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Helm A, Fournier C. High-LET charged particles: radiobiology and application for new approaches in radiotherapy. Strahlenther Onkol 2023; 199:1225-1241. [PMID: 37872399 PMCID: PMC10674019 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-023-02158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The number of patients treated with charged-particle radiotherapy as well as the number of treatment centers is increasing worldwide, particularly regarding protons. However, high-linear energy transfer (LET) particles, mainly carbon ions, are of special interest for application in radiotherapy, as their special physical features result in high precision and hence lower toxicity, and at the same time in increased efficiency in cell inactivation in the target region, i.e., the tumor. The radiobiology of high-LET particles differs with respect to DNA damage repair, cytogenetic damage, and cell death type, and their increased LET can tackle cells' resistance to hypoxia. Recent developments and perspectives, e.g., the return of high-LET particle therapy to the US with a center planned at Mayo clinics, the application of carbon ion radiotherapy using cost-reducing cyclotrons and the application of helium is foreseen to increase the interest in this type of radiotherapy. However, further preclinical research is needed to better understand the differential radiobiological mechanisms as opposed to photon radiotherapy, which will help to guide future clinical studies for optimal exploitation of high-LET particle therapy, in particular related to new concepts and innovative approaches. Herein, we summarize the basics and recent progress in high-LET particle radiobiology with a focus on carbon ions and discuss the implications of current knowledge for charged-particle radiotherapy. We emphasize the potential of high-LET particles with respect to immunogenicity and especially their combination with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Helm
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Claudia Fournier
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany.
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Sioen S, Vanhove O, Vanderstraeten B, De Wagter C, Engelbrecht M, Vandevoorde C, De Kock E, Van Goethem MJ, Vral A, Baeyens A. Impact of proton therapy on the DNA damage induction and repair in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16995. [PMID: 37813904 PMCID: PMC10562436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42362-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton therapy is of great interest to pediatric cancer patients because of its optimal depth dose distribution. In view of healthy tissue damage and the increased risk of secondary cancers, we investigated DNA damage induction and repair of radiosensitive hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) exposed to therapeutic proton and photon irradiation due to their role in radiation-induced leukemia. Human CD34+ HSPCs were exposed to 6 MV X-rays, mid- and distal spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) protons at doses ranging from 0.5 to 2 Gy. Persistent chromosomal damage was assessed with the micronucleus assay, while DNA damage induction and repair were analyzed with the γ-H2AX foci assay. No differences were found in induction and disappearance of γ-H2AX foci between 6 MV X-rays, mid- and distal SOBP protons at 1 Gy. A significantly higher number of micronuclei was found for distal SOBP protons compared to 6 MV X-rays and mid- SOBP protons at 0.5 and 1 Gy, while no significant differences in micronuclei were found at 2 Gy. In HSPCs, mid-SOBP protons are as damaging as conventional X-rays. Distal SOBP protons showed a higher number of micronuclei in HSPCs depending on the radiation dose, indicating possible changes of the in vivo biological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Sioen
- Radiobiology, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Oniecha Vanhove
- Radiobiology, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Barbara Vanderstraeten
- Medical Physics, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Radiotherapy-Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carlos De Wagter
- Medical Physics, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Radiotherapy-Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Monique Engelbrecht
- Separated Sector Cyclotron Laboratory, Radiation Biophysics Division, iThemba LABS (NRF), Cape Town, 7131, South Africa
| | - Charlot Vandevoorde
- Separated Sector Cyclotron Laboratory, Radiation Biophysics Division, iThemba LABS (NRF), Cape Town, 7131, South Africa
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Evan De Kock
- Separated Sector Cyclotron Laboratory, Radiation Biophysics Division, iThemba LABS (NRF), Cape Town, 7131, South Africa
| | - Marc-Jan Van Goethem
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Vral
- Radiobiology, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ans Baeyens
- Radiobiology, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
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Handwerk L, Schreier HK, Kraft D, Shreder K, Hemmersbach R, Hauslage J, Bonig H, Wiesmüller L, Fournier C, Rall-Scharpf M. Simulating Space Conditions Evokes Different DNA Damage Responses in Immature and Mature Cells of the Human Hematopoietic System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13761. [PMID: 37762064 PMCID: PMC10531023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of space radiation and microgravity on DNA damage responses has been discussed controversially, largely due to the variety of model systems engaged. Here, we performed side-by-side analyses of human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) cultivated in a 2D clinostat to simulate microgravity before, during and after photon and particle irradiation. We demonstrate that simulated microgravity (SMG) accelerates the early phase of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)-mediated repair of simple, X-ray-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in PBL, while repair kinetics in HSPC remained unaltered. Repair acceleration was lost with increasing LET of ion exposures, which increases the complexity of DSBs, precluding NHEJ and requiring end resection for successful repair. Such cell-type specific effect of SMG on DSB repair was dependent on the NF-кB pathway pre-activated in PBL but not HSPC. Already under unperturbed growth conditions HSPC and PBL suffered from SMG-induced replication stress associated with accumulation of single-stranded DNA and DSBs, respectively. We conclude that in PBL, SMG-induced DSBs promote repair of radiation-induced damage in an adaptive-like response. HSPC feature SMG-induced single-stranded DNA and FANCD2 foci, i.e., markers of persistent replication stress and senescence that may contribute to a premature decline of the immune system in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Handwerk
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Daniela Kraft
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kateryna Shreder
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ruth Hemmersbach
- Department of Gravitational Biology, German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, 51147 Cologne, Germany; (R.H.)
