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Satomoto K, Aoki M, Wakita A, Yamagata H, Mitsumoto T, Okamoto T, Harada R, Hamada S. Hepatocyte proliferation activity in untreated rats, measured by immunohistochemical detection of Ki-67: The effect of age on the repeated-dose liver micronucleus assay. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2023; 890:503658. [PMID: 37567645 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2023.503658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The repeated-dose liver micronucleus (RDLMN) assay is a widely accepted method for detecting genotoxic substances. We investigated the effect of animal age on this assay. Proliferation activity in the liver tissue of untreated rats at age = 3.5, 6, 8, 10, or 12 weeks was measured via immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67 protein. The percentage of Ki-67-positive hepatocytes decreased markedly with age, reaching very low levels after 10 weeks, indicating decline with age of proliferative capacities in the liver. We calculated the area under the curve (AUC) of the approximate curve generated from the percentage of Ki-67-positive cells, to estimate the hepatocyte proliferation activity over the dosing period in the two regimens of the 4-week RDLMN assay: dosing initiated at age = 6 or 8 weeks. Hepatocyte proliferation activity of the former regimen was approximately double that of the latter. We also calculated the AUC for the juvenile-rat method, in which rats are treated for two days at age = 3.5 weeks. The AUC calculated for that method was approximately half of that for the 4-week repeated-dosing regimen initiated at 6 weeks of age. These findings suggest that the 4-week RDLMN assay with dosing initiated at age = 6 weeks could be approximately twice as sensitive as the other two methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Satomoto
- BoZo Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan.
| | - Moeko Aoki
- BoZo Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
| | - Atsushi Wakita
- BoZo Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamagata
- BoZo Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Mitsumoto
- BoZo Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
| | - Takezo Okamoto
- BoZo Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
| | - Ryoko Harada
- ITR Laboratories Canada Inc., 19601 Clark Graham Ave, Baie-D'Urfé, Quebec H9X 3T1, Canada
| | - Shuichi Hamada
- BoZo Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Hogstrand C, (Ron) Hoogenboom L, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Romualdo B, Cristina F, Stephen H, Marco I, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Riolo F, Christodoulidou A, Grasl‐Kraupp B. Risk assessment of N-nitrosamines in food. EFSA J 2023; 21:e07884. [PMID: 36999063 PMCID: PMC10043641 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
EFSA was asked for a scientific opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of N-nitrosamines (N-NAs) in food. The risk assessment was confined to those 10 carcinogenic N-NAs occurring in food (TCNAs), i.e. NDMA, NMEA, NDEA, NDPA, NDBA, NMA, NSAR, NMOR, NPIP and NPYR. N-NAs are genotoxic and induce liver tumours in rodents. The in vivo data available to derive potency factors are limited, and therefore, equal potency of TCNAs was assumed. The lower confidence limit of the benchmark dose at 10% (BMDL10) was 10 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day, derived from the incidence of rat liver tumours (benign and malignant) induced by NDEA and used in a margin of exposure (MOE) approach. Analytical results on the occurrence of N-NAs were extracted from the EFSA occurrence database (n = 2,817) and the literature (n = 4,003). Occurrence data were available for five food categories across TCNAs. Dietary exposure was assessed for two scenarios, excluding (scenario 1) and including (scenario 2) cooked unprocessed meat and fish. TCNAs exposure ranged from 0 to 208.9 ng/kg bw per day across surveys, age groups and scenarios. 'Meat and meat products' is the main food category contributing to TCNA exposure. MOEs ranged from 3,337 to 48 at the P95 exposure excluding some infant surveys with P95 exposure equal to zero. Two major uncertainties were (i) the high number of left censored data and (ii) the lack of data on important food categories. The CONTAM Panel concluded that the MOE for TCNAs at the P95 exposure is highly likely (98-100% certain) to be less than 10,000 for all age groups, which raises a health concern.
