1
|
Yepanchintseva O, Babenko V, Yarosh V, Golubovska O. The course of COVID-19 in a multiple sclerosis: a case report. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2024; 77:166-170. [PMID: 38431822 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202401121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The authors present the case of a prolonged course of COVID 19 disease in a 37-year-old patient with multiple sclerosis on anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies immunotherapy. This publication presents a clinical case of the course of COVID-19 disease in a multiple sclerosis patient receiving ublituximab therapy. The use of disease-modifying anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy was associated with a protracted wave-like course of COVID-19 with the addition of a bacterial infection. This publication illustrates the key mechanisms and approaches to the treatment of such a cohort of patients. The use of highly effective multiple sclerosis treatment methods may be associated with an increase in the incidence of COVID-19 and worsening of its course. Multiple sclerosis patients receiving anti-CD20 therapy are at particular risk of a wave-like course of COVID-19, caused by immunosuppression, creates a basis for bacterial and fungal coinfection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Yepanchintseva
- HEART INSTITUTE OF THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF UKRAINE, KYIV, UKRAINE; SHUPYK NATIONAL HEALTHCARE UNIVERSITY OF UKRAINE, KYIV, UKRAINE
| | - Vasyl Babenko
- HEART INSTITUTE OF THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF UKRAINE, KYIV, UKRAINE
| | - Vitalina Yarosh
- HEART INSTITUTE OF THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF UKRAINE, KYIV, UKRAINE
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bilge N, Kesmez Can F, Yevgi R. Immune responses following COVID-19 infection in multiple sclerosis patients using immunomodulatory therapy. Acta Neurol Belg 2023; 123:1885-1892. [PMID: 36331727 PMCID: PMC9638386 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-022-02125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has quickly become a global pandemic. Most multiple sclerosis (MS) patients use disease-modifying treatments (DMTs), such as immunomodulators or immunosuppressants. By targeting different types of immune cells, DMTs affect cellular and/or humoral immunity. The potential effects of DMTs on the long-term immune response to COVID-19 is not fully known. Between 16.04.2020 and 15.07.2020, a total of 34 people, 17 of whom were diagnosed with MS according to the 2010 McDonald diagnostic criteria and a control group of 17 individuals who did not have a known systemic disease who were matched according to age, gender, and COVID-19 disease severity, where all received COVID-19 diagnosis with SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity in nasopharyngeal swab test and immune responses were measured (SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibody levels COVID 19 ELISA kit), were included in our study. Demographic data of MS patients and the control group, SARS-CoV-2 immune responses, antibody titers and disease year of MS patients, EDSS scores, disease type, and disease duration were determined. All patients were symptomatic for COVID-19. COVID-19 disease severity was divided into three groups as mild, moderate, and severe according to the clinical condition of the patient. Demographic data of MS patients and the control group, SARS-CoV-2 immune responses, antibody titers and disease year of MS patients, EDSS scores, disease type, and disease duration were determined. All patients were symptomatic for COVID-19. COVID-19 disease severity was divided into three groups as mild, moderate, and severe according to the clinical condition of the patient. According to our study results, IgG-type long-term immune responses were lower in MS patients using DMTs than in the healthy population. We hope that our study will provide insight into the COVID-19 vaccine immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Bilge
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatma Kesmez Can
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Recep Yevgi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mantero V, Basilico P, Balgera R, Rigamonti A, Sozzi M, Salmaggi A, Cordano C. Flu-like syndrome due to interferon-beta injections does not increase anxiety, depression, and lost working days in multiple sclerosis patients during the Sars-CoV-2 pandemic. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2023; 232:107892. [PMID: 37454600 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2023.107892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Aim of this study was to evaluated anxiety, depression, and possible negative implications on work activities during the Sars-CoV-2 pandemic, in a group of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients at risk of flu-like syndrome (FLS) compared with FLS- free treatments. METHODS The present study included patients treated with interferon-ß (IFNß), glatiramer, and natalizumab for at least one year. Collected data included the diagnosis of COVID-19 infection, Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), together with questions about FLS, change in work habits, use of antipyretics, anxiety, and depression. RESULTS 100 patients were included in the study. Six patients in IFNß and 5 in the natalizumab group had a confirmed COVID-19 infection. 68% in the IFNß patients reported FLS and only one reported an increase in flu-like frequency during the pandemic; 14% reported lower compliance with treatment, and 40% reported uptake of antipyretics several times. Only one IFNß patient reported having lost more working days than the previous year. The average BAI (p = 0.039) was higher in natalizumab group. Correcting these data by age, sex and EDSS to a multivariate analysis we did not find any statistically significant difference in terms of BAI and BDI-II between the three treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS FLS were not perceived as COVID19-like symptoms but as expected by traditional pharmacological treatments indeed. These data suggest that IFNß can be used safely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Basilico
- MS center, Department of Neurology, ASST Lecco, Lecco, Italy
| | - Roberto Balgera
- MS center, Department of Neurology, ASST Lecco, Lecco, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Sozzi
- Neuropsychology service, ASST Lecco, Lecco, Italy
| | - Andrea Salmaggi
- MS center, Department of Neurology, ASST Lecco, Lecco, Italy; Neuropsychology service, ASST Lecco, Lecco, Italy
| | - Christian Cordano
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ambadapoodi RS, Arnold FW, Chariker JH, Glynn A, Lauer W, Marimuthu S, Rouchka EC, Smith ML, Wolf LA. Persistent SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Multiple Sclerosis Patient on Ocrelizumab: A Case Report. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2768759. [PMID: 37066424 PMCID: PMC10104259 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2768759/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
A 44-year-old female patient with multiple sclerosis (MS) treated with ocrelizumab was hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia three times over the course of five months, eventually expiring. Viral sequencing of samples from her first and last admissions suggests a single persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection. We hypothesize that her immunocompromised state, due to MS treatment with an immunosuppressive monoclonal antibody, prevented her from achieving viral clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Forest W. Arnold
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Julia H. Chariker
- Neuroscience Training Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Alex Glynn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - William Lauer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Subathra Marimuthu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Eric C. Rouchka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Melissa L. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Leslie A. Wolf
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu D, Efimov GA, Bogolyubova AV, Pierce BG, Mariuzza RA. Structural insights into protection against a SARS-CoV-2 spike variant by T cell receptor diversity. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:103035. [PMID: 36806685 PMCID: PMC9934920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.103035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells play a crucial role in combatting SARS-CoV-2 and forming long-term memory responses to this coronavirus. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants that can evade T cell immunity has raised concerns about vaccine efficacy and the risk of reinfection. Some SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes elicit clonally restricted CD8+ T cell responses characterized by T cell receptors (TCRs) that lack structural diversity. Mutations in such epitopes can lead to loss of recognition by most T cells specific for that epitope, facilitating viral escape. Here, we studied an HLA-A2-restricted spike protein epitope (RLQ) that elicits CD8+ T cell responses in COVID-19 convalescent patients characterized by highly diverse TCRs. We previously reported the structure of an RLQ-specific TCR (RLQ3) with greatly reduced recognition of the most common natural variant of the RLQ epitope (T1006I). Opposite to RLQ3, TCR RLQ7 recognizes T1006I with even higher functional avidity than the WT epitope. To explain the ability of RLQ7, but not RLQ3, to tolerate the T1006I mutation, we determined structures of RLQ7 bound to RLQ-HLA-A2 and T1006I-HLA-A2. These complexes show that there are multiple structural solutions to recognizing RLQ and thereby generating a clonally diverse T cell response to this epitope that assures protection against viral escape and T cell clonal loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daichao Wu
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; W.M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Brian G Pierce
- W.M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Roy A Mariuzza
- W.M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu N, Yu W, Sun M, Zhang W, Zhou D, Sun J, Wang M. Outcome of COVID-19 Infection in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis Who Received Disease-Modifying Therapies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Neurol 2023:19.e26. [PMID: 36929061 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2022.0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed of the outcome of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) who received disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). METHODS Relevant studies published before November 2022 in the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Web of Science databases were retrieved using the following search expression: ("multiple sclerosis" OR "MS") AND ("DMT" OR "disease modifying therapies") AND ("COVID-19"). Two authors independently screened the articles and extracted the data. Qualitative analyses and a meta-analysis constituted 22 of the 794 retrieved articles. Differences in the hospitalization and mortality rates were used as the main measures of efficacy, and the meta-analysis was performed using RevMan software. RESULTS 22 clinical trials were selected. The hospitalization rate was lower in the 3,216 patients who received DMTs than in the 774 patients who did not receive any treatment, with a moderate effect size of 0.43 (p<0.00001). The mortality rate was also lower among patients with MS treated using DMTs than in controls (odds ratio [OR]=0.19, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.13-0.27, p<0.00001). The hospitalization rates for COVID-19 infection in patients with MS treated with anti-CD20 therapy also increased markedly (OR=3.32, 95% CI=2.63-4.20, p<0.00001). However, there was no significant difference between patients with MS who did and did not receive DMTs. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the application of DMTs was found to be valuable for patients with MS infected with COVID-19. However, more clinical studies are needed to determine the use of anti-CD20 drugs in patients with MS during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - WuHan Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mengjiao Sun
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - ManXia Wang
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wei X, Rong N, Liu J. Prospects of animal models and their application in studies on adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:993754. [PMID: 36189203 PMCID: PMC9523127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.993754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune response induced by SARS-CoV-2 plays a key role in the antiviral process and can protect the body from the threat of infection for a certain period of time. However, owing to the limitations of clinical studies, the antiviral mechanisms, protective thresholds, and persistence of the immune memory of adaptive immune responses remain unclear. This review summarizes existing research models for SARS-CoV-2 and elaborates on the advantages of animal models in simulating the clinical symptoms of COVID-19 in humans. In addition, we systematically summarize the research progress on the SARS-CoV-2 adaptive immune response and the remaining key issues, as well as the application and prospects of animal models in this field. This paper provides direction for in-depth analysis of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 mechanism of the adaptive immune response and lays the foundation for the development and application of vaccines and drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wei