| | - Jens Hauslage
- Department of Gravitational Biology, German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, 51147 Cologne, Germany; (R.H.)
| | - Halvard Bonig
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Hospital, and German Red Cross Blood Service, Baden-Wuerttemberg–Hessen, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa Wiesmüller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Claudia Fournier
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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Helm A, Totis C, Durante M, Fournier C. Are charged particles a good match for combination with immunotherapy? Current knowledge and perspectives. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 376:1-36. [PMID: 36997266 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Charged particle radiotherapy, mainly using protons and carbon ions, provides physical characteristics allowing for a volume conformal irradiation and a reduction of the integral dose to normal tissue. Carbon ion therapy additionally features an increased biological effectiveness resulting in peculiar molecular effects. Immunotherapy, mostly performed with immune checkpoint inhibitors, is nowadays considered a pillar in cancer therapy. Based on the advantageous features of charged particle radiotherapy, we review pre-clinical evidence revealing a strong potential of its combination with immunotherapy. We argue that the combination therapy deserves further investigation with the aim of translation in clinics, where a few studies have been set up already.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Helm
- Biophysics Department, GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - C Totis
- Biophysics Department, GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Durante
- Biophysics Department, GSI, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - C Fournier
- Biophysics Department, GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
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DNA damage response of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells to high-LET neutron irradiation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20854. [PMID: 34675263 PMCID: PMC8531011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The radiosensitivity of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) to neutron radiation remains largely underexplored, notwithstanding their potential role as target cells for radiation-induced leukemogenesis. New insights are required for radiation protection purposes, particularly for aviation, space missions, nuclear accidents and even particle therapy. In this study, HSPCs (CD34+CD38+ cells) were isolated from umbilical cord blood and irradiated with 60Co γ-rays (photons) and high energy p(66)/Be(40) neutrons. At 2 h post-irradiation, a significantly higher number of 1.28 ± 0.12 γ-H2AX foci/cell was observed after 0.5 Gy neutrons compared to 0.84 ± 0.14 foci/cell for photons, but this decreased to similar levels for both radiation qualities after 18 h. However, a significant difference in late apoptosis was observed with Annexin-V+/PI+ assay between photon and neutron irradiation at 18 h, 43.17 ± 6.10% versus 55.55 ± 4.87%, respectively. A significant increase in MN frequency was observed after both 0.5 and 1 Gy neutron irradiation compared to photons illustrating higher levels of neutron-induced cytogenetic damage, while there was no difference in the nuclear division index between both radiation qualities. The results point towards a higher induction of DNA damage after neutron irradiation in HSPCs followed by error-prone DNA repair, which contributes to genomic instability and a higher risk of leukemogenesis.
