1
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Kumar Chaudhary V, Kukreti P, Sharma K, Kumar K, Singh S, Kumari S, Ghosh K. A sustainable strategic approach for N-alkylation of amines with activation of alcohols triggered via a hydrogen auto-transfer reaction using a Pd(II) complex: evidence for metal-ligand cooperativity. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:8740-8749. [PMID: 38712566 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00864b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
This work describes a new well-defined, air-stable, phosphine free palladium(II) [Pd(L)Cl] (1) catalyst. This catalyst was utilized for N-alkylation of amines and indole synthesis where H2O was found to be the by-product. A broad range of aromatic amines were alkylated using this homogeneous catalyst with a catalyst loading of 0.1 mol%. Greener aromatic and aliphatic primary alcohols were utilized and a hydrogen auto-transfer strategy via a metal-ligand cooperative approach was investigated. The precursor of the antihistamine-containing drug molecule tripelennamine was synthesized on a gram scale for large-scale applicability of the current synthetic methodology. A number of control experiments were performed to investigate the possible reaction pathway and the outcomes of these experiments indicated the azo-chromophore as a hydrogen reservoir during the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virendra Kumar Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Prashant Kukreti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Keshav Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Kapil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Sain Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Sheela Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Kaushik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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2
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Czompa A, Bogdán D, Balogh B, Erdei E, Selymes P, Csomos A, Mándity IM. Sustainable and Safe N-alkylation of N-heterocycles by Propylene Carbonate under Neat Reaction Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5523. [PMID: 38791560 PMCID: PMC11122188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
A new, eco-friendly process utilising the green solvent propylene carbonate (PC) has been developed to perform N-alkylation of N-, O- and/or S-containing heterocyclic compounds. PC in these reactions served as both the reagent and solvent. Importantly, no genotoxic alkyl halides were required. No auxiliary was necessary when using anhydrous PC. Product formation includes nucleophilic substitution with the concomitant loss of water and carbon dioxide. Substrates prepared, including the newly invented PROTAC drugs, are widely used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Czompa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre utca 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (A.C.); (D.B.); (B.B.); (E.E.); (P.S.)
| | - Dóra Bogdán
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre utca 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (A.C.); (D.B.); (B.B.); (E.E.); (P.S.)
- HUN-REN Artificial Transporters Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Balogh
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre utca 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (A.C.); (D.B.); (B.B.); (E.E.); (P.S.)
| | - Eszter Erdei
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre utca 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (A.C.); (D.B.); (B.B.); (E.E.); (P.S.)
- HUN-REN Artificial Transporters Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Patrik Selymes
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre utca 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (A.C.); (D.B.); (B.B.); (E.E.); (P.S.)
| | - Attila Csomos
- Femtonics Ltd., Tüzoltó utca 59, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary;
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István M. Mándity
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre utca 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (A.C.); (D.B.); (B.B.); (E.E.); (P.S.)
- HUN-REN Artificial Transporters Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
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3
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Kim SW, Foker EA, Wolf WJ, Woltornist RA, Shemet A, McCowen S, Simmons EM, Lin Z, He BL, Menger R, Xu X, Ayers S, Bunner MH, Sarjeant AA. α-Alkylation and Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Tetralone via Hydrogen Borrowing and Dynamic Kinetic Resolution Strategy Using a Single Iridium(III) Complex. Org Lett 2024; 26:3103-3108. [PMID: 38588485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Here we present a novel strategy for the synthesis of enantiomerically enriched tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ols. The reaction proceeds via an alkylation (via hydrogen borrowing) and ammonium formate-mediated asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (via dynamic kinetic resolution), giving alkylated tetralols in high yields and good enantio- and diastereoselectivity across a diverse range of both alcohol and tetralone substrates. Additionally, these products were successfully derivatized to several complex molecules, demonstrating the utility of the tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Wook Kim
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Foker
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - William J Wolf
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Ryan A Woltornist
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Andrii Shemet
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Shelby McCowen
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Eric M Simmons
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Ziqing Lin
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Brian L He
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Robert Menger
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Xuejun Xu
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Sloan Ayers
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Matthew H Bunner
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Amy A Sarjeant
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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4