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jiangning Liu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tsagkaris C, Bilal M, Aktar I, Aboufandi Y, Tas A, Aborode AT, Suvvari TK, Ahmad S, Shkodina A, Phadke R, Emhamed MS, Baig AA, Alexiou A, Ashraf GM, Kamal MA. Cytokine storm and neuropathological alterations in patients with neurological manifestations of COVID-19. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:CAR-EPUB-126211. [PMID: 36089786 DOI: 10.2174/1567205019666220908084559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), a respiratory pathogen with neuroinvasive potential. Neurological COVID-19 manifestations include loss of smell and taste, headache, dizziness, stroke, and potentially fatal encephalitis. Several studies found elevated proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6 IL-8, IL-10 IL-16, IL-17A, and IL-18 in severely and critically ill COVID-19 patients, which may persist even after apparent recovery from infection. Biomarker studies on CSF and plasma and serum from COVID-19 patients have also shown a high level of IL-6, intrathecal IgG, neurofilament light chain (NFL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and tau protein. Emerging evidence on the matter has established the concept of COVID-19 associated neuroinflammation, in the context of COVID-19 associated cytokine storm. While the short-term implications of this condition are extensively documented, its long-term implications are yet to be understood. The association of the aforementioned cytokines with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, may increase COVID-19 patients' risk to develop neurodegenerative diseases. Analysis of proinflammatory cytokines and CSF biomarkers in patients with COVID-19 can contribute to the early detection of the disease's exacerbation, monitoring the neurological implications of the disease and devising risk scales, and identifying treatment targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- College of Pharmacy, Liaquat University of Medical and health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Irem Aktar
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul,Turkey
| | | | - Ahmet Tas
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul,Turkey
| | | | | | - Shoaib Ahmad
- Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Atif Amin Baig
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, 2770 NSW, Australia
- AFNP Med Austria, 1010 Wien, Austria
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 22254 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- West China School of Nursing / Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dolton G, Rius C, Hasan MS, Wall A, Szomolay B, Behiry E, Whalley T, Southgate J, Fuller A, Morin T, Topley K, Tan LR, Goulder PJR, Spiller OB, Rizkallah PJ, Jones LC, Connor TR, Sewell AK. Emergence of immune escape at dominant SARS-CoV-2 killer T cell epitope. Cell 2022; 185:2936-2951.e19. [PMID: 35931021 PMCID: PMC9279490 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We studied the prevalent cytotoxic CD8 T cell response mounted against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike glycoprotein269-277 epitope (sequence YLQPRTFLL) via the most frequent human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I worldwide, HLA A∗02. The Spike P272L mutation that has arisen in at least 112 different SARS-CoV-2 lineages to date, including in lineages classified as "variants of concern," was not recognized by the large CD8 T cell response seen across cohorts of HLA A∗02+ convalescent patients and individuals vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2, despite these responses comprising of over 175 different individual T cell receptors. Viral escape at prevalent T cell epitopes restricted by high frequency HLAs may be particularly problematic when vaccine immunity is focused on a single protein such as SARS-CoV-2 Spike, providing a strong argument for inclusion of multiple viral proteins in next generation vaccines and highlighting the need for monitoring T cell escape in new SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garry Dolton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Cristina Rius
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Md Samiul Hasan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Aaron Wall
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Barbara Szomolay
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK; Systems Immunology Research Institute, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Enas Behiry
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Thomas Whalley
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Joel Southgate
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Anna Fuller
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Théo Morin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Katie Topley
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Li Rong Tan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Philip J R Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, England, UK
| | - Owen B Spiller
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Lucy C Jones
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK; Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Ynysmaerdy CF72 8XR, UK
| | - Thomas R Connor
- Systems Immunology Research Institute, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK; School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, Wales, UK; Pathogen genomics Unit, Public Health Wales NHS Trust, CF14 4XW Cardiff, Wales, UK.
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK; Systems Immunology Research Institute, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The Role of Cellular Immunity in the Protective Efficacy of the SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071103. [PMID: 35891267 PMCID: PMC9324880 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines have been approved for clinical use. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titers after immunization are widely used as an evaluation indicator, and the roles of cellular immune responses in the protective efficacy of vaccines are rarely mentioned. However, therapeutic monoclonal neutralizing antibodies have shown limited efficacy in improving the outcomes of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), suggesting a passive role of cellular immunity in SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. The synergistic effect of virus-specific humoral and cellular immune responses helps the host to fight against viral infection. In fact, it has been observed that the early appearance of specific T-cell responses is strongly correlated with mild symptoms of COVID-19 patients and that individuals with pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural-protein-specific T cells are more resistant to SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings suggest the important contribution of the cellular immune response to the fight against SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19. Nowadays, new SARS-CoV-2 variants that can escape from the neutralization of antibodies are rapidly increasing. However, the epitopes of these variants recognized by T cells are largely preserved. Paying more attention to cellular immune responses may provide new instructions for designing effective vaccines for the prevention of severe disease induced by the break-through infection of new variants and the sequelae caused by virus latency. In this review, we deliberate on the role of cellular immunity against COVID-19 and summarize recent advances in the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the immune responses induced by vaccines to improve the design of new vaccines and immunization strategies.
Collapse
|
11
|
Moga E, Lynton-Pons E, Domingo P. The Robustness of Cellular Immunity Determines the Fate of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:904686. [PMID: 35833134 PMCID: PMC9271749 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.904686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two years after the appearance of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the causal agent of the current global pandemic, it is time to analyze the evolution of the immune protection that infection and vaccination provide. Cellular immunity plays an important role in limiting disease severity and the resolution of infection. The early appearance, breadth and magnitude of SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell response has been correlated with disease severity and it has been thought that T cell responses may be sufficient to clear infection with minimal disease in COVID-19 patients with X-linked or autosomal recessive agammaglobulinemia. However, our knowledge of the phenotypic and functional diversity of CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes, CD4+ T helper cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh), which play a critical role in infection control as well as long-term protection, is still evolving. It has been described how CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes interrupt viral replication by secreting antiviral cytokines (IFN-γ and TNF-α) and directly killing infected cells, negatively correlating with stages of disease progression. In addition, CD4+ T helper cells have been reported to be key pieces, leading, coordinating and ultimately regulating antiviral immunity. For instance, in some more severe COVID-19 cases a dysregulated CD4+ T cell signature may contribute to the greater production of pro-inflammatory cytokines responsible for pathogenic inflammation. Here we discuss how cellular immunity is the axis around which the rest of the immune system components revolve, since it orchestrates and leads antiviral response by regulating the inflammatory cascade and, as a consequence, the innate immune system, as well as promoting a correct humoral response through CD4+ Tfh cells. This review also analyses the critical role of cellular immunity in modulating the development of high-affinity neutralizing antibodies and germinal center B cell differentiation in memory and long-lived antibody secreting cells. Finally, since there is currently a high percentage of vaccinated population and, in some cases, vaccine booster doses are even being administered in certain countries, we have also summarized newer approaches to long-lasting protective immunity and the cross-protection of cellular immune response against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Moga
- Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,*Correspondence: Esther Moga,
| | - Elionor Lynton-Pons
- Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Domingo
- Unidad de enfermedades infecciosas, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sancho-Saldaña A, Gil Sánchez A, Quirant-Sánchez B, Nogueras L, Peralta S, Solana MJ, González-Mingot C, Gallego Y, Quibus L, Ramo-Tello C, Presas-Rodríguez S, Martínez-Cáceres E, Torres P, Hervás JV, Valls J, Brieva L. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in a Cohort of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis under Disease-Modifying Therapies. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11092509. [PMID: 35566632 PMCID: PMC9099725 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) used to treat multiple sclerosis (MS) alter the immune system and therefore increase the risk of infection. There is growing concern about the impact of COVID-19 on patients with MS (pwMS), especially those treated with DMTs. Methods: This is a single-center prospective observational study based on data from the Esclerosis Múltiple y COVID-19 (EMCOVID-19) study. Demographic characteristics, MS history, laboratory data and SARS-CoV-2 serology, and symptoms of COVID-19 in pwMS treated with any DTM were extracted. The relationship among demographics, MS status, DMT, and COVID-19 was evaluated. Results: A total of 259 pwMS were included. The administration of interferon was significantly associated with the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (26.4% vs. 10.7%, p = 0.006). Although patients taking interferon were significantly older (49.1 vs. 43.5, p = 0.003), the association of interferon with the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was still significant in the multivariate analysis (OR 2.99 (1.38; 6.36), p = 0.006). Conclusions: According to our data, pwMS present a higher risk of COVID-19 infection compared with results obtained from the general population. There is no evidence of a worse COVID-19 outcome in pwMS. DMTs did not significantly change the frequency of COVID-19, except for interferon; however, these findings must be interpreted with caution given the small sample of pwMS taking each DMT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Sancho-Saldaña
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, IRB Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (A.S.-S.); (M.J.S.); (C.G.-M.); (Y.G.); (L.Q.)