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Hartel C, Nasonova E, Ritter S, Friedrich T. Alpha-Particle Exposure Induces Mainly Unstable Complex Chromosome Aberrations which do not Contribute to Radiation-Associated Cytogenetic Risk. Radiat Res 2021; 196:561-573. [PMID: 34411274 DOI: 10.1667/rade-21-00116.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying the carcinogenic potential of α radiation is not fully understood, considering that cell inactivation (e.g., mitotic cell death) as a main consequence of exposure efficiently counteracts the spreading of heritable DNA damage. The aim of this study is to improve our understanding of the effectiveness of α particles in inducing different types of chromosomal aberrations, to determine the respective values of the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) and to interpret the results with respect to exposure risk. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from a single donor were exposed ex vivo to doses of 0-6 Gy X rays or 0-2 Gy α particles. Cells were harvested at two different times after irradiation to account for the mitotic delay of heavily damaged cells, which is known to occur after exposure to high-LET radiation (including α particles). Analysis of the kinetics of cells reaching first or second (and higher) mitosis after irradiation and aberration data obtained by the multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization (mFISH) technique are used to determine of the cytogenetic risk, i.e., the probability for transmissible aberrations in surviving lymphocytes. The analysis shows that the cytogenetic risk after α exposure is lower than after X rays. This indicates that the actually observed higher carcinogenic effect of α radiation is likely to stem from small scale mutations that are induced effectively by high-LET radiation but cannot be resolved by mFISH analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hartel
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Department of Biophysics, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - E Nasonova
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Department of Biophysics, Darmstadt, Germany.,Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Dubna, Russia
| | - S Ritter
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Department of Biophysics, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - T Friedrich
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Department of Biophysics, Darmstadt, Germany
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Fang L, Li J, Li W, Mao X, Ma Y, Hou D, Zhu W, Jia X, Qiao J. Assessment of Genomic Instability in Medical Workers Exposed to Chronic Low-Dose X-Rays in Northern China. Dose Response 2019; 17:1559325819891378. [PMID: 31819742 PMCID: PMC6883363 DOI: 10.1177/1559325819891378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing use of ionizing radiation (IR) in medical diagnosis and treatment
has caused considerable concern regarding the effects of occupational exposure
on human health. Despite this concern, little information is available regarding
possible effects and the mechanism behind chronic low-dose irradiation. The
present study assessed potential genomic damage in workers occupationally
exposed to low-dose X-rays. A variety of analyses were conducted, including
assessing the level of DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations (CA) as well as
cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay, gene expression profiling, and
antioxidant level determination. Here, we report that the level of DNA damage,
CA, and CBMN were all significantly increased. Moreover, the gene expression and
antioxidant activities were changed in the peripheral blood of men exposed to
low-dose X-rays. Collectively, our findings indicated a strong correlation
between genomic instability and duration of low-dose IR exposure. Our data also
revealed the DNA damage repair and antioxidative mechanisms which could result
in the observed genomic instability in health-care workers exposed to chronic
low-dose IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianying Fang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jieqing Li
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Weiguo Li
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xuesong Mao
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Ya Ma
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Dianjun Hou
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Ximing Jia
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jianwei Qiao
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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Oliveira VCD, Lacerda MPD, Moraes BBM, Gomes CP, Maricato JT, Souza OF, Schenkman S, Pesquero JB, Moretti NS, Rodrigues CA, Popi AF. Deregulation of Ikaros expression in B-1 cells: New insights in the malignant transformation to chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:581-594. [PMID: 31299112 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.ma1118-454r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a chronic form of leukemia that originates from an abnormal expansion of CD5+ B-1 cells. Deregulation in the BCR signaling is associated with B-cell transformation. Contrariwise to B-2 cells, BCR engagement in B-1 cells results in low proliferation rate and increased apoptosis population, whereas overactivation may be associated with lymphoproliferative disorders. It has been demonstrated that several transcription factors that are involved in the B cell development play a role in the regulation of BCR function. Among them, Ikaros is considered an essential regulator of lymphoid differentiation and activation. Several reports suggest that Ikaros expression is deregulated in different forms of leukemia. Herein, we demonstrated that CLL cells show decreased Ikaros expression and abnormal cytoplasmic cell localization. These alterations were also observed in radioresistant B-1 cells, which present high proliferative activity, suggesting that abnormal localization of Ikaros could determine its loss of function. Furthermore, Ikaros knockdown increased the expression of BCR pathway components in murine B-1 cells, such as Lyn, Blnk, and CD19. Additionally, in the absence of Ikaros, B-1 cells become responsive to BCR stimulus, increasing cell proliferation even in the absence of antigen stimulation. These results suggested that Ikaros is an important controller of B-1 cell proliferation by interfering with the BCR activity. Therefore, altered Ikaros expression in CLL or radioresistant B-1 cells could determine a responsive status of BCR to self-antigens, which would culminate in the clonal expansion of B-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Cristina de Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Pitombeira de Lacerda