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Sayyed FH, Rathod N, Mishra VK, Nalawade V, Roy B. Identification, trace level quantification, and in silico assessment of potential genotoxic impurity in Famotidine. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38425309 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2024.2321941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Potential genotoxic impurities in medications are an increasing concern in the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory bodies because of the risk of human carcinogenesis. To prevent the emergence of these impurities, it is crucial to carefully examine not only the final product but also the intermediates and key starting material (KSM) used in drug synthesis. During the related substances analysis of KSM of Famotidine, an unknown impurity in the range of 0.5-1.0% was found prompting the need for isolation and characterization due to the possibility of its to infiltrate into the final product. In this study, the impurity was isolated and characterized as 5-(2-chloroethyl)-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4,6-thiatriazine 1,1-dioxide using multiple instrumental analysis, uncovering a structural alert that raises concern. Considering the potential impact of impurity on human health, an in silico genotoxicity assessment was established using Derek and Sarah tool in accordance with ICH M7 guideline. Furthermore, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation were performed to evaluate the specific interaction of the impurity with DNA. The findings reveal consistent interaction of the impurity with the dG-rich region of the DNA duplex and binding at the minor groove. Both in silico prediction and molecular dynamic study confirmed the genotoxic character of the impurity. The newly discovered impurity in famotidine has not been reported previously, and there is currently no analytical method available for its identification and control. A highly sensitive HPLC-UV method was developed and validated in accordance with ICH requirements, enabling quantification of the impurity at trace level in famotidine ensuring its safe release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Hussain Sayyed
- Amity School of Applied Sciences (ASAS), Amity University Mumbai, Mumbai - Pune Expressway Bhatan, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nitin Rathod
- IPCA Laboratories, Chemical Research Division, Mumbai, India
| | - Vipin Kumar Mishra
- Amity School of Applied Sciences (ASAS), Amity University Mumbai, Mumbai - Pune Expressway Bhatan, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vighnesh Nalawade
- Amity School of Applied Sciences (ASAS), Amity University Mumbai, Mumbai - Pune Expressway Bhatan, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bappaditya Roy
- Amity School of Applied Sciences (ASAS), Amity University Mumbai, Mumbai - Pune Expressway Bhatan, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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5
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Al Zubaydi S, Onuigbo IO, Truesdell BL, Sevov CS. Cobalt-Catalyzed Electroreductive Alkylation of Unactivated Alkyl Chlorides with Conjugated Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313830. [PMID: 37963333 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of unactivated alkyl chlorides under mild and sustainable conditions are rare compared to those of alkyl bromides or iodides. As a result, synthetic methods capable of modifying the vast chemical space of chloroalkane reagents, wastes, and materials are limited. We report the cobalt-catalyzed reductive addition of unactivated alkyl chlorides to conjugated alkenes. Co-catalyzed activation of alkyl chlorides is performed under electroreductive conditions, and the resulting reactions constitute formal alkyl-alkyl bond formation. In addition to developing an operationally simple methodology, detailed mechanistic studies provide insights into the elementary steps of a proposed catalytic cycle. In particular, we propose a switch in the mechanism of C-Cl bond activation from nucleophilic substitution to halogen atom abstraction, which is critical for efficiently generating alkyl radicals. These mechanistic insights were leveraged in designing ligands that enable couplings of primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl chlorides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Al Zubaydi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Immaculata O Onuigbo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Blaise L Truesdell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Christo S Sevov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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6
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Bugaenko DI, Volkov AA, Karchava AV. A Thiol-Free Route to Alkyl Aryl Thioethers. J Org Chem 2023; 88:9968-9972. [PMID: 37432044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Most existing methods for the synthesis of alkyl aryl thioethers require the use of mercaptans as the starting materials, which comes with practical limitations. Reactions of diaryliodonium salts with xanthate salts, easily prepared from the corresponding alcohols and CS2, under the developed conditions represent an operationally simple, thiol-free method for the synthesis of these valuable compounds. The protocol features high functional group tolerance and can be applied to the late-stage C-H functionalization and for the introduction of a CD3S group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry I Bugaenko
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey A Volkov
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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7
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Ganesh K, Sambasivam G, S K. A facile, one-pot reductive alkylation of aromatic and heteroaromatic amines in aqueous micellar media: a chemoenzymatic approach. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:4264-4268. [PMID: 37139595 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00386h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A facile, green, selective and practical method for the catalytic N-alkylation of amines using molecular hydrogen as the reductant was developed. This procedure involves a lipase-mediated one-pot chemoenzymatic cascade wherein an amine undergoes a reductive amination with an aldehyde generated in situ. The imine formed thereby is reduced to give the corresponding amine. This process represents a convenient, environmentally benign and scalable one-pot process for the synthesis of N-alkyl amines. We report for the first time chemoenzymatic reductive alkylation in aqueous micellar media with an E-factor of 0.68.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithika Ganesh
- Anthem Biosciences Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore 560099, India
- Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
| | | | - Karthikeyan S
- Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
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8