| | - Anna Gil Sánchez
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica, Universitat de Lleida, 25001 Lleida, Spain; (A.G.S.); (L.N.); (P.T.)
| | - Bibiana Quirant-Sánchez
- Immunology Division, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, LCMN, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (B.Q.-S.); (E.M.-C.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, Immunology, Autonomous University, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lara Nogueras
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica, Universitat de Lleida, 25001 Lleida, Spain; (A.G.S.); (L.N.); (P.T.)
| | - Silvia Peralta
- Multiple Sclerosis Foundation from Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Maria José Solana
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, IRB Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (A.S.-S.); (M.J.S.); (C.G.-M.); (Y.G.); (L.Q.)
| | - Cristina González-Mingot
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, IRB Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (A.S.-S.); (M.J.S.); (C.G.-M.); (Y.G.); (L.Q.)
| | - Yhovanni Gallego
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, IRB Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (A.S.-S.); (M.J.S.); (C.G.-M.); (Y.G.); (L.Q.)
| | - Laura Quibus
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, IRB Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (A.S.-S.); (M.J.S.); (C.G.-M.); (Y.G.); (L.Q.)
| | - Cristina Ramo-Tello
- Multiple Sclerosis and Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Neurosciences Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (C.R.-T.); (S.P.-R.)
| | - Silvia Presas-Rodríguez
- Multiple Sclerosis and Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Neurosciences Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (C.R.-T.); (S.P.-R.)
| | - Eva Martínez-Cáceres
- Immunology Division, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, LCMN, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (B.Q.-S.); (E.M.-C.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, Immunology, Autonomous University, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pascual Torres
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica, Universitat de Lleida, 25001 Lleida, Spain; (A.G.S.); (L.N.); (P.T.)
| | | | - Joan Valls
- Biostatistics Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Luis Brieva
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, IRB Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (A.S.-S.); (M.J.S.); (C.G.-M.); (Y.G.); (L.Q.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-973705200 (ext. 2601)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination in People with Multiple Sclerosis Treated with Fingolimod: Protective Humoral Immune Responses May Develop after the Preferred Third Shot. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020341. [PMID: 35214799 PMCID: PMC8875864 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests limited development of protective IgG responses to mRNA-based vaccines in sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR)-modulator treated individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). We studied the extent of the humoral immune response after the preferred third mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in S1PR-modulator treated people with MS (pwMS) and insufficient IgG responses after the standard immunization scheme. Eight pwMS that were treated with fingolimod received a third homologous SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine dose, either the Moderna's mRNA-1273 or Pfizer-BioNTech's BNT162b2 vaccine. We quantified the serum levels of IgG antibodies against the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 four weeks later. An antibody titer of 100 AU/mL or more was considered protective. After the third vaccination, we found clinically relevant IgG titers in four out of eight individuals (50%). We conclude that the humoral immune response may reach protective levels after the third preferred dose of the homologous SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. Vaccine shots in S1PR-modulator treated pwMS ahead of schedule may be a strategy to overcome insufficient humoral immune responses following the standard vaccination scheme.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ghajarzadeh M, Mirmosayyeb O, Molazadeh N, Sahraian M, Bonavita S, Shaygannejad V. Predictors of Catching COVID-19 Infection during Pandemic Stage in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Int J Prev Med 2022; 13:102. [PMID: 36119957 PMCID: PMC9470912 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_480_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are considered at higher risk of COVID-19 infection due to treatment with immune modulators and immune-suppressive agents. The exact risk factors are not clear. So, we aimed to conduct a study to determine the predictors of catching COVID-19 infection during the pandemic stage in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: We conducted a multicenter screening study and developed an online questionnaire to collect patients’ self-reported demographic features along with MS-related and COVID-19–related information. The online questionnaire link was released by the Iran Multiple Sclerosis Society (IMSS) social media channel, accessible for 4160 MS patients totally and also was sent by WhatsApp for nonmember cases. Results: Totally, 1448 MS patients participated in our study. Twenty-five (1.7%) patients were diagnosed with COVID-19, from which 4 were hospitalized, 4 were treated with medical therapy, and 17 patients had home-quarantine. The patients with COVID-19 diagnosis were more frequently treated with rituximab (28% vs 24%, P = 0.001) than others, and cardiovascular comorbidity was more frequent in this group (8% vs 1.6%, P = 0.01). Regression analysis showed that cardiovascular disease was a significant positive predictor of COVID-19 infection (OR = 5.2, 95% CI: 1.1–23.7). Conclusions: Patients with MS who have cardiovascular disease should be more monitored for COVID-19 infection as they are at higher risk of infection.