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Hamada S, Shigano M, Wako Y, Kawasako K, Satomoto K, Mitsumoto T, Fukuda T, Ohyama W, Morita T, Hayashi M. Detection of hepatocarcinogens by combination of liver micronucleus assay and histopathological examination in 2-week or 4-week repeated dose studies. Genes Environ 2022; 44:2. [PMID: 34983681 PMCID: PMC8725540 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, revisions to the ICH S1 guidance on rodent carcinogenicity testing are being proposed. Application of this approach would reduce the use of animals in accordance with the 3Rs principles (reduce/refine/replace). The method would also shift resources to focus on more scientific mechanism-based carcinogenicity assessments and promote safe and ethical development of new small molecule pharmaceuticals. In the revised draft, findings such as cellular hypertrophy, diffuse and/or focal cellular hyperplasia, persistent tissue injury and/or chronic inflammation, preneoplastic changes, and tumors are listed as histopathology findings of particular interest for identifying carcinogenic potential. In order to predict hepatocarcinogenicity of test chemicals based on the results from 2- or 4-week repeated dose studies, we retrospectively reanalyzed the results of a previous collaborative study on the liver micronucleus assay. We focused on liver micronucleus induction in combination with histopathological changes including hypertrophy, proliferation of oval cells or bile duct epithelial cells, tissue injuries, regenerative changes, and inflammatory changes as the early responses of hepatocarcinogenesis. For these early responses, A total of 20 carcinogens, including 14 genotoxic hepatocarcinogens (Group A) and 6 non-liver-targeted genotoxic carcinogens (Group B) were evaluated. Results In the Group A chemicals, 5 chemicals (NPYR, MDA, NDPA, 2,6-DNT, and NMOR) showed all of the 6 early responses in hepatocarcinogenesis. Five chemicals (DMN, 2,4-DNT, QUN, 2-AAF, and TAA) showed 4 responses, and 4 chemicals (DAB, 2-NP, MCT, and Sudan I) showed 3 responses. All chemicals exhibited at least 3 early responses. Contrarily, in the Group B chemicals (6 chemicals), 3 of the 6 early responses were observed in 1 chemical (MNNG). No more than two responses were observed in 3 chemicals (MMC, MMS, and KA), and no responses were observed in 2 chemicals (CP and KBrO3). Conclusion Evaluation of liver micronucleus induction in combination with histopathological examination is useful for detecting hepatocarcinogens. This assay takes much less time than routine long-term carcinogenicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Hamada
- BoZo Research Center Inc, 1-3-11 Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-0042, Japan.
| | - Miyuki Shigano
- LSIM Safety Institute Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki, 314-0255, Japan
| | - Yumi Wako
- LSIM Safety Institute Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki, 314-0255, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Kawasako
- Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 midorimachi, Bunkyoudai, Ebetsu-shi, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Kensuke Satomoto
- BoZo Research Center Inc, 1-3-11 Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-0042, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Mitsumoto
- BoZo Research Center Inc, 1-3-11 Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-0042, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fukuda
- BoZo Research Center Inc, 1-3-11 Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-0042, Japan
| | - Wakako Ohyama
- Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo, 186-8650, Japan
| | - Takeshi Morita
- National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, 2-49-10 Nishihara, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 151-0066, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- makoto international consulting, 4-23-3-1 Kamiimaizumi, Ebina-shi, Kanagawa, 243-0431, Japan
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Shigano M, Takasawa H, Hamada S. The effect of aging on the repeated-dose liver micronucleus assay. Genes Environ 2021; 43:37. [PMID: 34503583 PMCID: PMC8427953 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver micronucleus (MN) assay is an effective and important in vivo test for detecting genotoxic compounds. In particular, the repeated-dose liver MN (RDLMN) assay which greatly facilitates incorporation of the liver MN assay into the general toxicity study has been developed. Usefulness of the RDLMN assay was appraised highly in the 7th International Workshops on Genotoxicity Testing (2017 in Tokyo) in that sufficient numbers and types of chemicals were studied and easy integration into the general toxicity study is preferred from the 3R's point of view. However, it was pointed out that it is necessary to evaluate the effect of age at the start of 4-week repeated administration, since there are limited data, where only those of rats of 6 week of age at the start of administration are available. In this study, we conducted the 4-week RDLMN assay using rats of 6 and 8 weeks of age (at the start of administration) to investigate the effect of age on the liver MN inducibility. Clofibrate, a weak inducer of liver MN, was used in this study to detect the slight difference in the liver MN induction. RESULTS The liver MN induced by clofibrate was detected in both rats of 6 and 8 weeks of age at the start of administration. However, the liver MN induction was lower in rats of 8 weeks of age compared to rats of 6 weeks of age at the start of administration. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the liver MN inducibility decreases with age. Therefore, we recommend the use of rats of 6 weeks of age at start of administration to reliably detect the liver MN induction in the RDLMN assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Shigano
- Safety Assessment Department, Kashima Laboratories, LSIM Safety Institute Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki, 314-0255, Japan.