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Chiodi D, Ishihara Y. "Magic Chloro": Profound Effects of the Chlorine Atom in Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2023; 66:5305-5331. [PMID: 37014977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c02015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine is one of the most common atoms present in small-molecule drugs beyond carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. There are currently more than 250 FDA-approved chlorine-containing drugs, yet the beneficial effect of the chloro substituent has not yet been reviewed. The seemingly simple substitution of a hydrogen atom (R = H) with a chlorine atom (R = Cl) can result in remarkable improvements in potency of up to 100,000-fold and can lead to profound effects on pharmacokinetic parameters including clearance, half-life, and drug exposure in vivo. Following the literature terminology of the "magic methyl effect" in drugs, the term "magic chloro effect" has been coined herein. Although reports of 500-fold or 1000-fold potency improvements are often serendipitous discoveries that can be considered "magical" rather than planned, hypotheses made to explain the magic chloro effect can lead to lessons that accelerate the cycle of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Chiodi
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yoshihiro Ishihara
- Department of Chemistry, Vividion Therapeutics, 5820 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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9
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Ai HJ, Geng HQ, Gu XW, Wu XF. Manganese-Catalyzed Alkoxycarbonylation of Alkyl Chlorides. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Jun Ai
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hui-Qing Geng
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Xing-Wei Gu
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Xiao-Feng Wu
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023, Dalian, Liaoning China
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10
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Zhou Z, Feng Y, Xu Y, Wu S, Kou J, Hu Y, Zhang M, Ling W, Zhang L, Wang Z. Development of a Robust and Scalable Process for the Large-Scale Preparation of Vilazodone. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zihong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Development (no. 2015DQ780357), Sunshine Lake Pharma Company, Ltd., Dongguan 523871, PR China
- Department of Process Research and Development, HEC Pharm Group, Dongguan 523871, PR China
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Yahui Feng
- Department of Process Research and Development, HEC Pharm Group, Dongguan 523871, PR China
| | - Yongbo Xu
- Department of Process Research and Development, HEC Pharm Group, Dongguan 523871, PR China
| | - Shuming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Development (no. 2015DQ780357), Sunshine Lake Pharma Company, Ltd., Dongguan 523871, PR China
- Department of Process Research and Development, HEC Pharm Group, Dongguan 523871, PR China
| | - Jingping Kou
- Department of Process Research and Development, HEC Pharm Group, Dongguan 523871, PR China
| | - Yanqing Hu
- Department of Process Research and Development, HEC Pharm Group, Dongguan 523871, PR China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Process Research and Development, HEC Pharm Group, Dongguan 523871, PR China
| | - Weijian Ling
- Department of Process Research and Development, HEC Pharm Group, Dongguan 523871, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Zhongqing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000 Hunan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Development (no. 2015DQ780357), Sunshine Lake Pharma Company, Ltd., Dongguan 523871, PR China
- Department of Process Research and Development, HEC Pharm Group, Dongguan 523871, PR China
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11
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Determination of Three Alkyl Camphorsulfonates as Potential Genotoxic Impurities Using GC-FID and GC-MS by Analytical QbD. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9090246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Camphorsulfonic acid salts are commonly used in the manufacturing production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and have the potential to form alkyl camphorsulfonates, which can be considered as potential genotoxic impurities (PGIs). Alkyl camphorsulfonates should be controlled using the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) when detected in APIs due to their genotoxicity. An in silico study utilizing the ICH M7 guideline was performed in order to classify the alkyl camphorsulfonates that can be produced from the reaction of camphorsulfonic acid salts with methanol, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol, which are commonly used solvents in API manufacturing processes. Two sensitive, reproducible, and accurate analytical methods using GC-FID and GC-MS were developed using the analytical Quality By Design (QbD) approaches for the quantitation of three alkyl camphorsulfonates in APIs satisfying the control limit of PGIs according to the TTC. The detection limits of the GC-FID method were found to be between 1.5 to 1.9 ppm, and the detection limits of the GC-MS method were found to be between 0.055 to 0.102 ppm. The method was validated in terms of accuracy, linearity, precision, detection limit, quantitation limit, specificity and robustness.
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12
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Analytical Method Development for 19 Alkyl Halides as Potential Genotoxic Impurities by Analytical Quality by Design. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144437. [PMID: 35889310 PMCID: PMC9320377 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Major issues in the pharmaceutical industry involve efficient risk management and control strategies of potential genotoxic impurities (PGIs). As a result, the development of an appropriate method to control these impurities is required. An optimally sensitive and simultaneous analytical method using gas chromatography with a mass spectrometry detector (GC–MS) was developed for 19 alkyl halides determined to be PGIs. These 19 alkyl halides were selected from 144 alkyl halides through an in silico study utilizing quantitative structure–activity relationship (Q-SAR) approaches via expert knowledge rule-based software and statistical-based software. The analytical quality by design (QbD) approach was adopted for the development of a sensitive and robust analytical method for PGIs. A limited number of literature studies have reviewed the analytical QbD approach in the PGI method development using GC–MS as the analytical instrument. A GC equipped with a single quadrupole mass spectrometry detector (MSD) and VF-624 ms capillary column was used. The developed method was validated in terms of specificity, the limit of detection, quantitation, linearity, accuracy, and precision, according to the ICH Q2 guideline.
