1.112–1.804, p = 0.005). Meanwhile, subgroup analysis of population indicated that the significant differences only existed in Asian population (OR = 1.719, 95% CI 1.212–2.438, p = 0.002). In hospital-based studies, patients with GSTM1 null were more likely in risk of HC (OR = 1.426, 95% CI 1.092–1.863, p = 0.009). Subgroup analysis using genotyping method showed a significant association between GSTM1 null genotype and HC occurrence in the studies employing the multiple PCR genotyping method (OR = 1.559, 95% CI 1.171–2.076, p = 0.002). Based on the results of this analysis, it was concluded that GSTM1 null genotype could increase the susceptibility of non-viral hepatic cirrhosis. In addition, alcohol intake, Asian ethnicity, sample source from hospital and multiple PCR genotyping method may also influence the susceptibility of hepatic cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Gu
- Department of Nursing, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, 1 Cheng Bei Road, Jiading District, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Nursing, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, 1 Cheng Bei Road, Jiading District, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Li Ao
- Department of Nursing, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, 1 Cheng Bei Road, Jiading District, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Jianning Ma
- Department of Nursing, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, 1 Cheng Bei Road, Jiading District, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Kena Bao
- Department of Nursing, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, 1 Cheng Bei Road, Jiading District, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Scientific Research, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, 1 Cheng Bei Road, Jiading District, Shanghai, 201800, China.
| | - Weiping Huang
- Department of Nursing, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, 1 Cheng Bei Road, Jiading District, Shanghai, 201800, China.
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Wang C, Gong J, Wu H. Development of gene polymorphisms in meditators of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Biomed Rep 2017; 7:95-104. [PMID: 28804621 DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent liver disease worldwide, the morbidity of which closely correlates with diversity of ethnicity, minority, family and location. Its histology spans from simple steatosis, to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, which ultimately results in fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The accelerating prevalence of NAFLD is due to an incremental incidence of metabolic syndrome that is distinguished by dyslipidemia, glucose impairment, obesity, excessive oxidative stress and adipocytokine impairment. Additionally, the pathogenesis of NAFLD is thought to be a multifactorial and complicated disease associated with lifestyle habits, nutritional factors and genetics. However, the pathogenesis and underlying mechanism in the development of NAFLD caused by genetics remains unclear. People have been increasingly emphasizing on the relationship between NAFLD and gene polymorphisms in recent years, with the aim of having a comprehensive elucidation of associated gene polymorphisms influencing the pathogenesis of the disease. In the current article, the authors attempted to critically summarize the most recently identified gene polymorphisms from the facets of glucose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, oxidative stress and related cytokines in NAFLD that contribute to promoting the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Yongchuan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 402161, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
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Ramos JSA, Alves AA, Lopes MP, Pedroso TMA, Felício LP, Carvalho WF, Franco FC, Araújo Melo CO, Gonçalves MW, Soares TN, da Cruz AD, de Melo e Silva D. DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes and association with polymorphisms in the promoter region of the CYP2E1 gene in alcoholics from Central Brazil. Alcohol 2016; 57:35-39. [PMID: 27916141 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage caused by the accumulation of bio-products generated in the biotransformation of ethanol to acetaldehyde mediated by the CYP2E1 enzyme has been studied. To evaluate DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes and the possible association with polymorphisms in the promoter region of the CYP2E1 gene, we performed a case-control study including 75 alcoholics and 59 individuals who consume alcohol socially. Alcoholics were previously diagnosed by the Psychosocial Care Center - Alcohol and Drugs (CAPS A/D) in the city of Goiania, Goias state, Central Brazil. DNA damage was evaluated by comet assay. The analysis of the rs3813867, rs2031920, and rs2031921 polymorphisms in the promoter region of CYP2E1 gene was performed by Sanger sequencing. Men older than 35 years old were the most common alcoholics. We found increased DNA damage in the case group, compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Alcoholics who were heterozygous in the rs3813867, rs2031920, and rs2031921 polymorphisms showed higher DNA damage (tail length and olive tail moment), compared to individuals with the homozygous non-mutated allele. Previous studies have shown that polymorphisms in the promoter region of the CYP2E1 gene could cause higher CYP2E1 transcriptional activity, increasing enzyme activity compared with nondrinkers, indicating that the presence of the mutated allele (heterozygous or homozygous) may be associated with higher alcohol metabolic rates and therefore show increased acetaldehyde levels after alcohol consumption, which then can exert its carcinogenic effect.
