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Cunha Silva L, Branco F, Cunha J, Vitorino C, Gomes C, Carrascal MA, Falcão A, Miguel Neves B, Teresa Cruz M. The potential of exosomes as a new therapeutic strategy for glioblastoma. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 203:114460. [PMID: 39218361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) stands for the most common and aggressive type of brain tumour in adults. It is highly invasive, which explains its short rate of survival. Little is known about its risk factors, and current therapy is still ineffective. Hence, efforts are underway to develop novel and effective treatment approaches against this type of cancer. Exosomes are being explored as a promising strategy for conveying and delivering therapeutic cargo to GBM cells. They can fuse with the GBM cell membrane and, consequently, serve as delivery systems in this context. Due to their nanoscale size, exosomes can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which constitutes a significant hurdle to most chemotherapeutic drugs used against GBM. They can subsequently inhibit oncogenes, activate tumour suppressor genes, induce immune responses, and control cell growth. However, despite representing a promising tool for the treatment of GBM, further research and clinical studies regarding exosome biology, engineering, and clinical applications still need to be completed. Here, we sought to review the application of exosomes in the treatment of GBM through an in-depth analysis of the scientific and clinical studies on the entire process, from the isolation and purification of exosomes to their design and transformation into anti-oncogenic drug delivery systems. Surface modification of exosomes to enhance BBB penetration and GBM-cell targeting is also a topic of discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Cunha Silva
- Faculty of Pharmacy, FFUC, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal
| | - Francisco Branco
- Faculty of Pharmacy, FFUC, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal
| | - Joana Cunha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, FFUC, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, FFUC, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences - IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004 535, Portugal
| | - Célia Gomes
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, iCBR, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal; Center for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology, CIBB, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-504, Portugal
| | - Mylène A Carrascal
- Tecnimede Group, Sintra 2710-089, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CNC, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- Faculty of Pharmacy, FFUC, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, CIBIT, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal
| | - Bruno Miguel Neves
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine, iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, FFUC, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, iCBR, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CNC, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal.
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Matarrese P, Signore M, Ascione B, Fanelli G, Paggi MG, Abbruzzese C. Chlorpromazine overcomes temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma by inhibiting Cx43 and essential DNA repair pathways. J Transl Med 2024; 22:667. [PMID: 39026284 PMCID: PMC11256652 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the fight against GBM, drug repurposing emerges as a viable and time-saving approach to explore new treatment options. Chlorpromazine, an old antipsychotic medication, has recently arisen as a promising candidate for repositioning in GBM therapy in addition to temozolomide, the first-line standard of care. We previously demonstrated the antitumor efficacy of chlorpromazine and its synergistic effects with temozolomide in suppressing GBM cell malignant features in vitro. This prompted us to accomplish a Phase II clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of adding chlorpromazine to temozolomide in GBM patients with unmethylated MGMT gene promoter. In this in vitro study, we investigate the potential role of chlorpromazine in overcoming temozolomide resistance. METHODS In our experimental set, we analyzed Connexin-43 expression at both the transcriptional and protein levels in control- and chlorpromazine-treated GBM cells. DNA damage and subsequent repair were assessed by immunofluorescence of γ-H2AX and Reverse-Phase Protein microArrays in chlorpromazine treated GBM cell lines. To elucidate the relationship between DNA repair systems and chemoresistance, we analyzed a signature of DNA repair genes in GBM cells after treatment with chlorpromazine, temozolomide and Connexin-43 downregulation. RESULTS Chlorpromazine treatment significantly downregulated connexin-43 expression in GBM cells, consequently compromising connexin-dependent cellular resilience, and ultimately contributing to cell death. In line with this, we observed concordant post-translational modifications of molecular determinants involved in DNA damage and repair pathways. Our evaluation of DNA repair genes revealed that temozolomide elicited an increase, while chlorpromazine, as well as connexin-43 silencing, a decrease in DNA repair gene expression in GBM cells. CONCLUSIONS Chlorpromazine potentiates the cytotoxic effects of the alkylating agent temozolomide through a mechanism involving downregulation of Cx43 expression and disruption of the cell cycle arrest essential for DNA repair processes. This finding suggests that chlorpromazine may be a potential therapeutic strategy to overcome TMZ resistance in GBM cells by inhibiting their DNA repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Matarrese
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Signore
- RPPA Unit, Proteomics Area, Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Ascione
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Fanelli
- Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Proteomics Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco G Paggi
- Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Proteomics Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudia Abbruzzese
- Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Proteomics Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
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Martinez-Jaramillo E, Jamali F, Abdalbari FH, Abdulkarim B, Jean-Claude BJ, Telleria CM, Sabri S. Pro-Oxidant Auranofin and Glutathione-Depleting Combination Unveils Synergistic Lethality in Glioblastoma Cells with Aberrant Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Expression. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2319. [PMID: 39001381 PMCID: PMC11240359 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16132319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent and advanced malignant primary brain tumor in adults. GBM frequently harbors epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) wild-type (EGFRwt) gene amplification and/or EGFRvIII activating mutation. EGFR-driven GBM relies on the thioredoxin (Trx) and/or glutathione (GSH) antioxidant systems to withstand the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The impact of EGFRwt or EGFRvIII overexpression on the response to a Trx/GSH co-targeting strategy is unknown. In this study, we investigated Trx/GSH co-targeting in the context of EGFR overexpression in GBM. Auranofin is a thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) inhibitor, FDA-approved for rheumatoid arthritis. L-buthionine-sulfoximine (L-BSO) inhibits GSH synthesis by targeting the glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic (GCLC) enzyme subunit. We analyzed the mechanisms of cytotoxicity of auranofin and the interaction between auranofin and L-BSO in U87MG, U87/EGFRwt, and U87/EGFRvIII GBM isogenic GBM cell lines. ROS-dependent effects were assessed using the antioxidant N-acetylsteine. We show that auranofin decreased TrxR1 activity and increased ROS. Auranofin decreased cell vitality and colony formation and increased protein polyubiquitination through ROS-dependent mechanisms, suggesting the role of ROS in auranofin-induced cytotoxicity in the three cell lines. ROS-dependent PARP-1 cleavage was associated with EGFRvIII downregulation in U87/EGFRvIII cells. Remarkably, the auranofin and L-BSO combination induced the significant depletion of intracellular GSH and synergistic cytotoxicity regardless of EGFR overexpression. Nevertheless, molecular mechanisms associated with cytotoxicity were modulated to a different extent among the three cell lines. U87/EGFRvIII exhibited the most prominent ROS increase, P-AKT(Ser-473), and AKT decrease along with drastic EGFRvIII downregulation. U87/EGFRwt and U87/EGFRvIII displayed lower basal intracellular GSH levels and synergistic ROS-dependent DNA damage compared to U87MG cells. Our study provides evidence for ROS-dependent synergistic cytotoxicity of auranofin and L-BSO combination in GBM in vitro. Unraveling the sensitivity of EGFR-overexpressing cells to auranofin alone, and synergistic auranofin and L-BSO combination, supports the rationale to repurpose this promising pro-oxidant treatment strategy in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Martinez-Jaramillo
- Experimental Pathology Unit, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Jamali
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Farah H Abdalbari
- Experimental Pathology Unit, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Bassam Abdulkarim
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Bertrand J Jean-Claude
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Cancer Drug Research Laboratory, Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Carlos M Telleria
- Experimental Pathology Unit, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Siham Sabri
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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Ribeiro D, Latancia M, de Souza I, Ariwoola AB, Mendes D, Rocha CRR, Lengert A, Menck C. Temozolomide resistance mechanisms: unveiling the role of translesion DNA polymerase kappa in glioblastoma spheroids in vitro. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20230667. [PMID: 38717250 PMCID: PMC11139666 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20230667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is the leading therapeutic agent for combating Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM). Nonetheless, the persistence of chemotherapy-resistant GBM cells remains an ongoing challenge, attributed to various factors, including the translesion synthesis (TLS) mechanism. TLS enables tumor cells to endure genomic damage by utilizing specialized DNA polymerases to bypass DNA lesions. Specifically, TLS polymerase Kappa (Polκ) has been implicated in facilitating DNA damage tolerance against TMZ-induced damage, contributing to a worse prognosis in GBM patients. To better understand the roles of Polκ in TMZ resistance, we conducted a comprehensive assessment of the cytotoxic, antiproliferative, antimetastatic, and genotoxic effects of TMZ on GBM (U251MG) wild-type (WTE) and TLS Polκ knockout (KO) cells, cultivated as three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids in vitro. Initial results revealed that TMZ: (i) induces reductions in GBM spheroid diameter (10-200 µM); (ii) demonstrates significant cytotoxicity (25-200 μM); (iii) exerts antiproliferative effects (≤25 μM) and promotes cell cycle arrest (G2/M phase) in Polκ KO spheroids when compared with WTE counterparts. Furthermore, Polκ KO spheroids exhibit elevated levels of cell death (Caspase 3/7) and display greater genotoxicity (53BP1) than WTE following TMZ exposure. Concerning antimetastatic effects, TMZ impedes invadopodia (3D invasion) more effectively in Polκ KO than in WTE spheroids. Collectively, the results suggest that TLS Polκ plays a vital role in the survival, cell death, genotoxicity, and metastatic potential of GBM spheroids in vitro when subjected to TMZ treatment. While the precise mechanisms underpinning this resistance remain elusive, TLS Polκ emerges as a potential therapeutic target for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Luis Ribeiro
- Departament of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela Teatin Latancia
- Departament of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Izadora de Souza
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Abu-Bakr Adetayo Ariwoola
- Departament of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Davi Mendes
- Departament of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - André Van Helvoort Lengert
- Department of Biophysics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zhou J, Zheng H, Zhang H, Yu W, Li B, Ye L, Wang L. MCM5 is a Novel Therapeutic Target for Glioblastoma. Onco Targets Ther 2024; 17:371-381. [PMID: 38765057 PMCID: PMC11100520 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s457600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective MCM5 is a DNA licensing factor involved in cell proliferation and has been previously established as an excellent biomarker in a number of malignancies. Nevertheless, the role of MCM5 in GBM has not been fully clarified. The present study aimed to investigate the potential roles of MCM5 in the treatment of GBM and to elucidate its underlying mechanism, which is beneficial for developing new therapeutic strategies and predicting prognosis. Methods Firstly, we obtained transcriptomic and proteomic data from the TCGA and CPTAC databases on glioma patients. Employing the DeSeq2 R package, we then identified genes with joint differential expression in GBM tissues subjected to chemotherapy. To develop a prognostic risk score model, we performed univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. In vitro knockdown and overexpression of MCM5 were used to further investigate the biological functions of GBM cells. Additionally, we also delved into the upstream regulation of MCM5, revealing associations with several transcription factors. Finally, we investigated differences in immune cell infiltration and drug sensitivity across diverse risk groups identified in the prognostic risk model. Results In this study, the chemotherapy-treated GBM samples exhibited consistent alterations in 46 upregulated and 94 downregulated genes at both the mRNA and protein levels. Notably, MCM5 emerged as a gene with prognostic significance as well as potential therapeutic relevance. In vitro experiments subsequently validated the role of increased MCM5 expression in promoting GBM cell proliferation and resistance to TMZ. Correlations with transcription factors such as CREB1, CTCF, NFYB, NRF1, PBX1, TEAD1, and USF1 were discovered during upstream regulatory analysis, enriching our understanding of MCM5 regulatory mechanisms. The study additionally delves into immune cell infiltration and drug sensitivity, providing valuable insights for personalized treatment approaches. Conclusion This study identifies MCM5 as a key player in GBM, demonstrating its prognostic significance and potential therapeutic relevance by elucidating its role in promoting cell proliferation and resistance to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Hyperbaric Oxygen Department, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518055, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Housheng Zheng
- Hyperbaric Oxygen Department, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiru Zhang
- Hyperbaric Oxygen Department, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenqiang Yu
- Hyperbaric Oxygen Department, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baoer Li
- Hyperbaric Oxygen Department, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Ye
- Hyperbaric Oxygen Department, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- Hyperbaric Oxygen Department, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518055, People’s Republic of China
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Salvato I, Marchini A. Immunotherapeutic Strategies for the Treatment of Glioblastoma: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1276. [PMID: 38610954 PMCID: PMC11010873 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research and the best up-to-date treatments, grade 4 Glioblastoma (GBM) remains uniformly fatal with a patient median overall survival of less than 2 years. Recent advances in immunotherapy have reignited interest in utilizing immunological approaches to fight cancer. However, current immunotherapies have so far not met the anticipated expectations, achieving modest results in their journey from bench to bedside for the treatment of GBM. Understanding the intrinsic features of GBM is of crucial importance for the development of effective antitumoral strategies to improve patient life expectancy and conditions. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the distinctive characteristics of GBM that significantly influence current conventional therapies and immune-based approaches. Moreover, we present an overview of the immunotherapeutic strategies currently undergoing clinical evaluation for GBM treatment, with a specific emphasis on those advancing to phase 3 clinical studies. These encompass immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive T cell therapies, vaccination strategies (i.e., RNA-, DNA-, and peptide-based vaccines), and virus-based approaches. Finally, we explore novel innovative strategies and future prospects in the field of immunotherapy for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Salvato
