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Kim M, Han YH, Jeong HJ, Jeong JS, Lim ST. Joker Sign After Drooling Radioactive Saliva. Clin Nucl Med 2024:00003072-990000000-01292. [PMID: 39354701 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000005449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A 28-year-old man underwent high-dose radioactive iodine therapy after total thyroidectomy due to papillary thyroid carcinomas. After 2 weeks, a linear reddish line was observed extending from the right corner of the mouth to the cheek, resembling the appearance of the Joker. Through a detailed interview, it was determined that the patient had developed radiation dermatitis because of radioactive saliva drooling while sleeping on one side. Although this is expected to be infrequent, educating patients on avoiding saliva contact with the skin during and after radioactive iodine therapy is crucial due to the potential skin damage and cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- MinJeong Kim
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cyclotron Research Center, Molecular Imaging and Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital
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2
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Boothe PF, Kumar VP, Kong Y, Wang K, Levinson H, Mu D, Brown ML. Radiation Induced Skin Fibrosis (RISF): Opportunity for Angiotensin II-Dependent Intervention. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8261. [PMID: 39125831 PMCID: PMC11312688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Medical procedures, such as radiation therapy, are a vital element in treating many cancers, significantly contributing to improved survival rates. However, a common long-term complication of such exposure is radiation-induced skin fibrosis (RISF), a complex condition that poses substantial physical and psychological challenges. Notably, about 50% of patients undergoing radiation therapy may achieve long-term remission, resulting in a significant number of survivors managing the aftereffects of their treatment. This article delves into the intricate relationship between RISF, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and angiotensin II (Ang II) signaling. It proposes the underlying mechanisms and examines potential treatments for mitigating skin fibrosis. The primary goal is to offer essential insights in order to better care for and improve the quality of life of cancer survivors who face the risk of developing RISF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia F. Boothe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Macon & Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Vidya P. Kumar
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
| | - Yali Kong
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Macon & Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (Y.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Kan Wang
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Macon & Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (Y.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Howard Levinson
- The Center for Plastic Surgery at Sentara, 301 Riverview Ave. #400, Norfolk, VA 23510, USA;
| | - David Mu
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Macon & Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (Y.K.); (D.M.)
- Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Macon & Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Milton L. Brown
- Department of Internal Medicine, Macon & Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
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3
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Berry CE, Kendig CB, An N, Fazilat AZ, Churukian AA, Griffin M, Pan PM, Longaker MT, Dixon SJ, Wan DC. Role of ferroptosis in radiation-induced soft tissue injury. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:313. [PMID: 38969638 PMCID: PMC11226648 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation has been pivotal in cancer therapy since its discovery. Despite its therapeutic benefits, IR causes significant acute and chronic complications due to DNA damage and the generation of reactive oxygen species, which harm nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. While cancer cells are more vulnerable to ionizing radiation due to their inefficiency in repairing damage, healthy cells in the irradiated area also suffer. Various types of cell death occur, including apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis, autophagy-dependent cell death, immunogenic cell death, and ferroptosis. Ferroptosis, driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxide accumulation, has been recognized as crucial in radiation therapy's therapeutic effects and complications, with extensive research across various tissues. This review aims to summarize the pathways involved in radiation-related ferroptosis, findings in different organs, and drugs targeting ferroptosis to mitigate its harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E Berry
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Carter B Kendig
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas An
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Z Fazilat
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew A Churukian
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Griffin
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Phoebe M Pan
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael T Longaker
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Scott J Dixon
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Derrick C Wan
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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4
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Wang H, Zhang N, Wang X, Tian J, Yi J, Yao L, Huang G. Emerging role of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome microRNA in radiation injury. Int J Radiat Biol 2024; 100:996-1008. [PMID: 38776447 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2024.2347348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation injury (RI) is a common occurrence in malignant tumors patients receiving radiation therapy. While killing tumor cells, normal tissue surrounding the target area is inevitably irradiated at a certain dose, which can cause varying results of radiation injury. Currently, there are limited clinical treatments available for radiation injuries. In recent years, the negative effects of stem cell therapy have been reported more clearly and non-cellular therapies such as exosomes have become a focus of attention for researchers. As a type of vesicle-like substances secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), MSC derived exosomes (MSC-exo) carry DNA, mRNA, microRNA (miRNAs), specific proteins, lipids, and other active substances involved in intercellular information exchange. miRNAs released by MSC-exo are capable of alleviating and repairing damaged tissues through anti-apoptosis, modulating immune response, regulating inflammatory response and promoting angiogenesis, which indicates that MSC-exo miRNAs have great potential for application in the prevention and treatment of radiation injury. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the underlying therapeutic mechanisms of MSC-exo miRNAs in this process, which may shed new lights on the treatment of radiation injury. CONCLUSIONS Increasing evidence confirms that MSC-exo has shown encouraging applications in tissue repair due to the anti-apoptotic, immunoreactive, and pro-angiogenesis effects of the miRNAs it carries as intercellular communication carriers. However, miRNA-based therapeutics are still in their infancy and many practical issues remain to be addressed for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huike Wang
- School of Stomatology, ZunYi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Nini Zhang
- School of Stomatology, ZunYi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Stomatology, ZunYi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jia Tian
- School of Stomatology, ZunYi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jie Yi
- School of Stomatology, ZunYi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | | | - Guilin Huang
- School of Stomatology, ZunYi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
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5
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Zou DD, Sun YZ, Li XJ, Wu WJ, Xu D, He YT, Qi J, Tu Y, Tang Y, Tu YH, Wang XL, Li X, Lu FY, Huang L, Long H, He L, Li X. Single-cell sequencing highlights heterogeneity and malignant progression in actinic keratosis and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. eLife 2023; 12:e85270. [PMID: 38099574 PMCID: PMC10783873 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most frequent of the keratinocyte-derived malignancies with actinic keratosis (AK) as a precancerous lesion. To comprehensively delineate the underlying mechanisms for the whole progression from normal skin to AK to invasive cSCC, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to acquire the transcriptomes of 138,982 cells from 13 samples of six patients including AK, squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCCIS), cSCC, and their matched normal tissues, covering comprehensive clinical courses of cSCC. We identified diverse cell types, including important subtypes with different gene expression profiles and functions in major keratinocytes. In SCCIS, we discovered the malignant subtypes of basal cells with differential proliferative and migration potential. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis screened out multiple key driver genes including transcription factors along AK to cSCC progression. Immunohistochemistry (IHC)/immunofluorescence (IF) experiments and single-cell ATAC sequencing (scATAC-seq) data verified the expression changes of these genes. The functional experiments confirmed the important roles of these genes in regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion in cSCC tumor. Furthermore, we comprehensively described the tumor microenvironment (TME) landscape and potential keratinocyte-TME crosstalk in cSCC providing theoretical basis for immunotherapy. Together, our findings provide a valuable resource for deciphering the progression from AK to cSCC and identifying potential targets for anticancer treatment of cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Zou