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13
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Corazzata K, Rose PJ, Mo S, Snodgrass J, Langston A, Lee EC. Removal of Alkyl Sulfonates Using DABCO. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Corazzata
- Process Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Preclinical Sciences, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Peter J. Rose
- Process Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Preclinical Sciences, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Shunyan Mo
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 W. Kendall St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Joseph Snodgrass
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical and Preclinical Sciences, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Alexander Langston
- VCGT, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Elaine C. Lee
- Process Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Preclinical Sciences, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
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14
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Gu Y, Yin H, Wakeling M, An J, Martin R. Defunctionalization of sp3 C–Heteroatom and sp3 C–C Bonds Enabled by Photoexcited Triplet Ketone Catalysts. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Gu
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Hongfei Yin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Matthew Wakeling
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Juzeng An
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluïs Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Juliá F, Constantin T, Leonori D. Applications of Halogen-Atom Transfer (XAT) for the Generation of Carbon Radicals in Synthetic Photochemistry and Photocatalysis. Chem Rev 2021; 122:2292-2352. [PMID: 34882396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The halogen-atom transfer (XAT) is one of the most important and applied processes for the generation of carbon radicals in synthetic chemistry. In this review, we summarize and highlight the most important aspects associated with XAT and the impact it has had on photochemistry and photocatalysis. The organization of the material starts with the analysis of the most important mechanistic aspects and then follows a subdivision based on the nature of the reagents used in the halogen abstraction. This review aims to provide a general overview of the fundamental concepts and main agents involved in XAT processes with the objective of offering a tool to understand and facilitate the development of new synthetic radical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Juliá
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Timothée Constantin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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Godzieba M, Ciesielski S. Natural DNA Intercalators as Promising Therapeutics for Cancer and Infectious Diseases. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 20:19-32. [PMID: 31589125 DOI: 10.2174/1568009619666191007112516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer and infectious diseases are one of the greatest challenges of modern medicine. An unhealthy lifestyle, the improper use of drugs, or their abuse are conducive to the increase of morbidity and mortality caused by these diseases. The imperfections of drugs currently used in therapy for these diseases and the increasing problem of drug resistance have forced a search for new substances with therapeutic potential. Throughout history, plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms have been rich sources of biologically active compounds. Even today, despite the development of chemistry and the introduction of many synthetic chemotherapeutics, a substantial part of the new compounds being tested for treatment are still of natural origin. Natural compounds exhibit a great diversity of chemical structures, and thus possess diverse mechanisms of action and molecular targets. Nucleic acids seem to be a good molecular target for substances with anticancer potential in particular, but they may also be a target for antimicrobial compounds. There are many types of interactions of small-molecule ligands with DNA. This publication focuses on the intercalation process. Intercalators are compounds that usually have planar aromatic moieties and can insert themselves between adjacent base pairs in the DNA helix. These types of interactions change the structure of DNA, leading to various types of disorders in the functioning of cells and the cell cycle. This article presents the most promising intercalators of natural origin, which have aroused interest in recent years due to their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Godzieba
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Sloneczna 45 G, 10-917 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Slawomir Ciesielski
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Sloneczna 45 G, 10-917 Olsztyn, Poland
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Baldwin AF, Caporello MA, Chen G, Goetz AE, Hu W, Jin C, Knopf KM, Li Z, Lu CV, Monfette S, Puchlopek-Dermenci ALA, Shi F. Kilogram-Scale Preparation of an Aminopyrazole Building Block via Copper-Catalyzed Aryl Amidation. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron F. Baldwin
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michaella A. Caporello
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Guoyong Chen
- Shanghai STA Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd., #90 Delin Road, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Adam E. Goetz
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Weifeng Hu
- Shanghai STA Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd., #90 Delin Road, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Chengfeng Jin
- Shanghai STA Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd., #90 Delin Road, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Kevin M. Knopf
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Zhifeng Li
- Shanghai STA Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd., #90 Delin Road, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Cuong V. Lu
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sebastien Monfette
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Angela L. A. Puchlopek-Dermenci
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Feng Shi
- Shanghai STA Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd., #90 Delin Road, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
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Abstract
A product recall is the outcome of a careful pharmacovigilance; and it is an integral part of drug regulation. Among various reasons for product recall, the detection of unacceptable levels of carcinogenic impurities is one of the most serious concerns. The genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of N-nitrosamines raises a serious safety concern, and in September 2020, the FDA issued guidance for the pharmaceutical industry regarding the control of nitrosamines in drug products. The FDA database shows that >1400 product lots have been recalled from the market due to the presence of carcinogenic N-nitrosamine impurities at levels beyond the acceptable intake limit of 26.5 ng/day. The drugs that were present in recalled products include valsartan, irbesartan, losartan, metformin, ranitidine, and nizatidine. This perspective provides a critical account of these product recalls with an emphasis on the source and mechanism for the formation of N-nitrosamines in these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali S Bharate
