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Mothersill C, Seymour C, Cocchetto A, Williams D. Factors Influencing Effects of Low-dose Radiation Exposure. HEALTH PHYSICS 2024; 126:296-308. [PMID: 38526248 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT It is now well accepted that the mechanisms induced by low-dose exposures to ionizing radiation (LDR) are different from those occurring after high-dose exposures. However, the downstream effects of these mechanisms are unclear as are the quantitative relationships between exposure, effect, harm, and risk. In this paper, we will discuss the mechanisms known to be important with an overall emphasis on how so-called "non-targeted effects" (NTE) communicate and coordinate responses to LDR. Targeted deposition of ionizing radiation energy in cells causing DNA damage is still regarded as the dominant trigger leading to all downstream events whether targeted or non-targeted. We regard this as an over-simplification dating back to formal target theory. It ignores that last 100 y of biological research into stress responses and signaling mechanisms in organisms exposed to toxic substances, including ionizing radiation. We will provide evidence for situations where energy deposition in cellular targets alone cannot be plausible as a mechanism for LDR effects. An example is where the energy deposition takes place in an organism not receiving the radiation dose. We will also discuss how effects after LDR depend more on dose rate and radiation quality rather than actual dose, which appears rather irrelevant. Finally, we will use recent evidence from studies of cataract and melanoma induction to suggest that after LDR, post-translational effects, such as protein misfolding or defects in energy metabolism or mitochondrial function, may dominate the etiology and progression of the disease. A focus on such novel pathways may open the way to successful prophylaxis and development of new biomarkers for better risk assessment after low dose exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Mothersill
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St., Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Colin Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St., Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Alan Cocchetto
- The National CFIDS Foundation, 285 Beach Ave., Hull, MA 02045
| | - David Williams
- Cambridge University, The Old Schools, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
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2
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Ha SJ, Kwag E, Kim S, Park JH, Park SJ, Yoo HS. Effect of Traditional Korean Medicine Oncotherapy on the Survival, Quality of Life, and Telomere Length: A Prospective Cohort Study. Integr Cancer Ther 2023; 22:15347354231154267. [PMID: 37615075 PMCID: PMC10467224 DOI: 10.1177/15347354231154267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A 4-year prospective cohort study on patients with lung, gastric, hepatic, colorectal, breast, uterine, and ovarian cancer was conducted at the East-West Cancer Center (EWCC) of Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital in Daejeon, Korea. We divided patients into 2 groups based on how long they had been receiving TKM oncotherapy and compared event-free survival (EFS), telomere length change, and quality of life (QoL). The study collected data on 83 patients from October 2016 to June 2020 and discovered no statistical differences in EFS based on the duration of TKM oncotherapy. In the analysis of changes in QoL outcomes, there were no statistically significant group differences between the groups. After controlling for covariates that could affect telomere length, the long-term TKM oncotherapy group had a higher daily telomere attrition rate. The study of the relationship between telomere length and prognostic factors discovered that patients with advanced N stage at the time of diagnosis and who had previously received radiotherapy had shorter telomere length. When examining associations between SNP genotype and percentile score of telomere length, this study was able to confirm an association between telomere length and rs4387287. This study is significant because it is the first to assess the effects of TKM oncotherapy and investigate telomere length-related factors. To assess the effects of TKM oncotherapy on cancer patients' survival and QoL, a longer-term observational study with a larger sample size is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jung Ha
- Daejeon University, Daejeon City, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunbin Kwag
- Daejeon University, Daejeon City, Republic of Korea
| | - Soodam Kim
- Daejeon University, Daejeon City, Republic of Korea
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ji-Hye Park
- Daejeon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Jung Park
- Pusan National University Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
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Yang P, Qu X, Qi S, Li G, Wang S. Oral administration of inorganic nitrate alleviated biological damage induced by cone-beam computed tomography examination in Wistar rats. Nitric Oxide 2022; 122-123:19-25. [PMID: 35219774 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore whether the inorganic nitrate has a protective effect on biological damage induced by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and compare it with Vitamin C. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty Wistar rats were randomly separated into 6 groups: control group, irradiation (IR) group, NaNO3 group, IR + NaNO3 group, Vitamin C group, and IR + Vitamin C group. Rats were whole-body irradiated with CBCT four times. The absorbed dose of the skin surface was measured using thermoluminescent dosemeter chips and the mean whole-body absorbed dose was calculated. Peripheral blood was collected at 0.5h and 24h after irradiation. Bodyweight and organ index of rats before and after irradiation were analyzed. The bone marrow was taken for micronucleus test. Lymphocytes were isolated from peripheral blood for γ-H2AX immunofluorescence assay, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) analysis. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serum were detected. RESULTS The mean absorbed dose of four whole-body CBCT scans for rats was 73.04 mGy. Bodyweight and organ index before and after irradiation with X-ray had no significant differences. The micronuclei frequency of IR + NaNO3 and IR + Vitamin C groups showed a significant decrease than that in the IR group, which was not significantly different from that of the control group. The γ-H2AX foci rates in the IR + NaNO3 group and the IR + Vitamin C group were significantly lower than that in the IR group. In addition, the foci rate of the IR + NaNO3 group returned to the baseline level of the control group 24h after CBCT scanning. The apoptosis of lymphocytes in rats did not increase. The IR + NaNO3 group (P < 0.001) or IR + Vitamin C group (P < 0.001) showed a significant increase in ROS positive cells rate with the control group, while were significantly lower than those in the IR group (P < 0.01). In addition, the ROS-positive cell rate in the IR + NaNO3 group was significantly lower than that in the IR + Vitamin C group. The MDA in the serum of rats increased significantly, while SOD and TAC decreased significantly at 0.5h after irradiation. CONCLUSIONS Compared with Vitamin C, inorganic nitrate had better preventive effects on biological damage induced by CBCT scans in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Yang
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xingmin Qu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Senrong Qi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Songlin Wang