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg;
- Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics (LOVIT), Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine (FSTM), University of Luxembourg, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Antonio Marchini
- Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics (LOVIT), Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Jiang LY, Wang GH, Xu JJ, Li XL, Lin XY, Fang X, Zhang HX, Feng M, Jiang CM. CREB-induced LINC00473 promotes chemoresistance to TMZ in glioblastoma by regulating O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase expression via CEBPα binding. Neuropharmacology 2024; 243:109790. [PMID: 37981063 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) offers substantial therapeutic benefits for glioblastoma (GB), yet its efficacy is hindered the development of chemoresistance. The role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in tumorigenesis and chemoresistance has garnered great attention in studies on TMZ resistance. This study aimed to reveal the role of LINC00473 in TMZ chemoresistance and the underlying mechanism in GB. The expression of LINC00473 in TMZ-resistant and TMZ-sensitive GB cells was investigated using qPCR analysis. The role of LINC00473 in regulating TMZ resistance in GB cells was analyzed using the CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay, and flow cytometry. The next steps included assessing if LINC00473 is regulated by CREB and whether LINC00473 promotes chemoresistance through MGMT regulation via CEBPα. Further, chemoresistance delivery between cells via exosomal LINC00473 was validated in vitro and in vivo. Results showed that LINC00473 levels were elevated in TMZ-resistant cells upon CREB activation, and the lncRNA promoted the chemoresistance of GB cells through the upregulation of MGMT expression. Mechanistically, LINC00473 regulated the MGMT expression by binding to CEBPα. The highly-expressed LINC00473 packaged in exosomes transferred chemoresistance to the adjacent TMZ-sensitive GB cells. In conclusion, a novel CREB/LINC00473/CEBPα/MGMT pathway was revealed in the GB TMZ-resistance formation. In addition, an exosome-based mechanism of chemoresistance transmission was revealed, suggesting that LINC00473 could be used as a novel therapeutic target for GB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ya Jiang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China; Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Guan-Hao Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang Province, China; The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing-Jiao Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang Province, China; The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Li Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hong-Xu Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mei Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Chun-Ming Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Benjaskulluecha S, Boonmee A, Haque M, Wongprom B, Pattarakankul T, Pongma C, Sri-ngern-ngam K, Keawvilai P, Sukdee T, Saechue B, Kueanjinda P, Palaga T. O 6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase regulates β-glucan-induced trained immunity of macrophages via farnesoid X receptor and AMPK. iScience 2024; 27:108733. [PMID: 38235325 PMCID: PMC10792243 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Trained immunity is the heightened state of innate immune memory that enhances immune response resulting in nonspecific protection. Epigenetic changes and metabolic reprogramming are critical steps that regulate trained immunity. In this study, we reported the involvement of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), a DNA repair enzyme of lesion induced by alkylating agents, in regulation the trained immunity induced by β-glucan (BG). Pharmacological inhibition or silencing of MGMT expression altered LPS stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokine productions in BG-trained bone marrow derived macrophages (BMMs). Targeted deletion of Mgmt in BMMs resulted in reduction of the trained responses both in vitro and in vivo models. The transcriptomic analysis revealed that the dampening trained immunity in MGMT KO BMMs is partially mediated by ATM/FXR/AMPK axis affecting the MAPK/mTOR/HIF1α pathways and the reduction in glycolysis function. Taken together, a failure to resolve a DNA damage may have consequences for innate immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salisa Benjaskulluecha
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Atsadang Boonmee
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - MdFazlul Haque
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Benjawan Wongprom
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Thitiporn Pattarakankul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Advanced Materials and Biointerfaces, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chitsuda Pongma
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kittitach Sri-ngern-ngam
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pornlapat Keawvilai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Thadaphong Sukdee
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Benjawan Saechue
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- One Health Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Patipark Kueanjinda
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Tanapat Palaga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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9
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Frank D, Patnana PK, Vorwerk J, Mao L, Gopal LM, Jung N, Hennig T, Ruhnke L, Frenz JM, Kuppusamy M, Autry R, Wei L, Sun K, Mohammed Ahmed HM, Künstner A, Busch H, Müller H, Hutter S, Hoermann G, Liu L, Xie X, Al-Matary Y, Nimmagadda SC, Cano FC, Heuser M, Thol F, Göhring G, Steinemann D, Thomale J, Leitner T, Fischer A, Rad R, Röllig C, Altmann H, Kunadt D, Berdel WE, Hüve J, Neumann F, Klingauf J, Calderon V, Opalka B, Dührsen U, Rosenbauer F, Dugas M, Varghese J, Reinhardt HC, von Bubnoff N, Möröy T, Lenz G, Batcha AMN, Giorgi M, Selvam M, Wang E, McWeeney SK, Tyner JW, Stölzel F, Mann M, Jayavelu AK, Khandanpour C. Germ line variant GFI1-36N affects DNA repair and sensitizes AML cells to DNA damage and repair therapy. Blood 2023; 142:2175-2191. [PMID: 37756525 PMCID: PMC10733838 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022015752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Growth factor independence 1 (GFI1) is a DNA-binding transcription factor and a key regulator of hematopoiesis. GFI1-36N is a germ line variant, causing a change of serine (S) to asparagine (N) at position 36. We previously reported that the GFI1-36N allele has a prevalence of 10% to 15% among patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and 5% to 7% among healthy Caucasians and promotes the development of this disease. Using a multiomics approach, we show here that GFI1-36N expression is associated with increased frequencies of chromosomal aberrations, mutational burden, and mutational signatures in both murine and human AML and impedes homologous recombination (HR)-directed DNA repair in leukemic cells. GFI1-36N exhibits impaired binding to N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (Ndrg1) regulatory elements, causing decreased NDRG1 levels, which leads to a reduction of O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) expression levels, as illustrated by both transcriptome and proteome analyses. Targeting MGMT via temozolomide, a DNA alkylating drug, and HR via olaparib, a poly-ADP ribose polymerase 1 inhibitor, caused synthetic lethality in human and murine AML samples expressing GFI1-36N, whereas the effects were insignificant in nonmalignant GFI1-36S or GFI1-36N cells. In addition, mice that received transplantation with GFI1-36N leukemic cells treated with a combination of temozolomide and olaparib had significantly longer AML-free survival than mice that received transplantation with GFI1-36S leukemic cells. This suggests that reduced MGMT expression leaves GFI1-36N leukemic cells particularly vulnerable to DNA damage initiating chemotherapeutics. Our data provide critical insights into novel options to treat patients with AML carrying the GFI1-36N variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Frank
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Pradeep Kumar Patnana
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, University Cancer Center Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Vorwerk
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lianghao Mao
- Proteomics and Cancer Cell Signaling Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Leukemia, German Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lavanya Mokada Gopal
- Proteomics and Cancer Cell Signaling Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Leukemia, German Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Noelle Jung
- Proteomics and Cancer Cell Signaling Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Leukemia, German Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thorben Hennig
- Proteomics and Cancer Cell Signaling Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Leukemia, German Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leo Ruhnke
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Joris Maximillian Frenz
- Proteomics and Cancer Cell Signaling Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Leukemia, German Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maithreyan Kuppusamy
- Proteomics and Cancer Cell Signaling Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Leukemia, German Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Autry
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lanying Wei
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kaiyan Sun
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Helal Mohammed Mohammed Ahmed
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, University Cancer Center Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Axel Künstner
- Medical Systems Biology Group, Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Medical Systems Biology Group, Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Longlong Liu
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xie
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yahya Al-Matary
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Subbaiah Chary Nimmagadda
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, University Cancer Center Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Fiorella Charles Cano
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Heuser
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felicitas Thol
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gudrun Göhring
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Doris Steinemann
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jürgen Thomale
- Institute of Cell Biology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Theo Leitner
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, University Cancer Center Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anja Fischer
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Wolfgang E. Berdel
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jana Hüve
- Fluorescence Microscopy Facility Münster, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Felix Neumann
- Fluorescence Microscopy Facility Münster, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Refined Laser Systems GmbH, Münster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Klingauf
- Fluorescence Microscopy Facility Münster, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Virginie Calderon
- Bioinformatic Core Facility, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bertram Opalka
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dührsen
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Frank Rosenbauer
- Institute of Molecular Tumor Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Dugas
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Varghese
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans Christian Reinhardt
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Nikolas von Bubnoff
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, University Cancer Center Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tarik Möröy
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Georg Lenz
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Aarif M. N. Batcha
- Institute of Medical Data Processing, Biometrics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Data Integration for Future Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marianna Giorgi
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY
| | - Murugan Selvam
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY
| | - Eunice Wang
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY
| | - Shannon K. McWeeney
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Jeffrey W. Tyner
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Friedrich Stölzel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Immunotherapy, University Cancer Center Schleswig-Holstein, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel, Christian Albrecht University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Munich, Germany
| | - Ashok Kumar Jayavelu
- Proteomics and Cancer Cell Signaling Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Leukemia, German Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Munich, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory and Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cyrus Khandanpour
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, University Cancer Center Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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10
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Xu G, Deng Y, Shi H. Identification of DNA Damage Repair Gene Signature as a Novel Prognostic Marker in Glioblastoma Multiforme. World Neurosurg 2023; 176:e598-e609. [PMID: 37270097 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.05.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is limited. The effect of DNA damage repair is an important factor. METHODS Expression data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (training dataset) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (validation dataset) databases. Univariate Cox regression analysis and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator were used to construct a DNA damage response (DDR) gene signature. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and Kaplan-Meier curve analysis were used to estimate the prognostic value of the risk signature. Moreover, consensus clustering analysis was used to investigate the potential subtypes of GBM according to DDR expression. RESULTS We constructed a 3-DDR-related gene signature through the survival analysis. The Kaplan-Meier curve analysis suggested that patients in the low-risk group have significantly better survival outcomes compared with the high-risk group in the training and external validation datasets. The results from the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that the risk model has high prognostic value in the training and external validation datasets. Moreover, 3 stable molecular subtypes were identified and validated in the Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas databases according to the expression of the DNA repair gene. The microenvironment and immunity of GBM were further investigated and showed that cluster 2 had higher immunity and a higher immune score compared with clusters 1 and 3. CONCLUSIONS The DNA damage repair-related gene signature was an independent and powerful prognostic biomarker in GBM. Knowledge of the GBM subtypes could have important implications in the subclassification of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhui Deng
- Division of Medical Imaging, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Huaizhang Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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11