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityYunnanChina
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, KunmingYunnanChina
| | - Ya-Zhou Sun
- Clinical Big Data Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityShenzhen, GuangdongChina
- School of Medical, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen UniversityShenzhen, GuangdongChina
| | - Xin-Jie Li
- School of Medical, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen UniversityShenzhen, GuangdongChina
| | - Wen-Juan Wu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityYunnanChina
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityYunnanChina
| | - Yu-Tong He
- School of Medical, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen UniversityShenzhen, GuangdongChina
| | - Jue Qi
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityYunnanChina
| | - Ying Tu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityYunnanChina
| | - Yang Tang
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityYunnanChina
| | - Yun-Hua Tu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityYunnanChina
| | - Xiao-Li Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, ChuxiongYunnanChina
| | - Feng-Yan Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Qujing Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, The First People’s Hospital of QujingYunnanChina
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, DaliYunnanChina
| | - Heng Long
- Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Dermatology Clinic, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Specialist Hospital of Dermatology, WenshanYunnanChina
| | - Li He
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityYunnanChina
| | - Xin Li
- School of Medical, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen UniversityShenzhen, GuangdongChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangdongChina
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6
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Urzì O, Gasparro R, Costanzo E, De Luca A, Giavaresi G, Fontana S, Alessandro R. Three-Dimensional Cell Cultures: The Bridge between In Vitro and In Vivo Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12046. [PMID: 37569426 PMCID: PMC10419178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although historically, the traditional bidimensional in vitro cell system has been widely used in research, providing much fundamental information regarding cellular functions and signaling pathways as well as nuclear activities, the simplicity of this system does not fully reflect the heterogeneity and complexity of the in vivo systems. From this arises the need to use animals for experimental research and in vivo testing. Nevertheless, animal use in experimentation presents various aspects of complexity, such as ethical issues, which led Russell and Burch in 1959 to formulate the 3R (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) principle, underlying the urgent need to introduce non-animal-based methods in research. Considering this, three-dimensional (3D) models emerged in the scientific community as a bridge between in vitro and in vivo models, allowing for the achievement of cell differentiation and complexity while avoiding the use of animals in experimental research. The purpose of this review is to provide a general overview of the most common methods to establish 3D cell culture and to discuss their promising applications. Three-dimensional cell cultures have been employed as models to study both organ physiology and diseases; moreover, they represent a valuable tool for studying many aspects of cancer. Finally, the possibility of using 3D models for drug screening and regenerative medicine paves the way for the development of new therapeutic opportunities for many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Urzì
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (O.U.); (R.G.); (E.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Roberta Gasparro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (O.U.); (R.G.); (E.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Elisa Costanzo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (O.U.); (R.G.); (E.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Angela De Luca
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, SC Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.L.); (G.G.)
| | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, SC Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.L.); (G.G.)
| | - Simona Fontana
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (O.U.); (R.G.); (E.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Riccardo Alessandro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (O.U.); (R.G.); (E.C.); (R.A.)
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7
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Bromberger L, Heise B, Felbermayer K, Leiss-Holzinger E, Ilicic K, Schmid TE, Bergmayr A, Etzelstorfer T, Geinitz H. Radiation-induced alterations in multi-layered, in-vitro skin models detected by optical coherence tomography and histological methods. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281662. [PMID: 36862637 PMCID: PMC9980765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory skin reactions and skin alterations are still a potential side effect in radiation therapy (RT), which also need attention for patients' health care. METHOD In a pre-clinical study we consider alterations in irradiated in-vitro skin models of epidermal and dermal layers. Typical dose regimes in radiation therapy are applied for irradiation. For non-invasive imaging and characterization optical coherence tomography (OCT) is used. Histological staining method is additionally applied for comparison and discussion. RESULTS Structural features, such as keratinization, modifications in epidermal cell layer thickness and disorder in the layering-as indications for reactions to ionizing radiation and aging-could be observed by means of OCT and confirmed by histology. We were able to recognize known RT induced changes such as hyper-keratosis, acantholysis, and epidermal hyperplasia as well as disruption and/or demarcation of the dermo-epidermal junction. CONCLUSION The results may pave the way for OCT to be considered as a possible adjunctive tool to detect and monitor early skin inflammation and side effects of radiotherapy, thus supporting patient healthcare in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Bromberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ordensklinikum Linz Barmherzige Schwestern (BHS), Linz, Austria
| | - Bettina Heise
- Institute for Mathematical Methods in Medicine and Data Based Modelling, Johannes Kepler University (JKU), Linz, Austria
- Research Center for Non-Destructive Testing (RECENDT)-GmbH, Linz, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Katarina Ilicic
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar (MRI), TUM München, München, Germany
| | - Thomas Ernst Schmid
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar (MRI), TUM München, München, Germany
| | - Alexandra Bergmayr
- Department of Pathology, Ordensklinikum Linz Barmherzige Schwestern (BHS), Linz, Austria
| | - Tanja Etzelstorfer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ordensklinikum Linz Barmherzige Schwestern (BHS), Linz, Austria
| | - Hans Geinitz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ordensklinikum Linz Barmherzige Schwestern (BHS), Linz, Austria
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8
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Yang P, Zhang S, Yan T, Li F, Zhang S. The Therapeutic Application of Stem Cells and Their Derived Exosomes in the Treatment of Radiation-Induced Skin Injury. Radiat Res 2023; 199:182-201. [PMID: 36630584 DOI: 10.1667/rade-22-00023.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced skin injury (RISI) is a serious concern for nuclear accidents and cancer radiotherapy, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. This injury differs from traditional wounds due to impaired healing and the propensity to recurrence and is divided into acute and chronic phases on the basis of the injury time. Unfortunately, there are few effective therapies for preventing or mitigating this injury. Over the last few decades, various studies have focused on the effects of stem cell-based therapies to address the tissue repair and regeneration of irradiated skin. These stem cells modulate inflammation and instigate tissue repair by differentiating into specific kinds of cells or releasing paracrine factors. Stem cell-based therapies, including bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs), adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and stromal vascular fraction (SVF), have been reported to facilitate wound healing after radiation exposure. Moreover, stem cell-derived exosomes have recently been suggested as an effective and cell-free approach to support skin regeneration, circumventing the concerns respecting direct application of stem cells. Based on the literature on stem cell-based therapies for radiation-induced skin injury, we summarize the characteristics of different stem cells and describe their latest animal and clinical applications, as well as potential mechanisms. The promise of stem-cell based therapies against radiation-induced skin injury contribute to our response to nuclear events and smooth progress of cancer radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yang
- Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shuaijun Zhang
- Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Yan
- Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Fengsheng Li
- PLA Rocket Rorce Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu 610051, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang 621099, China
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9