| | - Hironao Takasawa
- Safety Assessment Department, Kashima Laboratories, LSIM Safety Institute Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki, 314-0255, Japan
| | - Shuichi Hamada
- Bozo Research Center Inc, 1-3-11, Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-0042, Japan
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Guo X, Seo JE, Petibone D, Tryndyak V, Lee UJ, Zhou T, Robison TW, Mei N. Performance of HepaRG and HepG2 cells in the high-throughput micronucleus assay for in vitro genotoxicity assessment. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2020; 83:702-717. [PMID: 32981483 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1822972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The micronucleus (MN) assay is a core test used to evaluate genotoxic potential of xenobiotics. The traditional in vitro MN assay is usually conducted in cells lacking metabolic competency or by supplementing cultures with an exogenous rat S9 metabolic system, which creates a significant assay limitation for detecting genotoxic metabolites. Our previous study demonstrated that compared to HepG2, HepaRG cells exhibited a significantly higher level of CYP450 enzyme activities and detected a greater portion of genotoxic carcinogens requiring metabolic activation using the Comet assay. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of HepaRG cells in the flow cytometry-based MN assay by testing 28 compounds with known genotoxic or carcinogenic modes of action (MoA). HepaRG cells exhibited higher sensitivity (83%) than HepG2 cells (67%) in detecting 12 indirect-acting genotoxicants or carcinogens. The HepaRG MN assay was 100% specific and 93% accurate in detecting genotoxic potential of the 28 compounds. Quantitative comparison of the MN concentration-response data using benchmark dose analysis showed that most of the tested compounds induced higher % MN in HepaRG than HepG2 cells. In addition, HepaRG cells were compatible with the Multiflow DNA damage assay, which predicts the genotoxic MoA of compounds tested. These results suggest that high-throughput flow cytometry-based MN assay may be adapted using HepaRG cells for genotoxicity assessment, and that HepaRG cells appear to be more sensitive than HepG2 cells in detecting genotoxicants or carcinogens that require metabolic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Guo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Ji-Eun Seo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Dayton Petibone
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Volodymyr Tryndyak
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Un Jung Lee
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tong Zhou
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Timothy W Robison
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson, AR, USA
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Dertinger SD, Avlasevich SL, Torous DK, Singh P, Khanal S, Kirby C, Drake A, MacGregor JT, Bemis JC. 3Rs friendly study designs facilitate rat liver and blood micronucleus assays and Pig-a gene mutation assessments: Proof-of-concept with 13 reference chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2019; 60:704-739. [PMID: 31294869 PMCID: PMC8600442 DOI: 10.1002/em.22312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory guidance documents stress the value of assessing the most appropriate endpoints in multiple tissues when evaluating the in vivo genotoxic potential of chemicals. However, conducting several independent studies to evaluate multiple endpoints and/or tissue compartments is resource intensive. Furthermore, when dependent on visual detection, conventional approaches for scoring genotoxicity endpoints can be slow, tedious, and less objective than the ideal. To address these issues with current practices we attempted to (1) devise resource sparing treatment and harvest schedules that are compatible with liver and blood micronucleus endpoints, as well as the Pig-a gene mutation assay, and (2) utilize flow cytometry-based methods to score each of these genotoxicity biomarkers. Proof-of-principle experiments were performed with 4-week-old male and female Crl:CD(SD) rats exposed to aristolochic acids I/II, benzo[a]pyrene, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, diethylnitrosamine, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, dimethylnitrosamine, 2,6-dinitrotoluene, hydroxyurea, melphalan, temozolomide, quinoline, or vinblastine. These 13 chemicals were each tested in two treatment regimens: one 3-day exposure cycle, and three 3-day exposure cycles. Each exposure, blood collection, and liver harvest was accomplished during a standard Monday-Friday workweek. Key findings are that even these well-studied, relatively potent genotoxicants were not active in both tissues and all assays (indeed only cisplatin was clearly positive in all three assays); and whereas the sensitivity of the Pig-a assay clearly benefitted from three versus one treatment cycle, micronucleus assays yielded qualitatively similar results across both study designs. Collectively, these results suggest it is possible to significantly reduce animal and other resource requirements while improving assessments of in vivo genotoxicity potential by simultaneously evaluating three endpoints and two important tissue compartments using fit-for-purpose study designs in conjunction with flow cytometric scoring approaches. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 60:704-739, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. Dertinger