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Kuwano H, Yokobori T, Ide M, Saeki H, Sohda M, Sakai M, Yoshida T, Kuriyama K, Ogata K, Ogawa H, Okada T, Miyazaki T, Takahashi S, Shirabe K. Coexistence of superficial carcinogenesis of resident epithelium besides neuroendocrine neoplasm of the digestive tract. Cancer Med 2022; 11:983-992. [PMID: 35048546 PMCID: PMC8855898 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Mixed neuroendocrine–non‐neuroendocrine neoplasm (MiNEN) is a rare neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN) comprising dual neuroendocrine and non‐neuroendocrine components. Although the coexistence pattern of neuroendocrine and non‐neuroendocrine components in definitive MiNEN is thought to overlap, there may be a coexistent pattern of both components, such as superficial carcinoma adjacent to NEN. The present study evaluated the histopathological findings of the coexistence pattern of superficial carcinomas adjacent to NENs in the esophagogastrointestinal tract. Methods From 2000 to 2019, 35 serial NEN resections of the esophagus (n = 9), stomach (n = 3), and large intestine (n = 23), respectively, were performed at Gunma University Hospital. Borderline areas between NEN and resident superficial epithelium were observed in the 35 serial NEN cases as well as two additional cases from affiliated hospitals. Results Among the 35 serial NEN samples, squamous cell carcinomatous/dysplastic components were identified 77.8% (7/9 cases) of esophageal NENs, and adenocarcinomatous areas were seen in 66.7% (2/3 cases) of gastric NENs and 26% (6/23 cases) of colorectal NENs. Thus, all superficial carcinomatous components adjacent to NENs were observed as squamous cell carcinoma/dysplasia in esophagus and adenocarcinoma in stomach and large intestine, which showed histological characteristics as the resident epithelial pattern in each organ. Conclusions These findings suggested a potential “paratransformation” or “bystander effect” in resident epithelium by NENs. Thus, “bystander carcinogenesis” could be a pathogenic mechanism of resident epithelium transformation adjacent to NENs in the esophagogastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kuwano
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.,Fukuoka City Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokobori
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.,Division of Integrated Oncology Research, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Maebashi, Japan
| | - Munenori Ide
- Department of Pathology, Maebashi Red Cross Hospital, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saeki
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Makoto Sohda
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Makoto Sakai
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tomonori Yoshida
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kengo Kuriyama
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Ogata
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hiroomi Ogawa
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Takuhisa Okada
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Miyazaki
- Department of Surgery, Maebashi Red Cross Hospital, Maebashi, Japan
| | | | - Ken Shirabe
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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Dludla PV, Nkambule BB, Mazibuko-Mbeje SE, Nyambuya TM, Silvestri S, Orlando P, Mxinwa V, Louw J, Tiano L. The impact of dimethyl sulfoxide on oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in various experimental models. Toxicology 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819092-0.00025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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6
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Du Y, Du S, Liu L, Gan F, Jiang X, Wangrao K, Lyu P, Gong P, Yao Y. Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect can be Transmitted Through Exosomes Using miRNAs as Effector Molecules. Radiat Res 2020; 194:89-100. [PMID: 32343639 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00019.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) is a destructive reaction in nonirradiated cells and is one primary factor in determining the efficacy and success of radiation therapy in the field of cancer treatment. Previously reported studies have shown that the RIBE can be mediated by exosomes that carry miRNA components within. Exosomes, which are one type of cell-derived vesicle, exist in different biological conditions and serve as an important additional pathway for signal exchange between cells. In addition, exosome-derived miRNAs are confirmed to play an important role in RIBE, activating the bystander effect and genomic instability after radiotherapy. After investigating the field of RIBE, it is important to understand the mechanisms and consequences of biological effects as well as the role of exosomes and exosomal miRNAs therein, from different sources and under different circumstances, respectively. More discoveries could help to establish early interventions against RIBE while improving the efficacy of radiotherapy. Meanwhile, measures that would alleviate or even inhibit RIBE to some extent may exist in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shufang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feihong Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoge Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kaijuan Wangrao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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7
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Sadeghi F, Asgari M, Matloubi M, Ranjbar M, Karkhaneh Yousefi N, Azari T, Zaki-Dizaji M. Molecular contribution of BRCA1 and BRCA2 to genome instability in breast cancer patients: review of radiosensitivity assays. Biol Proced Online 2020; 22:23. [PMID: 33013205 PMCID: PMC7528506 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-020-00133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA repair pathways, cell cycle arrest checkpoints, and cell death induction are present in cells to process DNA damage and prevent genomic instability caused by various extrinsic and intrinsic ionizing factors. Mutations in the genes involved in these pathways enhances the ionizing radiation sensitivity, reduces the individual's capacity to repair DNA damages, and subsequently increases susceptibility to tumorigenesis. BODY BRCA1 and BRCA2 are two highly penetrant genes involved in the inherited breast cancer and contribute to different DNA damage pathways and cell cycle and apoptosis cascades. Mutations in these genes have been associated with hypersensitivity and genetic instability as well as manifesting severe radiotherapy complications in breast cancer patients. The genomic instability and DNA repair capacity of breast cancer patients with BRCA1/2 mutations have been analyzed in different studies using a variety of assays, including micronucleus assay, comet assay, chromosomal assay, colony-forming assay, γ -H2AX and 53BP1 biomarkers, and fluorescence in situ hybridization. The majority of studies confirmed the enhanced spontaneous & radiation-induced radiosensitivity of breast cancer patients compared to healthy controls. Using G2 micronucleus assay and G2 chromosomal assay, most studies have reported the lymphocyte of healthy carriers with BRCA1 mutation are hypersensitive to invitro ionizing radiation compared to non-carriers without a history of breast cancer. However, it seems this approach is not likely to be useful to distinguish the BRCA carriers from non-carrier with familial history of breast cancer. CONCLUSION In overall, breast cancer patients are more radiosensitive compared to healthy control; however, inconsistent results exist about the ability of current radiosensitive techniques in screening BRCA1/2 carriers or those susceptible to radiotherapy complications. Therefore, developing further radiosensitivity assay is still warranted to evaluate the DNA repair capacity of individuals with BRCA1/2 mutations and serve as a predictive factor for increased risk of cancer mainly in the relatives of breast cancer patients. Moreover, it can provide more evidence about who is susceptible to manifest severe complication after radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sadeghi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Digestive Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Asgari