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Eckerdt F, Platanias LC. Emerging Role of Glioma Stem Cells in Mechanisms of Therapy Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3458. [PMID: 37444568 PMCID: PMC10340782 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery at the beginning of this millennium, glioma stem cells (GSCs) have sparked extensive research and an energetic scientific debate about their contribution to glioblastoma (GBM) initiation, progression, relapse, and resistance. Different molecular subtypes of GBM coexist within the same tumor, and they display differential sensitivity to chemotherapy. GSCs contribute to tumor heterogeneity and recapitulate pathway alterations described for the three GBM subtypes found in patients. GSCs show a high degree of plasticity, allowing for interconversion between different molecular GBM subtypes, with distinct proliferative potential, and different degrees of self-renewal and differentiation. This high degree of plasticity permits adaptation to the environmental changes introduced by chemo- and radiation therapy. Evidence from mouse models indicates that GSCs repopulate brain tumors after therapeutic intervention, and due to GSC plasticity, they reconstitute heterogeneity in recurrent tumors. GSCs are also inherently resilient to standard-of-care therapy, and mechanisms of resistance include enhanced DNA damage repair, MGMT promoter demethylation, autophagy, impaired induction of apoptosis, metabolic adaptation, chemoresistance, and immune evasion. The remarkable oncogenic properties of GSCs have inspired considerable interest in better understanding GSC biology and functions, as they might represent attractive targets to advance the currently limited therapeutic options for GBM patients. This has raised expectations for the development of novel targeted therapeutic approaches, including targeting GSC plasticity, chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cells, and oncolytic viruses. In this review, we focus on the role of GSCs as drivers of GBM and therapy resistance, and we discuss how insights into GSC biology and plasticity might advance GSC-directed curative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Eckerdt
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Leonidas C. Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Medicine Service, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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12
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Allahyarzadeh Khiabani N, Amin Doustvandi M, Mohammadnejad F, Salmani Hassan Kohal E, Boushehri N, Jafarlou M, Baradaran B. Combination of B7H6-siRNA and temozolomide synergistically reduces stemness and migration properties of glioblastoma cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2023:113667. [PMID: 37247720 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is among the malignant brain tumors of the central nervous system (CNS). The survival of this disease is about 14 months after diagnosis. To date, temozolomide is known as first-line therapy for glioma. Drug resistance and severe side effects against this drug are important obstacles to the effective treatment of this cancer. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) can adjust the expression of several genes and is used as a new method of gene therapy. Recent studies have shown that siRNAs can increase the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy drugs. This study aimed to understand the potential role and molecular mechanism of the combination therapy of B7H6-siRNA and temozolomide in glioblastoma cancer. U87 cells were treated with B7H6-siRNA and temozolomide, separately and in combination. Cell viability, stemness, cell migration, and apoptosis were measured. The results of this work presented the synergistic effect of B7H6-siRNA and temozolomide in inhibiting the cancerous features of the U87 cell line. Down-regulating B7H6-siRNA expression inhibited the cell viability of U87 glioblastoma cancer cells and increased their sensitivity to temozolomide. In addition, a noteworthy decrease in cell migration ability and stemness, an increase in apoptosis were observed in the combined groups compared to B7H6-siRNA and temozolomide individually. According to the results, a combination of B7H6-siRNA and temozolomide can be a promising strategy in glioblastoma cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Allahyarzadeh Khiabani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Genetics, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Doustvandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Neda Boushehri
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Jafarlou
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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13
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Hellmold D, Kubelt C, Daunke T, Beckinger S, Janssen O, Hauck M, Schütt F, Adelung R, Lucius R, Haag J, Sebens S, Synowitz M, Held-Feindt J. Sequential Treatment with Temozolomide Plus Naturally Derived AT101 as an Alternative Therapeutic Strategy: Insights into Chemoresistance Mechanisms of Surviving Glioblastoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109075. [PMID: 37240419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a poorly treatable disease due to the fast development of tumor recurrences and high resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. To overcome the highly adaptive behavior of GBMs, especially multimodal therapeutic approaches also including natural adjuvants have been investigated. However, despite increased efficiency, some GBM cells are still able to survive these advanced treatment regimens. Given this, the present study evaluates representative chemoresistance mechanisms of surviving human GBM primary cells in a complex in vitro co-culture model upon sequential application of temozolomide (TMZ) combined with AT101, the R(-) enantiomer of the naturally occurring cottonseed-derived gossypol. Treatment with TMZ+AT101/AT101, although highly efficient, yielded a predominance of phosphatidylserine-positive GBM cells over time. Analysis of the intracellular effects revealed phosphorylation of AKT, mTOR, and GSK3ß, resulting in the induction of various pro-tumorigenic genes in surviving GBM cells. A Torin2-mediated mTOR inhibition combined with TMZ+AT101/AT101 partly counteracted the observed TMZ+AT101/AT101-associated effects. Interestingly, treatment with TMZ+AT101/AT101 concomitantly changed the amount and composition of extracellular vesicles released from surviving GBM cells. Taken together, our analyses revealed that even when chemotherapeutic agents with different effector mechanisms are combined, a variety of chemoresistance mechanisms of surviving GBM cells must be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Hellmold
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Carolin Kubelt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Tina Daunke
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Silje Beckinger
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Margarethe Hauck
- Functional Nanomaterials, Department of Materials Science, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Fabian Schütt
- Functional Nanomaterials, Department of Materials Science, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Functional Nanomaterials, Department of Materials Science, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralph Lucius
- Institute of Anatomy, Kiel University, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jochen Haag
- Department of Pathology, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Sebens
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Synowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Janka Held-Feindt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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14
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Perrault EN, Shireman JM, Ali ES, Lin P, Preddy I, Park C, Budhiraja S, Baisiwala S, Dixit K, James CD, Heiland DH, Ben-Sahra I, Pott S, Basu A, Miska J, Ahmed AU. Ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M2 drives glioblastoma TMZ resistance through modulation of dNTP production. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade7236. [PMID: 37196077 PMCID: PMC10191446 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade7236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
During therapy, adaptations driven by cellular plasticity are partly responsible for driving the inevitable recurrence of glioblastoma (GBM). To investigate plasticity-induced adaptation during standard-of-care chemotherapy temozolomide (TMZ), we performed in vivo single-cell RNA sequencing in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumors of GBM before, during, and after therapy. Comparing single-cell transcriptomic patterns identified distinct cellular populations present during TMZ therapy. Of interest was the increased expression of ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M2 (RRM2), which we found to regulate dGTP and dCTP production vital for DNA damage response during TMZ therapy. Furthermore, multidimensional modeling of spatially resolved transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis in patients' tissues revealed strong correlations between RRM2 and dGTP. This supports our data that RRM2 regulates the demand for specific dNTPs during therapy. In addition, treatment with the RRM2 inhibitor 3-AP (Triapine) enhances the efficacy of TMZ therapy in PDX models. We present a previously unidentified understanding of chemoresistance through critical RRM2-mediated nucleotide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella N. Perrault
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jack M. Shireman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eunus S. Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peiyu Lin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Isabelle Preddy
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shreya Budhiraja
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shivani Baisiwala
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Karan Dixit
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - C. David James
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dieter H Heiland
- Microenvironment and Immunology Research Laboratory, Medical-Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical-Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Issam Ben-Sahra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sebastian Pott
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anindita Basu
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason Miska
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Atique U. Ahmed
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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15
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Ahmed M, Semreen AM, El-Huneidi W, Bustanji Y, Abu-Gharbieh E, Alqudah MAY, Alhusban A, Shara M, Abuhelwa AY, Soares NC, Semreen MH, Alzoubi KH. Preclinical and Clinical Applications of Metabolomics and Proteomics in Glioblastoma Research. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010348. [PMID: 36613792 PMCID: PMC9820403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is a primary malignancy of the central nervous system that is classified by the WHO as a grade IV astrocytoma. Despite decades of research, several aspects about the biology of GB are still unclear. Its pathogenesis and resistance mechanisms are poorly understood, and methods to optimize patient diagnosis and prognosis remain a bottle neck owing to the heterogeneity of the malignancy. The field of omics has recently gained traction, as it can aid in understanding the dynamic spatiotemporal regulatory network of enzymes and metabolites that allows cancer cells to adjust to their surroundings to promote tumor development. In combination with other omics techniques, proteomic and metabolomic investigations, which are a potent means for examining a variety of metabolic enzymes as well as intermediate metabolites, might offer crucial information in this area. Therefore, this review intends to stress the major contribution these tools have made in GB clinical and preclinical research and highlights the crucial impacts made by the integrative "omics" approach in reducing some of the therapeutic challenges associated with GB research and treatment. Thus, our study can purvey the use of these powerful tools in research by serving as a hub that particularly summarizes studies employing metabolomics and proteomics in the realm of GB diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munazza Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahlam M. Semreen
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Waseem El-Huneidi
- Research Institute for Medical Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yasser Bustanji
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Eman Abu-Gharbieh
- Research Institute for Medical Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad A. Y. Alqudah
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ahmed Alhusban
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohd Shara
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmad Y. Abuhelwa
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nelson C. Soares
- Research Institute for Medical Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad H. Semreen
- Research Institute for Medical Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (M.H.S.); (K.H.A.)
| | - Karem H. Alzoubi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (M.H.S.); (K.H.A.)
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16
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Wu Y, Zhang K, Wang H, Chen G, Liu Y, Li W, Zhou Y. Experimental study of selective MGMT peptides mimicking TMZ drug resistance in glioma. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 32:101386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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17
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Śledzińska P, Bebyn M, Furtak J, Koper A, Koper K. Current and promising treatment strategies in glioma. Rev Neurosci 2022:revneuro-2022-0060. [PMID: 36062548 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary central nervous system tumors; despite recent advances in diagnosis and treatment, glioma patients generally have a poor prognosis. Hence there is a clear need for improved therapeutic options. In recent years, significant effort has been made to investigate immunotherapy and precision oncology approaches. The review covers well-established strategies such as surgery, temozolomide, PCV, and mTOR inhibitors. Furthermore, it summarizes promising therapies: tumor treating fields, immune therapies, tyrosine kinases inhibitors, IDH(Isocitrate dehydrogenase)-targeted approaches, and others. While there are many promising treatment strategies, none fundamentally changed the management of glioma patients. However, we are still awaiting the outcome of ongoing trials, which have the potential to revolutionize the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Śledzińska
- Molecular Oncology and Genetics Department, Innovative Medical Forum, The F. Lukaszczyk Oncology Center, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marek Bebyn
- Molecular Oncology and Genetics Department, Innovative Medical Forum, The F. Lukaszczyk Oncology Center, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jacek Furtak
- Department of Neurosurgery, 10th Military Research Hospital and Polyclinic, 85-681 Bydgoszcz, Poland.,Department of Neurooncology and Radiosurgery, The F. Lukaszczyk Oncology Center, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Koper
- Department of Oncology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland.,Department of Oncology, Franciszek Lukaszczyk Oncology Centre, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Koper
- Department of Oncology, Franciszek Lukaszczyk Oncology Centre, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland.,Department of Clinical Oncology, and Nursing, Departament of Oncological Surgery, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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18
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CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Protein Delta Regulates Glioblastoma Survival through Catalase-Mediated Hydrogen Peroxide Clearance. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4081380. [PMID: 36035213 PMCID: PMC9411925 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4081380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
It has long been documented that cancer cells show increased and persistent oxidative stress due to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is necessary for their increased proliferative rate. Due to the high levels of ROS, cancer cells also stimulate the antioxidant system, which includes the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), to eliminate ROS. However, overexpressed antioxidant enzymes often lead to drug resistance and therapeutic failure. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive brain tumor and has the poorest prognosis. The transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta (CEBPD) is highly expressed in GBM and correlates with drug resistance, prompting us to elucidate its role in GBM cell survival. In this study, we first demonstrated that loss of CEBPD significantly inhibited GBM cell viability and increased cell apoptosis. Furthermore, the expression of CAT was attenuated through promoter regulation following CEBPD knockdown, accelerating intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation. In addition, mitochondrial function was impaired in CEBPD knockdown cells. Together, we revealed the mechanism by which CEBPD-mediated CAT expression regulates H2O2 clearance for GBM cell survival.