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Roy N, Dasgupta D, Mukhopadhyay I, Chatterjee A, Das K, Bhowmik P, Das S, Basu P, Santra AK, Datta S, Dhali GK, Chowdhury A, Banerjee S. Genetic Association and Gene-Gene Interaction Reveal Genetic Variations in ADH1B, GSTM1 and MnSOD Independently Confer Risk to Alcoholic Liver Diseases in India. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149843. [PMID: 26937962 PMCID: PMC4777485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic susceptibility is an important modifier of clinical outcome and natural history of progression in Alcoholic liver disease (ALD). While the significance of ethnicity in this evolution is very clear, subtle inter-individual genetic variant(s) might be important and thus we investigated those in an Indian population. Fourteen markers were genotyped within two alcohol metabolism genes [Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) gene clusters (ADH1B and ADH1C) and Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2)], one microsomal ethanol oxidizing enzyme cytochrome p450 (CYP2E1) and three oxidative stress response (OSR) genes (MnSOD, GSTT1 and GSTM1) among 490 Bengali individuals (322 ALD and 168 control) from Eastern and North-Eastern India and validation was performed in a new cohort of 150 Bengali patients including 100 ALD and 50 advanced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Out of 14 genetic variants, carriage of 5 genotypes (rs2066701CC in ADH1B, rs1693425TT in ADH1C, rs4880TT in MnSOD and GSTT1/GSTM1 null, p-value <0.05) were noted significantly higher among ALD patients while inter or intra group gene-gene interaction analysis revealed that addition of risk genotype of any OSR gene enhanced the possibility of ALD synergistically. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed independent association of rs2066701CC, rs4880TT and GSTM1 null genotype with ALD while lower frequencies of those genotypes in advanced NASH patients further confirmed their causal relation to ALD. Thus these findings suggest that the three variants of ADH1C, MnSOD and GSTM1 can be used to identify individuals who are at high risk to develop ALD and may be helpful in proper management of Indian alcoholics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelanjana Roy
- Center for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Debanjali Dasgupta
- Center for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | | | - Kausik Das
- Department of Hepatology, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Pradip Bhowmik
- Agartala Government Medical College, Agartala, Tripura, India
| | - Soumyajit Das
- Center for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Amal K. Santra
- Center for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Simanti Datta
- Center for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Gopal Krishna Dhali
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Abhijit Chowdhury
- Department of Hepatology, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Soma Banerjee
- Center for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail:
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Singh D, Negi TS, Upadhyay G, Choudhuri G. Polymorphism of Alcohol Metabolizing Gene ADH3 Predisposes to Development of Alcoholic Pancreatitis in North Indian Population. Front Mol Biosci 2015; 2:67. [PMID: 26734614 PMCID: PMC4680944 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2015.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim: Genetic factors regulating alcohol metabolism could predispose in developing alcoholic pancreatitis (ACP). Studies revealed that alcohol could be metabolized by both ways, oxidative and non-oxidative. The main oxidative pathway includes alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), and cytochrome P450 enzyme. We investigated the association of polymorphisms in these enzymes with the alcoholic pancreatitis in the north Indian population. Method: Patients with alcoholic pancreatitis (ACP; n = 72), tropical calcific pancreatitis (TCP; n = 75), alcoholic controls (AC; n = 40), and healthy controls (HC; n = 100) were included in the study. Blood samples were collected from the subjects in EDTA coated vials. DNA was extracted and genotyping for ADH3, ALDH2, and CYP2E1 was done by PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction—restriction fragment length polymorphism). The products were analyzed by gel electrophoresis. Result: The frequency distribution of ADH3*1/*1 genotype was significantly higher in ACP group (59.7%) compared with TCP (38.7%), HC (42%), and AC (37.5%) and was found to be associated with increased risk of alcoholic pancreatitis. There was no statistically significant difference between the frequency distribution of ADH3*1/*1, ADH3*1/*2, and ADH3*2/*2 genotypes between TCP and HC or healthy alcoholics. ALDH2 gene was monomorphic in our population, and the frequencies for CYP2E1 intron 6 Dra I polymorphism were comparable in all the four groups. Conclusion: This study shows that carriers of ADH3*1/*1 individuals consuming alcohol are at higher risk for alcoholic pancreatitis than those with other genotypes such as ADH3*1/*2 and ADH3*2/*2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Singh