- Litron Laboratories, Rochester, New York
- Correspondence to: Stephen D. Dertinger and Jeffrey C. Bemis, Litron Laboratories, 3500 Winton Place, Rochester, NY 14623, and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey C. Bemis
- Litron Laboratories, Rochester, New York
- Correspondence to: Stephen D. Dertinger and Jeffrey C. Bemis, Litron Laboratories, 3500 Winton Place, Rochester, NY 14623, and
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Evaluation of the novel liver micronucleus assay using formalin-fixed tissues. Genes Environ 2019; 41:13. [PMID: 31086610 PMCID: PMC6507131 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-019-0128-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The repeated-dose liver micronucleus (RDLMN) assay is an effective and important in vivo test for detecting genotoxic compounds, particularly for those that require metabolic activation to show genotoxicity. In a collaborative study by the Collaborative Study Group for the Micronucleus Test (CSGMT)/The Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society (JEMS) – Mammalian Mutagenicity Study Group (MMS), micronucleus induction of 22 chemicals with the RDLMN assay employing the collagenase digestion method was examined and reported on. Recently, we have developed a method which enables retrospective evaluation of micronucleus induction in formalin-fixed liver tissues (the formalin-fixed method) obtained in general toxicity studies completed in the past. Using this method, we were able to easily evaluate clastogenic potential of chemicals from the formalin-fixed tissues obtained in the general toxicity studies. In this study, to evaluate the usefulness of the formalin-fixed method, we have conducted a liver micronucleus assay using the formalin-fixed liver samples obtained from the above collaborative study (18 of 22 test chemicals) and carried out a comparison with the results obtained by the collagenase digestion method. Results Comparison of the collagenase digestion and formalin-fixed methods was conducted using the results of the micronucleus assays with a total of 18 test chemicals which included 12 genotoxic hepatocarcinogens (Group A), 4 genotoxic carcinogens but not liver targeted (Group B), and 2 nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens (Group C). The formalin-fixed method obtained the similar results as the collagenase digestion method in 10 out of the 12 chemicals of Group A, and all chemicals of Group B and Group C. Although the results were statistically contradictive due to different levels of concurrent negative control, the 2 other chemicals of Group A showed comparable responses between the two methods. Conclusion The present study shows that the formalin-fixed method is capable of detecting liver carcinogens with sensitivity equal to or higher than that of the collagenase digestion method. We recommend use of the formalin-fixed method because of its capability of enabling retrospective evaluation of micronucleus induction in the formalin-fixed liver tissues obtained in general toxicity studies completed in the past.
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Itoh S, Hattori C. In vivo genotoxicity of 1,4-dioxane evaluated by liver and bone marrow micronucleus tests and Pig-a assay in rats. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 837:8-14. [PMID: 30595213 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
1,4-Dioxane, used widely as a solvent in the manufacture of chemicals and as a laboratory reagent, induced liver adenomas and carcinomas in mice and rats, and nasal tumors in rats in several long-term studies. 1,4-Dioxane has been reported to be non-genotoxic in vitro, and there is no clear conclusion concerning its in vivo genotoxicity in rodents. In the present study, we investigated the ability of 1,4-dioxane to induce micronuclei in the liver and bone marrow of rats. For the liver micronucleus test, we performed the juvenile animal method and two methods using partial hepatectomy (PH), dosing before PH or dosing after PH. We also evaluated the in vivo mutagenicity of 1,4-dioxane by Pig-a gene mutation assay using rat peripheral blood. As a result, all methods of liver micronucleus test showed an increase in the frequency of micronucleated hepatocytes by 1,4-dioxane. The dosing before PH, a suitable method for detecting structural chromosome aberration inducers, showed the clearest response for micronucleated hepatocytes induction among the three methods. This finding is consistent with a previous report that 1,4-dioxane induces mainly chromosome breakage in the liver. Negative results were obtained in the bone marrow micronucleus test and Pig-a gene mutation assay in our study. These results suggested that 1,4-dioxane is clastogenic in the liver but not genotoxic in the bone marrow of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Itoh
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13, Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, 134-8630, Japan.