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19
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Blankenstein LJ, Cordes N, Kunz-Schughart LA, Vehlow A. Targeting of p21-Activated Kinase 4 Radiosensitizes Glioblastoma Cells via Impaired DNA Repair. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142133. [PMID: 35883575 PMCID: PMC9316146 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a devastating malignant disease with poor patient overall survival. Strong invasiveness and resistance to radiochemotherapy have challenged the identification of molecular targets that can finally improve treatment outcomes. This study evaluates the influence of all six known p21-activated kinase (PAK) protein family members on the invasion capacity and radio-response of glioblastoma cells by employing a siRNA-based screen. In a panel of human glioblastoma cell models, we identified PAK4 as the main PAK isoform regulating invasion and clonogenic survival upon irradiation and demonstrated the radiosensitizing potential of PAK4 inhibition. Mechanistically, we show that PAK4 depletion and pharmacological inhibition enhanced the number of irradiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks and reduced the expression levels of various DNA repair proteins. In conclusion, our data suggest PAK4 as a putative target for radiosensitization and impairing DNA repair in glioblastoma, deserving further scrutiny in extended combinatorial treatment testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon J. Blankenstein
- OncoRay—National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, PF 41, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (L.J.B.); (N.C.); (L.A.K.-S.)
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Partner Site Dresden: German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nils Cordes
- OncoRay—National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, PF 41, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (L.J.B.); (N.C.); (L.A.K.-S.)
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Partner Site Dresden: German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, PF 50, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden—Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology—OncoRay, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69192 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leoni A. Kunz-Schughart
- OncoRay—National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, PF 41, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (L.J.B.); (N.C.); (L.A.K.-S.)
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Partner Site Dresden: German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne Vehlow
- OncoRay—National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, PF 41, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (L.J.B.); (N.C.); (L.A.K.-S.)
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Partner Site Dresden: German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69192 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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20
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Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 6 n-Terminal-like Protein (USP6NL) and the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Signaling Axis Regulates Ubiquitin-Mediated DNA Repair and Temozolomide-Resistance in Glioblastoma. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071531. [PMID: 35884836 PMCID: PMC9312792 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant glioma, with a 30–60% epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation. This mutation is associated with unrestricted cell growth and increases the possibility of cancer invasion. Patients with EGFR-mutated GBM often develop resistance to the available treatment modalities and higher recurrence rates. The drug resistance observed is associated with multiple genetic or epigenetic factors. The ubiquitin-specific protease 6 N-terminal-like protein (USP6NL) is a GTPase-activating protein that functions as a deubiquitinating enzyme and regulates endocytosis and signal transduction. It is highly expressed in many cancer types and may promote the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. We hypothesized that USP6NL affects GBM chemoresistance and tumorigenesis, and that its inhibition may be a novel therapeutic strategy for GBM treatment. The USP6NL level, together with EGFR expression in human GBM tissue samples and cell lines associated with therapy resistance, tumor growth, and cancer invasion, were investigated. Its pivotal roles and potential mechanism in modulating tumor growth, and the key mechanism associated with therapy resistance of GBM cells, were studied, both in vitro and in vivo. Herein, we found that deubiquitinase USP6NL and growth factor receptor EGFR were strongly associated with the oncogenicity and resistance of GBM, both in vitro and in vivo, toward temozolomide, as evidenced by enhanced migration, invasion, and acquisition of a highly invasive and drug-resistant phenotype by the GBM cells. Furthermore, abrogation of USP6NL reversed the properties of GBM cells and resensitized them toward temozolomide by enhancing autophagy and reducing the DNA damage repair response. Our results provide novel insights into the probable mechanism through which USP6NL/EGFR signaling might suppress the anticancer therapeutic response, induce cancer invasiveness, and facilitate reduced sensitivity to temozolomide treatment in GBM in an autolysosome-dependent manner. Therefore, controlling the USP6NL may offer an alternative, but efficient, therapeutic strategy for targeting and eradicating otherwise resistant and recurrent phenotypes of aggressive GBM cells.
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21
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Maksoud S. The DNA Double-Strand Break Repair in Glioma: Molecular Players and Therapeutic Strategies. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5326-5365. [PMID: 35696013 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most frequent type of tumor in the central nervous system, which exhibit properties that make their treatment difficult, such as cellular infiltration, heterogeneity, and the presence of stem-like cells responsible for tumor recurrence. The response of this type of tumor to chemoradiotherapy is poor, possibly due to a higher repair activity of the genetic material, among other causes. The DNA double-strand breaks are an important type of lesion to the genetic material, which have the potential to trigger processes of cell death or cause gene aberrations that could promote tumorigenesis. This review describes how the different cellular elements regulate the formation of DNA double-strand breaks and their repair in gliomas, discussing the therapeutic potential of the induction of this type of lesion and the suppression of its repair as a control mechanism of brain tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semer Maksoud
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Unit, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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22
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ÇAĞLAR HO. Identification of Genes Related to DNA Repair Mechanism in Glioblastoma by Bioinformatics Methods. KOCAELI ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI DERGISI 2022. [DOI: 10.30934/kusbed.1003777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Aberrant expression of genes involved in DNA repair mechanisms (DRM) have been associated with radiation sensitivity of glioblastoma (GBM) cells. Identification of genes in DRM through bioinformatics methods may help identify potential novel therapeutic targets that can be used in GBM treatment. This study aims to identify genes that play a role in DRM in GBM using bioinformatics methods.
Methods: Genes associated with DRM were identified using the “Reactome” and “KEGG” databases. The mRNA expression profiles of DRM related genes were analyzed in the GEO GDS1813 and GDS2853 datasets including GBM tumor samples using the "Orange Canvas" software. Genetic changes of genes were identified in GBM TCGA cases using the cBioPortal database. The GEPIA2 was used to show the effect of altered expression profiles of these genes on patient survival.
Results: The mRNA expression profiles of ERCC6, FAN1, MBD4, PARP1 and UNG genes were found to be altered in GBM tumors. Mutations and copy number alterations for the identified genes were observed in TCGA GBM cases. The overall survival and disease-free survival of TCGA GBM patients were not significantly different between high and low expression groups.
Conclusion: ERCC6, PARP1 and UNG genes identified in the current study may be potential therapeutic targets that can increase the efficacy of radiotherapy in GBM in case of their suppression.
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23
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Vilar JB, Christmann M, Tomicic MT. Alterations in Molecular Profiles Affecting Glioblastoma Resistance to Radiochemotherapy: Where Does the Good Go? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102416. [PMID: 35626024 PMCID: PMC9139489 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma is a type of brain cancer that remains incurable. Despite multiple past and ongoing preclinical studies and clinical trials, involving adjuvants to the conventional therapy and based on molecular targeting, no relevant benefit for patients’ survival has been achieved so far. The current first-line treatment regimen is based on ionizing radiation and the monoalkylating compound, temozolomide, and has been administered for more than 15 years. Glioblastoma is extremely resistant to most agents due to a mutational background that elicits quick response to insults and adapts to microenvironmental and metabolic changes. Here, we present the most recent evidence concerning the molecular features and their alterations governing pathways involved in GBM response to the standard radio-chemotherapy and discuss how they collaborate with acquired GBM’s resistance. Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a brain tumor characterized by high heterogeneity, diffuse infiltration, aggressiveness, and formation of recurrences. Patients with this kind of tumor suffer from cognitive, emotional, and behavioral problems, beyond exhibiting dismal survival rates. Current treatment comprises surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy with the methylating agent, temozolomide (TMZ). GBMs harbor intrinsic mutations involving major pathways that elicit the cells to evade cell death, adapt to the genotoxic stress, and regrow. Ionizing radiation and TMZ induce, for the most part, DNA damage repair, autophagy, stemness, and senescence, whereas only a small fraction of GBM cells undergoes treatment-induced apoptosis. Particularly upon TMZ exposure, most of the GBM cells undergo cellular senescence. Increased DNA repair attenuates the agent-induced cytotoxicity; autophagy functions as a pro-survival mechanism, protecting the cells from damage and facilitating the cells to have energy to grow. Stemness grants the cells capacity to repopulate the tumor, and senescence triggers an inflammatory microenvironment favorable to transformation. Here, we highlight this mutational background and its interference with the response to the standard radiochemotherapy. We discuss the most relevant and recent evidence obtained from the studies revealing the molecular mechanisms that lead these cells to be resistant and indicate some future perspectives on combating this incurable tumor.
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24
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Schnöller LE, Albrecht V, Brix N, Nieto AE, Fleischmann DF, Niyazi M, Hess J, Belka C, Unger K, Lauber K, Orth M. Integrative analysis of therapy resistance and transcriptomic profiling data in glioblastoma cells identifies sensitization vulnerabilities for combined modality radiochemotherapy. Radiat Oncol 2022; 17:79. [PMID: 35440003 PMCID: PMC9020080 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-022-02052-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inherent resistance to radio/chemotherapy is one of the major reasons for early recurrence, treatment failure, and dismal prognosis of glioblastoma. Thus, the identification of resistance driving regulators as prognostic and/or predictive markers as well as potential vulnerabilities for combined modality treatment approaches is of pivotal importance. Methods We performed an integrative analysis of treatment resistance and DNA damage response regulator expression in a panel of human glioblastoma cell lines. mRNA expression levels of 38 DNA damage response regulators were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Inherent resistance to radiotherapy (single-shot and fractionated mode) and/or temozolomide treatment was assessed by clonogenic survival assays. Resistance scores were extracted by dimensionality reduction and subjected to correlation analyses with the mRNA expression data. Top-hit candidates with positive correlation coefficients were validated by pharmacological inhibition in clonogenic survival assays and DNA repair analyses via residual γH2AX/53BP1-foci staining. Results Inherent resistance to single-shot and similarly also to fractionated radiotherapy showed strong positive correlations with mRNA expression levels of known vulnerabilities of GBM, including PARP1, NBN, and BLM, as well as ATR and LIG4—two so far underestimated targets. Inhibition of ATR by AZD-6738 resulted in robust and dose-dependent radiosensitization of glioblastoma cells, whereas LIG4 inhibition by L189 had no noticeable impact. Resistance against temozolomide showed strong positive correlation with mRNA expression levels of MGMT as to be expected. Interestingly, it also correlated with mRNA expression levels of ATM, suggesting a potential role of ATM in the context of temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma cells. ATM inhibition exhibited slight sensitization effects towards temozolomide treatment in MGMT low expressing glioblastoma cells, thus encouraging further characterization. Conclusions Here, we describe a systematic approach integrating clonogenic survival data with mRNA expression data of DNA damage response regulators in human glioblastoma cell lines to identify markers of inherent therapy resistance and potential vulnerabilities for targeted sensitization. Our results provide proof-of-concept for the feasibility of this approach, including its limitations. We consider this strategy to be adaptable to other cancer entities as well as other molecular data qualities, and its upscaling potential in terms of model systems and observational data levels deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Emanuel Schnöller
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Valerie Albrecht
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikko Brix
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Edward Nieto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Felix Fleischmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Niyazi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Hess
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Group 'Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer' Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claus Belka
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Group 'Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer' Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kristian Unger
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Group 'Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer' Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Lauber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Group 'Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer' Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Orth
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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25
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Fillion A, Franco Pinto J, Granzhan A. Harnessing an emissive guanine surrogate to design small-molecule fluorescent chemosensors of O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT). Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:1888-1892. [PMID: 35174383 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00208f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The fluorescence properties of an emissive guanine surrogate, thienoguanine (thGN, 2-aminothieno[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one), were exploited to design two real-time chemosensors of O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT), a key DNA repair enzyme involved in the resistance to DNA-alkylating anti-cancer drugs though direct reversal of O6-alkylated guanine adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Fillion
- CNRS UMR9187, Inserm U1196, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 91405 Orsay, France.