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shariati Hospital, Kargar Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojdeh Matloubi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maral Ranjbar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Karkhaneh Yousefi
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Azari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Zaki-Dizaji
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Liu Q, Li W, Qin S. Therapeutic effect of phycocyanin on acute liver oxidative damage caused by X-ray. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110553. [PMID: 32739742 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
1) BACKGROUND: Phycocyanin (PC) is a type of natural protein in algae with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the protective effect of PC on hepatic damage induced by X-ray remains unknown. 2) METHODS: Male C57BL/6 mice were gavaged with 200mg/kg PC for consecutive 7 days before or after radiation. The blood samples and tissues were collected on days 1 and 7 after radiation exposure. 3) RESULTS: Pretreatment or treatment with PC decreased significantly the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST) in the plasma. Histological evaluation further confirmed the protection of PC against radiation-induced hepatotoxicity. PC-treatment also increased the relative mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH-PX), and descended the ROS in the liver. Moreover, the expression of H2AX, an indicator of DNA damage in mice, of the PC-intervention group was much smaller than that of the radiation group. In vivo, PC-treatment markedly up-regulated NF-E2-related factor 2(Nrf2) expression and downstream gene such as hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1), NQO1. 4) Conclusion: PC could attenuate the radiation-induced oxidative stress damage by activating Nrf2/ HO-1 signaling pathway, and reduce the radiation-induced DNA damage. Therefore, PC is a protective agent against radiation-induced liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Song Qin
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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9
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Kanagaraj K, Rajan V, Pandey BN, Thayalan K, Venkatachalam P. Primary and secondary bystander effect and genomic instability in cells exposed to high and low linear energy transfer radiations. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:1648-1658. [PMID: 31486717 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1665208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Non-Targeted effects (NTE), such as bystander effect (BE) and genomic instability (GI) challenge central dogma of radiation biology. Moreover, there is a need to understand its universality in different type of cells and radiation quality.Materials and method: To study BE (primary and secondary) and GI Human adult dermal fibroblast (HADF) and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were exposed to low fluence of 241Am alpha (α) particle and 6 MV X-ray. The BE was carried out by means of co-culture methodology after exposing the cells to both types of radiation and damage was measured using micronucleus assay (MN) and chromosomal aberration assay (CA) in the p1 cells while the GI was followed up in their progeny.Results: A dose-dependent increase in DNA damages (MN and CA) was observed in directly irradiated and bystander cells. The magnitude of BE was higher (6 fold) in cells co-cultured with the α-irradiated cells than that of with X-irradiated cells. Cross exposure of both cell types confirms that radiation induced BE is cell type dependent. In addition, induced DNA damage persisted for a longer population doubling in α-particle irradiated cells.Conclusion: This work adds evidence to secondary bystander response generated from primary bystander normal cells and its dependence to radiation quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kanagaraj
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
| | - V Rajan
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Badri N Pandey
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - K Thayalan
- Department of Radiation oncology, Kamakshi Memorial Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - P Venkatachalam
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
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Karthik K, Rajan V, Pandey BN, Sivasubramanian K, Paul SF, Venkatachalam P. Direct and bystander effects in human blood lymphocytes exposed to 241Am alpha particles and the relative biological effectiveness using chromosomal aberration and micronucleus assay. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:725-736. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1589018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Karthik
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Vasumathy Rajan
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Badri N. Pandey
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - K. Sivasubramanian
- Radiological Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, India
| | - Solomon F.D. Paul
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - P. Venkatachalam
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
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Subhashree M, Venkateswarlu R, Karthik K, Shangamithra V, Venkatachalam P. DNA damage and the bystander response in tumor and normal cells exposed to X-rays. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2017; 821:20-27. [PMID: 28735740 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Monolayer and suspension cultures of tumor (BMG-1, CCRF-CEM), normal (AG1522, HADF, lymphocytes) and ATM-mutant (GM4405) human cells were exposed to X-rays at doses used in radiotherapy (high dose and high dose-rate) or radiological imaging (low dose and low dose-rate). Radiation-induced DNA damage, its persistence, and possible bystander effects were evaluated, based on DNA damage markers (γ-H2AX, p53ser15) and cell-cycle-specific cyclins (cyclin B1 and cyclin D1). Dose-dependent DNA damage and a dose-independent bystander response were seen after exposure to high dose and high dose-rate radiation. The level of induced damage (expression of p53ser15, γ-H2AX) depended on ATM status. However, low dose and dose-rate exposures neither increased expression of marker proteins nor induced a bystander response, except in the CCRF-CEM cells. Bystander effects after high-dose irradiation may contribute to stochastic and deterministic effects. Precautions to protect unexposed regions or to inhibit transmission of DNA damage signaling might reduce radiation risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Subhashree
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, 600 116, India
| | - R Venkateswarlu
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, 600 116, India
| | - K Karthik
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, 600 116, India
| | - V Shangamithra
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, 600 116, India
| | - P Venkatachalam
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, 600 116, India.