| | - Chiharu Hattori
- Biologics & Immuno-Oncology Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 140-8710, Japan
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Rencüzoğulları E, Aydın M. Genotoxic and mutagenic studies of teratogens in developing rat and mouse. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 42:409-429. [PMID: 29745766 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1465950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this review, genotoxic and mutagenic effects of teratogenic chemical agents in both rat and mouse have been reviewed. Of these chemicals, 97 are drugs and 33 are pesticides or belong to other groups. Large literature searches were conducted to determine the effects of chemicals on chromosome abnormalities, sister chromatid exchanges, and micronucleus formation in experimental animals such as rats and mice. In addition, studies that include unscheduled DNA synthesis, DNA adduct formations, and gene mutations, which help to determine the genotoxicity or mutagenicity of chemicals, have been reviewed. It has been estimated that 46.87% of teratogenic drugs and 48.48% of teratogenic pesticides are positive in all tests. So, all of the teratogens involved in this group have genotoxic and mutagenic effects. On the other hand, 36.45% of the drugs and 21.21% of the pesticides have been found to give negative results in at least one test, with the majority of the tests giving positive results. However, only 4.16% of the drugs and 18.18% of the pesticides were determined to give negative results in the majority of the tests. Among tests with major negative results, 12.50% of the teratogenic drugs and 12.12% of the teratogenic pesticides were negative in all conducted tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyyüp Rencüzoğulları
- a Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters , Adiyaman University , Adiyaman , Turkey
| | - Muhsin Aydın
- a Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters , Adiyaman University , Adiyaman , Turkey
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Nagasue R, Murata I, Sasaki K, Sakai R, Miyajima H, Shimoda M. Effectiveness of the liver micronucleus assay using juvenile mice. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1310-1317. [PMID: 28603212 PMCID: PMC5559381 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effectiveness of the liver micronucleus (MN) assay using juvenile mice. Therefore, we analyzed various hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP)- mediated activities of ethoxyresorufin
O-deethylation, pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylation, tolbutamide hydroxylation, bufuralol 1’-hydroxylation, aniline hydroxylation and midazolam 4-hydroxylation by CYP1A, CYP2B, CYP2C, CYP2D, CYP2E and
CYP3A, respectively, in non-treated male ICR mice aged between 3 and 8 weeks. The enzyme efficiency levels in 3- and 4-week-old mice were approximately similar to or higher than those in 8-week-old mice, except for CYP1A and CYP2E
in 3- and 4-week-old mice, respectively. Since these results suggest that juvenile mice have sufficient activities for most CYP enzymes, we also conducted a liver MN assay using diethylnitrosamine (DEN), a rodent hepatocarcinogen,
on male ICR mice aged between 3 and 6 weeks. A peripheral blood (PB) MN assay was performed simultaneously in 4-week-old mice. Assays incorporating DEN produced positive results in 3- and 4-week-old mice and showed a
dose-dependent increase in the micronucleated hepatocyte frequencies at 4 weeks. Both the liver MN assay in 5- and 6-week-old mice and the PB MN assay had negative results when using DEN. These results suggest that 3- and
4-week-old mice have micronuclei-inducing potential in the liver to detect genotoxic compounds using the liver MN assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Nagasue
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Ikue Murata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Rina Sakai
- Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Miyajima
- Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Minoru Shimoda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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12
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Shigano M, Takashima R, Takasawa H, Hamada S. Optimization of specimen preparation from formalin-fixed liver tissues for liver micronucleus assays: Hepatocyte staining with fluorescent dyes. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 800-801:35-9. [PMID: 27085473 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The liver micronucleus (MN) assay is an effective and important in vivo test for detecting genotoxic compounds, particularly those that require metabolic activation. For this assay, hepatocytes (HEPs) can be isolated by collagenase treatment but without requirement for in situ liver perfusion. Consequently, the liver MN assay can be integrated into a general repeated-dose (RD) toxicity study. The method is also applicable to liver MN assays involving partial hepatectomy or the use of juvenile rats. Here, we propose an improved method for staining HEPs prepared from formalin-fixed liver tissues for MN assays, without collagenase treatment. HEP suspensions are prepared by treating the tissues with concentrated KOH and a fluorescent dye, SYBR(®) Gold (SYGO), is used for staining. Visualization of the MN in SYGO-stained HEPs is clearer than with Wright-Giemsa staining. We compared the induction of MN as measured with our new method versus the conventional method using collagenase dispersion. Our method not only enables the integration of the liver MN assay into a general RD toxicity study but also allows it to be conducted retrospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Shigano
- LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan.