Collapse
|
15
|
Chisari CG, Sgarlata E, Arena S, Toscano S, Luca M, Patti F. Rituximab for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: a review. J Neurol 2022; 269:159-183. [PMID: 33416999 PMCID: PMC7790722 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10362-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, evidence suggesting the direct or indirect involvement of B cells on multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis has accumulated. The increased amount of data on the efficacy and safety of B-cell-depleting therapies from several studies has suggested the addition of these drugs as treatment options to the current armamentarium of disease modifying therapies (DMTs) for MS. Particularly, rituximab (RTX), a chimeric monoclonal antibody directed at CD20 positive B lymphocytes resulting in cell-mediated apoptosis, has been demonstrated to reduce inflammatory activity, incidence of relapses and new brain lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). Additional evidence also demonstrated that patients with progressive MS (PMS) may benefit from RTX, which also showed to be well tolerated, with acceptable safety risks and favorable cost-effectiveness profile.Despite these encouraging results, RTX is currently approved for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, several forms of vasculitis and rheumatoid arthritis, while it can only be administered off-label for MS treatment. Between Northern European countries exist different rules for using not licensed drug for treating MS. The Sweden MS register reports a high rate (53.5%) of off-label RTX prescriptions in relation to other annually started DMTs to treat MS patients, while Danish and Norwegian neurologists have to use other anti-CD20 drugs, as ocrelizumab, in most of the cases.In this paper, we review the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, safety profile and cost effectiveness aspects of RTX for the treatment of MS. Particularly, with the approval of new anti-CD20 DMTs, the recent worldwide COVID-19 emergency and the possible increased risk of infection with this class of drugs, this review sheds light on the use of RTX as an alternative treatment option for MS management, while commenting the gaps of knowledge regarding this drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Grazia Chisari
- Department “GF Ingrassia”, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Eleonora Sgarlata
- Department “GF Ingrassia”, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy ,Stroke Unit, Department of Medicine, Umberto I Hospital, Siracusa, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Arena
- Department “GF Ingrassia”, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Simona Toscano
- Department “GF Ingrassia”, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Luca
- Department “GF Ingrassia”, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Patti
- Department "GF Ingrassia", Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Baba C, Yigit P, Dastan S, Hancer P, Sagici O, Ozakbas S, Abasiyanik Z. Challenges of persons with multiple sclerosis on ocrelizumab treatment during COVID-19 pandemic. NEUROLOGY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 10:3-8. [PMID: 34909197 PMCID: PMC8661795 DOI: 10.1111/ncn3.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease of the 2019 pandemic caused much fear among people with chronic diseases and those on immunosuppressant treatment because of spreading knowledge that the infection has a fatal course in these populations. People with Multiple Sclerosis on ocrelizumab treatment share this fear too. We aimed to investigate treatment and lifestyle changes of people with multiple sclerosis on ocrelizumab treatment during the lockdown. Methods We surveyed 199 of our registered multiple sclerosis patients on ocrelizumab treatment by phone. Results In this survey, delays in treating 22 (11%) patients were not caused by fear of immunosuppressive drug use but rather by the general fear of contracting a fatal disease, which is the case during traveling and hospital visits. There was a positive correlation between living alone and treatment delay (P = .029), emphasizing the role of family support or just the presence of another person during the pandemic. Conclusion Vaccines might soon solve the pandemic's issue, which is not the case with multiple sclerosis progression, so we should think twice before discontinuing the treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cavid Baba
- Institute of Health ScienesDokuz Eylul UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Pinar Yigit
- Graduate School of Health SciencesDokuz Eylul UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Seda Dastan
- Graduate School of Health SciencesDokuz Eylul UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Pelin Hancer
- Graduate School of Health SciencesDokuz Eylul UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Ozge Sagici
- Graduate School of Health SciencesDokuz Eylul UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Serkan Ozakbas
- Department of NeurologyFaculty of MedicineDokuz Eylul UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Zuhal Abasiyanik
- Graduate School of Health SciencesDokuz Eylul UniversityIzmirTurkey
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ghadiri F, Sahraian MA, Azimi A, Moghadasi AN. The study of COVID-19 infection following vaccination in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 57:103363. [PMID: 35158433 PMCID: PMC8559439 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background At this time vaccination against SARS-CoV2 is a global priority. Cases with multiple sclerosis (MS) were among the first vaccinated populations in Iran. We evaluated the change in the frequency of COVID-19 after vaccination and the associated factors with severe COVID-19 infection before and after full vaccination. Methods A questionnaire was validated to investigate the basic characteristics (age, gender, education, body mass index, smoking status, and comorbidities), MS disease and treatment status (MS type, MS duration, The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), disease modifying treatments) and the information about COVID-19 infection and severity. Results 692 (91.9%) of participants have received both doses of vaccines, of which Sinopharm appeared to be the most common type. Significant difference of COVID-19 infection prevalence was seen before vaccination and after full vaccination (difference: 0.16, 95% CI: 0.12–0.20) (p value < 0.001). The difference was not significant for severe cases (those who were admitted in the ward or ICU) relative to the COVID-19 cases or the whole participants. Of all the basic and disease factors, only EDSS showed a significant association with severe COVID-19 before vaccination. Severe COVID-19 in fully vaccinated cases did not show any significant relation to any of basic or disease characteristics except with prior history of severe allergic reactions (OR: 17.1, p value: 0.001). Discussion The decreased frequency of infection with SARS-CoV2 was predictable but the insignificant difference in cases with the severe forms of the disease raise concern. The only significant predictor was found to be severe allergic reactions. As there are debates on antiCD20 s association with severe COVID-19 and vaccine efficacy, we could not find such significant relation. The other noticeable point about the found relation of EDSS and critical COVID-19 before vaccination is the absence of such relation after full vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Ghadiri
- Sina MS research Center, Sina Hospital, Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Hasan Abad Sq., Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Sahraian
- Sina MS research Center, Sina Hospital, Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Hasan Abad Sq., Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirreza Azimi
- Sina MS research Center, Sina Hospital, Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Hasan Abad Sq., Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi
- Sina MS research Center, Sina Hospital, Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Hasan Abad Sq., Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ghadiri F, Sahraian MA, Shaygannejad V, Ashtari F, Ghalyanchi Langroodi H, Baghbanian SM, Mozhdehipanah H, Majdi-Nasab N, Hosseini S, Poursadeghfard M, Beladimoghadam N, Razazian N, Ayoubi S, Rezaeimanesh N, Eskandarieh S, Naser Moghadasi A. Characteristics of COVID-19 in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 57:103437. [PMID: 34896875 PMCID: PMC8629769 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Regarding the high prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) and COVID-19 in Iran, a multicenter study of COVID-19 in Iranian MS patients with is carried out to address the concerns of this population. Methods Data on MS patients with COVID-19 from nine provinces of Iran were entered in a web-based registry system, between July 2020 and March 2021. Among the COVID-19 symptoms, dyspnea, altered mental status, or those resulting in hospital admission were considered severe. Results A total of 397 eligible patients were identified. In addition, 310 (78%) were female. The mean age was 36.5 ± 9.5. 294 (74%) patients had relapsing- remitting form. Also, four patients (1%) expired due to COVID-19 infection. The mean duration of admission in hospitalized patients was 9 (± 5.3) days. MRI was performed on 111 (28%) patients after developing COVID-19. MRI changes were observed in 27 (24%) of these cases. MS drug was changed in 26 (6%) patients. Steroid use in the past three months (OR: 2.43, 95% CI: 1.003–5.88) (p value: 0.049) and antiCD20s (OR: 4.03, 95% CI: 2.41–6.68) (p value < 0.001) showed significant association with severe COVID-19 symptoms. Conclusion The death rate of COVID-19 among MS patients (1%) is lower than the overall death rate of the pandemic in Iran (3%). Those who received steroid in the past three months may be at increased risk of more severe forms of COVID-19. There are still doubts about the effect of anti CD20s on COVID-19 severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Ghadiri
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Sahraian
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Shaygannejad
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Ashtari
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Nastaran Majdi-Nasab
- Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Hosseini
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Poursadeghfard
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nahid Beladimoghadam
- Department of Neurology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Razazian
- Department of Neurology, Medicine Faculty, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Saeideh Ayoubi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Rezaeimanesh
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharareh Eskandarieh
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yarahmadi P, Alirezaei M, Forouzannia SM, Naser Moghadasi A. The Outcome of COVID-19 in Patients with a History of Taking Rituximab: A Narrative Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 46:411-419. [PMID: 34840381 PMCID: PMC8611224 DOI: 10.30476/ijms.2021.88717.1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a recently emerging disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Notably, the safety of immunosuppressive medications
is a major concern during an infectious disease pandemic. Rituximab (RTX), as a monoclonal antibody against CD20 molecule, is widely used for the treatment of various diseases, mostly autoimmune
diseases and some malignancies. Previous studies indicated that RTX, as an immunosuppressive medication, may be associated with the increased risk of infections.
Moreover, given the wide use of RTX, a necessity of determining the different aspects of RTX use in the COVID-19 era is strongly felt. We reviewed current studies on the clinical
courses of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. It appears that the use of RTX does not increase morbidity and mortality in most patients. However, underlying diseases and other
concomitant medications may play a role in the disease course, while the concerns of vaccine efficacy in patients receiving RTX still need to be addressed.
Therefore, more controlled studies are needed for a better conclusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pourya Yarahmadi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Alirezaei
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Forouzannia
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Relevance of CSF, Serum and Neuroimaging Markers in CNS and PNS Manifestation in COVID-19: A Systematic Review of Case Report and Case Series. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101354. [PMID: 34679418 PMCID: PMC8533964 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The data on neurological manifestations in COVID-19 patients has been rapidly increasing throughout the pandemic. However, data on CNS and PNS inflammatory disorders in COVID-19 with respect to CSF, serum and neuroimaging markers is still lacking. METHODS We screened all articles resulting from a search of PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus, using the keywords "SARS-CoV-2 and neurological complication", "SARS-CoV-2 and CNS Complication" and "SARS-CoV-2 and PNS Complication" looking for transverse myelitis, vasculitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalitis (AHNE), cytotoxic lesion of the corpus callosum (CLOCC) and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), published between 1 December 2019 to 15 July 2021. RESULTS Of the included 106 CNS manifestations in our study, CNS inflammatory disorders included transverse myelitis (17, 14.7%), AHNE (12, 10.4%), ADEM (11, 9.5%), CLOCC/MERS (10, 8.6%) and vasculitis (4, 3.4%). Others were nonspecific encephalopathy, encephalitis, seizures and stroke. Most patients were >50 years old (75, 70.8%) and male (64, 65.3%). Most (59, 63.4%) were severe cases of COVID-19 and 18 (18%) patients died. Of the included 94 PNS manifestations in our study, GBS (89, 92.7%) was the most common. Most of these patients were >50 years old (73, 77.7%) and male (59, 64.1%). Most (62, 67.4%) were non-severe cases of COVID-19, and ten patients died. CONCLUSION Our comprehensive review of the clinical and paraclinical findings in CNS and PNS manifestations of COVID-19 provide insights on the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 and its neurotropism. The higher frequency and severity of CNS manifestations should be noted by physicians for increased vigilance in particular COVID-19 cases.