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
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Lee GS, Kim D, Hong SH. Pd-catalyzed formal Mizoroki-Heck coupling of unactivated alkyl chlorides. Nat Commun 2021; 12:991. [PMID: 33579940 PMCID: PMC7881129 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of alkyl chlorides in Pd-catalyzed Mizoroki-Heck coupling reactions remains an unsolved problem despite their significant potential for synthetic utility and applicability. The combination of the high thermodynamic barrier of alkyl chloride activation and kinetic propensity of alkylpalladium complexes to undergo undesired β-hydride elimination provides significant challenges. Herein, a variety of alkyl chlorides, even tertiary chlorides, are shown to efficiently participate in Mizoroki-Heck cross-coupling reactions with excellent functional group compatibility under mild reaction conditions via photoinduced Pd catalysis. The reaction is applied to late-stage functionalizations of diverse biologically significant scaffolds and iterative double Mizoroki-Heck annulations, affording high molecular complexity in a single step. Notably, studies on the kinetic isotope effects in combination with density functional theory (DFT)-computations completely exclude the involvement of a previously proposed β-hydride elimination in the catalytic cycle, revealing that the chlorine atom transfer process is the key catalytic turnover step. This distinctive single-electron transfer mediated reaction pathway resolves a longstanding challenge in traditional two-electron based Pd-catalyzed Mizoroki-Heck cross-coupling with alkyl electrophiles, wherein the β-hydride elimination is involved in the formation of both the desired product and undesired by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun Seok Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Hyeok Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Kwok T, Hoff O, Armstrong RJ, Donohoe TJ. Control of Absolute Stereochemistry in Transition-Metal-Catalysed Hydrogen-Borrowing Reactions. Chemistry 2020; 26:12912-12926. [PMID: 32297370 PMCID: PMC7589454 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen-borrowing catalysis represents a powerful method for the alkylation of amine or enolate nucleophiles with non-activated alcohols. This approach relies upon a catalyst that can mediate a strategic series of redox events, enabling the formation of C-C and C-N bonds and producing water as the sole by-product. In the majority of cases these reactions have been employed to target achiral or racemic products. In contrast, the focus of this Minireview is upon hydrogen-borrowing-catalysed reactions in which the absolute stereochemical outcome of the process can be controlled. Asymmetric hydrogen-borrowing catalysis is rapidly emerging as a powerful approach for the synthesis of enantioenriched amine and carbonyl containing products and examples involving both C-N and C-C bond formation are presented. A variety of different approaches are discussed including use of chiral auxiliaries, asymmetric catalysis and enantiospecific processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Kwok
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Oskar Hoff
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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Sakai HA, Liu W, Le CC, MacMillan DWC. Cross-Electrophile Coupling of Unactivated Alkyl Chlorides. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11691-11697. [PMID: 32564602 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alkyl chlorides are bench-stable chemical feedstocks that remain among the most underutilized electrophile classes in transition metal catalysis. Overcoming intrinsic limitations of C(sp3)-Cl bond activation, we report the development of a novel organosilane reagent that can participate in chlorine atom abstraction under mild photocatalytic conditions. In particular, we describe the application of this mechanism to a dual nickel/photoredox catalytic protocol that enables the first cross-electrophile coupling of unactivated alkyl chlorides and aryl chlorides. Employing these low-toxicity, abundant, and commercially available organochloride building blocks, this methodology allows access to a broad array of highly functionalized C(sp2)-C(sp3) coupled adducts, including numerous drug analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holt A Sakai
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Wei Liu
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Chi Chip Le
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - David W C MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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A New Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Method for Detecting and Quantifying Low Levels of Dimethyl Sulfate in Palm Oil‐Based Sulfonated Methyl Esters. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Lopes MS, Suzuki BM, Pereira GADN, Probst AC, Ferreira RS, Oliveira JTD, Tecchio KB, Santos FVD, Caffrey CR, Oliveira RBD. Ortho-nitrobenzyl derivatives as potential anti-schistosomal agents. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902018000217376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Alves JM, Leandro LF, Senedese JM, Castro PTD, Pereira DE, Resende FA, Campos DL, Silva JJMD, Varanda EA, Bastos JK, Ambrósio SR, Tavares DC. Antigenotoxicity properties of Copaifera multijuga oleoresin and its chemical marker, the diterpene (-)-copalic acid. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 81:116-129. [PMID: 29286884 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1420505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In view of the biological activities and growing therapeutic interest in oleoresin obtained from Copaifera multijuga, this study aimed to determine the genotoxic and antigenotoxic potential of this oleoresin (CMO) and its chemical marker, diterpene (-)-copalic acid (CA). The micronucleus (MN) assay in V79 cell cultures and the Ames test were used for in vitro analyses, as well as MN and comet assays in Swiss mice for in vivo analyses. The in vitro genotoxicity/mutagenicity results showed that either CMO (30, 60, or 120 µg/ml-MN assay; 0.39-3.12 mg/plate-Ames test) or CA (2.42; 4.84, or 9.7 µg/ml-MN assay; 0.39-3.12 mg/plate-Ames test) did not induce a significant effect on the frequency of MN and number of revertants, demonstrating an absence of genotoxic and mutagenic activities, respectively, in vitro. In contrast, these natural products significantly reduced the frequency of MN induced by methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), and exerted a marked inhibitory effect against indirect-acting mutagens in the Ames test. In the in vivo test system, animals treated with CMO (6.25 mg/kg b.w.) exhibited a significant decrease in rate of MN occurrence compared to those treated only with MMS. An antigenotoxic effect of CA was noted in the MN test (1 and 2 mg/kg b.w.) and the comet assay (0.5 mg/kg b.w.). Data suggest that the chemical marker of the genus Copaifera, CA, may partially be responsible for the observed chemopreventive effect attributed to CMO exposure. ABBREVIATIONS 2-AA, 2-anthramine; 2-AF, 2-aminofluorene; AFB1, aflatoxin B1; B[a]P, benzo[a]pyrene; BOD, biological oxygen demand; BPDE, benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide; CA, (-)-copalic acid; CMO, oleoresin of Copaifera multijuga, DMEM, Dulbecco`s Modified Eagles`s Medium; DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide; EMBRAPA, Brazilian agricultural research corporation; GC-MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; HAM-F10, nutrient mixture F-10 Ham; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; LC-MS, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; MI, mutagenic index; MMC, mitomycin C; MMS, methyl methanesulfonate; MN, micronucleus; MNPCE, micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte; NCE, normochromatic erythrocyte; NDI, nuclear division index; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; NPD, 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; PCE, polychromatic erythrocyte; SA, sodium azide; V79, Chinese hamster lung fibroblast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Flávia Aparecida Resende