- CNRS UMR9187, Inserm U1196, Université Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Jaime Franco Pinto
- CNRS UMR9187, Inserm U1196, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 91405 Orsay, France.
- CNRS UMR9187, Inserm U1196, Université Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Anton Granzhan
- CNRS UMR9187, Inserm U1196, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 91405 Orsay, France.
- CNRS UMR9187, Inserm U1196, Université Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
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26
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Serafim RB, Cardoso C, Arfelli VC, Valente V, Archangelo LF. PIMREG expression level predicts glioblastoma patient survival and affects temozolomide resistance and DNA damage response. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Esemen Y, Awan M, Parwez R, Baig A, Rahman S, Masala I, Franchini S, Giakoumettis D. Molecular Pathogenesis of Glioblastoma in Adults and Future Perspectives: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052607. [PMID: 35269752 PMCID: PMC8910150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant tumour of the central nervous system. Recent appreciation of the heterogeneity amongst these tumours not only changed the WHO classification approach, but also created the need for developing novel and personalised therapies. This systematic review aims to highlight recent advancements in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of the GBM and discuss related novel treatment targets. A systematic search of the literature in the PubMed library was performed following the PRISMA guidelines for molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic advances. Original and meta-analyses studies from the last ten years were reviewed using pre-determined search terms. The results included articles relevant to GBM development focusing on the aberrancy in cell signaling pathways and intracellular events. Theragnostic targets and vaccination to treat GBM were also explored. The molecular pathophysiology of GBM is complex. Our systematic review suggests targeting therapy at the stemness, p53 mediated pathways and immune modulation. Exciting novel immune therapy involving dendritic cell vaccines, B-cell vaccines and viral vectors may be the future of treating GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagmur Esemen
- Neurosurgical Department, Queen’s Hospital, Romford, London RM7 0AG, UK; (Y.E.); (M.A.); (R.P.); (A.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Mariam Awan
- Neurosurgical Department, Queen’s Hospital, Romford, London RM7 0AG, UK; (Y.E.); (M.A.); (R.P.); (A.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Rabeeia Parwez
- Neurosurgical Department, Queen’s Hospital, Romford, London RM7 0AG, UK; (Y.E.); (M.A.); (R.P.); (A.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Arsalan Baig
- Neurosurgical Department, Queen’s Hospital, Romford, London RM7 0AG, UK; (Y.E.); (M.A.); (R.P.); (A.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Shahinur Rahman
- Neurosurgical Department, Queen’s Hospital, Romford, London RM7 0AG, UK; (Y.E.); (M.A.); (R.P.); (A.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Ilaria Masala
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, The James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough TS4 3BW, UK;
| | - Sonia Franchini
- General Surgery Department, Queen’s Hospital, Romford, London RM7 0AG, UK;
| | - Dimitrios Giakoumettis
- Neurosurgical Department, Queen’s Hospital, Romford, London RM7 0AG, UK; (Y.E.); (M.A.); (R.P.); (A.B.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Circumventing Doxorubicin Resistance Using Elastin-like Polypeptide Biopolymer-Mediated Drug Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042301. [PMID: 35216417 PMCID: PMC8878013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although doxorubicin (dox), an anthracycline antibiotic, is widely used and effective in treating cancer, its treatment efficiency is limited by low blood plasma solubility, poor pharmacokinetics, and adverse side effects, including irreversible cardiotoxicity. Moreover, cancer cells often develop drug resistance over time, which decreases the efficacy of anti-cancer drugs, including dox. In this study, we examine a macromolecular drug delivery system for its ability to specifically deliver doxorubicin to cancer cells with and without drug resistance. This drug delivery system consists of a multi-part macromolecule, which includes the following: elastin-like polypeptide (ELP), cell penetrating peptide (CPP), a cleavable linker (releasing at low pH), and a derivative of doxorubicin. ELP is thermally responsive and improves drug solubility, while the CPP mediates cellular uptake of macromolecules. We compared cytotoxicity of two doxorubicin derivatives, where one is cleavable (DOXO) and contains a pH-sensitive linker and releases dox in an acidic environment, and the other is non-cleavable (ncDox) doxorubicin. Cytotoxicity, apoptosis, cell cycle distribution and mechanism of action of these constructs were tested and compared between dox-responsive MCF-7 and dox-resistant NCI/ADR cell lines. Dox delivered by the ELP construct is comparably toxic to both sensitive and drug resistant cell lines, compared to unconjugated doxorubicin, and given the pharmacokinetic and targeting benefits conveyed by conjugation to ELP, these biopolymers have potential to overcome dox resistance in vivo.
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Utama K, Khamto N, Meepowpan P, Aobchey P, Kantapan J, Sringarm K, Roytrakul S, Sangthong P. Effects of 2',4'-Dihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3',5'-dimethylchalcone from Syzygium nervosum Seeds on Antiproliferative, DNA Damage, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Apoptosis in Human Cervical Cancer Cell Lines. Molecules 2022; 27:1154. [PMID: 35208945 PMCID: PMC8879438 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
2',4'-Dihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3',5'-dimethylchalcone (DMC), a natural product derived from Syzygium nervosum A. Cunn. ex DC., was investigated for its inhibitory activities against various cancer cell lines. In this work, we investigated the effects of DMC and available anticervical cancer drugs (5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, and doxorubicin) on three human cervical cancer cell lines (C-33A, HeLa, and SiHa). DMC displayed antiproliferative cervical cancer activity in C-33A, HeLa, and SiHa cells, with IC50 values of 15.76 ± 1.49, 10.05 ± 0.22, and 18.31 ± 3.10 µM, respectively. DMC presented higher antiproliferative cancer activity in HeLa cells; therefore, we further investigated DMC-induced apoptosis in this cell line, including DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis assays. As a potential anticancer agent, DMC treatment increased DNA damage in cancer cells, observed through fluorescence inverted microscopy and a comet assay. The cell cycle assay showed an increased number of cells in the G0/G1 phase following DMC treatment. Furthermore, DMC treatment-induced apoptosis cell death was approximately three- to four-fold higher compared to the untreated group. Here, DMC represented a compound-induced apoptosis for cell death in the HeLa cervical cancer cell line. Our findings suggest that DMC, a phytochemical agent, is a potential candidate for antiproliferative cervical cancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kraikrit Utama
- Interdisciplinary Program in Biotechnology, Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.K.); (P.M.)
- Research Center on Chemistry for Development of Health Promoting Products from Northern Resources, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nopawit Khamto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.K.); (P.M.)
| | - Puttinan Meepowpan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.K.); (P.M.)
| | - Paitoon Aobchey
- Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Jiraporn Kantapan
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Korawan Sringarm
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Bangkok 12120, Thailand;
| | - Padchanee Sangthong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.K.); (P.M.)
- Research Center on Chemistry for Development of Health Promoting Products from Northern Resources, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Rahim NA, Mail MH, Muhamad M, Sapuan S, SMN Mydin RB, Seeni A. Investigation of antiproliferative mechanisms of Alstonia angustiloba-silver nanoparticles in skin squamous cell carcinoma (A431 cell line). J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Ma Z, Cai S, Xiong Q, Liu W, Xia H, Zhu Z, Huang Z, Yan X, Wang Q. WNT signaling modulates chemoresistance to temozolomide in p53-mutant glioblastoma multiforme. Apoptosis 2022; 27:80-89. [PMID: 35037107 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-021-01704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has been characterized by the high incidence, therapy tolerance and relapse. The molecular events controlling GBM resistant to chemotherapy temozolomide (TMZ) remain to be elusive. Here, we identified WNT signaling was amplified by TMZ and mediated drug response in GBM. We found O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) was redundant to WNT-mediated chemoresistance, which was highly associated with p53 mutation status. In GBM with p53 mutation, loss of function of p53 downregulated miR-34a expression, which represses transcription of WNT ligand 6 (WNT6) by directly binding to 3' UTR of WNT6 mRNA, leading to activation of WNT signaling, and the eventual WNT-mediated chemoresistance to TMZ. Combined treatment of TMZ with WNT inhibitor or miR34a mimic induced drug sensitivity of p53-mutant GBM cells and extended survival in xenograft mice in vivo. Our findings provide insight into understanding the molecular mechanism of GBM chemoresistance to TMZ and facilitating to develop novel treatment strategy to combat p53-mutant GBM by targeting miR-34a/WNT6 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhourui Ma
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shizhong Cai
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianwei Xiong
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongliang Xia
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenhong Zhu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhijian Huang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangming Yan
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, Jiangsu, China.
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Malacrida A, Di Domizio A, Bentivegna A, Cislaghi G, Messuti E, Tabano SM, Giussani C, Zuliani V, Rivara M, Nicolini G. MV1035 Overcomes Temozolomide Resistance in Patient-Derived Glioblastoma Stem Cell Lines. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:70. [PMID: 35053068 PMCID: PMC8772739 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM, grade IV glioma) represents the most aggressive brain tumor and patients with GBM have a poor prognosis. Until now surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and temozolomide (TMZ) treatment represents the standard strategy for GBM. We showed that the imidazobenzoxazin-5-thione MV1035 is able to significantly reduce GBM U87-MG cells migration and invasiveness through inhibition of the RNA demethylase ALKBH5. In this work, we focus on the DNA repair protein ALKBH2, a further MV1035 target resulting from SPILLO-PBSS proteome-wide scale in silico analysis. Our data demonstrate that MV1035 inhibits the activity of ALKBH2, known to be involved in GBM TMZ resistance. MV1035 was used on both U87-MG and two patient-derived (PD) glioma stem cells (GSCs): in combination with TMZ, it has a significant synergistic effect in reducing cell viability and sphere formation. Moreover, MV1035 induces a reduction in MGMT expression in PD-GSCs cell lines most likely through a mechanism that acts on MGMT promoter methylation. Taken together our data show that MV1035 could act as an inhibitor potentially helpful to overcome TMZ resistance and able to reduce GBM migration and invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Malacrida
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.M.); (A.B.); (E.M.); (C.G.); (G.N.)
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Angela Bentivegna
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.M.); (A.B.); (E.M.); (C.G.); (G.N.)
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Cislaghi
- SPILLOproject, Via Stradivari 17, 20037 Paderno Dugnano, Italy; (A.D.D.); (G.C.)
| | - Eleonora Messuti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.M.); (A.B.); (E.M.); (C.G.); (G.N.)
| | - Silvia Maria Tabano
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Giussani
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.M.); (A.B.); (E.M.); (C.G.); (G.N.)
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neuroscience, S. Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Valentina Zuliani
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Mirko Rivara
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Gabriella Nicolini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.M.); (A.B.); (E.M.); (C.G.); (G.N.)