Collapse
|
21
|
Cajamarca-Baron J, Guavita-Navarro D, Buitrago-Bohorquez J, Gallego-Cardona L, Navas A, Cubides H, Arredondo AM, Escobar A, Rojas-Villarraga A. [SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in Patients with some Degree of Immunosuppression]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 17:408-419. [PMID: 34630575 PMCID: PMC7486041 DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antecedentes No es claro si los pacientes con algún grado de inmunosupresión tienen peores desenlaces en la infección por SARS-CoV-2, en comparación con la población sana. Objetivo Realizar una revisión narrativa de la información disponible sobre infección por SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes inmunosuprimidos, especialmente pacientes con cáncer, trasplantados, con patologías neurológicas, inmunodeficiencias primarias y secundarias. Resultados Los pacientes con cáncer y tratamiento reciente del mismo (quimioterapia o cirugía) e infección por SARS-CoV-2 tienen mayor riesgo de peores desenlaces. En los pacientes trasplantados (renal, cardiaco y hepático), con patologías neurológicas (esclerosis múltiple [EM], neuromielitis óptica [NMODS], miastenia grave [MG]), inmunodeficiencias primarias e infección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en asociación con uso de inmunosupresores, los estudios no han mostrado tendencia a peores desenlaces. Conclusión Dada la poca evidencia con que contamos hasta el momento no es claro el comportamiento de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes con inmunosupresión, pero los estudios actuales no han mostrado peores desenlaces en este tipo de pacientes, a excepción de los pacientes con cáncer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Cajamarca-Baron
- Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud (FUCS), Hospital San José, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana Guavita-Navarro
- Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud (FUCS), Hospital San José, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Laura Gallego-Cardona
- Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud (FUCS), Hospital San José, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Angela Navas
- Servicio de Neurología, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud (FUCS), Hospital San José, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hector Cubides
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital San José, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Adriana Rojas-Villarraga
- Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigaciones, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud (FUCS), Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bellucci G, Rinaldi V, Buscarinu MC, Reniè R, Bigi R, Pellicciari G, Morena E, Romano C, Marrone A, Mechelli R, Salvetti M, Ristori G. Multiple Sclerosis and SARS-CoV-2: Has the Interplay Started? Front Immunol 2021; 12:755333. [PMID: 34646278 PMCID: PMC8503550 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.755333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge on Multiple Sclerosis (MS) etiopathogenesis encompasses complex interactions between the host's genetic background and several environmental factors that result in dysimmunity against the central nervous system. An old-aged association exists between MS and viral infections, capable of triggering and sustaining neuroinflammation through direct and indirect mechanisms. The novel Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has a remarkable, and still not fully understood, impact on the immune system: the occurrence and severity of both acute COVID-19 and post-infectious chronic illness (long COVID-19) largely depends on the host's response to the infection, that echoes several aspects of MS pathobiology. Furthermore, other MS-associated viruses, such as the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs), may enhance a mechanistic interplay with the novel Coronavirus, with the potential to interfere in MS natural history. Studies on COVID-19 in people with MS have helped clinicians in adjusting therapeutic strategies during the pandemic; similar efforts are being made for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaigns. In this Review, we look over 18 months of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic from the perspective of MS: we dissect neuroinflammatory and demyelinating mechanisms associated with COVID-19, summarize pathophysiological crossroads between MS and SARS-CoV-2 infection, and discuss present evidence on COVID-19 and its vaccination in people with MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Bellucci
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Rinaldi
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Buscarinu
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Reniè
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rachele Bigi
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Pellicciari
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Morena
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Romano
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Marrone
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosella Mechelli
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
- San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ristori
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Levavi H, Lancman G, Gabrilove J. Impact of rituximab on COVID-19 outcomes. Ann Hematol 2021; 100:2805-2812. [PMID: 34549309 PMCID: PMC8455155 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-021-04662-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rituximab is associated with prolonged B-cell depletion and secondary hypogammaglobulinemia and is associated with a dampened humoral response and increased infectious complications. To describe the potential impact of prior rituximab therapy on clinical outcomes from SARS-CoV-2 infection and development of COVID-19 antibodies, we conducted a retrospective study of adults across the Mount Sinai Health System diagnosed with COVID-19 who received rituximab for any indication from February 2019 to October 2020. Patients’ baseline characteristics, markers of disease severity, clinical outcomes, and antibody development were examined. Of the 49 patients included in the analysis, 63.2% required hospitalization for COVID-19, 24.5% required an ICU admission, and 32.7% died. Proximity of last rituximab infusion and COVID-19 diagnosis did not affect rates of hospitalization, admission to intensive care units or death. Over half (51.7%) of those whose antibodies were checked developed neutralizing anti-spike protein antibodies. The median time between rituximab administration and COVID-19 diagnosis was not significantly different between those who developed antibodies and those who did not (p = .323). Of the 14 patients with documented negative COVID-19 antibody titers, 11 of them survived SARS-CoV-2 infection, indicating that development of neutralizing antibodies may not be necessary for recovery from COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Levavi
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1079, New York, NY, 10029-6574, USA.
| | - Guido Lancman
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1079, New York, NY, 10029-6574, USA
| | - Janice Gabrilove
- Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1079, New York, NY, 10029-6574, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Azimzadeh M, Möhn N, Ghane Ezabadi S, Moghimi Esfandabadi Z, Soleimani A, Ranjbar E, Jahromi M, Seyedebrahimi R, Skripuletz T, Moharrami Kasmaie F. The Immunological Therapeutic Strategies for Controlling Multiple Sclerosis: Considerations during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1372. [PMID: 34572585 PMCID: PMC8470206 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence initially suggested that patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) might be more susceptible to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Moreover, it was speculated that patients with MS treated with immunosuppressive drugs might be at risk to develop a severe diseases course after infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV2). However, the recently published data have shown that MS patients do not have a higher risk for severe COVID-19. Although there is no indication that patients with MS and immunomodulatory/immunosuppressive therapy are generally at a higher risk of severe COVID-19, it is currently being emphasized that the hazards of poorly treated MS may outweigh the putative COVID-19 dangers. In this review, we discuss the challenges and considerations for MS patients in the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Azimzadeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran;
| | - Nora Möhn
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Sajjad Ghane Ezabadi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
| | | | - Alireza Soleimani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran;
| | - Elaheh Ranjbar
- Department of Paramedical Sciences, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran;
| | - Maliheh Jahromi
- Department of Anatomical Science, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran;
| | - Reihaneh Seyedebrahimi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran;
| | - Thomas Skripuletz
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Farshad Moharrami Kasmaie
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pedotti R, Muros-Le Rouzic E, Raposo C, Schippling S, Jessop N. Understanding the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic in people with multiple sclerosis treated with ocrelizumab. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 55:103203. [PMID: 34411984 PMCID: PMC8349416 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to major challenges in the therapeutic management of patients living with multiple sclerosis (PLwMS), particularly regarding the use of disease-modifying therapies. Despite an extraordinary scientific effort to study SARS-CoV-2 in PLwMS, the heterogeneity of COVID-19 manifestations, immunological mechanisms induced by the natural infection or the vaccines, and the extent of protection through the vaccines, major knowledge gaps remain. Here, we describe the scientific evidence generation plan developed by Roche/Genentech to better understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in PLwMS treated with the B-cell depleting monoclonal antibody ocrelizumab.