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12
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Significance and nature of bystander responses induced by various agents. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2017; 773:104-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Diegeler S, Hellweg CE. Intercellular Communication of Tumor Cells and Immune Cells after Exposure to Different Ionizing Radiation Qualities. Front Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28638385 PMCID: PMC5461334 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation can affect the immune system in many ways. Depending on the situation, the whole body or parts of the body can be acutely or chronically exposed to different radiation qualities. In tumor radiotherapy, a fractionated exposure of the tumor (and surrounding tissues) is applied to kill the tumor cells. Currently, mostly photons, and also electrons, neutrons, protons, and heavier particles such as carbon ions, are used in radiotherapy. Tumor elimination can be supported by an effective immune response. In recent years, much progress has been achieved in the understanding of basic interactions between the irradiated tumor and the immune system. Here, direct and indirect effects of radiation on immune cells have to be considered. Lymphocytes for example are known to be highly radiosensitive. One important factor in indirect interactions is the radiation-induced bystander effect which can be initiated in unexposed cells by expression of cytokines of the irradiated cells and by direct exchange of molecules via gap junctions. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the indirect effects observed after exposure to different radiation qualities. The different immune cell populations important for the tumor immune response are natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells. In vitro and in vivo studies have revealed the modulation of their functions due to ionizing radiation exposure of tumor cells. After radiation exposure, cytokines are produced by exposed tumor and immune cells and a modulated expression profile has also been observed in bystander immune cells. Release of damage-associated molecular patterns by irradiated tumor cells is another factor in immune activation. In conclusion, both immune-activating and -suppressing effects can occur. Enhancing or inhibiting these effects, respectively, could contribute to modified tumor cell killing after radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Diegeler
- Division of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Köln, Germany
| | - Christine E Hellweg
- Division of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Köln, Germany
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Al-Mayah AHJ, Bright SJ, Bowler DA, Slijepcevic P, Goodwin E, Kadhim MA. Exosome-Mediated Telomere Instability in Human Breast Epithelial Cancer Cells after X Irradiation. Radiat Res 2016; 187:98-106. [PMID: 27959588 DOI: 10.1667/rr14201.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In directly irradiating cells, telomere metabolism is altered and similar effects have been observed in nontargeted cells. Exosomes and their cargo play dominant roles in communicating radiation-induced bystander effects with end points related to DNA damage. Here we report novel evidence that exosomes are also responsible for inducing telomere-related bystander effects. Breast epithelial cancer cells were exposed to either 2 Gy X rays, or exposed to irradiated cell conditioned media (ICCM), or exosomes purified from ICCM. Compared to control cells, telomerase activity decreased in the 2 Gy irradiated cells and both bystander samples after one population doubling. At the first population doubling, telomere length was shorter in the 2 Gy irradiated sample but not in the bystander samples. By 24 population doublings telomerase activity recovered to control levels in all samples; however, the 2 Gy irradiated sample continued to demonstrate short telomeres and both bystander samples acquired shorter telomeres. RNase treatment of exosomes prevented the bystander effects on telomerase and telomere length that were observed at 1 population doubling and 24 population doublings, respectively. Thermal denaturation by boiling eliminated the reduction of telomere length in bystander samples, suggesting that the protein fraction of exosomes also contributes to the telomeric effect. RNase treatment plus boiling abrogated all telomere-related effects in directly irradiated and bystander cell populations. These findings suggest that both proteins and RNAs of exosomes can induce alterations in telomeric metabolism, which can instigate genomic instability in epithelial cancer cells after X-ray irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar H J Al-Mayah
- a Genomic Instability Group, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Scott J Bright
- a Genomic Instability Group, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Debbie A Bowler
- a Genomic Instability Group, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Predrag Slijepcevic
- b Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University, London UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Edwin Goodwin
- c The New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544
| | - Munira A Kadhim
- a Genomic Instability Group, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
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Das U, Biswas S, Sengupta A, Manna K, Chakraborty A, Dey S. Ferulic acid (FA) abrogates ionizing radiation-induced oxidative damage in murine spleen. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:806-818. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1230241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ujjal Das
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA), University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Sushobhan Biswas
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA), University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Aaveri Sengupta
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA), University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Krishnendu Manna
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA), University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Anindita Chakraborty
- Division of Radiation Biology, UGC-DAE CSR Center Kolkata, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata, India
| | - Sanjit Dey
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA), University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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Testi S, Azzarà A, Giovannini C, Lombardi S, Piaggi S, Facioni MS, Scarpato R. Vincristine-induced bystander effect in human lymphocytes. Mutat Res 2016; 789:39-47. [PMID: 27050754 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bystander effect is a known radiobiological effect, widely described using ionizing radiations and which, more recently, has also been related to chemical mutagens. In this study, we aimed to assess whether or not a bystander response can be induced in cultured human peripheral lymphocytes by vincristine, a chemotherapeutic mutagen acting as spindle poison, and by mitomycin-C, an alkylating agent already known to induce this response in human lymphoblastoid cells. Designing a modified ad hoc protocol for the cytokinesis blocked micronucleus (MN) assay, we detected the presence of a dose-dependent bystander response in untreated cultures receiving the conditioned medium (CM) from mitomycin-C (MMC) or vincristine (VCR) treated cultures. In the case of MMC, MN frequencies, expressed as micronucleated binucleates, were: 13.5±1.41 at 6μM, 22±2.12 at 12μM or 28.25±5.13 at 15μM vs. a control value of 4.75±1.59. MN levels for VCR, expressed as micronucleated mononucleates were: 2.75±0.88 at 0.0μM, 27.25±2.30 at 0.4μM, 46.25±1.94 at 0.8μM, 98.25±7.25 at 1.6μM. To verify that no mutagen residual was transferred to recipient cultures together with the CM, we evaluated MN levels in cultures receiving the medium immediately after three washings following the chemical treatment (unconditioned medium). We further confirmed these results using a cell-mixing approach where untreated lymphocytes were co-cultured with donor cells treated with an effect-inducing dose of MMC or VCR. A distinct production pattern of both reactive oxygen species and soluble mediator proteins by treated cells may account for the differences observed in the manifestation of the bystander effect induced by VCR. In fact, we observed an increased level of ROS, IL-32 and TGF-β in the CM from VCR treated cultures, not present in MMC treated cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Testi
- Unità di Genetica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Pisa University, Via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessia Azzarà
- Unità di Genetica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Pisa University, Via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Caterina Giovannini
- Unità di Genetica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Pisa University, Via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Lombardi