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
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Hu Y, Jiang Y, Zhang Z, Wang J, Zhang B, Gong L, Ji L, Pu Z, Yang X, Zou J, Yin Y. Oncogenic Activity of Glucocorticoid Receptor β Is Controlled by Ubiquitination-Dependent Interaction with USP49 in Glioblastoma Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:92-101. [PMID: 34610959 PMCID: PMC9398152 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that glucocorticoid receptor β (GRβ) functions as an oncoprotein, regulating the malignant phenotypes and stem-like cell maintaining in human glioblastoma (GBM). Of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) isoforms, GRβ and GRα are highly homologous, though the mechanism underlying the distinct functions of these two isoforms in GBM has not been clarified. Here by establishing a carboxyl-terminal (COOH-terminal) deletion mutant, we determined that GRβ can be ubiquitinated. We also found that its COOH terminal is essential for this ubiquitination. The mutation of a lysine to arginine at residue 733 (K733R) blocked the ubiquitination of GRβ, indicating that K733 is a key site for ubiquitination. Using K733R to establish nonubiquitinated GRβ, we demonstrated that ubiquitination not only regulates the stability and nuclear translocation of GRβ, but is also a vital mechanism for its oncogenic functions in vitro and in vivo. Protein interaction assay further indicated that ubiquitin-specific protease 49 (USP49) is a GRβ-binding protein and the interaction depends on GRβ ubiquitination. USP49 knockdown resulted in a decrease of cell proliferation, invasion, and an increase of cell apoptosis. More importantly, USP49 knockdown increased ubiquitination and amplified the oncogenic effects of GRβ, confirming the decisive role of ubiquitination on GRβ carcinogenicity. Taken together, these findings established that ubiquitination is a vial process for GRβ the execution of oncogenic functions in GBM and that the K733 site is crucial for ubiquitination of GRβ. IMPLICATIONS: This work is the first identify of the activation GRβ by a single lysine point-mediated ubiquitination and proteasome degradation, which determines its oncogenic functions in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jian Zou
- Corresponding Authors: Jian Zou, Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China. Phone: 86510-8535-0368; E-mail: ; and Ying Yin, Phone: 510-8535-0363; E-mail:
| | - Ying Yin
- Corresponding Authors: Jian Zou, Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China. Phone: 86510-8535-0368; E-mail: ; and Ying Yin, Phone: 510-8535-0363; E-mail:
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Aydin B, Arslan S, Bayraklı F, Karademir B, Arga KY. MicroRNA-Mediated Drug Repurposing Unveiled Potential Candidate Drugs for Prolactinoma Treatment. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:161-173. [PMID: 33706313 DOI: 10.1159/000515801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prolactinomas, also called lactotroph adenomas, are the most encountered type of hormone-secreting pituitary neuroendocrine tumors in the clinic. The preferred first-line therapy is a medical treatment with dopamine agonists (DAs), mainly cabergoline, to reduce serum prolactin levels, tumor volume, and mass effect. However, in some cases, patients have displayed DA resistance with aggressive tumor behavior or are faced with recurrence after drug withdrawal. Also, currently used therapeutics have notorious side effects and impair the life quality of the patients. METHODS Since the amalgamation of clinical and laboratory data besides tumor histopathogenesis and transcriptional regulatory features of the tumor emerges to exhibit essential roles in the behavior and progression of prolactinomas; in this work, we integrated mRNA- and microRNA (miRNA)-level transcriptome data that exploit disease-specific signatures in addition to biological and pharmacological data to elucidate a rational prioritization of pathways and drugs in prolactinoma. RESULTS We identified 8 drug candidates through drug repurposing based on mRNA-miRNA-level data integration and evaluated their potential through in vitro assays in the MMQ cell line. Seven repurposed drugs including 5-fluorocytosine, nortriptyline, neratinib, puromycin, taxifolin, vorinostat, and zileuton were proposed as potential drug candidates for the treatment of prolactinoma. We further hypothesized possible mechanisms of drug action on MMQ cell viability through analyzing the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and cell cycle arrest via flow cytometry and Western blotting. DISCUSSION We presented the transcriptomic landscape of prolactinoma through miRNA and mRNA-level data integration and proposed repurposed drug candidates based on this integration. We validated our findings through testing cell viability, cell cycle phases, and PI3K/Akt protein expressions. Effects of the drugs on cell cycle phases and inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway by all drugs gave us promising output for further studies using these drugs in the treatment of prolactinoma. This is the first study that reports miRNA-mediated repurposed drugs for prolactinoma treatment via in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Aydin
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sema Arslan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Bayraklı
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betul Karademir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Yabo YA, Niclou SP, Golebiewska A. Cancer cell heterogeneity and plasticity: A paradigm shift in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2021; 24:669-682. [PMID: 34932099 PMCID: PMC9071273 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity has emerged as a major contributor to intra-tumoral heterogeneity and treatment resistance in cancer. Increasing evidence shows that glioblastoma (GBM) cells display prominent intrinsic plasticity and reversibly adapt to dynamic microenvironmental conditions. Limited genetic evolution at recurrence further suggests that resistance mechanisms also largely operate at the phenotypic level. Here we review recent literature underpinning the role of GBM plasticity in creating gradients of heterogeneous cells including those that carry cancer stem cell (CSC) properties. A historical perspective from the hierarchical to the nonhierarchical concept of CSCs towards the recent appreciation of GBM plasticity is provided. Cellular states interact dynamically with each other and with the surrounding brain to shape a flexible tumor ecosystem, which enables swift adaptation to external pressure including treatment. We present the key components regulating intra-tumoral phenotypic heterogeneity and the equilibrium of phenotypic states, including genetic, epigenetic, and microenvironmental factors. We further discuss plasticity in the context of intrinsic tumor resistance, where a variable balance between preexisting resistant cells and adaptive persisters leads to reversible adaptation upon treatment. Innovative efforts targeting regulators of plasticity and mechanisms of state transitions towards treatment-resistant states are needed to restrict the adaptive capacities of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahaya A Yabo
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Simone P Niclou
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anna Golebiewska
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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Casati G, Giunti L, Iorio AL, Marturano A, Galli L, Sardi I. Hippo Pathway in Regulating Drug Resistance of Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413431. [PMID: 34948224 PMCID: PMC8705144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) represents the most common and malignant tumor of the Central Nervous System (CNS), affecting both children and adults. GBM is one of the deadliest tumor types and it shows a strong multidrug resistance (MDR) and an immunosuppressive microenvironment which remain a great challenge to therapy. Due to the high recurrence of GBM after treatment, the understanding of the chemoresistance phenomenon and how to stimulate the antitumor immune response in this pathology is crucial. The deregulation of the Hippo pathway is involved in tumor genesis, chemoresistance and immunosuppressive nature of GBM. This pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway with a kinase cascade core, which controls the translocation of YAP (Yes-Associated Protein)/TAZ (Transcriptional Co-activator with PDZ-binding Motif) into the nucleus, leading to regulation of organ size and growth. With this review, we want to highlight how chemoresistance and tumor immunosuppression work in GBM and how the Hippo pathway has a key role in them. We linger on the role of the Hippo pathway evaluating the effect of its de-regulation among different human cancers. Moreover, we consider how different pathways are cross-linked with the Hippo signaling in GBM genesis and the hypothetical mechanisms responsible for the Hippo pathway activation in GBM. Furthermore, we describe various drugs targeting the Hippo pathway. In conclusion, all the evidence described largely support a strong involvement of the Hippo pathway in gliomas progression, in the activation of chemoresistance mechanisms and in the development of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Therefore, this pathway is a promising target for the treatment of high grade gliomas and in particular of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Casati
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Meyer Children’s Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.G.); (A.L.I.); (A.M.); (I.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Laura Giunti
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Meyer Children’s Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.G.); (A.L.I.); (A.M.); (I.S.)
| | - Anna Lisa Iorio
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Meyer Children’s Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.G.); (A.L.I.); (A.M.); (I.S.)
| | - Arianna Marturano
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Meyer Children’s Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.G.); (A.L.I.); (A.M.); (I.S.)
| | - Luisa Galli
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy;
| | - Iacopo Sardi
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Meyer Children’s Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.G.); (A.L.I.); (A.M.); (I.S.)
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Walunj D, Thankarajan E, Prasad C, Tuchinsky H, Baldan S, Sherman MY, Patsenker L, Gellerman G. Targeted methylation facilitates DNA double strand breaks and enhances cancer suppression: A DNA intercalating/methylating dual-action chimera Amonafidazene. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 225:113811. [PMID: 34507011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A DNA intercalating agent Amonafide interferes with topoisomerase 2 (Topo II) activity and prevents re-ligation of DNA strands, leading to double strand breaks (DSB). If DSB repair fails, cells stop dividing and eventually die. In a search of approaches to enhance anti-cancer activities of Topo II inhibitors, we hypothesized that introduction of additional damage in proximity to the DSB may suppress DNA repair and enhance cancer cell killing. Accordingly, chimeric molecules were created that target a DNA alkylating component to the proximity of Topo II-induced DSBs. These chimeras consist of Amonafide or its 4-amino isomer, and DNA methylating methyl triazene moiety Azene protected with a carbamate group, connected via linker. Treatment of cancer cells with the chimeric molecules leads to significantly higher number of DSBs, which were repaired slower compared to Amonafide or monomethyl triazene-treated cells. On the other hand, methyl triazene linked to non-intercalating Amonafide analogs was ineffective. Together, these data strongly support our hypothesis. In line with increased DSBs, the chimeric molecules exhibited significantly higher antiproliferative activity in cancer cell lines compared to Amonafide or monomethyl triazene constituent Azene. We utilized the fluorescent properties of chimera Amonafidazene to develop ''photo-switchable'' reporting system to monitor the prodrug activation. Using this approach, we found that the chimera accumulated and was activated at the tumor sites specifically and demonstrated significantly stronger tumor suppressing activities compared to Amonafide in a xenograft model. Therefore, targeting alkylating groups to the proximity of DSB sites may become an effective approach towards enhancing anti-cancer activities of inhibitors of topoisomerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Walunj
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | | | | | - Helena Tuchinsky
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Simone Baldan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | | | - Leonid Patsenker
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Gary Gellerman
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
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Bankoglu EE, Schuele C, Stopper H. Cell survival after DNA damage in the comet assay. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:3803-3813. [PMID: 34609522 PMCID: PMC8536587 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The comet assay is widely used in basic research, genotoxicity testing, and human biomonitoring. However, interpretation of the comet assay data might benefit from a better understanding of the future fate of a cell with DNA damage. DNA damage is in principle repairable, or if extensive, can lead to cell death. Here, we have correlated the maximally induced DNA damage with three test substances in TK6 cells with the survival of the cells. For this, we selected hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an oxidizing agent, methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) as an alkylating agent and etoposide as a topoisomerase II inhibitor. We measured cell viability, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and micronucleus frequency on the following day, in the same cell culture, which had been analyzed in the comet assay. After treatment, a concentration dependent increase in DNA damage and in the percentage of non-vital and apoptotic cells was found for each substance. Values greater than 20-30% DNA in tail caused the death of more than 50% of the cells, with etoposide causing slightly more cell death than H2O2 or MMS. Despite that, cells seemed to repair of at least some DNA damage within few hours after substance removal. Overall, the reduction of DNA damage over time is due to both DNA repair and death of heavily damaged cells. We recommend that in experiments with induction of DNA damage of more than 20% DNA in tail, survival data for the cells are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Eyluel Bankoglu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Schuele
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Helga Stopper
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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Liu H, Qiu W, Sun T, Wang L, Du C, Hu Y, Liu W, Feng F, Chen Y, Sun H. Therapeutic strtegies of glioblastoma (GBM): The current advances in the molecular targets and bioactive small molecule compounds. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 12:1781-1804. [PMID: 35847506 PMCID: PMC9279645 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common aggressive malignant tumor in brain neuroepithelial tumors and remains incurable. A variety of treatment options are currently being explored to improve patient survival, including small molecule inhibitors, viral therapies, cancer vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies. Among them, the unique advantages of small molecule inhibitors have made them a focus of attention in the drug discovery of glioblastoma. Currently, the most used chemotherapeutic agents are small molecule inhibitors that target key dysregulated signaling pathways in glioblastoma, including receptor tyrosine kinase, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, DNA damage response, TP53 and cell cycle inhibitors. This review analyzes the therapeutic benefit and clinical development of novel small molecule inhibitors discovered as promising anti-glioblastoma agents by the related targets of these major pathways. Meanwhile, the recent advances in temozolomide resistance and drug combination are also reviewed. In the last part, due to the constant clinical failure of targeted therapies, this paper reviewed the research progress of other therapeutic methods for glioblastoma, to provide patients and readers with a more comprehensive understanding of the treatment landscape of glioblastoma.