Collapse
|
26
|
Money KM, Mahatoo A, Samaan S, Anand P, Baber U, Bailey M, Bakshi R, Bouley A, Bower A, Cahill J, Houtchens M, Katz J, Lathi E, Levit E, Longbrake EE, McAdams M, Napoli S, Raibagkar P, Wade P, Sloane JA. A New England COVID-19 Registry of Patients With CNS Demyelinating Disease: A Pilot Analysis. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2021; 8:8/5/e1046. [PMID: 34341094 PMCID: PMC8362350 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We sought to define the risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection requiring hospitalization in patients with CNS demyelinating diseases such as MS and the factors that increase the risk for severe infection to guide decisions regarding patient care during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A pilot cohort of 91 patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 infection from the Northeastern United States was analyzed to characterize patient risk factors and factors associated with an increased severity of COVID-19 infection. Univariate analysis of variance was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test or analysis of variance for continuous variables and the χ2 or Fisher exact test for nominal variables. Univariate and stepwise multivariate logistic regression identified clinical characteristics or symptoms associated with hospitalization. RESULTS Our cohort demonstrated a 27.5% hospitalization rate and a 4.4% case fatality rate. Performance on Timed 25-Foot Walk before COVID-19 infection, age, number of comorbidities, and presenting symptoms of nausea/vomiting and neurologic symptoms (e.g., paresthesia or weakness) were independent risk factors for hospitalization, whereas headache predicted a milder course without hospitalization. An absolute lymphocyte count was lower in hospitalized patients during COVID-19 infection. Use of disease-modifying therapy did not increase the risk of hospitalization but was associated with an increased need for respiratory support. DISCUSSION The case fatality and hospitalization rates in our cohort were similar to those found in MS and general population COVID-19 cohorts within the region. Hospitalization was associated with increased disability, age, and comorbidities but not disease-modifying therapy use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelli M Money
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Ashmanie Mahatoo
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Soleil Samaan
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Pria Anand
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Ursela Baber
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Mary Bailey
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Rohit Bakshi
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Andrew Bouley
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Aaron Bower
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Jonathan Cahill
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Maria Houtchens
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Joshua Katz
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Ellen Lathi
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Elle Levit
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Erin E Longbrake
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Matthew McAdams
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Salvatore Napoli
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Pooja Raibagkar
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Peter Wade
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Jacob A Sloane
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cajamarca-Baron J, Guavita-Navarro D, Buitrago-Bohorquez J, Gallego-Cardona L, Navas A, Cubides H, Arredondo AM, Escobar A, Rojas-Villarraga A. SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in patients with some degree of immunosuppression. REUMATOLOGIA CLINICA 2021; 17:408-419. [PMID: 34301385 PMCID: PMC7566826 DOI: 10.1016/j.reumae.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not clear whether patients with some degree of immunosuppression have worse outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 infection, compared to healthy people. OBJECTIVE To carry out a narrative review of the information available on infection by SARS-CoV-2 in immunosuppressed patients, especially patients with cancer, transplanted, neurological diseases, primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. RESULTS Patients with cancer and recent cancer treatment (chemotherapy or surgery) and SARS-CoV-2 infection have a higher risk of worse outcomes. In transplant patients (renal, cardiac and hepatic), with neurological pathologies (multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica (NMODS), myasthenia gravis (MG)), primary immunodeficiencies and infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in association with immunosuppressants, studies have shown no tendency for worse outcomes. CONCLUSION Given the little evidence we have so far, the behaviour of SARS-CoV-2 infection in immunosuppressed patients is unclear, but current studies have not shown worse outcomes, except for patients with cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Cajamarca-Baron
- Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud (FUCS), Hospital San José, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Diana Guavita-Navarro
- Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud (FUCS), Hospital San José, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Laura Gallego-Cardona
- Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud (FUCS), Hospital San José, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Angela Navas
- Servicio de Neurología, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud (FUCS), Hospital San José, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hector Cubides
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital San José, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Adriana Rojas-Villarraga
- Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigaciones, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud (FUCS), Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Multiple Sclerosis, Disease-Modifying Therapies and COVID-19: A Systematic Review on Immune Response and Vaccination Recommendations. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070773. [PMID: 34358189 PMCID: PMC8310076 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the risks of COVID-19 in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) receiving disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) and their immune reactions is vital to analyze vaccine response dynamics. A systematic review on COVID-19 course and outcomes in patients receiving different DMTs was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Emerging data on SARS-CoV-2 vaccines was used to elaborate recommendations. Data from 4417 patients suggest that MS per se do not portend a higher risk of severe COVID-19. As for the general population, advanced age, comorbidities, and higher disability significantly impact COVID-19 outcomes. Most DMTs have a negligible influence on COVID-19 incidence and outcome, while for those causing severe lymphopenia and hypogammaglobulinemia, such as anti-CD20 therapies, there might be a tendency of increased hospitalization, worse outcomes and a higher risk of re-infection. Blunted immune responses have been reported for many DMTs, with vaccination implications. Clinical evidence does not support an increased risk of MS relapse or vaccination failure, but vaccination timing needs to be individually tailored. For cladribine and alemtuzumab, it is recommended to wait 3-6 months after the last cycle until vaccination. For the general anti-CD20 therapies, vaccination must be deferred toward the end of the cycle and the next dose administered at least 4-6 weeks after completing vaccination. Serological status after vaccination is highly encouraged. Growing clinical evidence and continuous surveillance are extremely important to continue guiding future treatment strategies and vaccination protocols.
Collapse
|
29
|
Sormani MP, Salvetti M, Labauge P, Schiavetti I, Zephir H, Carmisciano L, Bensa C, De Rossi N, Pelletier J, Cordioli C, Vukusic S, Moiola L, Kerschen P, Radaelli M, Théaudin M, Immovilli P, Casez O, Capobianco M, Ciron J, Trojano M, Stankoff B, Créange A, Tedeschi G, Clavelou P, Comi G, Thouvenot E, Battaglia MA, Moreau T, Patti F, De Sèze J, Louapre C. DMTs and Covid-19 severity in MS: a pooled analysis from Italy and France. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:1738-1744. [PMID: 34240579 PMCID: PMC8351392 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of DMTs on Covid‐19 severity in patients with MS, with a pooled‐analysis of two large cohorts from Italy and France. The association of baseline characteristics and DMTs with Covid‐19 severity was assessed by multivariate ordinal‐logistic models and pooled by a fixed‐effect meta‐analysis. 1066 patients with MS from Italy and 721 from France were included. In the multivariate model, anti‐CD20 therapies were significantly associated (OR = 2.05, 95%CI = 1.39–3.02, p < 0.001) with Covid‐19 severity, whereas interferon indicated a decreased risk (OR = 0.42, 95%CI = 0.18–0.99, p = 0.047). This pooled‐analysis confirms an increased risk of severe Covid‐19 in patients on anti‐CD20 therapies and supports the protective role of interferon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Sormani
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Pierre Labauge
- Department of Neurology, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Irene Schiavetti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Helene Zephir
- Department of Neurology, U 1172, CRC-SEP, University Hospital of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Luca Carmisciano
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Caroline Bensa
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Nicola De Rossi
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy
| | - Jean Pelletier
- Department of Neurology, Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - Cinzia Cordioli
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy
| | - Sandra Vukusic
- Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, Bron, France
| | - Lucia Moiola
- Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Center, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marta Radaelli
- Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII", Bergamo, Italy
| | - Marie Théaudin
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Immovilli
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Olivier Casez
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Grenoble Alpes, Neuro Inflammatory Unit, Grenoble, France
| | - Marco Capobianco
- Department of Neurology, Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano (Torino), Italy
| | - Jonathan Ciron
- Department of Neurology, CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP, Toulouse, France
| | - Maria Trojano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Bruno Stankoff
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France.,Neurology Department, St Antoine Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Alain Créange
- Service de Neurologie and CRC SEP, APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Henri Mondor, UPEC Université, Créteil, France
| | - Gioacchino Tedeschi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania, Napoli, Italy
| | - Pierre Clavelou
- University of Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Eric Thouvenot
- Department of Neurology, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France.,Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Mario Alberto Battaglia
- Research Department, Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Thibault Moreau
- Department of Neurology, University hospital of Dijon, EA4184, Dijon, France
| | - Francesco Patti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Policlinico Catania, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Jérôme De Sèze
- Department of Neurology, CIC INSERM 1434, CHU de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Celine Louapre