- Department of Biology, City College of New YorkNew York, NY, USA; Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical SciencesLucknow, India
| | - Tajwar S Negi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Lucknow, India
| | | | - Gourdas Choudhuri
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical SciencesLucknow, India; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatobiliary Sciences, Fortis Memorial Research InstituteGurgaon, India
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Levy R, Catana AM, Durbin-Johnson B, Halsted CH, Medici V. Ethnic differences in presentation and severity of alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:566-574. [PMID: 25702770 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frequency of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), including alcoholic steatosis, hepatitis, and cirrhosis, varies significantly by ethnicity. METHODS With the goal to assess the role of ethnicity in determining the age of onset and severity of ALD and to compare the risk factors for its progression among ethnic groups, we conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients with ALD who were admitted or were followed as outpatients at University of California Davis Medical Center between 2002 and 2010. After excluding HBsAg- and HIV-positive subjects, we reviewed the charts of 791 patients with ALD including 130 with alcoholic fatty liver, 154 with alcoholic hepatitis, and 507 with alcoholic cirrhosis. RESULTS When controlling for all variables in the model, Hispanic patients presented at significantly 4 to 10 years younger ages than White/Caucasian patients, in each of the 3 disease severity categories, and the results were confirmed after excluding HCV Ab-/RNA-positive subjects. There were more obese Hispanic patients than White/Caucasian patients, whereas the proportion of patients with hepatitis C was significantly greater in African American subjects with alcoholic hepatitis, and the proportion of patients with diabetes mellitus was significantly lower in White/Caucasian subjects than in Hispanic subjects with cirrhosis. The proportion of subjects with severe alcoholic hepatitis was similar in Hispanic and White/Caucasian patients, but lower in African American subjects. CONCLUSIONS Ethnicity is a major factor affecting the age and severity of presentation of different subtypes of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Levy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis
| | - Andreea M Catana
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, University of California Davis
| | - Charles H Halsted
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis
| | - Valentina Medici
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis
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BRITO TAISC, POSSUELO LIAG, VALIM ANDREIAR, TODENDI PÂMELAF, RIBEIRO ANDREZZAW, GREGIANINI TATIANAS, JARCZEWSKI CARLAA, HUTZ MARAH, ROSSETTI MARIALUCIAR, ZAHA ARNALDO. Polymorphisms in CYP2E1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 and anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201420130350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatitis (ATD- induced hepatitis) has been linked to polymorphisms in genes encoding drug metabolizing enzymes. N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2), cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and glutathione S-transferase (loci GSTM1 and GSTT1) are involved in the metabolism of isoniazid, the most toxic drug for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). This study was designed to determine the frequency and to evaluate whether polymorphisms at CYP2E1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes are associated with drug response, as well as to identify clinical risk factors for ATD-induced hepatitis. A total of 245 Brazilian patients undergoing treatment for TB were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing methods. The frequencies of the CYP2E1 polymorphic alleles RsaI, PstI and DraI are 8%, 8.5% and 12%, respectively. GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes are deleted in 42.9% and 12.4% of the population, respectively. Fifteen patients (6.1%) developed hepatotoxicity. Clinical (HIV, female sex and extrapulmonary TB) and genetic characteristics (CYP2E1 without any mutations, having NAT2 slow acetylator profile) are at higher risk of developing ATD-induced hepatitis in this population. Genotyping for GSTM1 and GSTT1 showed no influence on drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- TAIS C. BRITO
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - MARA H. HUTZ
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Brasil
| | | | - ARNALDO ZAHA
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