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Nair J, Syed SB, Mahaddalkar T, Ketkar M, Thorat R, Sastri Goda J, Dutt S. DUSP6 regulates radio-sensitivity in glioblastoma by modulating the recruitment of p-DNAPKcs at DNA double-strand breaks. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:273732. [PMID: 34792128 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) has poor median survival due to its resistance to chemo-radiotherapy regimen, resulting in tumor recurrence. Recurrent GBMs currently lack effective treatments. DUSP6 is known to be pro-tumorigenic and is up-regulated in GBM. We show that DUSP6 expression is significantly higher in recurrent GBM patient biopsies (n=11) compared to primary biopsies (n=11). Importantly, although reported as cytoplasmic protein, we found nuclear localization of DUSP6 in primary and recurrent patient samples and in parent and relapse population of GBM cell lines generated from in vitro radiation survival model. DUSP6 inhibition using BCI resulted in decreased proliferation and clonogenic survival of parent and relapse cells. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of DUSP6 catalytic activity radio-sensitized primary and importantly, relapse GBM cells by inhibiting the recruitment of p-DNAPKcs, subsequently down-regulating the recruitment of γH2AX and 53BP1. This resulted in decreased cell survival and prolonged growth arrest upon irradiation in vitro and significantly increased the progression-free survival in orthotopic mouse models of GBM. Our study highlights a non-canonical function of DUSP6, emphasizing the potential application of DUSP6 inhibitors in the treatment of recurrent GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothi Nair
- Shilpee Dutt Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai - 410210, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Safiulla Basha Syed
- Shilpee Dutt Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai - 410210, India
| | - Tejashree Mahaddalkar
- Shilpee Dutt Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai - 410210, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Madhura Ketkar
- Shilpee Dutt Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai - 410210, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Rahul Thorat
- Laboratory Animal Facility, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai - 410210, India
| | - Jayant Sastri Goda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai - 410210, India
| | - Shilpee Dutt
- Shilpee Dutt Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai - 410210, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400085, India
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Impact of Chromatin Dynamics and DNA Repair on Genomic Stability and Treatment Resistance in Pediatric High-Grade Gliomas. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225678. [PMID: 34830833 PMCID: PMC8616465 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGGs) are the leading cause of mortality in pediatric neuro-oncology, due in great part to treatment resistance driven by complex DNA repair mechanisms. pHGGs have recently been divided into molecular subtypes based on mutations affecting the N-terminal tail of the histone variant H3.3 and the ATRX/DAXX histone chaperone that deposits H3.3 at repetitive heterochromatin loci that are of paramount importance to the stability of our genome. This review addresses the functions of H3.3 and ATRX/DAXX in chromatin dynamics and DNA repair, as well as the impact of mutations affecting H3.3/ATRX/DAXX on treatment resistance and how the vulnerabilities they expose could foster novel therapeutic strategies. Abstract Despite their low incidence, pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGGs), including diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs), are the leading cause of mortality in pediatric neuro-oncology. Recurrent, mutually exclusive mutations affecting K27 (K27M) and G34 (G34R/V) in the N-terminal tail of histones H3.3 and H3.1 act as key biological drivers of pHGGs. Notably, mutations in H3.3 are frequently associated with mutations affecting ATRX and DAXX, which encode a chaperone complex that deposits H3.3 into heterochromatic regions, including telomeres. The K27M and G34R/V mutations lead to distinct epigenetic reprogramming, telomere maintenance mechanisms, and oncogenesis scenarios, resulting in distinct subgroups of patients characterized by differences in tumor localization, clinical outcome, as well as concurrent epigenetic and genetic alterations. Contrasting with our understanding of the molecular biology of pHGGs, there has been little improvement in the treatment of pHGGs, with the current mainstays of therapy—genotoxic chemotherapy and ionizing radiation (IR)—facing the development of tumor resistance driven by complex DNA repair pathways. Chromatin and nucleosome dynamics constitute important modulators of the DNA damage response (DDR). Here, we summarize the major DNA repair pathways that contribute to resistance to current DNA damaging agent-based therapeutic strategies and describe the telomere maintenance mechanisms encountered in pHGGs. We then review the functions of H3.3 and its chaperones in chromatin dynamics and DNA repair, as well as examining the impact of their mutation/alteration on these processes. Finally, we discuss potential strategies targeting DNA repair and epigenetic mechanisms as well as telomere maintenance mechanisms, to improve the treatment of pHGGs.
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Tira A, Buckingham L. Evidence for age-related contributions of DNA damage and epigenetics in brain tumorigenesis. Int J Exp Pathol 2021; 102:232-241. [PMID: 34716726 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly malignant primary brain tumour displaying rapid cell proliferation and infiltration. GBM primarily occurs at older age; however, younger populations have also been affected. In GBM and other cancers, genetic and epigenetic alterations promote tumorigenesis causing increased cell proliferation and invasiveness. This investigation explored epigenetic events as contributing factors, especially in gliomas that arise in patients aged 40-60 years. Furthermore, DNA damage in tumours with respect to age was assessed. Archival fixed tissues from 88 cases of glioblastoma and adjacent non-malignant tissues were tested. Global methylation and DNA damage were measured using ELISA detection of 5-methyl cytosine and 8-hydroxy guanine, respectively. IDH mutations and CDKN2 promoter hypermethylation were analysed by pyrosequencing. Tumour tissue was hypomethylated compared with non-malignant tissue (P = .001), and there was a trend towards increased methylation with increasing age. There was a significant increase in DNA damage in patients older than forty years compared with those aged forty years or younger (P = .035). CDKN2 promoter methylation levels followed the age trends of global methylation in this patient group. Patients younger than 60 had more frequently mutated IDH (P = .004). Conclusions: The data support the potential of epigenetic factors in promoting tumorigenesis in younger patients, while increased DNA damage contributes to tumorigenesis in the older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Tira
- Rush University College of Health Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lela Buckingham
- Rush University College of Health Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
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Morrison C, Weterings E, Mahadevan D, Sanan A, Weinand M, Stea B. Expression Levels of RAD51 Inversely Correlate with Survival of Glioblastoma Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215358. [PMID: 34771522 PMCID: PMC8582387 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Identifying prognostic and predictive biomarkers for glioblastoma (GBM), a primary brain tumor, is essential in improving patient survival. We utilized gene expression profiling to investigate a uniform population of GBM patients who had been treated with surgery and adjuvant radiation therapy versus normal brain tissue, and identified high RAD51 expression as a poor prognostic marker that is amenable to therapeutic intervention. This observation was confirmed utilizing a publicly available gene expression dataset in a cohort of GBM patients. Abstract Treatment failures of glioblastoma (GBM) occur within high-dose radiation fields. We hypothesized that this is due to increased capacity for DNA damage repair in GBM. We identified 24 adult GBM patients treated with maximal safe resection followed by radiation with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide. The mRNA from patients was quantified using NanoString Technologies’ nCounter platform and compared with 12 non-neoplastic temporal lobe tissue samples as a control. Differential expression analysis identified seven DNA repair genes significantly upregulated in GBM tissues relative to controls (>4-fold difference, adjusted p values < 0.001). Among these seven genes, Cox proportional hazards models identified RAD51 to be associated with an increased risk of death (HR = 3.49; p = 0.03). Kaplan–Meier (KM) analysis showed that patients with high RAD51 expression had significantly shorter OS compared to low levels (median OS of 10.6 mo. vs 20.1 mo.; log-rank p = 0.03). Our findings were validated in a larger external dataset of 162 patients using publicly available gene expression data quantified by the same NanoString technology (median OS of 13.8 mo. vs. 17.4 mo; log-rank p = 0.006). Within this uniformly treated GBM population, RAD51, in the homologous recombination pathway, was overexpressed (vs. normal brain) and inversely correlated with OS. High RAD51 expression may be a prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Morrison
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (C.M.); (E.W.)
| | - Eric Weterings
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (C.M.); (E.W.)
| | - Daruka Mahadevan
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Abhay Sanan
- Center for Neurosciences, Tucson, AZ 85718, USA;
| | - Martin Weinand
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
| | - Baldassarre Stea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (C.M.); (E.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(520)-694-0861
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Vengoji R, Atri P, Macha MA, Seshacharyulu P, Perumal N, Mallya K, Liu Y, Smith LM, Rachagani S, Mahapatra S, Ponnusamy MP, Jain M, Batra SK, Shonka N. Differential gene expression-based connectivity mapping identified novel drug candidate and improved Temozolomide efficacy for Glioblastoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:335. [PMID: 34696786 PMCID: PMC8543939 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) has a devastating median survival of only one year. Treatment includes resection, radiation therapy, and temozolomide (TMZ); however, the latter increased median survival by only 2.5 months in the pivotal study. A desperate need remains to find an effective treatment. METHODS We used the Connectivity Map (CMap) bioinformatic tool to identify candidates for repurposing based on GBM's specific genetic profile. CMap identified histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors as top candidates. In addition, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) identified HDAC1 and HDAC2 as the most upregulated and HDAC11 as the most downregulated HDACs. We selected PCI-24781/abexinostat due to its specificity against HDAC1 and HDAC2, but not HDAC11, and blood-brain barrier permeability. RESULTS We tested PCI-24781 using in vitro human and mouse GBM syngeneic cell lines, an in vivo murine orthograft, and a genetically engineered mouse model for GBM (PEPG - PTENflox/+; EGFRvIII+; p16Flox/- & GFAP Cre +). PCI-24781 significantly inhibited tumor growth and downregulated DNA repair machinery (BRCA1, CHK1, RAD51, and O6-methylguanine-DNA- methyltransferase (MGMT)), increasing DNA double-strand breaks and causing apoptosis in the GBM cell lines, including an MGMT expressing cell line in vitro. Further, PCI-24781 decreased tumor burden in a PEPG GBM mouse model. Notably, TMZ + PCI increased survival in orthotopic murine models compared to TMZ + vorinostat, a pan-HDAC inhibitor that proved unsuccessful in clinical trials. CONCLUSION PCI-24781 is a novel GBM-signature specific HDAC inhibitor that works synergistically with TMZ to enhance TMZ efficacy and improve GBM survival. These promising MGMT-agnostic results warrant clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghupathy Vengoji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
| | - Pranita Atri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Parthasarathy Seshacharyulu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
| | - Naveenkumar Perumal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
| | - Kavita Mallya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
| | - Yutong Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
| | - Lynette M Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
| | - Sidharth Mahapatra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
| | - Moorthy P Ponnusamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA.
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA.