- b Grupo de Pesquisa em Química Medicinal e Medicina Regenerativa Universidade de Araraquara , Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Débora Leite Campos
- c Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara , Universidade Estadual Paulista , Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Jonas Joaquim Mangabeira da Silva
- d Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto , Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Eliana Aparecida Varanda
- c Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara , Universidade Estadual Paulista , Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Jairo Kenupp Bastos
- d Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto , Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brazil
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26
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Chikura S, Okada Y, Kimoto T, Kaneko H, Miura D, Kasahara Y. The rat Pig-a assay using an erythroid HIS49 antibody in a single dose study of isopropyl p-toluenesulfonate. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 811:110-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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27
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Kirkland D, Kasper P, Martus HJ, Müller L, van Benthem J, Madia F, Corvi R. Updated recommended lists of genotoxic and non-genotoxic chemicals for assessment of the performance of new or improved genotoxicity tests. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 795:7-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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Snodin D, Teasdale A. Mutagenic Alkyl-Sulfonate Impurities in Sulfonic Acid Salts: Reviewing the Evidence and Challenging Regulatory Perceptions. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/op500397h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Snodin
- Xiphora Biopharma Consulting, Bristol, BS6 7BG, U.K
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29
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Reddy AVB, Jaafar J, Umar K, Majid ZA, Aris AB, Talib J, Madhavi G. Identification, control strategies, and analytical approaches for the determination of potential genotoxic impurities in pharmaceuticals: A comprehensive review. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:764-79. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jafariah Jaafar
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Khalid Umar
- Department of Environmental Engineering; Faculty of Civil Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Zaiton Abdul Majid
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Azmi Bin Aris
- Department of Environmental Engineering; Faculty of Civil Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Juhaizah Talib
- Department of Environmental Engineering; Faculty of Civil Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
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Pérez-Garrido A, Girón-Rodríguez F, Morales Helguera A, Borges F, Combes RD. Topological structural alerts modulations of mammalian cell mutagenicity for halogenated derivatives. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2013; 25:17-33. [PMID: 24283490 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2013.820791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxicity is a key toxicity endpoint for current regulatory requirements regarding new and existing chemicals. However, genotoxicity testing is time-consuming and costly, and involves the use of laboratory animals. This has motivated the development of computational approaches, designed to predict genotoxicity without the need to conduct laboratory tests. Currently, many existing computational methods, like quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models, provide limited information about the possible mechanisms involved in mutagenicity or predictions based on structural alerts (SAs) do not take statistical models into account. This paper describes an attempt to address this problem by using the TOPological Substructural MOlecular Design (TOPS-MODE) approach to develop and validate improved QSAR models for predicting the mutagenicity of a range of halogenated derivatives. Our most predictive model has an accuracy of 94.12%, exhibits excellent cross-validation and external set statistics. A reasonable interpretation of the model in term of SAs was achieved by means of bond contributions to activity. The results obtained led to the following conclusions: primary halogenated derivatives are more mutagenic than secondary ones; and substitution of chlorine by bromine increases mutagenicity while polyhalogenation decreases activity. The paper demonstrates the potential of the TOPS-MODE approach in developing QSAR models for identifying structural alerts for mutagenicity, combining high predictivity with relevant mechanistic interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pérez-Garrido
- a Cátedra de Ingeniería y Toxicología Ambiental, Universidad Católica de San Antonio , Guadalupe , Murcia , Spain
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Assay at low ppm level of dimethyl sulfate in starting materials for API synthesis using derivatization in ionic liquid media and LC–MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 75:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Thackaberry EA. Non-clinical toxicological considerations for pharmaceutical salt selection. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:1419-33. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.717614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Cappiello A, Famiglini G, Palma P, Termopoli V, Trufelli H. A new liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry approach for generic screening and quantitation of potential genotoxic alkylation compounds without derivatization. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:286-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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The central role of chemistry in ‘quality by design’ approaches to drug development. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:1799-810. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality of medicines reaching the consumer is strictly controlled and maintained by the regulatory agencies of the world. Pharmaceutical companies have to meet and maintain these regulatory quality standards. For this purpose, an increasing number of processes are incorporating quality by design (QbD) principles. Implementation of QbD involves chemistry in several ways, such as in the development of new synthetic and analytical methods, avoiding formation of genotoxic impurities and designing drug-like compounds to improve the quality of biological profile of medicines. A combined effort from regulatory authorities, pharmaceutical industries and academic research groups could also facilitate QbD implementation.