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Li D, Sulovari A, Cheng C, Zhao H, Kranzler HR, Gelernter J. Association of gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor α2 gene (GABRA2) with alcohol use disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:907-18. [PMID: 24136292 PMCID: PMC3924525 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in mammalian brain. GABA receptor are involved in a number of complex disorders, including substance abuse. No variants of the commonly studied GABA receptor genes that have been associated with substance dependence have been determined to be functional or pathogenic. To reconcile the conflicting associations with substance dependence traits, we performed a meta-analysis of variants in the GABAA receptor genes (GABRB2, GABRA6, GABRA1, and GABRG2 on chromosome 5q and GABRA2 on chromosome 4p12) using genotype data from 4739 cases of alcohol, opioid, or methamphetamine dependence and 4924 controls. Then, we combined the data from candidate gene association studies in the literature with two alcohol dependence (AD) samples, including 1691 cases and 1712 controls from the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment (SAGE), and 2644 cases and 494 controls from our own study. Using a Bonferroni-corrected threshold of 0.007, we found strong associations between GABRA2 and AD (P=9 × 10(-6) and odds ratio (OR) 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.27 (1.15, 1.4) for rs567926, P=4 × 10(-5) and OR=1.21 (1.1, 1.32) for rs279858), and between GABRG2 and both dependence on alcohol and dependence on heroin (P=0.0005 and OR=1.22 (1.09, 1.37) for rs211014). Significant association was also observed between GABRA6 rs3219151 and AD. The GABRA2 rs279858 association was observed in the SAGE data sets with a combined P of 9 × 10(-6) (OR=1.17 (1.09, 1.26)). When all of these data sets, including our samples, were meta-analyzed, associations of both GABRA2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms remained (for rs567926, P=7 × 10(-5) (OR=1.18 (1.09, 1.29)) in all the studies, and P=8 × 10(-6) (OR=1.25 (1.13, 1.38)) in subjects of European ancestry and for rs279858, P=5 × 10(-6) (OR=1.18 (1.1, 1.26)) in subjects of European ancestry. Findings from this extensive meta-analysis of five GABAA receptor genes and substance abuse support their involvement (with the best evidence for GABRA2) in the pathogenesis of AD. Further replications with larger samples are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Li
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Neuroscience, Behavior, and Health Initiative, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Arvis Sulovari
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania and Philadelphia VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
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Miele L, Dall'armi V, Cefalo C, Nedovic B, Arzani D, Amore R, Rapaccini G, Gasbarrini A, Ricciardi W, Grieco A, Boccia S. A case-control study on the effect of metabolic gene polymorphisms, nutrition, and their interaction on the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. GENES AND NUTRITION 2014; 9:383. [PMID: 24402518 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-013-0383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative stress is a key issue in the etiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of metabolic gene polymorphisms involved in the oxidative stress (GSTT1, GSTM1, SULT1A1, CYP2E1, and 1A1), lifestyle and nutrition aspects, and their interaction, on the risk of NAFLD. We enrolled 294 cases and 359 controls, and collected demographics, anthropometric, lifestyle, and nutrition data. A subgroup of NAFLD provided additional data on nutrients and on physical activity engagement. Each patient provided a blood sample for DNA extraction and genotyping. Clinical and laboratory data were collected from cases. Multivariable analysis shows a significant protective effect of age, gender, and moderate drinking habits on the risk of NAFLD, while an increased risk for greater consumption of fruit and grilled meat or fish. Significant interactions were reported between alcohol consumption, fruit intake, grilled meat and fish, and selected genetic variants. From the subgroup analysis, a moderate/high consumption of fat and/or grilled meat/fish, and a high consumption of white meat increase the risk of NAFLD. Engaging any physical activity at least 1 time/week halves the risk of NAFLD. Besides confirming the beneficial effect of moderate alcohol intake and regular physical activity, and the increased risk associated with high fruit and fat intake, for the first time, we report a detrimental effect of grilled food on NAFLD risk. An effect modification by selected gene variants increases the risk in combination with fruit and grilled food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Miele