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Inserm, CNRS, CIC Neuroscience, Paris, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Arrambide G, Llaneza-González MÁ, Costa-Frossard França L, Meca-Lallana V, Díaz EF, Moreno-Torres I, García-Domínguez JM, Ortega-Suero G, Ayuso-Peralta L, Gómez-Moreno M, Sotoca-Fernández JJ, Caminero-Rodríguez AB, Rodríguez de Antonio LA, Corujo-Suárez M, Otano-Martínez MA, Pérez-Miralles FC, Reyes-Garrido V, Ayuso-Blanco T, Balseiro-Gómez JJ, Muñoz-Pasadas M, Pérez-Molina I, Arnal-García C, Domingo-Santos Á, Guijarro-Castro C, Íñiguez-Martínez C, Téllez Lara N, Castellanos-Pinedo F, Castillo-Triviño T, Cerdán-Santacruz DM, Pérez-Sempere Á, Torres BS, Álvarez de Arcaya A, Costa-Arpín E, Durán-Ferreras E, Fragoso-Martínez M, González-Platas M, Landete Pascual L, Millán-Pascual J, Oreja-Guevara C, Meca-Lallana JE. SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Multiple Sclerosis: Results of the Spanish Neurology Society Registry. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2021; 8:8/5/e1024. [PMID: 34168057 PMCID: PMC8225011 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective To understand COVID-19 characteristics in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and identify high-risk individuals due to their immunocompromised state resulting from the use of disease-modifying treatments. Methods Retrospective and multicenter registry in patients with MS with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis and available disease course (mild = ambulatory; severe = hospitalization; and critical = intensive care unit/death). Cases were analyzed for associations between MS characteristics and COVID-19 course and for identifying risk factors for a fatal outcome. Results Of the 326 patients analyzed, 120 were cases confirmed by real-time PCR, 34 by a serologic test, and 205 were suspected. Sixty-nine patients (21.3%) developed severe infection, 10 (3%) critical, and 7 (2.1%) died. Ambulatory patients were higher in relapsing MS forms, treated with injectables and oral first-line agents, whereas more severe cases were observed in patients on pulsed immunosuppressors and critical cases among patients with no therapy. Severe and critical infections were more likely to affect older males with comorbidities, with progressive MS forms, a longer disease course, and higher disability. Fifteen of 33 patients treated with rituximab were hospitalized. Four deceased patients have progressive MS, 5 were not receiving MS therapy, and 2 were treated (natalizumab and rituximab). Multivariate analysis showed age (OR 1.09, 95% CI, 1.04–1.17) as the only independent risk factor for a fatal outcome. Conclusions This study has not demonstrated the presumed critical role of MS therapy in the course of COVID-19 but evidenced that people with MS with advanced age and disease, in progressive course, and those who are more disabled have a higher probability of severe and even fatal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Arrambide
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Llaneza-González
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lucienne Costa-Frossard França
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Virginia Meca-Lallana
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Eva Fernández- Díaz
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Irene Moreno-Torres
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel García-Domínguez
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Gloria Ortega-Suero
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lucía Ayuso-Peralta
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mayra Gómez-Moreno
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Javier J Sotoca-Fernández
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Caminero-Rodríguez
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis A Rodríguez de Antonio
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marcial Corujo-Suárez
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - María A Otano-Martínez
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Carlos Pérez-Miralles
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Virginia Reyes-Garrido
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Teresa Ayuso-Blanco
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Jesús Balseiro-Gómez
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Muñoz-Pasadas
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Pérez-Molina
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Arnal-García
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ángela Domingo-Santos
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina Guijarro-Castro
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina Íñiguez-Martínez
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Nieves Téllez Lara
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Castellanos-Pinedo
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Tamara Castillo-Triviño
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Debora María Cerdán-Santacruz
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ángel Pérez-Sempere
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Berta Sebastián Torres
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Amaya Álvarez de Arcaya
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eva Costa-Arpín
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Durán-Ferreras
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Fragoso-Martínez
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Montserrat González-Platas
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lamberto Landete Pascual
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jorge Millán-Pascual
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Celia Oreja-Guevara
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - José E Meca-Lallana
- From the Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (G.A.), (Cemcat), Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol (M.Á.L.-G.); Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (L.C.-F.F.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (V.M.L.), Madrid; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (E.F.D.); Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (I.M.T.), Madrid; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (J.M.G.-D.), Madrid; Hospital La Mancha Centro (G.O.-S., Á.D.S.), Alcázar de San Juan; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (L.A.P.), Alcalá de Henares; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (M.G.M.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrasa (J.J.S.-F.); Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (A.B.C.-R.), Ávila; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada (L.A.R.A.), Madrid; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca (M.C.S.); Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.A.O.-M., T.A.B.), Pamplona; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (F.C.P.-M.), Valencia; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (V.R.G.); Hospital Universitario de Getafe (J.J.B.-G.), Madrid; Hospital Santa Barbara (M.M.P.), Puertollano; Hospital Virgen de la Salud (I.P.M.), Toledo; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (C.A.G.), Granada; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur (CINAC), Madrid (C.G.C.); Hospital Clínico Universitario Zaragoza (C.Í.M.), Zaragoza; Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid (N.T.L.,), Valladolid; Hospital Virgen del Puerto (F.C.P.), Plasencia; Hospital Universitario Donostia (T.C.T.), San Sebastian; Hospital General de Segovia (D.M.C.-S.), Segovia; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Á.P.S.), Alicante; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (IIS Aragón) (B.S.T.), Zaragoza; Hospital Universitario Araba (A.Á.A.), Vitoria; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (E.C.A.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez (E.D.-F.), Huelva; Hospital de Terrasa (M.F.M.), Terrasa; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (M.G.P.), San Cristobal de La Laguna; Hospital Universitario Dr Peset de Valencia (L.L.P.), Valencia; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cartagena (J.M.P.), Murcia; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (C.O.-G.),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid; and CSUR Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica (J.E.M.-L.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Cátedra de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neuroinmunología Clínica, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Emerging COVID-19 Neurological Manifestations: Present Outlook and Potential Neurological Challenges in COVID-19 Pandemic. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4694-4715. [PMID: 34169443 PMCID: PMC8224263 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02450-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The unremitting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) marked a year-long phase of public health adversaries and has severely compromised healthcare globally. Early evidence of COVID-19 noted its impact on the pulmonary and cardiovascular functions, while multiple studies in recent time shed light on its substantial neurological complications, though a comprehensive understanding of the cause(s), the mechanism(s), and their neuropathological outcomes is scarce. In the present review, we conferred evidence of neurological complications in COVID-19 patients and shed light on the SARS-CoV-2 infection routes including the hematogenous, direct/neuronal, lymphatic tissue or cerebrospinal fluid, or infiltration through infected immune cells, while the underlying mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 invasion to the central nervous system (CNS) was also discussed. In an up-to-date manner, we further reviewed the impact of COVID-19 in developing diverse neurologic manifestations associated with CNS, peripheral nervous system (PNS), skeletal muscle, and also pre-existing neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and myasthenia gravis. Furthermore, we discussed the involvement of key factors including age, sex, comorbidity, and disease severity in exacerbating the neurologic manifestations in COVID-19 patients. An outlook of present therapeutic strategies and state of existing challenges in COVID-19 management was also accessed. Conclusively, the present report provides a comprehensive review of COVID-19-related neurological complications and emphasizes the need for their early clinical management in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
|
32
|
Moreno-Torres I, Meca Lallana V, Costa-Frossard L, Oreja-Guevara C, Aguirre C, Alba Suárez EM, Gómez Moreno M, Borrega Canelo L, Sabín Muñoz J, Aladro Y, Cárcamo A, Rodríguez García E, Cuello JP, Monreal E, Sainz de la Maza S, Pérez Parra F, Valenzuela Rojas F, López de Silanes de Miguel C, Casanova I, Martínez Gines ML, Blasco R, Orviz García A, Villar-Guimerans LM, Fernández-Dono G, Elvira V, Santiuste C, Espiño M, García Domínguez JM. Risk and outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28:3712-3721. [PMID: 34152073 PMCID: PMC8444942 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and purpose Limited information is available on incidence and outcomes of COVID‐19 in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). This study investigated the risks of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and COVID‐19‐related outcomes in patients with MS, and compared these with the general population. Methods A regional registry was created to collect data on incidence, hospitalization rates, intensive care unit admission, and death in patients with MS and COVID‐19. National government outcomes and seroprevalence data were used for comparison. The study was conducted at 14 specialist MS treatment centers in Madrid, Spain, between February and May 2020. Results Two‐hundred nineteen patients were included in the registry, 51 of whom were hospitalized with COVID‐19. The mean age ± standard deviation was 45.3 ± 12.4 years, and the mean duration of MS was 11.9 ± 8.9 years. The infection incidence rate was lower in patients with MS than the general population (adjusted incidence rate ratio = 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.70–0.80), but hospitalization rates were higher (relative risk = 5.03, 95% CI = 3.76–6.62). Disease severity was generally low, with only one admission to an intensive care unit and five deaths. Males with MS had higher incidence rates and risk of hospitalization than females. No association was found between the use of any disease‐modifying treatment and hospitalization risk. Conclusions Patients with MS do not appear to have greater risks of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection or severe COVID‐19 outcomes compared with the general population. The decision to start or continue disease‐modifying treatment should be based on a careful risk–benefit assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Moreno-Torres
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, Jiménez Diaz Foundation University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Celia Oreja-Guevara
- Department of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid and San Carlos Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Aguirre
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, La Princesa University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Julia Sabín Muñoz
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Aladro
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, University Hospital of Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Cárcamo
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, University Hospital of Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan Pablo Cuello
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enric Monreal
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rosario Blasco
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida Orviz García
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, Jiménez Diaz Foundation University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Carmen Santiuste