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Nguyen CN, Urquieta E. Contemporary review of dermatologic conditions in space flight and future implications for long-duration exploration missions. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2023; 36:147-156. [PMID: 36682824 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Future planned exploration missions to outer space will almost surely require the longest periods of continuous space exposure by the human body yet. As the most external organ, the skin seems the most vulnerable to injury. Therefore, discussion of the dermatological implications of such extended-duration missions is critical. OBJECTIVES In order to help future missions understand the risks of spaceflight on the human skin, this review aims to consolidate data from the current literature pertaining to the space environment and its physiologic effects on skin, describe all reported dermatologic manifestations in spaceflight, and extrapolate this information to longer-duration mission. METHODS AND MATERIALS The authors searched PubMed and Google Scholar using keywords and Mesh terms. The publications that were found to be relevant to the objectives were included and described. RESULTS The space environment causes changes in the skin at the cellular level by thinning the epidermis, altering wound healing, and dysregulating the immune system. Clinically, dermatological conditions represented the most common medical issues occurring in spaceflight. We predict that as exploration missions increase in duration, astronauts will experience further physiological changes and an increased rate and severity of adverse events. CONCLUSION Maximizing astronaut safety requires a continued knowledge of the human body's response to space, as well as consideration and prediction of future events. Dermatologic effects of space missions comprise the majority of health-related issues arising on missions to outer space, and these issues are likely to become more prominent with increasing time spent in space. Improvements in hygiene may mitigate some of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Urquieta
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine. Houston TX, United States; Translational Research Institute for Space Health, Houston, TX, United States
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10
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Husk-like Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Apoptosis through ROS Generation in Epidermoid Carcinoma Cells: Effect of Incubation Period on Sol-Gel Synthesis and Anti-Cancerous Properties. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020320. [PMID: 36830857 PMCID: PMC9953567 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study effectively reports the influence of experimental incubation period on the sol-gel production of husk-like zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNPs) and their anti-cancerous abilities. The surface morphology of ZNPs was studied with the help of SEM. With the use of TEM, the diameter range of the ZNPs was estimated to be ~86 and ~231 nm for ZNPA and ZNPB, prepared by incubating zinc oxide for 2 and 10 weeks, respectively. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigation showed that ZNPs had a pure wurtzite crystal structure. On prolonging the experimental incubation, a relative drop in aspect ratio was observed, displaying a distinct blue-shift in the UV-visible spectrum. Furthermore, RBC lysis assay results concluded that ZNPA and ZNPB both demonstrated innoxious nature. As indicated by MTT assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) release, and chromatin condensation investigations against the human epidermoid carcinoma (HEC) A431 cells, ZNPB demonstrated viable relevance to chemotherapy. Compared to ZNPB, ZNPA had a slightly lower IC50 against A431 cells due to its small size. This study conclusively describes a simple, affordable method to produce ZNP nano-formulations that display significant cytotoxicity against the skin cancer cell line A431, suggesting that ZNPs may be useful in the treatment of cancer.
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11
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Extremely Rare Pulmonary Metastases of Skin Basal Cell Carcinoma: Report of Two Cases with Clinicopathological Features. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020283. [PMID: 36830820 PMCID: PMC9953697 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most frequent human skin cancer, but metastasizing BCC (MBCC) is extremely rare, developing in approximately 0.0028% to 0.55% of BCC patients. Herein, we report two cases of pulmonary MBCC. The first one developed in a 72-year-old male who underwent surgical resection due to multiple recurrences and adjuvant radiotherapy. Immunohistochemistry showed that neoplastic cells expressed Ber-EP4, CK5/6, p63, EMA (focally), BCL-2, and CD10, but were negative for CK7, CK20, S100, estrogen and progesterone receptors, and TTF-1. The second case is a 64-year-old female treated with vismodegib. Clinicopathological features and differential diagnoses are described.
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12
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Akh LA, Ishak MO, Harris JF, Glaros TG, Sasiene ZJ, Mach PM, Lilley LM, McBride EM. -Omics potential of in vitro skin models for radiation exposure. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:390. [PMID: 35776214 PMCID: PMC11073334 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04394-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing need to uncover biomarkers of ionizing radiation exposure that leads to a better understanding of how exposures take place, including dose type, rate, and time since exposure. As one of the first organs to be exposed to external sources of ionizing radiation, skin is uniquely positioned in terms of model systems for radiation exposure study. The simultaneous evolution of both MS-based -omics studies, as well as in vitro 3D skin models, has created the ability to develop a far more holistic understanding of how ionizing radiation affects the many interconnected biomolecular processes that occur in human skin. However, there are a limited number of studies describing the biomolecular consequences of low-dose ionizing radiation to the skin. This review will seek to explore the current state-of-the-art technology in terms of in vitro 3D skin models, as well as track the trajectory of MS-based -omics techniques and their application to ionizing radiation research, specifically, the search for biomarkers within the low-dose range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla A Akh
- Biosecurity and Public Health Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Mohammad O Ishak
- Biosecurity and Public Health Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Jennifer F Harris
- Biosecurity and Public Health Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Trevor G Glaros
- Bioenergy and Biome Sciences Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Zachary J Sasiene
- Bioenergy and Biome Sciences Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Phillip M Mach
- Bioenergy and Biome Sciences Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Laura M Lilley
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy Group, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
| | - Ethan M McBride
- Bioenergy and Biome Sciences Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
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13
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14
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Dai S, Wen Y, Luo P, Ma L, Liu Y, Ai J, Shi C. Therapeutic implications of exosomes in the treatment of radiation injury. BURNS & TRAUMA 2022; 10:tkab043. [PMID: 35071650 PMCID: PMC8778593 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the main cancer treatments, but it may damage normal tissue and cause various side effects. At present, radioprotective agents used in clinics have side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and hypotension, which limit their clinical application. It has been found that exosomes play an indispensable role in radiation injury. Exosomes are lipid bilayer vesicles that carry various bioactive substances, such as proteins, lipids and microRNA (miRNA), that play a key role in cell-to-cell communication and affect tissue injury and repair. In addition, studies have shown that radiation can increase the uptake of exosomes in cells and affect the composition and secretion of exosomes. Here, we review the existing studies and discuss the effects of radiation on exosomes and the role of exosomes in radiation injury, aiming to provide new insights for the treatment of radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Junhua Ai
- Correspondence. Junhua Ai, ; Chunmeng Shi,
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15
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Mestrallet G, Rouas-Freiss N, LeMaoult J, Fortunel NO, Martin MT. Skin Immunity and Tolerance: Focus on Epidermal Keratinocytes Expressing HLA-G. Front Immunol 2021; 12:772516. [PMID: 34938293 PMCID: PMC8685247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.772516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the role of epidermal cells in skin regeneration has been extensively documented, their functions in immunity and tolerance mechanisms are largely underestimated. The aim of the present review was to outline the state of knowledge on resident immune cells of hematopoietic origin hosted in the epidermis, and then to focus on the involvement of keratinocytes in the complex skin immune networks acting in homeostasis and regeneration conditions. Based on this knowledge, the mechanisms of immune tolerance are reviewed. In particular, strategies based on immunosuppression mediated by HLA-G are highlighted, as recent advances in this field open up perspectives in epidermis-substitute bioengineering for temporary and permanent skin replacement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Mestrallet
- Commissariat ã l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DRF, Francois Jacob Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Genomics and Radiobiology of Keratinopoiesis, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Nathalie Rouas-Freiss