- Disciplina de Hematologia e Hemoterapia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Bomfim Muniz Moraes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Perez Gomes
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Terzi Maricato
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Olivia Fonseca Souza
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Schenkman
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Bosco Pesquero
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nilmar Silvio Moretti
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celso Arrais Rodrigues
- Disciplina de Hematologia e Hemoterapia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Flavia Popi
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Anderson R. Cytogenetic Biomarkers of Radiation Exposure. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2019; 31:311-318. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Attenuated DNA damage responses and increased apoptosis characterize human hematopoietic stem cells exposed to irradiation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6071. [PMID: 29666389 PMCID: PMC5904119 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24440-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure to precisely repair DNA damage in self-renewing Hematopoietic Stem and early Progenitor Cells (HSPCs) can disrupt normal hematopoiesis and promote leukemogenesis. Although HSPCs are widely considered a target of ionizing radiation (IR)-induced hematopoietic injury, definitive data regarding cell death, DNA repair, and genomic stability in these rare quiescent cells are scarce. We found that irradiated HSPCs, but not lineage-committed progenitors (CPs), undergo rapid ATM-dependent apoptosis, which is suppressed upon interaction with bone-marrow stroma cells. Using DNA repair reporters to quantify mutagenic Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) processes, we found that HSPCs exhibit reduced NHEJ activities in comparison with CPs. HSPC-stroma interactions did not affect the NHEJ capacity of HSPCs, emphasizing its cell autonomous regulation. We noted diminished expression of multiple double strand break (DSB) repair transcripts along with more persistent 53BP1 foci in irradiated HSPCs in comparison with CPs, which can account for low NHEJ activity and its distinct control in HSPCs. Finally, we documented clonal chromosomal aberrations in 10% of IR-surviving HSPCs. Taken together, our results revealed potential mechanisms contributing to the inherent susceptibility of human HSPC to the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of DNA damage.
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Biechonski S, Yassin M, Milyavsky M. DNA-damage response in hematopoietic stem cells: an evolutionary trade-off between blood regeneration and leukemia suppression. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:367-377. [PMID: 28334174 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-renewing and multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain lifelong hematopoiesis. Their enormous regenerative potential coupled with lifetime persistence in the body, in contrast with the Progenitors, demand tight control of HSCs genome stability. Indeed, failure to accurately repair DNA damage in HSCs is associated with bone marrow failure and accelerated leukemogenesis. Recent observations exposed remarkable differences in several DNA-damage response (DDR) aspects between HSCs and Progenitors, especially in their DNA-repair capacities and susceptibility to apoptosis. Human HSCs in comparison with Progenitors exhibit delayed DNA double-strand break rejoining, persistent DDR signaling activation, higher sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation and attenuated expression of DNA-repair genes. Importantly, the distinct DDR of HSCs was also documented in mouse models. Nevertheless, physiological significance and the molecular basis of the HSCs-specific DDR features are only partially understood. Taking radiation-induced DDR as a paradigm, this review will focus on the current advances in understanding the role of cell-intrinsic DDR regulators and the cellular microenvironment in balancing stemness with genome stability. Pre-leukemia HSCs and clonal hematopoiesis evolvement will be discussed as an evolutionary compromise between the need for lifelong blood regeneration and DDR. Uniquely for this review, we outline the differences in HSCs-related DDR as highlighted by various experimental systems and attempt to provide their critical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Biechonski
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Muhammad Yassin
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Michael Milyavsky
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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In vitro and in vivo assessment of direct effects of simulated solar and galactic cosmic radiation on human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Leukemia 2016; 31:1398-1407. [PMID: 27881872 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Future deep space missions to Mars and near-Earth asteroids will expose astronauts to chronic solar energetic particles (SEP) and galactic cosmic ray (GCR) radiation, and likely one or more solar particle events (SPEs). Given the inherent radiosensitivity of hematopoietic cells and short latency period of leukemias, space radiation-induced hematopoietic damage poses a particular threat to astronauts on extended missions. We show that exposing human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSC) to extended mission-relevant doses of accelerated high-energy protons and iron ions leads to the following: (1) introduces mutations that are frequently located within genes involved in hematopoiesis and are distinct from those induced by γ-radiation; (2) markedly reduces in vitro colony formation; (3) markedly alters engraftment and lineage commitment in vivo; and (4) leads to the development, in vivo, of what appears to be T-ALL. Sequential exposure to protons and iron ions (as typically occurs in deep space) proved far more deleterious to HSC genome integrity and function than either particle species alone. Our results represent a critical step for more accurately estimating risks to the human hematopoietic system from space radiation, identifying and better defining molecular mechanisms by which space radiation impairs hematopoiesis and induces leukemogenesis, as well as for developing appropriately targeted countermeasures.