- Unità di Genetica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Pisa University, Via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Piaggi
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Pisa University, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Sole Facioni
- Unità di Genetica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Pisa University, Via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Scarpato
- Unità di Genetica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Pisa University, Via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Research Center of Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Megha Anilkumar K, Safa Abdul SB, Sidonia Vallas X, Murugan A, Thayalan K, Perumal V. Direct and Bystander Effect on Cervix Cancer Cells (SiHa) Exposed to High Dose-Rate Gamma Radiation Sourced from Ir 192 Used in Brachytherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.17352/ijrro.000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Manna K, Das U, Das D, Kesh SB, Khan A, Chakraborty A, Dey S. Naringin inhibits gamma radiation-induced oxidative DNA damage and inflammation, by modulating p53 and NF-κB signaling pathways in murine splenocytes. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:422-39. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1016018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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19
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Materska M, Konopacka M, Rogoliński J, Ślosarek K. Antioxidant activity and protective effects against oxidative damage of human cells induced by X-radiation of phenolic glycosides isolated from pepper fruits Capsicum annuum L. Food Chem 2015; 168:546-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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20
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Tubin S, Valeriani M, Salerno G, Bracci S, Stoppacciaro A, Cardelli P, Osti MF, De Sanctis V, Minniti G, Maurizi Enrici R. Manipulation of radiation-induced bystander effect in prostate adenocarcinoma by dose and tumor differentiation grade: in vitro study. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:166-71. [PMID: 25174735 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2015.959667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This in vitro study evaluated the ability of prostate adenocarcinoma (ADC) cells to induce radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) exploring the factors that may be responsible and affect its intensity. The idea was to mimic a strong, clinically applicable RIBE that could lead to the development of innovative approaches in modern radiotherapy of prostate cancer, especially for those patients with hormone-refractory ADC in which radiotherapy might have a limited role. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two human prostate cancer cell lines of different differentiation, PC-3 and DU-145, have been irradiated using wide range of doses to obtain radiation-conditioned medium (RCM), which was used to treat the unirradiated cells and to evaluate the cytokines level. Using a trypan blue dye exclusion method, cell growth was assessed. RESULTS Prostate ADC cells were able to induce RIBE; intensity depended on dose and cell differentiation. RIBE intensity of DU-145 was not correlated with the cytokines level, while for PC-3 Interleukin-6 (IL-6) correlates with strongest RIBE induced by 20 Gy. CONCLUSIONS RIBE can be manipulated by modifying radiation dose and depends on cell differentiation status. IL-6 correlates with RIBE after exposure of PC-3 to a very high dose of radiation, thus indicates its possible involvement in bystander signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavisa Tubin
- "La Sapienza" University, Sant' Andrea Hospital, Radiation Oncology , Rome , Italy
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Rödel F, Frey B, Multhoff G, Gaipl U. Contribution of the immune system to bystander and non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation. Cancer Lett 2015; 356:105-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Al-Mayah A, Bright S, Chapman K, Irons S, Luo P, Carter D, Goodwin E, Kadhim M. The non-targeted effects of radiation are perpetuated by exosomes. Mutat Res 2014; 772:38-45. [PMID: 25772109 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes contain cargo material from endosomes, cytosol, plasma membrane and microRNA molecules, they are released by a number of non-cancer and cancer cells into both the extracellular microenvironment and body fluids such as blood plasma. Recently we demonstrated radiation-induced non-targeted effects [NTE: genomic instability (GI) and bystander effects (BE)] are partially mediated by exosomes, particularly the RNA content. However the mechanistic role of exosomes in NTE is yet to be fully understood. The present study used MCF7 cells to characterise the longevity of exosome-induced activity in the progeny of irradiated and unirradiated bystander cells. Exosomes extracted from conditioned media of irradiated and bystander progeny were added to unirradiated cells. Analysis was carried out at 1 and 20/24 population doublings following medium/exosome transfer for DNA/chromosomal damage. Results confirmed exosomes play a significant role in mediating NTE of ionising radiation (IR). This effect was remarkably persistent, observed >20 doublings post-irradiation in the progeny of bystander cells. Additionally, cell progeny undergoing a BE were themselves capable of inducing BE in other cells via exosomes they released. Furthermore we investigated the role of exosome cargo. Culture media from cells exposed to 2 Gy X-rays was subjected to ultracentrifugation and four inoculants prepared, (a) supernatants with exosomes removed, and pellets with (b) exosome proteins denatured, (c) RNA degraded, and (d) a combination of protein-RNA inactivation. These were added to separate populations of unirradiated cells. The BE was partially inhibited when either exosome protein or exosome RNA were inactivated separately, whilst combined RNA-protein inhibition significantly reduced or eliminated the BE. These results demonstrate that exosomes are associated with long-lived signalling of the NTE of IR. Both RNA and protein molecules of exosomes work in a synergistic manner to initiate NTE, spread these effects to naïve cells, and perpetuate GI in the affected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Al-Mayah
- Genomic Instability Group, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Bright
- Genomic Instability Group, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Chapman
- Genomic Instability Group, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Irons
- Insect Virus Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Ping Luo
- Izon Science Ltd., The Oxford Science Park, Magdalen Centre, Robert Robinson Avenue, Oxford OX4 4GA, United Kingdom
| | - David Carter
- Chromatin and non-coding RNA, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Edwin Goodwin
- The New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - Munira Kadhim
- Genomic Instability Group, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom.
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Seth I, Schwartz JL, Stewart RD, Emery R, Joiner MC, Tucker JD. Neutron exposures in human cells: bystander effect and relative biological effectiveness. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98947. [PMID: 24896095 PMCID: PMC4045982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bystander effects have been observed repeatedly in mammalian cells following photon and alpha particle irradiation. However, few studies have been performed to investigate bystander effects arising from neutron irradiation. Here we asked whether neutrons also induce a bystander effect in two normal human lymphoblastoid cell lines. These cells were exposed to fast neutrons produced by targeting a near-monoenergetic 50.5 MeV proton beam at a Be target (17 MeV average neutron energy), and irradiated-cell conditioned media (ICCM) was transferred to unirradiated cells. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay was used to quantify genetic damage in radiation-naïve cells exposed to ICCM from cultures that received 0 (control), 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3 or 4 Gy neutrons. Cells grown in ICCM from irradiated cells showed no significant increase in the frequencies of micronuclei or nucleoplasmic bridges compared to cells grown in ICCM from sham irradiated cells for either cell line. However, the neutron beam has a photon dose-contamination of 5%, which may modulate a neutron-induced bystander effect. To determine whether these low doses of contaminating photons can induce a bystander effect, cells were irradiated with cobalt-60 at doses equivalent to the percent contamination for each neutron dose. No significant increase in the frequencies of micronuclei or bridges was observed at these doses of photons for either cell line when cultured in ICCM. As expected, high doses of photons induced a clear bystander effect in both cell lines for micronuclei and bridges (p<0.0001). These data indicate that neutrons do not induce a bystander effect in these cells. Finally, neutrons had a relative biological effectiveness of 2.0 ± 0.13 for micronuclei and 5.8 ± 2.9 for bridges compared to cobalt-60. These results may be relevant to radiation therapy with fast neutrons and for regulatory agencies setting standards for neutron radiation protection and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isheeta Seth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey L. Schwartz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Stewart