- Commissariat ã l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DRF, Francois Jacob Institute of Biology, Hemato-Immunology Research Department, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, UMR-S 976 HIPI Unit, Paris, France
| | - Joel LeMaoult
- Commissariat ã l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DRF, Francois Jacob Institute of Biology, Hemato-Immunology Research Department, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, UMR-S 976 HIPI Unit, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas O Fortunel
- Commissariat ã l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DRF, Francois Jacob Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Genomics and Radiobiology of Keratinopoiesis, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Michele T Martin
- Commissariat ã l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DRF, Francois Jacob Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Genomics and Radiobiology of Keratinopoiesis, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Aubin, France
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16
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Zhao M, Wang C, Xie J, Ji C, Gu Z. Eco-Friendly and Scalable Synthesis of Fullerenols with High Free Radical Scavenging Ability for Skin Radioprotection. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2102035. [PMID: 34337863 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Radiation dermatitis is a common but torturous side effect during radiotherapy, which greatly decreases the life quality of patients and potentially results in detrimental cessation of tumor treatment. Fullerenol, known as "free radical sponge," is a great choice for skin radioprotection because of its broad-spectrum free radical scavenging performance, good chemical stability, and biosafety. In this work, a facile scalable and eco-friendly synthetic method of fullerenols by catalyst assistant mechanical chemistry strategy is provided. As no organic solvent or high concentration of acid and alkali is introduced to this synthetic system, large-scale (>20 g) production of fullerenols with high yield (>95%) is obtained and no complicated purification is required. Then, the skin radioprotective performance of fullerenols is systematically explored for the first time. In vitro results indicate that fullerenols significantly block the reactive oxygen species-induced damage and enhance the viability of irradiated human keratinocyte cells. In vivo experiments suggest that medical sodium hyaluronate hydrogels loaded with fullerenols are suitable for skin administration and powerfully mitigate radiodermatitis via effectively protecting epidermal stem cells. The work not only provides an efficient gram-scale and eco-friendly synthetic method of fullerenols, but also promotes the development of fullerenols as potential skin radioprotectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoru Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chengyan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiani Xie
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Chao Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhanjun Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- GBA Research Innovation Institute for Nanotechnology, Guangdong, 510700, China
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17
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Sierra-Sánchez Á, Kim KH, Blasco-Morente G, Arias-Santiago S. Cellular human tissue-engineered skin substitutes investigated for deep and difficult to heal injuries. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:35. [PMID: 34140525 PMCID: PMC8211795 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00144-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is an important function of skin; however, after significant skin injury (burns) or in certain dermatological pathologies (chronic wounds), this important process can be deregulated or lost, resulting in severe complications. To avoid these, studies have focused on developing tissue-engineered skin substitutes (TESSs), which attempt to replace and regenerate the damaged skin. Autologous cultured epithelial substitutes (CESs) constituted of keratinocytes, allogeneic cultured dermal substitutes (CDSs) composed of biomaterials and fibroblasts and autologous composite skin substitutes (CSSs) comprised of biomaterials, keratinocytes and fibroblasts, have been the most studied clinical TESSs, reporting positive results for different pathological conditions. However, researchers' purpose is to develop TESSs that resemble in a better way the human skin and its wound healing process. For this reason, they have also evaluated at preclinical level the incorporation of other human cell types such as melanocytes, Merkel and Langerhans cells, skin stem cells (SSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Among these, MSCs have been also reported in clinical studies with hopeful results. Future perspectives in the field of human-TESSs are focused on improving in vivo animal models, incorporating immune cells, designing specific niches inside the biomaterials to increase stem cell potential and developing three-dimensional bioprinting strategies, with the final purpose of increasing patient's health care. In this review we summarize the use of different human cell populations for preclinical and clinical TESSs under research, remarking their strengths and limitations and discuss the future perspectives, which could be useful for wound healing purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Sierra-Sánchez
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, Granada, Spain.
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.
| | - Kevin H Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada University, Granada, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Blasco-Morente
- Department of Dermatology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada University, Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador Arias-Santiago
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada University, Granada, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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18
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Fajuyigbe D, Douki T, Dijk A, Sarkany RPE, Young AR. Dark cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers are formed in the epidermis of Fitzpatrick skin types I/II and VI in vivo after exposure to solar‐simulated radiation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:575-584. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Antony R. Young
- St John’s Institute of Dermatology King’s College London London UK
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19
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Verigos KE, Sagredou S, Orfanakos K, Dalezis P, Trafalis DT. 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine and 8-Nitroguanine Production and Detection in Blood Serum of Breast Cancer Patients in Response to Postoperative Complementary External Ionizing Irradiation of Normal Tissues. Dose Response 2021; 18:1559325820982172. [PMID: 33424517 PMCID: PMC7758665 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820982172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely known that ionizing irradiation is strongly linked to the production of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrative species (RNS) through which DNA damage products like 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and 8-nitroguanine (8-NG) are generated, respectively. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the formation of 8-OHdG and 8-NG upon irradiation and to further explore whether alterations in their concentration levels are related to the administered radiation doses and exposure time. Our research work was conducted in blood serum samples collected from 33 breast cancer patients who received adjuvant radiotherapy. The detection of 8-OHdG and 8-NG was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our results suggest that both, 8-OHdG and 8-NG, were formed during the radiation regimen. Significant correlations with radiation dose were also demonstrated by the dose-response curves of 8-OHdG and 8-NG, fitted by logarithmic distribution and polynomial regression, respectively. More precisely, 8-OHdG and 8-NG concentrations (ng/mL) were considerably increased when patients received ionizing radiation up to 30 Gy whereas irradiation over 30 Gy did not induce any further increases. The current study supports a) the production of 8-OHdG and 8-NG during radiotherapy and b) significant correlations between either 8-OHdG or 8-NG levels and radiation doses, indicating a radiation-dose-dependent relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosmas E Verigos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Radiation Therapy, 401 General Military Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Sagredou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Orfanakos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Radiation Therapy Clinic-A, "Metaxa" Cancer Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Panayiotis Dalezis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios T Trafalis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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20
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3D Organoid Culture Using Skin Keratinocytes Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2454:285-295. [PMID: 33689165 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2021_357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The keratinocytes are predominant cells in the epidermis of the human skin. To assess the cellular response of the keratinocytes to the genotoxic stress, we derived the skin keratinocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Furthermore, three-dimensional (3D) organoid culture method is powerful tool to analyze the organ and tissue response against the genotoxic stress. Here we describe the method of 3D organoid culture using skin keratinocytes derived from human iPSCs.