| | | | - Hironao Takasawa
- LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
| | - Shuichi Hamada
- LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
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Shimada K, Yamamoto M, Takashima M, Seki J, Miyamae Y, Wakata A. Prolonged rest period enables the detection of micronucleated hepatocytes in the liver of young adult rats after a single dose of diethylnitrosamine or mitomycin C. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 791:38-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Canipa S, Cayley A, Drewe WC, Williams RV, Hamada S, Hirose A, Honma M, Morita T. Usingin vitrostructural alerts for chromosome damage to predictin vivoactivity and direct future testing. Mutagenesis 2015; 31:17-25. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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15
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Morita T, Uno Y, Honma M, Kojima H, Hayashi M, Tice RR, Corvi R, Schechtman L. The JaCVAM international validation study on the in vivo comet assay: Selection of test chemicals. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Hobbs CA, Recio L, Streicker M, Boyle MH, Tanaka J, Shiga A, Witt KL. Comet assay evaluation of six chemicals of known genotoxic potential in rats. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 786-788:172-81. [PMID: 26212309 PMCID: PMC4516904 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
As a part of an international validation of the in vivo rat alkaline comet assay (comet assay) initiated by the Japanese Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (JaCVAM) we examined six chemicals for potential to induce DNA damage: 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), N-nitrosodimethylamine (DMN), o-anisidine, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (1,2-DMH), sodium chloride, and sodium arsenite. DNA damage was evaluated in the liver and stomach of 7- to 9-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats. Of the five genotoxic carcinogens tested in our laboratory, DMN and 1,2-DMH were positive in the liver and negative in the stomach, 2-AAF and o-anisidine produced an equivocal result in liver and negative results in stomach, and sodium arsenite was negative in both liver and stomach. 1,2-DMH and DMN induced dose-related increases in hedgehogs in the same tissue (liver) that exhibited increased DNA migration. However, no cytotoxicity was indicated by the neutral diffusion assay (assessment of highly fragmented DNA) or histopathology in response to treatment with any of the tested chemicals. Therefore, the increased DNA damage resulting from exposure to DMN and 1,2-DMH was considered to represent a genotoxic response. Sodium chloride, a non-genotoxic non-carcinogen, was negative in both tissues as would be predicted. Although only two (1,2-DMH and DMN) out of five genotoxic carcinogens produced clearly positive results in the comet assay, the results obtained for o-anisidine and sodium arsenite in liver and stomach cells are consistent with the known mode of genotoxicity and tissue specificity exhibited by these carcinogens. In contrast, given the known genotoxic mode-of-action and target organ carcinogenicity of 2-AAF, it is unclear why this chemical failed to convincingly increase DNA migration in the liver. Thus, the results of the comet assay validation studies conducted in our laboratory were considered appropriate for five out of the six test chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Hobbs
- Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Leslie Recio
- Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Michael Streicker
- Investigative Toxicology, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Molly H Boyle
- Comparative and Molecular Pathology, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jin Tanaka
- Genotoxicology Laboratory, Biosafety Research Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shiga
- Pathology Laboratory, Biosafety Research Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kristine L Witt
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Maeda A, Tsuchiyama H, Asaoka Y, Hirakata M, Miyoshi T, Oshida K, Miyamoto Y. Evaluation of the repeated-dose liver micronucleus assay using 2,4-dinitrotoluene: a report of a collaborative study by CSGMT/JEMS.MMS. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 780-781:41-5. [PMID: 26065309 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The liver micronucleus assay using young adult rats has the potential to detect liver carcinogens by repeated dosing, and could be expected to be integrated into repeated-dose toxicity studies using a hepatocyte isolation method without the traditional in situ collagenase perfusion. In this study, to assess the performance of the repeated-dose liver micronucleus assay, 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), which is a rodent liver carcinogen, was administered orally to male rats at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day once daily for 14 or 28 consecutive days, and the frequencies of micronucleated hepatocytes (MNHEPs) and micronucleated immature erythrocytes (MNIMEs) were examined. Significant increases in the MNHEPs were observed at 50 mg/kg/day or more in the 14-day treatment, and 50 and 100 mg/kg/day in the 28-day treatment. These increases were dependent on both the dose and the number of administrations, which indicates the possibility that the MNHEPs accumulate as a result of repeated dosing. In contrast, no increase in the MNIMEs was observed. In conclusion, the repeated-dose liver micronucleus assay using young adult rats is sufficiently sensitive to detect the genotoxicity of 2,4-DNT at a low dose.