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Gómez-Bombarelli R, González-Pérez M, Calle E, Casado J. Potential of the NBP Method for the Study of Alkylation Mechanisms: NBP as a DNA-Model. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:1176-91. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300065v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Gómez-Bombarelli
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de
Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de los Caídos, 1-5, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marina González-Pérez
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de
Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de los Caídos, 1-5, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Emilio Calle
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de
Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de los Caídos, 1-5, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Julio Casado
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de
Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de los Caídos, 1-5, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain
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Development of chromatographic methods for the determination of genotoxic impurities in cloperastine fendizoate. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 61:230-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Guzowski JP, Delaney EJ, Humora MJ, Irdam E, Kiesman WF, Kwok A, Moran AD. Understanding and Control of Dimethyl Sulfate in a Manufacturing Process: Kinetic Modeling of a Fischer Esterification Catalyzed by H2SO4. Org Process Res Dev 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/op200323j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John P. Guzowski
- Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Edward J. Delaney
- Reaction Science, 11 Deerpark Drive Suite
202, Monmouth Junction, New Jersey 08852, United States
| | - Michael J. Humora
- Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Erwin Irdam
- Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - William F. Kiesman
- Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Albert Kwok
- Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Amy D. Moran
- Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge
Massachusetts 02142, United States
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de Azevedo Bentes Monteiro Neto M, de Souza Lima IM, Furtado RA, Bastos JK, da Silva Filho AA, Tavares DC. Antigenotoxicity of artepillin C in vivo evaluated by the micronucleus and comet assays. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 31:714-9. [PMID: 21259290 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Artepillin C (3,5-diprenyl-p-coumaric acid), a major compound found in Brazilian green propolis and Baccharis dracunculifolia, shows anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant and antitumoral activities, among others. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic potential of artepillin C and its ability to prevent the chemically induced chromosome breakage or loss and the primary DNA damage using the micronucleus and comet assays in male Swiss mice, respectively. The animals were treated by gavage with different doses of artepillin C (0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 mg kg(-1) b.w.). For the antigenotoxicity assays, the different doses of artepillin C were administered simultaneously to doxorubicin (DXR; micronucleus test; 15 mg kg(-1) b.w.) and to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS; comet assay; 40 mg kg(-1) b.w.). The results showed that artepillin C itself was not genotoxic in the mouse micronucleus and comet assays. In the animals treated with artepillin C and DXR, the number of micronucleated reticulocytes was significantly lower in comparison with the animals treated only with DXR. Regarding antigenotoxicity, artepillin C at the tested doses significantly reduced the extent of DNA damage in liver cells induced by MMS.
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Kirkland D, Reeve L, Gatehouse D, Vanparys P. A core in vitro genotoxicity battery comprising the Ames test plus the in vitro micronucleus test is sufficient to detect rodent carcinogens and in vivo genotoxins. Mutat Res 2011; 721:27-73. [PMID: 21238603 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In vitro genotoxicity testing needs to include tests in both bacterial and mammalian cells, and be able to detect gene mutations, chromosomal damage and aneuploidy. This may be achieved by a combination of the Ames test (detects gene mutations) and the in vitro micronucleus test (MNvit), since the latter detects both chromosomal aberrations and aneuploidy. In this paper we therefore present an analysis of an existing database of rodent carcinogens and a new database of in vivo genotoxins in terms of the in vitro genotoxicity tests needed to detect their in vivo activity. Published in vitro data from at least one test system (most were from the Ames test) were available for 557 carcinogens and 405 in vivo genotoxins. Because there are fewer publications on the MNvit than for other mammalian cell tests, and because the concordance between the MNvit and the in vitro chromosomal aberration (CAvit) test is so high for clastogenic activity, positive results in the CAvit test were taken as indicative of a positive result in the MNvit where there were no, or only inadequate data for the latter. Also, because Hprt and Tk loci both detect gene-mutation activity, a positive Hprt test was taken as indicative of a mouse-lymphoma Tk assay (MLA)-positive, where there were no data for the latter. Almost all of the 962 rodent carcinogens and in vivo genotoxins were detected by an in vitro battery comprising Ames+MNvit. An additional 11 carcinogens and six in vivo genotoxins would apparently be detected by the MLA, but many of these had not been tested in the MNvit or CAvit tests. Only four chemicals emerge as potentially being more readily detected in MLA than in Ames+MNvit--benzyl acetate, toluene, morphine and thiabendazole--and none of these are convincing cases to argue for the inclusion of the MLA in addition to Ames+MNvit. Thus, there is no convincing evidence that any genotoxic rodent carcinogens or in vivo genotoxins would remain undetected in an in vitro test battery consisting of Ames+MNvit.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kirkland
- Kirkland Consulting, PO Box 79, Tadcaster LS24 0AS, United Kingdom.