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Tang C, Liu H, Tang Y, Guo Y, Liang X, Guo L, Pi R, Yang J. Analysis of mitochondrial transcription factor A SNPs in alcoholic cirrhosis. Exp Ther Med 2013; 7:73-79. [PMID: 24348767 PMCID: PMC3861118 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic susceptibility to alcoholic cirrhosis (AC) exists. We previously demonstrated hepatic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage in patients with AC compared with chronic alcoholics without cirrhosis. Mitochondrial transcription factor A (mtTFA) is central to mtDNA expression regulation and repair; however, it is unclear whether there are specific mtTFA single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in patients with AC and whether they affect mtDNA repair. In the present study, we screened mtTFA SNPs in patients with AC and analyzed their impact on the copy number of mtDNA in AC. A total of 50 patients with AC, 50 alcoholics without AC and 50 normal subjects were enrolled in the study. SNPs of full-length mtTFA were analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with gene sequencing. The hepatic mtTFA mRNA and mtDNA copy numbers were measured using quantitative PCR (qPCR), and mtTFA protein was measured using western blot analysis. A total of 18 mtTFA SNPs specific to patients with AC with frequencies >10% were identified. Two were located in the coding region and 16 were identified in non-coding regions. Conversely, there were five SNPs that were only present in patients with AC and normal subjects and had a frequency >10%. In the AC group, the hepatic mtTFA mRNA and protein levels were significantly lower than those in the other two groups. Moreover, the hepatic mtDNA copy number was significantly lower in the AC group than in the controls and alcoholics without AC. Based on these data, we conclude that AC-specific mtTFA SNPs may be responsible for the observed reductions in mtTFA mRNA, protein levels and mtDNA copy number and they may also increase the susceptibility to AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Hongming Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Yongliang Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Yong Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Xianchun Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Liping Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Ruxian Pi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Juntao Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
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16
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Zeng T, Guo FF, Zhang CL, Song FY, Zhao XL, Xie KQ. Roles of cytochrome P4502E1 gene polymorphisms and the risks of alcoholic liver disease: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54188. [PMID: 23335995 PMCID: PMC3545986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies investigating the association between cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) polymorphisms and the risk of alcoholic liver diseases (ALD) have yielded conflicting results. Thus, a meta-analysis was performed to clarify the association between CYP2E1 polymorphisms and the risks of ALD. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify the relevant studies. The fixed or random effect model was selected based on the heterogeneity test among studies. Publication bias was estimated using Begg’s funnel plots and Egger’s regression test. Results A total of 27 and 9 studies were finally included for the association between the CYP2E1 Pst I/Rsa I or Dra I polymorphisms and the risks of ALD, respectively. Overall, the combined results showed that homozygous genotype c2c2 was significantly associated with increase risk of ALD in worldwide populations (c2c2 vs. c1c1: OR = 3.12, 95%CI 1.91–5.11) when ALD patients were compared with alcoholics without ALD. Significant associations between CYP2E1 Pst I/Rsa I polymorphism and ALD risk were also observed in Asians (c2c2 vs. c1c1: OR = 4.11, 95%CI 2.32–7.29) and in Caucasians (c2c2/c1c2 vs. c1c1: OR = 1.58, 95%CI 1.04–2.42) when ALD patients were compared with alcoholics without ALD. However, subgroup analysis stratified by ALD types showed that CYP2E1 Pst I/Rsa I polymorphism was not significantly associated with the risks of alcoholic cirrhosis (ALC). No significant association was observed between CYP2E1 Dra I polymorphism and ALD risks. Conclusion This meta-analysis suggested that CYP2E1 Pst I/Rsa I polymorphism might be not significantly associated with advanced form of ALD (ALC), but might be significantly associated with other form of ALD such as steatosis, hepatisis, fibrosis. Furthermore, CYP2E1 Dra I polymorphism might be not significantly associated with the ALD risks. Since potential confounders could not be ruled out completely, further studies were needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Shandong Province, Jinan City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang-Fang Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Province, Jinan City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cui-Li Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Shandong Province, Jinan City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fu-Yong Song