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA.
| | - Nicole Shonka
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology & Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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Lozinski M, Bowden NA, Graves MC, Fay M, Tooney PA. DNA damage repair in glioblastoma: current perspectives on its role in tumour progression, treatment resistance and PIKKing potential therapeutic targets. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2021; 44:961-981. [PMID: 34057732 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-021-00613-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aggressive, invasive and treatment resistant nature of glioblastoma makes it one of the most lethal cancers in humans. Total surgical resection is difficult, and a combination of radiation and chemotherapy is used to treat the remaining invasive cells beyond the tumour border by inducing DNA damage and activating cell death pathways in glioblastoma cells. Unfortunately, recurrence is common and a major hurdle in treatment, often met with a more aggressive and treatment resistant tumour. A mechanism of resistance is the response of DNA repair pathways upon treatment-induced DNA damage, which enact cell-cycle arrest and repair of DNA damage that would otherwise cause cell death in tumour cells. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we discuss the significance of DNA repair mechanisms in tumour formation, aggression and treatment resistance. We identify an underlying trend in the literature, wherein alterations in DNA repair pathways facilitate glioma progression, while established high-grade gliomas benefit from constitutively active DNA repair pathways in the repair of treatment-induced DNA damage. We also consider the clinical feasibility of inhibiting DNA repair in glioblastoma and current strategies of using DNA repair inhibitors as agents in combination with chemotherapy, radiation or immunotherapy. Finally, the importance of blood-brain barrier penetrance when designing novel small-molecule inhibitors is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Lozinski
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Drug Repurposing and Medicines Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Nikola A Bowden
- Centre for Drug Repurposing and Medicines Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Moira C Graves
- Centre for Drug Repurposing and Medicines Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Fay
- Centre for Drug Repurposing and Medicines Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Genesis Cancer Care, Gateshead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul A Tooney
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
- Centre for Drug Repurposing and Medicines Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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Yang WB, Wu AC, Hsu TI, Liou JP, Lo WL, Chang KY, Chen PY, Kikkawa U, Yang ST, Kao TJ, Chen RM, Chang WC, Ko CY, Chuang JY. Histone deacetylase 6 acts upstream of DNA damage response activation to support the survival of glioblastoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:884. [PMID: 34584069 PMCID: PMC8479077 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04182-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
DNA repair promotes the progression and recurrence of glioblastoma (GBM). However, there remain no effective therapies for targeting the DNA damage response and repair (DDR) pathway in the clinical setting. Thus, we aimed to conduct a comprehensive analysis of DDR genes in GBM specimens to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying treatment resistance. Herein, transcriptomic analysis of 177 well-defined DDR genes was performed with normal and GBM specimens (n = 137) from The Cancer Genome Atlas and further integrated with the expression profiling of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) inhibition in temozolomide (TMZ)-resistant GBM cells and patient-derived tumor cells. The effects of HDAC6 inhibition on DDR signaling were examined both in vitro and intracranial mouse models. We found that the expression of DDR genes, involved in repair pathways for DNA double-strand breaks, was upregulated in highly malignant primary and recurrent brain tumors, and their expression was related to abnormal clinical features. However, a potent HDAC6 inhibitor, MPT0B291, attenuated the expression of these genes, including RAD51 and CHEK1, and was more effective in blocking homologous recombination repair in GBM cells. Interestingly, it resulted in lower cytotoxicity in primary glial cells than other HDAC6 inhibitors. MPT0B291 reduced the growth of both TMZ-sensitive and TMZ-resistant tumor cells and prolonged survival in mouse models of GBM. We verified that HDAC6 regulated DDR genes by affecting Sp1 expression, which abolished MPT0B291-induced DNA damage. Our findings uncover a regulatory network among HDAC6, Sp1, and DDR genes for drug resistance and survival of GBM cells. Furthermore, MPT0B291 may serve as a potential lead compound for GBM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Yang
- TMU Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - An-Chih Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-I Hsu
- TMU Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Lo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, 23561, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kwang-Yu Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, 70456, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Yuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 20401, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Ushio Kikkawa
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shung-Tai Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, 23561, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Jen Kao
- TMU Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Ming Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chang Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yuan Ko
- TMU Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan.
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan.
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jian-Ying Chuang
- TMU Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan.
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan.
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, 80708, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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47
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Sharma AB, Erasimus H, Pinto L, Caron MC, Gopaul D, Peterlini T, Neumann K, Nazarov PV, Fritah S, Klink B, Herold-Mende CC, Niclou SP, Pasero P, Calsou P, Masson JY, Britton S, Van Dyck E. XAB2 promotes Ku eviction from single-ended DNA double-strand breaks independently of the ATM kinase. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:9906-9925. [PMID: 34500463 PMCID: PMC8464071 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication-associated single-ended DNA double-strand breaks (seDSBs) are repaired predominantly through RAD51-mediated homologous recombination (HR). Removal of the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) factor Ku from resected seDSB ends is crucial for HR. The coordinated actions of MRE11-CtIP nuclease activities orchestrated by ATM define one pathway for Ku eviction. Here, we identify the pre-mRNA splicing protein XAB2 as a factor required for resistance to seDSBs induced by the chemotherapeutic alkylator temozolomide. Moreover, we show that XAB2 prevents Ku retention and abortive HR at seDSBs induced by temozolomide and camptothecin, via a pathway that operates in parallel to the ATM-CtIP-MRE11 axis. Although XAB2 depletion preserved RAD51 focus formation, the resulting RAD51-ssDNA associations were unproductive, leading to increased NHEJ engagement in S/G2 and genetic instability. Overexpression of RAD51 or RAD52 rescued the XAB2 defects and XAB2 loss was synthetically lethal with RAD52 inhibition, providing potential perspectives in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bharadwaj Sharma
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Hélène Erasimus
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Lia Pinto
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Marie-Christine Caron
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Oncology Division, Québec City, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, Canada
| | - Diyavarshini Gopaul
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS et Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Montpellier, France
| | - Thibaut Peterlini
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Oncology Division, Québec City, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, Canada
| | - Katrin Neumann
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Petr V Nazarov
- Quantitative Biology Unit, Multiomics Data Science Group, LIH, Luxembourg
| | - Sabrina Fritah
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, LIH, Luxembourg
| | - Barbara Klink
- National Center of Genetics, Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg.,Functional Tumour Genetics Group, Department of Oncology, LIH, Luxembourg
| | | | - Simone P Niclou
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, LIH, Luxembourg.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Philippe Pasero
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS et Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Calsou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2018
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Oncology Division, Québec City, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, Canada
| | - Sébastien Britton
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2018
| | - Eric Van Dyck
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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48
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Wu W, Klockow JL, Zhang M, Lafortune F, Chang E, Jin L, Wu Y, Daldrup-Link HE. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM): An overview of current therapies and mechanisms of resistance. Pharmacol Res 2021; 171:105780. [PMID: 34302977 PMCID: PMC8384724 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a WHO grade IV glioma and the most common malignant, primary brain tumor with a 5-year survival of 7.2%. Its highly infiltrative nature, genetic heterogeneity, and protection by the blood brain barrier (BBB) have posed great treatment challenges. The standard treatment for GBMs is surgical resection followed by chemoradiotherapy. The robust DNA repair and self-renewing capabilities of glioblastoma cells and glioma initiating cells (GICs), respectively, promote resistance against all current treatment modalities. Thus, durable GBM management will require the invention of innovative treatment strategies. In this review, we will describe biological and molecular targets for GBM therapy, the current status of pharmacologic therapy, prominent mechanisms of resistance, and new treatment approaches. To date, medical imaging is primarily used to determine the location, size and macroscopic morphology of GBM before, during, and after therapy. In the future, molecular and cellular imaging approaches will more dynamically monitor the expression of molecular targets and/or immune responses in the tumor, thereby enabling more immediate adaptation of tumor-tailored, targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jessica L Klockow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Famyrah Lafortune
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edwin Chang
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Linchun Jin
- Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Bayern 81675, Germany
| | - Heike E Daldrup-Link
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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49
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Khotimchenko R, Bryukhovetskiy I, Khotimchenko M, Khotimchenko Y. Bioactive Compounds with Antiglioma Activity from Marine Species. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080886. [PMID: 34440090 PMCID: PMC8389718 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for new chemical compounds with antitumor pharmacological activity is a necessary process for creating more effective drugs for each specific malignancy type. This review presents the outcomes of screening studies of natural compounds with high anti-glioma activity. Despite significant advances in cancer therapy, there are still some tumors currently considered completely incurable including brain gliomas. This review covers the main problems of the glioma chemotherapy including drug resistance, side effects of common anti-glioma drugs, and genetic diversity of brain tumors. The main emphasis is made on the characterization of natural compounds isolated from marine organisms because taxonomic diversity of organisms in seawaters significantly exceeds that of terrestrial species. Thus, we should expect greater chemical diversity of marine compounds and greater likelihood of finding effective molecules with antiglioma activity. The review covers at least 15 classes of organic compounds with their chemical formulas provided as well as semi-inhibitory concentrations, mechanisms of action, and pharmacokinetic profiles. In conclusion, the analysis of the taxonomic diversity of marine species containing bioactives with antiglioma activity is performed noting cytotoxicity indicators and to the tumor cells in comparison with similar indicators of antitumor agents approved for clinical use as antiglioblastoma chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodion Khotimchenko
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690090 Vladivostok, Russia; (R.K.); (I.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Igor Bryukhovetskiy
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690090 Vladivostok, Russia; (R.K.); (I.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Maksim Khotimchenko
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690090 Vladivostok, Russia; (R.K.); (I.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Yuri Khotimchenko
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690090 Vladivostok, Russia; (R.K.); (I.B.); (M.K.)
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, A. V. Zhirmunsky National Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia
- Correspondence:
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50
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Tsidulko AY, Shevelev OB, Khotskina AS, Kolpakova MA, Suhovskih AV, Kazanskaya GM, Volkov AM, Aidagulova SV, Zavyalov EL, Grigorieva EV. Chemotherapy-Induced Degradation of Glycosylated Components of the Brain Extracellular Matrix Promotes Glioblastoma Relapse Development in an Animal Model. Front Oncol 2021; 11:713139. [PMID: 34350124 PMCID: PMC8327169 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.713139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ) is an intrinsic part of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) therapy targeted to eliminate residual GBM cells. Despite the intensive treatment, a GBM relapse develops in the majority of cases resulting in poor outcome of the disease. Here, we investigated off-target negative effects of the systemic chemotherapy on glycosylated components of the brain extracellular matrix (ECM) and their functional significance. Using an elaborated GBM relapse animal model, we demonstrated that healthy brain tissue resists GBM cell proliferation and invasion, thereby restricting tumor development. TMZ-induced [especially in combination with dexamethasone (DXM)] changes in composition and content of brain ECM proteoglycans (PGs) resulted in the accelerated adhesion, proliferation, and invasion of GBM cells into brain organotypic slices ex vivo and more active growth and invasion of experimental xenograft GBM tumors in SCID mouse brain in vivo. These changes occurred both at core proteins and polysaccharide chain levels, and degradation of chondroitin sulfate (CS) was identified as a key event responsible for the observed functional effects. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that chemotherapy-induced changes in glycosylated components of brain ECM can impact the fate of residual GBM cells and GBM relapse development. ECM-targeted supportive therapy might be a useful strategy to mitigate the negative off-target effects of the adjuvant GBM treatment and increase the relapse-free survival of GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Y Tsidulko
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oleg B Shevelev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anna S Khotskina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mariia A Kolpakova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia V Suhovskih
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,V. Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Galina M Kazanskaya
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander M Volkov
- Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Aidagulova
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgenii L Zavyalov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elvira V Grigorieva
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,V. Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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