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Enoch SJ, Cronin MTD. A review of the electrophilic reaction chemistry involved in covalent DNA binding. Crit Rev Toxicol 2011; 40:728-48. [PMID: 20722585 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2010.494175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The need to assess the ability of a chemical to act as a mutagen or a genotoxic carcinogen (collectively termed genotoxicity) is one of the primary requirements in regulatory toxicology. Several pieces of legislation have led to an increased interest in the use of in silico methods, specifically the formation of chemical categories for the assessment of toxicological endpoints. A key step in the development of chemical categories for genotoxicity is defining the organic chemistry associated with the formation of a covalent bond between DNA and an exogenous chemical. This organic chemistry is typically defined as structural alerts. To this end, this article has reviewed the literature defining the structural alerts associated with covalent DNA binding. Importantly, this review article also details the mechanistic organic chemistry associated with each of the structural alerts. This information is extremely important in terms of meeting regulatory requirements for the acceptance of the chemical category approach. The structural alerts and associated mechanistic chemistry have been incorporated into the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (Q)SAR Application Toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Enoch
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, England, UK
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42
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43
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Looker AR, Ryan MP, Neubert-Langille BJ, Naji R. Risk Assessment of Potentially Genotoxic Impurities within the Framework of Quality by Design. Org Process Res Dev 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/op900338g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam R. Looker
- Chemical Development and Analytical Development, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, U.S.A
| | - Michael P. Ryan
- Chemical Development and Analytical Development, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, U.S.A
| | - Bobbianna J. Neubert-Langille
- Chemical Development and Analytical Development, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, U.S.A
| | - Redouan Naji
- Chemical Development and Analytical Development, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, U.S.A
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Determination of low ppm levels of dimethyl sulfate in an aqueous soluble API intermediate using liquid–liquid extraction and GC–MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:1054-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 06/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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45
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Benbow JW, Andrews KA, Aubrecht J, Beebe D, Boyer D, Doran S, Homiski M, Hui Y, McPherson K, Parker JC, Treadway J, Vanvolkenberg M, Zembrowski WJ. Piperidinyl-2-phenethylamino inhibitors of DPP-IV for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2220-3. [PMID: 19285862 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A highly ligand efficient lead molecule was rapidly developed into a DPP-IV selective candidate series using focused small library synthesis. A significant hurdle for series advancement was genetic safety since some agents in this series impaired chromosome division that was detected using the in vitro micronucleus assay. A recently developed high-throughput imaging-based in vitro micronucleus assay enabled the identification of chemical space with a low probability of micronucleus activity. Advanced profiling of a subset within this space identified a compound with a clean safety profile, an acceptable human DPP-IV inhibition profile based on the rat PK/PD model and a projected human dose that was suitable for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Benbow
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Groton, CT 06340, United States.
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Sobol Z, Cook NM, Schiestl RH. HNO induces DNA deletions in the yeast S. cerevisiae. Mutat Res 2008; 638:83-89. [PMID: 17963796 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Revised: 08/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
HNO is genotoxic but its mechanism is not well understood. There are many possible mechanisms by which HNO can attack DNA. Since HNO is electrophilic, it may react with exocyclic amine groups on DNA bases and through a series of subsequent reactions form a deaminated product. Alternatively, HNO may induce radical chemistry through O(2)-dependent (or possibly O(2)-independent) chemistry. In cell free systems, experiments have shown that HNO does react with DNA, resulting in base oxidation and strand cleavage. In this study, we used a whole-cell system in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to study the mechanism of HNO induced DNA damage with Angeli's salt as HNO donor. The yeast DEL assay provided a measure of intrachromosomal recombination leading to DNA deletions. We also examined interchromosomal recombination leading to genomic rearrangements and used the canavanine (CAN) assay to study induction of forward point mutations. HNO was a potent inducer of DNA deletions and recombination but it was negative for induction of point mutations. This suggests that HNO causes DNA strand breaks rather than base damage. Genotoxicity was observed under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and NAC protected against HNO induced DNA deletions. Since HNO is genotoxic under anaerobic conditions, NAC probably protected against radicals generated by HNO independent of oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanna Sobol
- Department of Pathology, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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