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Nagle PW, Hosper NA, Ploeg EM, van Goethem MJ, Brandenburg S, Langendijk JA, Chiu RK, Coppes RP. The In Vitro Response of Tissue Stem Cells to Irradiation With Different Linear Energy Transfers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2016; 95:103-111. [PMID: 27084633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A reduction in the dose, irradiated volume, and sensitivity of, in particular, normal tissue stem cells is needed to advance radiation therapy. This could be obtained with the use of particles for radiation therapy. However, the radiation response of normal tissue stem cells is still an enigma. Therefore, in the present study, we developed a model to investigate the in vitro response of stem cells to particle irradiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS We used the immortalized human salivary gland (HSG) cell line resembling salivary gland (SG) cells to translate the radiation response in 2-dimensional (2D) to 3-dimensional (3D) conditions. This response was subsequently translated to the response of SG stem cells (SGSCs). Dispersed single cells were irradiated with photons or carbon ions at different linear energy transfers (LETs; 48.76 ± 2.16, 149.9 ± 10.8, and 189 ± 15 keV/μm). Subsequently, 2D or 3D clonogenicity was determined by counting the colonies or secondary stem cell-derived spheres in Matrigel. γH2AX immunostaining was used to assess DNA double strand break repair. RESULTS The 2D response of HSG cells showed a similar increase in dose response to increasing higher LET irradiation as other cell lines. The 3D response of HSG cells to increasing LET irradiation was reduced compared with the 2D response. Finally, the response of mouse SGSCs to photons was similar to the 3D response of HSG cells. The response to higher LET irradiation was reduced in the stem cells. CONCLUSIONS Mouse SGSC radiosensitivity seems reduced at higher LET radiation compared with transformed HSG cells. The developed model to assess the radiation response of SGSCs offers novel possibilities to study the radiation response of normal tissue in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Nagle
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke A Hosper
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Emily M Ploeg
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc-Jan van Goethem
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sytze Brandenburg
- KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A Langendijk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roland K Chiu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P Coppes
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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14
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Rall M, Kraft D, Volcic M, Cucu A, Nasonova E, Taucher-Scholz G, Bönig H, Wiesmüller L, Fournier C. Impact of Charged Particle Exposure on Homologous DNA Double-Strand Break Repair in Human Blood-Derived Cells. Front Oncol 2015; 5:250. [PMID: 26618143 PMCID: PMC4641431 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation generates DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) which, unless faithfully repaired, can generate chromosomal rearrangements in hematopoietic stem and/or progenitor cells (HSPC), potentially priming the cells towards a leukemic phenotype. Using an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-based reporter system, we recently identified differences in the removal of enzyme-mediated DSB in human HSPC versus mature peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), particularly regarding homologous DSB repair (HR). Assessment of chromosomal breaks via premature chromosome condensation or γH2AX foci indicated similar efficiency and kinetics of radiation-induced DSB formation and rejoining in PBL and HSPC. Prolonged persistence of chromosomal breaks was observed for higher LET charged particles which are known to induce more complex DNA damage compared to X-rays. Consistent with HR deficiency in HSPC observed in our previous study, we noticed here pronounced focal accumulation of 53BP1 after X-ray and carbon ion exposure (intermediate LET) in HSPC versus PBL. For higher LET, 53BP1 foci kinetics was similarly delayed in PBL and HSPC suggesting similar failure to repair complex DNA damage. Data obtained with plasmid reporter systems revealed a dose- and LET-dependent HR increase after X-ray, carbon ion and higher LET exposure, particularly in HR-proficient immortalized and primary lymphocytes, confirming preferential use of conservative HR in PBL for intermediate LET damage repair. HR measured adjacent to the leukemia-associated MLL breakpoint cluster sequence in reporter lines revealed dose dependency of potentially leukemogenic rearrangements underscoring the risk of leukemia-induction by radiation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Rall
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniela Kraft
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Meta Volcic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Aljona Cucu
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Elena Nasonova
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gisela Taucher-Scholz
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Halvard Bönig
- German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Wuerttemberg – Hessen, Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa Wiesmüller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- *Correspondence: Lisa Wiesmüller, ; Claudia Fournier,
| | - Claudia Fournier
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
- *Correspondence: Lisa Wiesmüller, ; Claudia Fournier,
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