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21
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Yang X, Ren H, Guo X, Hu C, Fu J. Radiation-induced skin injury: pathogenesis, treatment, and management. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:23379-23393. [PMID: 33202382 PMCID: PMC7746368 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced skin injury (RSI) refers to a frequently occurring complication of radiation therapy. Nearly 90% of patients having received radiation therapy underwent moderate-to-severe skin reactions, severely reducing patients' quality of life and adversely affecting their disease treatment. No gold standard has been formulated for RSIs. In the present study, the mechanism of RSI and topical medications was discussed. Besides, this study can be referenced for clinicians to treat RSIs to guide subsequent clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanru Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomao Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaosu Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
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22
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Keratinocytes from Gorlin Syndrome-induced pluripotent stem cells are resistant against UV radiation. Med Mol Morphol 2020; 54:69-78. [PMID: 32816116 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-020-00264-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Gorlin syndrome (GS) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder involving Patched 1 (PTCH1) mutations. The PTCH1 is a receptor as well as an inhibitor of hedgehog (Hh) to sequester downstream Hh pathway molecules called Smoothened (SMO). PTCH1 mutations causes a variety of GS conditions including falx calcification, odontogenic keratocytes and basal cell carcinomas (BCC). Because PTCH1 is a major driver gene of sporadic BCC, GS patients are characteristically prone to BCC. In order to elucidate the pathological mechanism of BCC-prone GS patients, we investigated keratinocytes derived from GS patient specific iPS cells (G-OFiPSCs) which were generated and reported previously. We found that keratinocytes derived from G-OFiPSCs (GKCs) have increased expression of Hh target molecules. GKCs were irradiated and those cells showed high resistance to UV induced apoptosis. BCL2, known as anti-apoptotic molecule as well as Hh target, significantly increased in GKCs. Several molecules involved in DNA repair, cell cycle control, senescence, and genotoxic stress such as TP53, BRCA1 and GADD45A increased only in GKCs. GKCs are indicated to be resistant to UV irradiation by upregulating molecules which control DNA repair and genotoxic even under DNA damage caused by UV. The anti-apoptotic properties of GKCs may contribute BCC.
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23
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Cavallero S, Neves Granito R, Stockholm D, Azzolin P, Martin MT, Fortunel NO. Exposure of Human Skin Organoids to Low Genotoxic Stress Can Promote Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Regenerating Keratinocyte Precursor Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081912. [PMID: 32824646 PMCID: PMC7466070 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
For the general population, medical diagnosis is a major cause of exposure to low genotoxic stress, as various imaging techniques deliver low doses of ionizing radiation. Our study investigated the consequences of low genotoxic stress on a keratinocyte precursor fraction that includes stem and progenitor cells, which are at risk for carcinoma development. Human skin organoids were bioengineered according to a clinically-relevant model, exposed to a single 50 mGy dose of γ rays, and then xeno-transplanted in nude mice to follow full epidermis generation in an in vivo context. Twenty days post-xenografting, mature skin grafts were sampled and analyzed by semi-quantitative immuno-histochemical methods. Pre-transplantation exposure to 50 mGy of immature human skin organoids did not compromise engraftment, but half of xenografts generated from irradiated precursors exhibited areas displaying focal dysplasia, originating from the basal layer of the epidermis. Characteristics of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were documented in these dysplastic areas, including loss of basal cell polarity and cohesiveness, epithelial marker decreases, ectopic expression of the mesenchymal marker α-SMA and expression of the EMT promoter ZEB1. Taken together, these data show that a very low level of radiative stress in regenerating keratinocyte stem and precursor cells can induce a micro-environment that may constitute a favorable context for long-term carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Cavallero
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Radiobiologie de la Kératinopoïèse, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA/DRF/IRCM, 91000 Evry, France; (S.C.); (R.N.G.); (P.A.)
- INSERM U967, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, 75013 Paris 11, France
- Université Paris-Diderot, 78140 Paris 7, France
| | - Renata Neves Granito
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Radiobiologie de la Kératinopoïèse, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA/DRF/IRCM, 91000 Evry, France; (S.C.); (R.N.G.); (P.A.)
- INSERM U967, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, 75013 Paris 11, France
- Université Paris-Diderot, 78140 Paris 7, France
| | - Daniel Stockholm
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, UMRS 951, Genethon, 91002 Evry, France;
| | - Peggy Azzolin
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Radiobiologie de la Kératinopoïèse, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA/DRF/IRCM, 91000 Evry, France; (S.C.); (R.N.G.); (P.A.)
- INSERM U967, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, 75013 Paris 11, France
- Université Paris-Diderot, 78140 Paris 7, France
| | - Michèle T. Martin
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Radiobiologie de la Kératinopoïèse, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA/DRF/IRCM, 91000 Evry, France; (S.C.); (R.N.G.); (P.A.)
- INSERM U967, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, 75013 Paris 11, France
- Université Paris-Diderot, 78140 Paris 7, France
- Correspondence: (M.T.M.); (N.O.F.); Tel.: +33-1-60-87-34-91 (M.T.M.); +33-1-60-87-34-92 (N.O.F.); Fax: +33-1-60-87-34-98 (M.T.M. & N.O.F.)
| | - Nicolas O. Fortunel
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Radiobiologie de la Kératinopoïèse, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA/DRF/IRCM, 91000 Evry, France; (S.C.); (R.N.G.); (P.A.)
- INSERM U967, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, 75013 Paris 11, France
- Université Paris-Diderot, 78140 Paris 7, France
- Correspondence: (M.T.M.); (N.O.F.); Tel.: +33-1-60-87-34-91 (M.T.M.); +33-1-60-87-34-92 (N.O.F.); Fax: +33-1-60-87-34-98 (M.T.M. & N.O.F.)
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24
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Turesson I, Simonsson M, Hermansson I, Book M, Sigurdadottir S, Thunberg U, Qvarnström F, Johansson KA, Fessé P, Nyman J. Epidermal Keratinocyte Depletion during Five Weeks of Radiotherapy is Associated with DNA Double-Strand Break Foci, Cell Growth Arrest and Apoptosis: Evidence of Increasing Radioresponsiveness and Lack of Repopulation; the Number of Melanocytes Remains Unchanged. Radiat Res 2020; 193:481-496. [PMID: 32196412 DOI: 10.1667/rr15417.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
During fractionated radiotherapy, epithelial cell populations are thought to decrease initially, followed by accelerated repopulation to compensate cell loss. However, previous findings in skin with daily 1.1 Gy dose fractions indicate continued and increasing cell depletion. Here we investigated epidermal keratinocyte response with daily 2 Gy fractions as well as accelerated and hypofractionation. Epidermal interfollicular melanocytes were also assessed. Skin-punch biopsies were collected from breast cancer patients before, during and after mastectomy radiotherapy to the thoracic wall with daily 2 Gy fractions for 5 weeks. In addition, 2.4 Gy radiotherapy four times per week and 4 Gy fractions twice per week for 5 weeks, and two times 2 Gy daily for 2.5 weeks, were used. Basal keratinocyte density of the interfollicular epidermis was determined and immunostainings of keratinocytes for DNA double-strand break (DSB) foci, growth arrest, apoptosis and mitosis were quantified. In addition, interfollicular melanocytes were counted. Initially minimal keratinocyte loss was observed followed by pronounced depletion during the second half of treatment and full recovery at 2 weeks post treatment. DSB foci per cell peaked towards the end of treatment. p21-stained cell counts increased during radiotherapy, especially the second half. Apoptotic frequency was low throughout radiotherapy but increased at treatment end. Mitotic cell count was significantly suppressed throughout radiotherapy and did not recover during weekend treatment gaps, but increased more than threefold compared to unexposed skin 2 weeks post-radiotherapy. The number of melanocytes remained constant over the study period. Germinal keratinocyte loss rate increased gradually during daily 2 Gy fractions for 5 weeks, and similarly for hypofractionation. DSB foci number after 2 Gy irradiation revealed an initial radioresistance followed by increasing radiosensitivity. Growth arrest mediated by p21 strongly suggests that cells within or recruited into the cell cycle during treatment are at high risk of loss and do not contribute significantly to repopulation. It is possible that quiescent (G0) cells at treatment completion accounted for the accelerated post-treatment repopulation. Recent knowledge of epidermal tissue regeneration and cell cycle progression during genotoxic and mitogen stress allows for a credible explanation of the current finding. Melanocytes were radioresistant regarding cell depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingela Turesson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Simonsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Majlis Book