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Shandong Province, Jinan City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Lan Zhao
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Shandong Province, Jinan City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke-Qin Xie
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Shandong Province, Jinan City, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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17
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Dey A. Cytochrome P450 2E1: its clinical aspects and a brief perspective on the current research scenario. Subcell Biochem 2013; 67:1-104. [PMID: 23400917 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5881-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Research on Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), a key enzyme in alcohol metabolism has been very well documented in literature. Besides the involvement of CYP2E1 in alcohol metabolism as illustrated through the studies discussed in the chapter, recent studies have thrown light on several other aspects of CYP2E1 i.e. its extrahepatic expression, its involvement in several diseases and pathophysiological conditions; and CYP2E1 mediated carcinogenesis and modulation of drug efficacy. Studies involving these interesting facets of CYP2E1 have been discussed in the chapter focusing on the recent observations or ongoing studies illustrating the crucial role of CYP2E1 in disease development and drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparajita Dey
- AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, MIT Campus, Chromepet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600044, India,
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18
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Martis S, Mei H, Vijzelaar R, Edelmann L, Desnick RJ, Scott SA. Multi-ethnic cytochrome-P450 copy number profiling: novel pharmacogenetic alleles and mechanism of copy number variation formation. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2012; 13:558-66. [PMID: 23164804 PMCID: PMC3580117 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2012.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
To determine the role of CYP450 copy number variation (CNV) beyond CYP2D6, 11 CYP450 genes were interrogated by MLPA and qPCR in 542 African-American, Asian, Caucasian, Hispanic, and Ashkenazi Jewish individuals. The CYP2A6, CYP2B6 and CYP2E1 combined deletion/duplication allele frequencies ranged from 2% to 10% in these populations. High-resolution microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) localized CYP2A6, CYP2B6 and CYP2E1 breakpoints to directly-oriented low-copy repeats. Sequencing localized the CYP2B6 breakpoint to a 529 bp intron 4 region with high homology to CYP2B7P1, resulting in the CYP2B6*29 partial deletion allele and the reciprocal, and novel, CYP2B6/2B7P1 duplicated fusion allele (CYP2B6*30). Together, these data identified novel CYP450 CNV alleles (CYP2B6*30 and CYP2E1*1Cx2) and indicate that common CYP450 CNV formation is likely mediated by non-allelic homologous recombination resulting in both full gene and gene-fusion copy number imbalances. Detection of these CNVs should be considered when interrogating these genes for pharmacogenetic drug selection and dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Martis
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Roy N, Mukhopadhyay I, Das K, Pandit P, Majumder PP, Santra A, Datta S, Banerjee S, Chowdhury A. Genetic variants of TNFα, IL10, IL1β, CTLA4 and TGFβ1 modulate the indices of alcohol-induced liver injury in East Indian population. Gene 2012; 509:178-88. [PMID: 22902304 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol induced liver disease or alcoholic liver disease (ALD), a complex trait, encompasses a gamut of pathophysiological alterations in the liver due to continuous exposure to a toxic amount of alcohol (more than 80 g per day). Of all chronic heavy drinkers, only 15-20% develops hepatitis or cirrhosis concomitantly or in succession. Several studies revealed that inter-individual as well as inter-ethnic genetic variation is one of the major factors that predispose to ALD. The role of genetic factors in ALD has long been sought for in ethnically distinct population groups. ALD is fast emerging as an important cause of chronic liver disease in India; even in populations such as "Bengalis" who were "culturally immune" earlier. While the genetic involvement in the pathogenesis of ALD is being sought for in different races, the complex pathophysiology of ALD as well as the knowledge of population level diversity of the relevant alcohol metabolizing and inflammatory pathways mandates the need for well designed studies of genetic factors in ethnically distinct population groups. An array of cytokines plays a critical role as mediators of injury, inflammation, fibrosis