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Evaluation of the repeated-dose liver and gastrointestinal tract micronucleus assays with 22 chemicals using young adult rats: Summary of the collaborative study by the Collaborative Study Group for the Micronucleus Test (CSGMT)/The Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society (JEMS) – Mammalian Mutagenicity Study Group (MMS). MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 780-781:2-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Micronucleus induction in rat liver and bone marrow by acute vs. repeat doses of the genotoxic hepatocarcinogen monocrotaline. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 780-781:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Shimada K, Yamamoto M, Takashima M, Wako Y, Kawasako K, Aoki Y, Seki J, Miyamae Y, Wakata A. Repeated-dose liver micronucleus assay of mitomycin C in young adult rats. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 780-781:85-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Terashima Y, Yokoi R, Takakura I, Saitou E, Wako Y, Kawasako K, Souma S, Tamura T. Detection of micronuclei in hepatocytes isolated from young adult rats repeatedly treated with N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 780-781:36-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Terashima
- Safety Research Laboratory, R&D, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2320-1, Maki, Hotaka, Azumino-shi, Nagano 399-8305, Japan.
| | - Ryohei Yokoi
- Safety Research Laboratory, R&D, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2320-1, Maki, Hotaka, Azumino-shi, Nagano 399-8305, Japan
| | - Ikuro Takakura
- Safety Research Laboratory, R&D, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2320-1, Maki, Hotaka, Azumino-shi, Nagano 399-8305, Japan
| | - Erika Saitou
- Safety Research Laboratory, R&D, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2320-1, Maki, Hotaka, Azumino-shi, Nagano 399-8305, Japan
| | - Yumi Wako
- LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Kawasako
- LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
| | - Shinji Souma
- Safety Research Laboratory, R&D, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2320-1, Maki, Hotaka, Azumino-shi, Nagano 399-8305, Japan
| | - Toru Tamura
- Safety Research Laboratory, R&D, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2320-1, Maki, Hotaka, Azumino-shi, Nagano 399-8305, Japan
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Imamura T, Koeda A, Morimoto K, Hatakeyama H, Suzuki H, Wako Y, Kawasako K, Otabe K, Sato SI. Evaluation of a repeated-dose liver micronucleus assay with 2,6-dinitrotoluene using young adult rats. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 780-781:46-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Uno Y, Morita T, Luijten M, Beevers C, Hamada S, Itoh S, Ohyama W, Takasawa H. Recommended protocols for the liver micronucleus test: Report of the IWGT working group. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 783:13-8. [PMID: 25953396 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
At the 6th International Workshop on Genotoxicity Testing (IWGT), the liver micronucleus test working group discussed practical aspects of the in vivo rodent liver micronucleus test (LMNT). The group members focused on the three methodologies currently used, i.e., a partial hepatectomy (PH) method, a juvenile/young rat (JR) method, and a repeated-dose (RD) method in adult rodents. Since the liver is the main organ that metabolizes chemicals, the LMNT is expected to detect clastogens, especially those that need metabolic activation in the liver, and aneugens. Based on current data the three methods seem to have a high sensitivity and specificity, but more data, especially on non-genotoxic but toxic substances, would be needed to fully evaluate the test performance. The three methods can be combined with the micronucleus test (MNT) using bone marrow (BM) and/or peripheral blood (PB). The ability of the PH method to detect both clastogens and aneugens has already been established, but the methodology is technically challenging. The JR method is relatively straightforward, but animal metabolism might not be fully comparable to adult animals, and data on aneugens are limited. These two methods also have the advantage of a short testing period. The RD method is also straightforward and can be integrated into repeated-dose (e.g. 2 or 4 weeks) toxicity studies, but again data on aneugens are limited. The working group concluded that the LMNT could be used as a second in vivo test when a relevant positive result in in vitro mammalian cell genotoxicity tests is noted (especially under the condition of metabolic activation), and a negative result is observed in the in vivo BM/PB-MNT. The group members discussed LMNT protocols and reached consensus about many aspects of test procedures. However, data gaps as mentioned above remain, and further data are needed to fully establish the LMNT protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mirjam Luijten
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Shuichi Hamada
- LSI Medience (formerly Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Co.), Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | - Hironao Takasawa
- LSI Medience (formerly Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Co.), Ibaraki, Japan