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sunna Sigurdadottir
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Thunberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Qvarnström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl-Axel Johansson
- Department of Radiophysics, University of Göteborg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Fessé
- Department of Centre for Research and Development, Uppsala University/Region Gävleborg, Gävle, Sweden
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Deniz AAH, Abdik EA, Abdik H, Aydın S, Şahin F, Taşlı PN. Zooming in across the Skin: A Macro-to-Molecular Panorama. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1247:157-200. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Averbeck D, Candéias S, Chandna S, Foray N, Friedl AA, Haghdoost S, Jeggo PA, Lumniczky K, Paris F, Quintens R, Sabatier L. Establishing mechanisms affecting the individual response to ionizing radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:297-323. [PMID: 31852363 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1704908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Humans are increasingly exposed to ionizing radiation (IR). Both low (<100 mGy) and high doses can cause stochastic effects, including cancer; whereas doses above 100 mGy are needed to promote tissue or cell damage. 10-15% of radiotherapy (RT) patients suffer adverse reactions, described as displaying radiosensitivity (RS). Sensitivity to IR's stochastic effects is termed radiosusceptibility (RSu). To optimize radiation protection we need to understand the range of individual variability and underlying mechanisms. We review the potential mechanisms contributing to RS/RSu focusing on RS following RT, the most tractable RS group.Conclusions: The IR-induced DNA damage response (DDR) has been well characterized. Patients with mutations in the DDR have been identified and display marked RS but they represent only a small percentage of the RT patients with adverse reactions. We review the impacting mechanisms and additional factors influencing RS/RSu. We discuss whether RS/RSu might be genetically determined. As a recommendation, we propose that a prospective study be established to assess RS following RT. The study should detail tumor site and encompass a well-defined grading system. Predictive assays should be independently validated. Detailed analysis of the inflammatory, stress and immune responses, mitochondrial function and life style factors should be included. Existing cohorts should also be optimally exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serge Candéias
- CEA, CNRS, LCMB, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Sudhir Chandna
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Nicolas Foray
- Inserm UA8 Unit Radiations: Defense, Health and Environment, Lyon, France
| | - Anna A Friedl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Siamak Haghdoost
- Cimap-Laria, Advanced Resource Center for HADrontherapy in Europe (ARCHADE,), University of Caen Normandy, France.,Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Bioscience, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Penelope A Jeggo
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Katalin Lumniczky
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Division of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
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Truong JL, Liu M, Tolg C, Barr M, Dai C, Raissi TC, Wong E, DeLyzer T, Yazdani A, Turley EA. Creating a Favorable Microenvironment for Fat Grafting in a Novel Model of Radiation-Induced Mammary Fat Pad Fibrosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019; 145:116-126. [PMID: 31881612 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000006344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiofibrosis of breast tissue compromises breast reconstruction by interfering with tissue viability and healing. Autologous fat transfer may reduce radiotherapy-related tissue injury, but graft survival is compromised by the fibrotic microenvironment. Elevated expression of receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility (RHAMM; also known as hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor, or HMMR) in wounds decreases adipogenesis and increases fibrosis. The authors therefore developed RHAMM peptide mimetics to block RHAMM profibrotic signaling following radiation. They propose that this blocking peptide will decrease radiofibrosis and establish a microenvironment favoring adipose-derived stem cell survival using a rat mammary fat pad model. METHODS Rat mammary fat pads underwent a one-time radiation dose of 26 Gy. Irradiated (n = 10) and nonirradiated (n = 10) fat pads received a single intramammary injection of a sham injection or peptide NPI-110. Skin changes were examined clinically. Mammary fat pad tissue was processed for fibrotic and adipogenic markers using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS Clinical assessments and molecular analysis confirmed radiation-induced acute skin changes and radiation-induced fibrosis in rat mammary fat pads. Peptide treatment reduced fibrosis, as detected by polarized microscopy of picrosirius red staining, increased collagen ratio of 3:1, reduced expression of collagen-1 crosslinking enzymes lysyl-oxidase, transglutaminase 2, and transforming growth factor β1 protein, and increased adiponectin, an antifibrotic adipokine. RHAMM was expressed in stromal cell subsets and was downregulated by the RHAMM peptide mimetic. CONCLUSION Results from this study predict that blocking RHAMM function in stromal cell subsets can provide a postradiotherapy microenvironment more suitable for fat grafting and breast reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Truong
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, and the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western University; and the London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Victoria Hospital
| | - Muhan Liu
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, and the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western University; and the London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Victoria Hospital
| | - Cornelia Tolg
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, and the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western University; and the London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Victoria Hospital
| | - Meredith Barr
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, and the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western University; and the London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Victoria Hospital
| | - Cecilia Dai
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, and the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western University; and the London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Victoria Hospital
| | - Thomas C Raissi
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, and the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western University; and the London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Victoria Hospital
| | - Eugene Wong
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, and the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western University; and the London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Victoria Hospital
| | - Tanya DeLyzer
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, and the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western University; and the London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Victoria Hospital
| | - Arjang Yazdani
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, and the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western University; and the London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Victoria Hospital
| | - Eva A Turley
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, and the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western University; and the London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Victoria Hospital
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The role of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in radiation damage. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Iterative Three-Dimensional Epidermis Bioengineering and Xenografting to Assess Long-Term Regenerative Potential in Human Keratinocyte Precursor Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31309517 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2019_250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The functional definition of somatic adult stem cells is based on their regenerative capacity, which allows tissue regeneration throughout life. Thus, refining methodologies to characterize this capacity is of great importance for progress in the fundamental knowledge of specific keratinocyte subpopulations but also for preclinical and clinical research, considering the high potential of keratinocytes in cell therapy. We present here a methodology which we define as iterative xenografting, which originates in the classical model of human skin substitute xenografts onto immunodeficient recipient mice. The principle of this functional assay is first to perform primary xenografts to assess graft take and the quality of epidermal differentiation. Then, human keratinocytes are extracted from primary graft samples to perform secondary xenografts, to assess the presence and preservation of functional keratinocyte stem cells with long-term regenerative potential. In the example of experiments shown, iterative skin xenografting was used to document the high regenerative potential of epidermal holoclone keratinocytes.