and cirrhosis in ALD. We, therefore, studied the association of polymorphisms in five relevant cytokine genes with "clinically significant" ALD in an ethnic "Bengali" population in Eastern India. Compared with "alcoholic" controls without liver disease (n=110), TNFα -238AA genotype, IL1β -511CC genotype, TGFβ1 -509CC genotype and IL10 -592AA genotype were significantly overrepresented in ALD patients (n=181; OR=2.4 and 95% CI 1.2-5.5, P(genotype)=0.042, P(allelic)=0.008; OR=2.7 and 95% CI 1.2-5.9, P(genotype)=0.018, P(allelic)=0.023; OR=4.7 and 95% CI 1.7-13.1, P(genotype)=0.003, P(allelic)=0.014; and OR=2.2 and 95% CI 1.1-4.8, P(genotype)=0.04, P(allelic)=0.039 respectively). Moreover a cumulative genetic risk analysis revealed a significant trend for developing ALD with an increase in the number of risk alleles on IL10 and TGFβ1 loci among alcoholics. The risk genotype of IL1β and TGFβ1 also influences the total bilirubin, albumin and alanine aminotransferase levels among alcoholic "Bengalis". The present study is the first case-control study from Eastern India that comprehensively identified polymorphic markers in TNFα, IL10, IL1β and TGFβ1 genes to be associated with ALD in the Bengali population, accentuating the significance of genetic factors in clinical expressions of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelanjana Roy
- Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India.
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20
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ZHU H, JIA Z, MISRA H, LI YR. Oxidative stress and redox signaling mechanisms of alcoholic liver disease: updated experimental and clinical evidence. J Dig Dis 2012; 13:133-142. [PMID: 22356308 PMCID: PMC3297983 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2011.00569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and Europe. The spectrum of ALD ranges from fatty liver to alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis, which may eventually lead to hepatocellular carcinoma. In developed countries as well as developing nations, ALD is a major cause of end-stage liver disease that requires liver transplantation. The most effective therapy for ALD is alcohol abstinence; however, for individuals with severe ALD and those in whom alcohol abstinence is not achievable, targeted therapies are absolutely necessary. In this context, advances of our understanding of the pathophysiology of ALD over the past two decades have contributed to the development of therapeutic modalities (e.g., pentoxifylline and corticosteroids) for the disease although the efficacy of the available treatments remains limited. This article is intended to succinctly review the recent experimental and clinical findings of the involvement of oxidative stress and redox signaling in the pathophysiology of ALD and the development of mechanistically based antioxidant modalities targeting oxidative stress and redox signaling mechanisms. The biochemical and cellular sources of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and dysregulated redox signaling pathways associated with alcohol consumption are particularly discussed to provide insight into the molecular basis of hepatic cell dysfunction and destruction as well as tissue remodeling underlying ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong ZHU
- Department of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Virginia Tech Corporate Research Center, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA,Correspondence should be addressed to: Y. Robert Li, MD, PhD, Professor and Department Chair, Phone: (540) 231-1465, Fax: (540) 231-8846, or H. Zhu, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor, Phone: (540) 231-1468, Fax: (540) 231-8846,
| | - Zhenquan JIA
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hara MISRA
- Department of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Virginia Tech Corporate Research Center, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Y. Robert LI
- Department of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Virginia Tech Corporate Research Center, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA,Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences,, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA,Correspondence should be addressed to: Y. Robert Li, MD, PhD, Professor and Department Chair, Phone: (540) 231-1465, Fax: (540) 231-8846, or H. Zhu, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor, Phone: (540) 231-1468, Fax: (540) 231-8846,
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21