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Gunther WC, Coffing SL, Dickinson DA, Engel ME, Fiedler RD, O'Lone SD, Sanok KE, Thiffeault CJ, Shutsky TJ, Schuler MJ, Dobo KL. Evaluation of the Pig-a, micronucleus, and comet assay endpoints in a 28-day study with ethyl methanesulfonate. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2014; 55:492-499. [PMID: 24599777 DOI: 10.1002/em.21863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) was evaluated as part of the validation effort for the rat Pig-a mutation assay and compared with other well-established in vivo genotoxicity endpoints. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were given a daily dose of 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day EMS for 28 days, and evaluated for a variety of genotoxicity endpoints in peripheral blood, liver, and colon. Blood was sampled pre-dose (Day 1) and at various time points up to Day 105. Pig-a mutant frequencies were determined in total red blood cells (RBCs) and reticulocytes (RETs) as RBC(CD59-) and RET(CD59-) frequencies. The first statistically significant increases in mutant frequencies were seen in RETs on Day 15 and in RBCs on Day 29 with the maximum RET(CD59-) on Day 29 and of RBC(CD59-) on Day 55. The lowest dose producing a statistically significant increase of RET(CD59-) was 12.5 mg/kg on Day 55 and 25 mg/kg for RBC(CD59-) on Day 55. EMS also induced significant increases in % micronucleated RETs (MN-RETs) in peripheral blood on Days 3, 15, and 28. No statistically significant increases in micronuclei were seen in liver or colon. Results from the in vivo Comet assay on Day 29 showed generally weak increases in DNA damage in all tissues evaluated with little evidence for accumulation of damage seen over time. The results with EMS indicate that the assessment of RBC(CD59-) and/or RET(CD59-) in the Pig-a assay could be a useful and sensitive endpoint for a repeat dose protocol and complements other genotoxicity endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Gunther
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Genetic Toxicology, Groton, Connecticut
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Hagio S, Furukawa S, Abe M, Kuroda Y, Hayashi S, Ogawa I. Repeated dose liver micronucleus assay using adult mice with multiple genotoxicity assays concurrently performed as a combination test. J Toxicol Sci 2014; 39:437-45. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.39.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Hagio
- Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd
| | - Satoshi Furukawa
- Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd
| | - Masayoshi Abe
- Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd
| | - Yusuke Kuroda
- Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd
| | - Seigo Hayashi
- Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd
| | - Izumi Ogawa
- Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd
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Takasawa H, Takashima R, Hattori A, Narumi K, Kawasako K, Morita T, Hayashi M, Hamada S. Development of a repeated-dose liver micronucleus assay using adult rats (II): Further investigation of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and 2,6-diaminotoluene. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2013; 751:12-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Development of a repeated-dose liver micronucleus assay using adult rats: An investigation of diethylnitrosamine and 2,4-diaminotoluene. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 747:234-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Itoh S, Hattori C, Nagata M, Sanbuissho A. Structural and numerical chromosome aberration inducers in liver micronucleus test in rats with partial hepatectomy. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 747:98-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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29
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Toyoizumi T, Ohta R, Kawakami K, Nakagawa Y, Tazura Y, Kuwagata M, Noguchi S, Sui H, Yamakage K. Usefulness of combined in vivo skin comet assay and in vivo skin micronucleus test. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 743:42-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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30
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Lent EM, Crouse LC, Quinn MJ, Wallace SM. Assessment of the in vivo genotoxicity of isomers of dinitrotoluene using the alkaline Comet and peripheral blood micronucleus assays. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 742:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Morita T, MacGregor JT, Hayashi M. Micronucleus assays in rodent tissues other than bone marrow. Mutagenesis 2011; 26:223-30. [PMID: 21164206 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geq066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This report updates previous reviews that were conducted as part of the third and fourth International Workshops on Genetic Toxicology Testing of micronucleus (MN) assays in rodent tissues other than bone marrow. Tissues discussed here are liver, lung, skin, colon, spleen, testes and foetal/neonatal tissues with transplacental exposure. Previous reviews have been updated to include literature published after 2000. In addition to the previously described tissues, MN assays in bladder, buccal mucosal cells, stomach and vagina are also included. MN assays using tissues other than bone marrow are critical for risk assessments, for in situ evaluation and for studies of systemic genotoxic effects and modes of action. Protocols for the majority of assays in tissues other than bone marrow have not yet been well standardised and validated for regulatory application, and further development is needed to support regulatory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Morita
- Division of Safety Information on Drug, Food and Chemicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
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