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert Emery
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Joiner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - James D. Tucker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Holley AK, Miao L, St Clair DK, St Clair WH. Redox-modulated phenomena and radiation therapy: the central role of superoxide dismutases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1567-89. [PMID: 24094070 PMCID: PMC3942704 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Ionizing radiation is a vital component in the oncologist's arsenal for the treatment of cancer. Approximately 50% of all cancer patients will receive some form of radiation therapy as part of their treatment regimen. DNA is considered the major cellular target of ionizing radiation and can be damaged directly by radiation or indirectly through reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed from the radiolysis of water, enzyme-mediated ROS production, and ROS resulting from altered aerobic metabolism. RECENT ADVANCES ROS are produced as a byproduct of oxygen metabolism, and superoxide dismutases (SODs) are the chief scavengers. ROS contribute to the radioresponsiveness of normal and tumor tissues, and SODs modulate the radioresponsiveness of tissues, thus affecting the efficacy of radiotherapy. CRITICAL ISSUES Despite its prevalent use, radiation therapy suffers from certain limitations that diminish its effectiveness, including tumor hypoxia and normal tissue damage. Oxygen is important for the stabilization of radiation-induced DNA damage, and tumor hypoxia dramatically decreases radiation efficacy. Therefore, auxiliary therapies are needed to increase the effectiveness of radiation therapy against tumor tissues while minimizing normal tissue injury. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Because of the importance of ROS in the response of normal and cancer tissues to ionizing radiation, methods that differentially modulate the ROS scavenging ability of cells may prove to be an important method to increase the radiation response in cancer tissues and simultaneously mitigate the damaging effects of ionizing radiation on normal tissues. Altering the expression or activity of SODs may prove valuable in maximizing the overall effectiveness of ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron K Holley
- 1 Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
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He M, Dong C, Konishi T, Tu W, Liu W, Shiomi N, Kobayashi A, Uchihori Y, Furusawa Y, Hei TK, Dang B, Shao C. Differential effects of p53 on bystander phenotypes induced by gamma ray and high LET heavy ion radiation. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2014; 1:53-59. [PMID: 26432589 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
High LET particle irradiation has several potential advantages over γ-rays such as p53-independent response. The purpose of this work is to disclose the effect of p53 on the bystander effect induced by different LET irradiations and underlying mechanism. Lymphocyte cells of TK6 (wild type p53) and HMy2.CIR (mutated p53) were exposed to either low or high LET irradiation, then their mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS generation were detected. The micronuclei (MN) induction in HL-7702 hepatocytes co-cultured with irradiated lymphocytes was also measured. It was found that the mitochondrial dysfunction, p66(Shc) activation, and intracellular ROS were enhanced in TK6 but not in HMy2.CIR cells after γ-ray irradiation, but all of them were increased in both cell lines after carbon and iron irradiation. Consistently, the bystander effect of MN formation in HL-7702 cells was only triggered by γ-irradiated TK6 cells but not by γ-irradiated HMy2.CIR cells. But this bystander effect was induced by both lymphocyte cell lines after heavy ion irradiation. PFT-μ, an inhibitor of p53, only partly inhibited ROS generation and bystander effect induced by 30 keV/μm carbon-irradiated TK6 cells but failed to suppress the bystander effect induced by the TK6 cells irradiated with either 70 keV/μm carbon or 180 keV/μm iron. The mitochondrial inhibitors of rotenone and oligomycin eliminated heavy ion induced ROS generation in TK6 and HMy2.CIR cells and hence diminished the bystander effect on HL-7702 cells. These results clearly demonstrate that the bystander effect is p53-dependent for low LET irradiation, but it is p53-independent for high LET irradiation which may be because of p53-independent ROS generation due to mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan He
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, No. 2094 Xie-Tu Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, No. 2094 Xie-Tu Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Teruaki Konishi
- Research Development and Support Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Wenzhi Tu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, No. 2094 Xie-Tu Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weili Liu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, No. 2094 Xie-Tu Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Naoko Shiomi
- Research Development and Support Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Alisa Kobayashi
- Research Development and Support Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yukio Uchihori
- Research Development and Support Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Furusawa
- Heavy-Ion Radiobiology Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tom K Hei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Bingrong Dang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chunlin Shao
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, No. 2094 Xie-Tu Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefits of radiotherapy for cancer have been well documented for many years, but many patients treated with radiation develop adverse effects. This study analyzed the current research into the biological basis of radiotherapy-induced normal tissue damage. METHODS Using the PubMed and EMBASE databases, articles on adverse effects of radiotherapy on normal tissue published from January of 2005 through May of 2012 were identified. Their abstracts were reviewed for information relevant to radiotherapy-induced DNA damage and DNA repair. Articles in the reference lists that seemed relevant were reviewed with no limitations on publication date. RESULTS Of 1751 publications, 1729 were eliminated because they did not address fundamental biology or were duplicates. The 22 included articles revealed that many adverse effects are driven by chronic oxidative stress affecting the nuclear function of DNA repair mechanisms. Among normal cells undergoing replication, cells in S phase are most radioresistant because of overexpression of DNA repair enzymes, while cells in M phase are especially radiosensitive. Cancer cells exhibit increased radiosensitivity, leading to accumulation of irreparable DNA lesions and cell death. Irradiated cells have an indirect effect on the cell cycle and survival of cocultured nonirradiated cells. Method of irradiation and linear energy transfer to cancer cells versus bystander cells are shown to have an effect on cell survival. CONCLUSIONS Radiotherapy-induced increases in reactive oxygen species in irradiated cells may signal healthy cells by increasing metabolic stress and creating DNA lesions. The side effects of radiotherapy and bystander cell signaling may have a larger impact than previously acknowledged.
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Shim G, Ricoul M, Hempel WM, Azzam EI, Sabatier L. Crosstalk between telomere maintenance and radiation effects: A key player in the process of radiation-induced carcinogenesis. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2014; 760:S1383-5742(14)00002-7. [PMID: 24486376 PMCID: PMC4119099 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that ionizing radiation induces chromosomal damage, both following direct radiation exposure and via non-targeted (bystander) effects, activating DNA damage repair pathways, of which the proteins are closely linked to telomeric proteins and telomere maintenance. Long-term propagation of this radiation-induced chromosomal damage during cell proliferation results in chromosomal instability. Many studies have shown the link between radiation exposure and radiation-induced changes in oxidative stress and DNA damage repair in both targeted and non-targeted cells. However, the effect of these factors on telomeres, long established as guardians of the genome, still remains to be clarified. In this review, we will focus on what is known about how telomeres are affected by exposure to low- and high-LET ionizing radiation and during proliferation, and will discuss how telomeres may be a key player in the process of radiation-induced carcinogenesis.