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Acute Skin Damage and Late Radiation-Induced Fibrosis and Inflammation in Murine Ears after High-Dose Irradiation. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050727. [PMID: 31130616 PMCID: PMC6562452 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of different scoring systems for radiation-induced toxicity limits comparability between studies. We examined dose-dependent tissue alterations following hypofractionated X-ray irradiation and evaluated their use as scoring criteria. Four dose fractions (0, 5, 10, 20, 30 Gy/fraction) were applied daily to ear pinnae. Acute effects (ear thickness, erythema, desquamation) were monitored for 92 days after fraction 1. Late effects (chronic inflammation, fibrosis) and the presence of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1)-expressing cells were quantified on day 92. The maximum ear thickness displayed a significant positive correlation with fractional dose. Increased ear thickness and erythema occurred simultaneously, followed by desquamation from day 10 onwards. A significant dose-dependency was observed for the severity of erythema, but not for desquamation. After 4 × 20 and 4 × 30 Gy, inflammation was significantly increased on day 92, whereas fibrosis and the abundance of TGFβ1-expressing cells were only marginally increased after 4 × 30 Gy. Ear thickness significantly correlated with the severity of inflammation and fibrosis on day 92, but not with the number of TGFβ1-expressing cells. Fibrosis correlated significantly with inflammation and fractional dose. In conclusion, the parameter of ear thickness can be used as an objective, numerical and dose-dependent quantification criterion to characterize the severity of acute toxicity and allow for the prediction of late effects.
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DNA Damage Response After Ionizing Radiation Exposure in Skin Keratinocytes Derived from Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019; 105:193-205. [PMID: 31085283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epidermal cells are positioned on the body surface and thus risk being exposed to genotoxic stress, including ionizing radiation (IR), ultraviolet rays, and chemical compounds. The biological effect of IR on the skin tissue is a significant problem for medical applications such as radiation therapy. Keratinocyte stem cells and progenitors are at risk for IR-dependent tumorigenesis during radiation therapy for cancer treatment. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of genome stability in epidermal cells, we derived skin keratinocytes from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and analyzed their DNA damage response (DDR). METHODS AND MATERIALS Skin keratinocytes were derived from iPSCs and designated as first- (P1), second- (P2), and third- (P3) passage cells to compare the differentiation states of DDR. After 2 Gy gamma-ray exposure, cells were immunostained with DNA double-strand break markers γ-H2AX/53BP1 and cell senescence markers p16/p21 for DDR analysis. DDR protein expression level, cell survival, and apoptosis were analyzed by western blotting, WST-8 assay and TUNEL assay, respectively. DDR of constructed 3D organoid modeling was also analyzed. RESULTS P1, P2, and P3 keratinocytes were characterized with keratinocyte markers keratin 14 and p63 using immunofluorescence, and all cells were positive to both markers. Derived keratinocytes showed high expression of integrin α6 and CD71 (real-time (qRT)-PCR ratio: iPSCs: integrin α6: 1.12, CD71: 1.25, P1: integrin α6: 7.80, CD71: 0.43, P2: integrin α6: 5.53, CD71: 0.48), suggesting that P1 and P2 keratinocytes have potential as keratinocyte progenitors. Meanwhile, P3 keratinocytes showed low expression of integrin α6 and CD71 (qRT-PCR ratio: P3: integrin α6: 0.55, CD71: 0.10), suggesting differentiated keratinocytes. After IR exposure, the P1 and P2 keratinocytes showed an increase in DNA repair activity by a γ-H2AX/53BP1 focus assay (P1: γ-H2AX: 28.0%, 53BP1: 17.0%, P2: γ-H2AX: 37.7%, 53BP1: 28.3%) but not in P3 keratinocytes (P3: γ-H2AX: 74.7%, 53BP1: 63.7%) compared with iPSCs (γ-H2AX: 57.0%, 53BP1: 55.0%). Furthermore, in derived keratinocytes, expression of the cellular senescence markers p16 and p21 were increased compared with iPSCs (P16: non irradiated, iPSCs: 0%, P1: 12.5%, P2: 14.5%, P3: 29.7%, IR, iPSCs: 0%, P1: 19.5%, P2: 34.8%, P3: 64.5%). DDR protein expression, cellular sensitivity, and apoptosis activity decreased in derived keratinocytes compared with iPSCs. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated the derivation of keratinocytes from iPSCs and their characterization of differentiated states and DDR. Derived keratinocytes showed progenitors like character as a result of DDR. These results suggest that derived keratinocytes are useful tools for analyzing the effects of IR, such as DDR on the skin tissue from radiation therapy for cancer.
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Fernandez E, Marull‐Tufeu S. 3D imaging of human epidermis micromorphology by combining fluorescent dye, optical clearing and confocal microscopy. Skin Res Technol 2019; 25:735-742. [DOI: 10.1111/srt.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fernandez
- Yves Rocher – Direction Innovation & Développement – Laboratoire Application Cutanée Issy les Moulineaux France
| | - Sylvie Marull‐Tufeu
- Yves Rocher – Direction Innovation & Développement – Laboratoire Application Cutanée Issy les Moulineaux France
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Strnadova K, Sandera V, Dvorankova B, Kodet O, Duskova M, Smetana K, Lacina L. Skin aging: the dermal perspective. Clin Dermatol 2019; 37:326-335. [PMID: 31345320 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The world population of adults aged 60 years or more is increasing globally, and this development can impact skin disease morbidity and mortality, as well as being reflected in the health care system organization. There is substantial evidence that the burden from a remarkable number of skin nonmalignant and malignant conditions is greater in the elderly. Dermatologic research and clinical education in dermatology should focus on both challenges and opportunities created by aging. Skin aging due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors can alter significantly epidermal and dermal structure and functions. Dermal aging can be linked to a great number of complications in routine dermatologic conditions, with slow healing as an example of a severe complication in the elderly. This may be attributed to aged dermal fibroblasts modifying the tissue microenvironment via a shift in their soluble factors and extracellular matrix repertoire. This senescence-associated secretory phenotype can explain the particular proclivity of aged skin to develop malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Strnadova
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Sandera
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Dvorankova
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Kodet
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Dermatovenereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Duskova
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Smetana
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Lacina
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Dermatovenereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Soriano JL, Calpena AC, Souto EB, Clares B. Therapy for prevention and treatment of skin ionizing radiation damage: a review. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:537-553. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1562254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José L. Soriano
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana C. Calpena
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Clares
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), SAS-University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Shabeeb D, Najafi M, Musa AE, Keshavarz M, Shirazi A, Hassanzadeh G, Hadian MR, Samandari H. Biochemical and Histopathological Evaluation of the Radioprotective Effects of Melatonin Against Gamma Ray-Induced Skin Damage. Curr Radiopharm 2019; 12:72-81. [PMID: 30465519 DOI: 10.2174/1874471012666181120163250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy is one of the treatment methods for cancers using ionizing radiations. About 70% of cancer patients undergo radiotherapy. Radiation effect on the skin is one of the main complications of radiotherapy and dose limiting factor. To ameliorate this complication, we used melatonin as a radioprotective agent due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, free radical scavenging, improving overall survival after irradiation as well as minimizing the degree of DNA damage and frequency of chromosomal abrasions. METHODS Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups: control (C), melatonin (M), radiation (R) and melatonin + radiation (MR). A single dose of 30 Gy gamma radiation was exposed to the right hind legs of the rats while 40 mg/ml of melatonin was administered 30 minutes before irradiation and 2 mg/ml once daily in the afternoon for one month till the date of rat's sacrifice. Five rats from each group were sacrificed 4, 12 and 20 weeks after irradiation. Afterwards, their exposed skin tissues were examined histologically and biochemically. RESULTS In biochemical analysis, we found that malondialdehyde (MDA) levels significantly increased in R group and decreased significantly in M and MR groups after 4, 12, and 20 weeks, whereas catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities decreased in the R group and increased in M and MR groups during the same time periods compared with the C group (p<0.05). Histopathological examination found there were statistically significant differences between R group compared with the C and M groups for the three different time periods (p<0.005, p<0.004 and p<0.004) respectively, while R group differed significantly with MR group (p<0.013). No significant differences were observed between C and M compared with MR group (p>0.05) at 4 and 20 weeks except for inflammation and hair follicle atrophy, while there were significant effects at 12 weeks (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Melatonin can be successfully used for the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced skin injury. We recommend the use of melatonin in optimal and safe doses. These doses should be administered over a long period of time for effective radioprotection and amelioration of skin damages as well as improving the therapeutic ratio of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheyauldeen Shabeeb