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Marcos M, Pastor I, Chamorro AJ, Ciria-Abad S, González-Sarmiento R, Laso FJ. Meta-analysis: glutathione-S-transferase allelic variants are associated with alcoholic liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34:1159-72. [PMID: 21967547 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only a minority of alcoholics develop alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and allelic variants within genes encoding glutathione-S-transferases (GST) have been associated with ALD vulnerability with controversial results. AIM To assess the effects of GST polymorphisms on ALD by means of a genetic association study and meta-analysis. METHODS We retrieved published studies on the relationship between allelic variants within GST genes and ALD by means of electronic database search. A meta-analysis was conducted in a fixed or random effects model. Calculations of odds ratios (OR) and their confidence intervals (CI), tests for heterogeneity of the results and sensitivity analysis, have been performed. A genetic association study comparing GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 genotype distribution among 279 alcoholics with or without ALD and 144 controls was also performed. Results Fifteen previous studies were identified analysing the association of ALD with polymorphisms within GST genes. After meta-analysis, we found a significant association between the possession of the GSTM1 null allele and the presence of ALD (OR=1.43; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.78; P=0.002) among alcoholic patients. A significant association was also found for the possession of the GSTP1 Val/Val genotype and the presence of ALD (OR=2.04; 95% CI: 1.09, 3.80; P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that, among alcoholics, carriers of GSTM1 null genetic variant or Val/Val genotype of Ile/Val GSTP1 polymorphism have an increased risk to suffer from alcoholic liver disease. The role of glutathione-S-transferase as a potential therapeutic target in alcoholic liver disease is reinforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marcos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Alcoholism Unit, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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Singh S, Singhal NK, Srivastava G, Singh MP. Omics in mechanistic and predictive toxicology. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 20:355-62. [DOI: 10.3109/15376510903559976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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van der Zwaluw CS, Franke B, Engels RCME. Research Highlights. Pharmacogenomics 2009. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.09.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen S van der Zwaluw
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger CME Engels
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Khan AJ, Choudhuri G, Husain Q, Parmar D. Polymorphism in glutathione-S-transferases: a risk factor in alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009; 101:183-90. [PMID: 19157724 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In a case-control study, association of polymorphism in glutathione-S-transferases (GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1), involved in detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS), was studied with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. The study included 175 alcoholic cirrhotic patients (ACPs), 140 non-alcoholic cirrhotic patients (NACPs), visiting Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGI), Lucknow, India, 255 non-alcoholic controls and 140 alcoholic controls. The data showed an increase in risk to alcoholic cirrhosis in ACPs with GSTM1 (null) genotype when compared with non-alcoholic controls (OR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.15-2.56) or alcoholic controls (OR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.07-2.73). Significant increase in risk was also observed in ACPs with variant genotype of GSTP1 when compared with non-alcoholic controls (OR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.12-2.43). A much higher risk to alcoholic liver cirrhosis was observed in patients carrying combination of null genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 (OR: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.3-6.06) or variant genotype of GSTP1 and null genotype of GSTM1 (OR: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.58-4.90) or GSTT1 (OR: 2.16; 95% CI: 1.08-4.28). Likewise, greater risk for alcoholic cirrhosis was observed in patients carrying combination of GSTM1, GSTT1 (null) and variant genotype of GSTP1 (OR: 5.8; 95% CI: 2.17-15.80). Our data further showed that interaction of GSTs with variant genotype of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), which detoxifies free radicals, or cytochrome P450 2E1, which generates free radicals, resulted in several fold increase in risk to alcoholic liver cirrhosis in ACPs when compared with non-alcoholic controls thus demonstrating the role of gene-gene interactions in modulating the risk to alcoholic liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Jamal Khan
- Developmental Toxicology Division, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (Formerly ITRC), CSIR, PO Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, UP, India
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