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Tucker JD, Vadapalli M, Joiner MC, Ceppi M, Fenech M, Bonassi S. Estimating the Lowest Detectable Dose of Ionizing Radiation by the Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Assay. Radiat Res 2013; 180:284-91. [DOI: 10.1667/rr3346.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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The association of IFI27 expression and fatigue intensification during localized radiation therapy: implication of a para-inflammatory bystander response. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:16943-57. [PMID: 23959120 PMCID: PMC3759944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140816943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms behind fatigue intensification during cancer therapy remain elusive. The interferon alpha-inducible protein 27 (IFI27) was the most up-regulated gene based on our previous microarray data in fatigued men with non-metastatic prostate cancer receiving localized external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). The purpose of this study was to confirm the IFI27 up-regulation and determine its association with fatigue intensification during EBRT. Peripheral blood samples and fatigue scores were collected at three time points—prior to EBRT, at midpoint, and at completion of EBRT. Confirmatory quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were utilized to verify the microarray results. Subjects were a total of 40 Caucasian men with prostate cancer; 20 scheduled for EBRT (65.6 ± 7.5 years old), and 20 on active surveillance as controls (62.8 ± 6.1 years old). Significant IFI27 expression overtime during EBRT was confirmed by qPCR (p < 0.5), which correlated with fatigue scores during EBRT (R = −0.90, p = 0.006). Alterations in mechanisms associated with immune response and mitochondrial function that explain the up-regulation of IFI27 may provide an understanding of the pathways related to the intensification of fatigue during localized radiation therapy.
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Ghosh R, Guha D, Bhowmik S, Karmakar S. Antioxidant enzymes and the mechanism of the bystander effect induced by ultraviolet C irradiation of A375 human melanoma cells. Mutat Res 2013; 757:83-90. [PMID: 23845763 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Irradiated cells generate dynamic responses in non-irradiated cells; this signaling phenomenon is known as the bystander effect (BE). Factors secreted by the irradiated cells communicate some of these signals. Conditioned medium from UVC-irradiated A375 human melanoma cells was used to study the BE. Exposure of cells to conditioned medium induce cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M transition. Although conditioned medium treatment, by itself, did not alter cell viability, treated cells were more resistant to the lethal action of UVC or H2O2. This protective effect of conditioned medium was lost within 8h. Apoptotic or autophagic cell death was not involved in this resistance. Exposure to conditioned medium did not influence the rate of DNA repair, as measured by NAD(+) depletion. The activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase were elevated in cells exposed to conditioned medium, but returned to normal levels by 8h post-treatment. These results indicate a close correlation between BE-stimulated antioxidant activity and cellular sensitivity. Cell-cycle arrest and stimulation of antioxidant activity may account for the resistance to killing that was observed in bystander cells exposed to UVC or H2O2 treatment and are consistent with the role of the BE as a natural defense function triggered by UVC irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India.
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Maeda T, Nakamura K, Atsumi K, Hirakawa M, Ueda Y, Makino N. Radiation-associated changes in the length of telomeres in peripheral leukocytes from inpatients with cancer. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 89:106-9. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.734945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Dickey JS, Baird BJ, Redon CE, Avdoshina V, Palchik G, Wu J, Kondratyev A, Bonner WM, Martin OA. Susceptibility to bystander DNA damage is influenced by replication and transcriptional activity. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:10274-86. [PMID: 22941641 PMCID: PMC3488239 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct cellular DNA damage may lead to genome destabilization in unexposed, bystander, cells sharing the same milieu with directly damaged cells by means of the bystander effect. One proposed mechanism involves double strand break (DSB) formation in S phase cells at sites of single strand lesions in the DNA of replication complexes, which has a more open structure compared with neighboring DNA. The DNA in transcription complexes also has a more open structure, and hence may be susceptible to bystander DSB formation from single strand lesions. To examine whether transcription predisposes non-replicating cells to bystander effect-induced DNA DSBs, we examined two types of primary cells that exhibit high levels of transcription in the absence of replication, rat neurons and human lymphocytes. We found that non-replicating bystander cells with high transcription rates exhibited substantial levels of DNA DSBs, as monitored by γ-H2AX foci formation. Additionally, as reported in proliferating cells, TGF-β and NO were found to mimic bystander effects in cell populations lacking DNA synthesis. These results indicate that cell vulnerability to bystander DSB damage may result from transcription as well as replication. The findings offer insights into which tissues may be vulnerable to bystander genomic destabilization in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Dickey
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20952, USA.
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Sabatino L, Picano E, Andreassi MG. Telomere shortening and ionizing radiation: A possible role in vascular dysfunction? Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88:830-9. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.709307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Mamlouk O, Balagurumoorthy P, Wang K, Adelstein SJ, Kassis AI. Bystander effect in tumor cells produced by Iodine-125 labeled human lymphocytes. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88:1019-27. [PMID: 22712702 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.702297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the ability of human lymphocytes labeled with DNA-incorporated (125)I to exert an inhibitory (antiproliferative) bystander effect on co-cultured human colon adenocarcinoma LS174T cells in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were stimulated to synthesize DNA in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and labeled with 5-[(125)I]iodo-2'-deoxyuridine. Human colon adenocarcinoma LS174T cells were co-cultured with the (125)I-labeled lymphocytes in various ratios for 5 days and the proliferation of the LS174T cells was assessed. Further, the supernatant media from these co-cultures were: (i) Transferred to LS174T cells and their proliferation measured after 5 days, (ii) used to assess the clonogenic survival of LS174T cells, and (iii) screened for factors that suppress growth. RESULTS A significant reduction in the proliferation of LS174T cells was observed when co-cultured either with (125)I-labeled lymphocytes (56 ± 3.5%) or the supernatant media (52.5 ± 1.3%) obtained from these co-cultures. Clonogenic survival of LS174T cells grown in the supernatant media corroborated the decrease in tumor cell growth. CONCLUSION The observed reduction in the proliferation of LS174T cells in presence of (125)I-labeled lymphocytes or media obtained from such co-cultures can be attributed to an inhibitory (antiproliferative) bystander effect, probably mediated by factor(s) released from the dying (125)I-labeled lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Mamlouk