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Misan, Iraq
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ahmed Eleojo Musa
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansoor Keshavarz
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shirazi
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammed Reza Hadian
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury, Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hedayat Samandari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Wei J, Meng L, Hou X, Qu C, Wang B, Xin Y, Jiang X. Radiation-induced skin reactions: mechanism and treatment. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 11:167-177. [PMID: 30613164 PMCID: PMC6306060 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s188655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is a major treatment for malignant tumors. The latest data show that >70% of patients with malignant tumors need RT at different periods. Skin changes can be experienced by up to 95% of patients who underwent RT. Inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) have been shown to be generally associated with radiation-induced skin reactions (RISRs). Inflammatory response and OS interact and promote each other during RISRs. Severe skin reactions often have a great impact on the progress of RT. The treatment of RISRs is particularly critical because advanced RT technology can also lead to skin reactions. RISRs are classified into acute and chronic reactions. The treatment methods for acute RISRs include steroid treatment, creams, ointments, and hydrocolloid dressings, depending on the reaction grading. Chronic RISRs includes chronic ulcerations, telangiectasias, and fibrosis of the skin, and advanced treatments such as mesenchymal stem cells, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, superoxide dismutase, and low-intensity laser therapy can be considered. Here, we review and summarize the important mechanisms that cause RISRs as well as the standard and advanced treatments for RISRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China,
| | - Lingbin Meng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL 32803, USA
| | - Xue Hou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China,
| | - Chao Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China,
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China,
| | - Ying Xin
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China,
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China,
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Meunier M, Scandolera A, Chapuis E, Lambert C, Jarrin C, Robe P, Chajra H, Auriol D, Reynaud R. From stem cells protection to skin microbiota balance: Orobanche rapum extract, a new natural strategy. J Cosmet Dermatol 2018; 18:1140-1154. [PMID: 30485658 PMCID: PMC7379634 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Healthy skin is a delicate balance between skin renewal and microbiota homeostasis, and its imbalance promotes premature aging and dermatological disorders. Skin stem cells are key actors in this process but their sensitivity to aging and external stressors such as UV reduces the skin renewal power. The skin microbiota has been recently described as active in the healthy skin, and its imbalance could trigger some disorders. Aims We hypothesized that reactivation of stem cells and maintenance of microbiota could be a disruptive strategy for younger and healthier skin. We thus developed a new plant extract that restores the entire skin renewal process by sequential activation from stem cells stimulation to microbiota protection. Methods We studied stem cells comportment in the presence of Orobanche rapum extract by survivin immunocytochemistry and caspases 3 and 9 dosages. We also analyzed epidermal differentiation markers by immunohistochemistry and lipids organization by GC/MS At the clinical level, we investigated the impact of O. rapum extract on microbiota and on skin aspect. Results We demonstrated an active protection of skin stem cells through the maintenance of their clone‐forming capacity and resistance to UV through the overexpression of survivin coupled to caspases inhibition. Furthermore, we showed the restoration of epidermal differentiation markers and ceramide biosynthesis favorable to orthorhombic organization. Clinical studies, including microbiota analysis, showed an active skin surface renewal coupled with microbiota protection. Conclusion We evidenced that our active ingredient is able to stimulate skin rejuvenation while protecting the cutaneous microbiota, creating healthier skin and thereby beauty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Meunier
- Research and Development, Givaudan France SAS, Pomacle, France
| | | | - Emilie Chapuis
- Research and Development, Givaudan France SAS, Pomacle, France
| | - Carole Lambert
- Research and Development, Givaudan France SAS, Toulouse, France
| | - Cyrille Jarrin
- Research and Development, Givaudan France SAS, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick Robe
- Research and Development, Givaudan France SAS, Toulouse, France
| | - Hanane Chajra
- Research and Development, Givaudan France SAS, Toulouse, France
| | - Daniel Auriol
- Research and Development, Givaudan France SAS, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Reynaud
- Research and Development, Givaudan France SAS, Pomacle, France
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Fajuyigbe D, Lwin SM, Diffey BL, Baker R, Tobin DJ, Sarkany RPE, Young AR. Melanin distribution in human epidermis affords localized protection against DNA photodamage and concurs with skin cancer incidence difference in extreme phototypes. FASEB J 2018; 32:3700-3706. [PMID: 29394104 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701472r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal DNA damage, especially to the basal layer, is an established cause of keratinocyte cancers (KCs). Large differences in KC incidence (20- to 60-fold) between white and black populations are largely attributable to epidermal melanin photoprotection in the latter. The cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) is the most mutagenic DNA photolesion; however, most studies suggest that melanin photoprotection against CPD is modest and cannot explain the considerable skin color-based differences in KC incidence. Along with melanin quantity, solar-simulated radiation-induced CPD assessed immediately postexposure in the overall epidermis and within 3 epidermal zones was compared in black West Africans and fair Europeans. Melanin in black skin protected against CPD by 8.0-fold in the overall epidermis and by 59.0-, 16.5-, and 5.0-fold in the basal, middle, and upper epidermis, respectively. Protection was related to the distribution of melanin, which was most concentrated in the basal layer of black skin. These results may explain, at least in part, the considerable skin color differences in KC incidence. These data suggest that a DNA protection factor of at least 60 is necessary in sunscreens to reduce white skin KC incidence to a level that is comparable with that of black skin.-Fajuyigbe, D., Lwin, S. M., Diffey, B. L., Baker, R., Tobin, D. J., Sarkany, R. P. E., Young, A. R. Melanin distribution in human epidermis affords localized protection against DNA photodamage and concurs with skin cancer incidence difference in extreme phototypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damilola Fajuyigbe
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Su M Lwin
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian L Diffey
- Dermatological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Baker
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Desmond J Tobin
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert P E Sarkany
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antony R Young
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Hamada N, Bouffler S, Woloschak GE. Special issue: Tissue reactions to ionizing radiation exposure. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 770:217-218. [PMID: 27919331 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hamada
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan.
| | - Simon Bouffler
- Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Gayle E Woloschak
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Radiology, and Cell and Molecular Biology, Robert E. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 300 E. Superior St., Tarry 4-760, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
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