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Chinnadurai M, Rao BS, Deepika R, Paul SFD, Venkatachalam P. Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and Nitric Oxide in Mediating Chemotherapeutic Drug Induced Bystander Response in Human Cancer Cells Exposed In-Vitro. World J Oncol 2012; 3:64-72. [PMID: 29147282 PMCID: PMC5649891 DOI: 10.4021/wjon474w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The intention of cancer chemotherapy is to control the growth of cancer cells using chemical agents. However, the occurrence of second malignancies has raised concerns, leading to re-evaluation of the current strategy in use for chemotherapeutic agents. Although the mechanisms involved in second malignancy remain ambiguous, therapeutic-agent-induced non-DNA targeted effects like bystander response and genomic instability cannot be eliminated completely. Hence, Bleomycin (BLM) and Neocarzinostatin (NCS), chemotherapeutic drugs with a mode of action similar to ionizing radiation, were used to study the mechanism of bystander response in human cancer cells (A549, CCRF-CEM and HL-60) by employing co-culture methodology. Methods Bystander effect was quantified using micronucleus (MN) assay and in-situ immunofluorescence(γH2AX assay).The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in mediating the bystander response was explored by pre-treating bystander cells with dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and C-PTIO respectively. Results Bystander response was observed only in CCRF-CEM and A549 cells (P < 0.001). A significant decrease in this response was observed with ROS scavenger, DMSO. Conclusion This significant attenuation in the bystander response on treatment with DMSO, suggests that ROS has a more significant role in mediating the bystander response.Since the possibility of the ROS and NO in mediating these bystander effect was confirmed, mechanistic control of these signaling molecules could either reduce radiation damage and potential carcinogenicity of normal tissues (by reducing bystander signaling) or maximize cell sterilization during chemotherapy (by amplifying bystander responses in tumors).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Chinnadurai
- Department of Human Genetics, College of Biomedical Science Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Bhavna S Rao
- Department of Human Genetics, College of Biomedical Science Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Ramasamy Deepika
- Department of Human Genetics, College of Biomedical Science Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Solomon F D Paul
- Department of Human Genetics, College of Biomedical Science Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Perumal Venkatachalam
- Department of Human Genetics, College of Biomedical Science Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India
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Thalassemic DNA-Containing Red Blood Cells Are under Oxidative Stress. Anemia 2012; 2012:943974. [PMID: 22496973 PMCID: PMC3310241 DOI: 10.1155/2012/943974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the nature of enucleated RBCs containing DNA remnants, Howell-Jolly (HJ) RBCs and reticulocytes (retics), that are characteristically present in the circulation of thalassemic patients, especially after splenectomy. Using flow cytometry methodology, we measured oxidative status parameters of these cells in patients with β-thalassemia. In each patient studied, these cells had higher content of reactive oxygen species and exposed phosphatidylserine compared with their DNA-free counterparts. These results suggest that oxidative stress in thalassemic developing erythroid precursors might, through DNA-breakage, generate HJ-retics and HJ-RBCs and that oxidative stress-induced externalization of phosphatidylserine is involved in the removal of these cells from the circulation by the spleen, a mechanism similar to that of the removal of senescent RBCs.
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Vinnikov V, Lloyd D, Finnon P. Bystander apoptosis in human cells mediated by irradiated blood plasma. Mutat Res 2012; 731:107-116. [PMID: 22230196 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Following exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation, due to an accident or during radiotherapy, bystander signalling poses a potential hazard to unirradiated cells and tissues. This process can be mediated by factors circulating in blood plasma. Thus, we assessed the ability of plasma taken from in vitro irradiated human blood to produce a direct cytotoxic effect, by inducing apoptosis in primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM), which mainly comprised G(0)-stage lymphocytes. Plasma was collected from healthy donors' blood irradiated in vitro to 0-40Gy acute γ-rays. Reporter PBM were separated from unirradiated blood with Histopaque and held in medium with the test plasma for 24h at 37°C. Additionally, plasma from in vitro irradiated and unirradiated blood was tested against PBM collected from blood given 4Gy. Apoptosis in reporter PBM was measured by the Annexin V test using flow cytometry. Plasma collected from unirradiated and irradiated blood did not produce any apoptotic response above the control level in unirradiated reporter PBM. Surprisingly, plasma from irradiated blood caused a dose-dependent reduction of apoptosis in irradiated reporter PBM. The yields of radiation-induced cell death in irradiated reporter PBM (after subtracting the respective values in unirradiated reporter PBM) were 22.2±1.8% in plasma-free cultures, 21.6±1.1% in cultures treated with plasma from unirradiated blood, 20.2±1.4% in cultures with plasma from blood given 2-4Gy and 16.7±3.2% in cultures with plasma from blood given 6-10Gy. These results suggested that irradiated blood plasma did not cause a radiation-induced bystander cell-killing effect. Instead, a reduction of apoptosis in irradiated reporter cells cultured with irradiated blood plasma has implications concerning oncogenic risk from mutated cells surviving after high dose in vivo irradiation (e.g. radiotherapy) and requires further study.
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Mozdarani H. Biological complexities in radiation carcinogenesis and cancer radiotherapy: impact of new biological paradigms. Genes (Basel) 2012; 3:90-114. [PMID: 24704845 PMCID: PMC3899963 DOI: 10.3390/genes3010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although radiation carcinogenesis has been shown both experimentally and epidemiologically, the use of ionizing radiation is also one of the major modalities in cancer treatment. Various known cellular and molecular events are involved in carcinogenesis. Apart from the known phenomena, there could be implications for carcinogenesis and cancer prevention due to other biological processes such as the bystander effect, the abscopal effect, intrinsic radiosensitivity and radioadaptation. Bystander effects have consequences for mutation initiated cancer paradigms of radiation carcinogenesis, which provide the mechanistic justification for low-dose risk estimates. The abscopal effect is potentially important for tumor control and is mediated through cytokines and/or the immune system (mainly cell-mediated immunity). It results from loss of growth and stimulatory and/or immunosuppressive factors from the tumor. Intrinsic radiosensitivity is a feature of some cancer prone chromosomal breakage syndromes such as ataxia telangectiasia. Radiosensitivity is manifested as higher chromosomal aberrations and DNA repair impairment is now known as a good biomarker for breast cancer screening and prediction of prognosis. However, it is not yet known whether this effect is good or bad for those receiving radiation or radiomimetic agents for treatment. Radiation hormesis is another major concern for carcinogenesis. This process which protects cells from higher doses of radiation or radio mimic chemicals, may lead to the escape of cells from mitotic death or apoptosis and put cells with a lower amount of damage into the process of cancer induction. Therefore, any of these biological phenomena could have impact on another process giving rise to genome instability of cells which are not in the field of radiation but still receiving a lower amount of radiation. For prevention of radiation induced carcinogenesis or risk assessment as well as for successful radiation therapy, all these phenomena should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mozdarani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran P.O. Box 14115-111, Iran.
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