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Espiño
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tazza F, Lapucci C, Cellerino M, Boffa G, Novi G, Poire I, Mancuso E, Bruschi N, Sbragia E, Laroni A, Capello E, Inglese M. Personalizing ocrelizumab treatment in Multiple Sclerosis: What can we learn from Sars-Cov2 pandemic? J Neurol Sci 2021; 427:117501. [PMID: 34044238 PMCID: PMC8133824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.117501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, we adopted a personalized delayed protocol for ocrelizumab infusions in Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) patients according to the national recommendations. Out of the 83 RRMS patients whose infusion was scheduled between March and December 2020, 56 patients experienced a delay in treatment based on MS severity and SARS-CoV2 infection risk profile. In most cases, the immunophenotype was performed monthly to guide re-infusions. Specifically, B CD19 + cells repopulation rate was monitored. Mean infusion delay was 103,1 [SD 40,6] days, and none of the patients presented relapses or active disease at MRI at the end of the observation period. Treatment naïve status and the interval between immunophenotyping and the last ocrelizumab infusion were predictors of earlier B CD19 + cells repopulation. Two patients contracted SARS-CoV2 with complete recovery. Definitive data about Sars-Cov2 vaccine efficacy in patients treated with ocrelizumab are still lacking. Our findings suggest that a personalized treatment with a delayed infusion schedule does not compromise ocrelizumab short-term efficacy and may help to lengthen the therapeutic window for an effective response to SARS-CoV2 vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Tazza
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - C Lapucci
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Laboratory of Experimental Neurosciences, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - M Cellerino
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - G Boffa
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - G Novi
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - I Poire
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - E Mancuso
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - N Bruschi
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - E Sbragia
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - A Laroni
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - E Capello
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - M Inglese
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Genoa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jones JM, Faruqi AJ, Sullivan JK, Calabrese C, Calabrese LH. COVID-19 Outcomes in Patients Undergoing B Cell Depletion Therapy and Those with Humoral Immunodeficiency States: A Scoping Review. Pathog Immun 2021; 6:76-103. [PMID: 34056149 PMCID: PMC8150936 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v6i1.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of humoral immunity has been well established in reducing infection risk and facilitating viral clearance in patients with COVID-19. However, the relationship between specific antibody responses and severity of COVID-19 is less well understood. METHODS To address this question and identify gaps in knowledge, we utilized the methodology of a scoping review to interrogate risk of infection and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with iatrogenic and inborn humoral immunodeficiency states based on existing literature. RESULTS Among patients with iatrogenic B-cell depletion, particularly with agents targeting CD20, our analysis found increased risk of severe COVID-19 and death across a range of underlying disease states. Among patients with humoral inborn errors of immunity with COVID-19, our synthesis found that patients with dysregulated humoral immunity, predominantly common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), may be more susceptible to severe COVID-19 than patients with humoral immunodeficiency states due to X-linked agammaglobulinemia and other miscellaneous forms of humoral immunodeficiency. There were insufficient data to appraise the risk of COVID-19 infection in both populations of patients. CONCLUSIONS Our work identifies potentially significant predictors of COVID-19 severity in patients with humoral immunodeficiency states and highlights the need for larger studies to control for clinical and biologic confounders of disease severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Jones
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Aiman J. Faruqi
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - James K. Sullivan
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Cassandra Calabrese
- Cleveland Clinic, Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Leonard H. Calabrese
- Cleveland Clinic, Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Cleveland, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gibson EG, Pender M, Angerbauer M, Cook C, Jones B, Spivak AM, Spivak ES, Swaminathan S. Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 Illness in a Patient Receiving Ocrelizumab for Multiple Sclerosis. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab176. [PMID: 34258310 PMCID: PMC8083367 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of prolonged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in a patient receiving ocrelizumab for multiple sclerosis. Viral RNA shedding, signs, and symptoms persisted for 69 days with resolution after administration of convalescent plasma and antiviral therapy. This case suggests risk for persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients treated with anti-CD-20 monoclonal antibodies and supports a role for humoral immunity in disease resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena G Gibson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Melissa Pender
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Michael Angerbauer
- School of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Craig Cook
- Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Barbara Jones
- Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Adam M Spivak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Emily S Spivak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Medicine, George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Sankar Swaminathan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Medicine, George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kenig A, Ishay Y, Kharouf F, Rubin L. Treatment of B-cell depleted COVID-19 patients with convalescent plasma and plasma-based products. Clin Immunol 2021; 227:108723. [PMID: 33838340 PMCID: PMC8024218 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infected patients, receiving background anti-CD20 therapy, were treated with convalescent plasma or plasma-based products. Eight patients were included in the study, presenting with prolonged disease course and delayed viral clearance. CP/plasma-based products were offered as an add-on therapy to standard medical treatment. All patients showed remarkable clinical and laboratory improvement. In addition, polymerase chain reaction from nasopharyngeal swabs rapidly converted to negative following plasma administration. This study emphasizes the therapeutic efficacy of convalescent plasma and plasma-based products in a subgroup of immunocompromised patients with iatrogenic B-cell depletion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Kenig
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuval Ishay
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; The Gastroenterology Unit, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Fadi Kharouf
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Rheumatology Unit, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Limor Rubin
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chela H, Pasha SB, Wan XF, Ghouri YA. A review on medical management of inflammatory bowel disease during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 36:918-926. [PMID: 32876952 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has engulfed the world and is the highlight of medical community at this time. As humanity fights the battle against this virus, questions are arising regarding the appropriate management of at risk patient populations. The immunocompromised cohort is particularly susceptible to this infection, and we have tried to explore the medical management of one such group, which is composed of individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). There is limited data on the management of IBD during the ongoing pandemic. Several medical societies have put forth suggestions on how to manage immunocompromised patients in order to minimize risk of developing coronavirus disease 2019. This review aims to present available recommendations from experts and provides an insight on preventive and therapeutic strategies that can be implemented for the medical management of patients with IBD. We anticipate that as more information arises, new guidelines will emerge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Chela
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Syed Bilal Pasha
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- MU Center for Research on Influenza Systems Biology (CRISB), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,MU Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Yezaz A Ghouri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yassin A, Nawaiseh M, Shaban A, Alsherbini K, El-Salem K, Soudah O, Abu-Rub M. Neurological manifestations and complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:138. [PMID: 33784985 PMCID: PMC8007661 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spectrum of neurological involvement in COVID-19 is not thoroughly understood. To the best of our knowledge, no systematic review with meta-analysis and a sub-group comparison between severe and non-severe cases has been published. The aim of this study is to assess the frequency of neurological manifestations and complications, identify the neurodiagnostic findings, and compare these aspects between severe and non-severe COVID-19 cases. METHODS A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases was conducted for studies published between the 1st of January 2020 and 22nd of April 2020. In addition, we scanned the bibliography of included studies to identify other potentially eligible studies. The criteria for eligibility included studies published in English language (or translated to English), those involving patients with COVID-19 of all age groups, and reporting neurological findings. Data were extracted from eligible studies. Meta-analyses were conducted using comprehensive meta-analysis software. Random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled percentages and means with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the effect of individual studies on the summary estimate. A subgroup analysis was conducted according to severity. The main outcomes of the study were to identify the frequency and nature of neurological manifestations and complications, and the neuro-diagnostic findings in COVID-19 patients. RESULTS 44 articles were included with a pooled sample size of 13,480 patients. The mean age was 50.3 years and 53% were males. The most common neurological manifestations were: Myalgia (22.2, 95% CI, 17.2 to 28.1%), taste impairment (19.6, 95% CI, 3.8 to 60.1%), smell impairment (18.3, 95% CI, 15.4 to 76.2%), headache (12.1, 95% CI, 9.1 to 15.8%), dizziness (11.3, 95% CI, 8.5 to 15.0%), and encephalopathy (9.4, 95% CI, 2.8 to 26.6%). Nearly 2.5% (95% CI, 1 to 6.1%) of patients had acute cerebrovascular diseases (CVD). Myalgia, elevated CK and LDH, and acute CVD were significantly more common in severe cases. Moreover, 20 case reports were assessed qualitatively, and their data presented separately. CONCLUSIONS Neurological involvement is common in COVID-19 patients. Early recognition and vigilance of such involvement might impact their overall outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Yassin
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 630001, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Mohammed Nawaiseh
- Graduate of The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- Intern at Jordanian Royal Medical Services, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ala Shaban
- Graduate of The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- Researcher, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Khalid Alsherbini
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Methodist University Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Khalid El-Salem
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 630001, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Ola Soudah
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Abu-Rub
- Department of Neurology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Alborghetti M, Bellucci G, Gentile A, Calderoni C, Nicoletti F, Capra R, Salvetti M, Centonze D. Drugs used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis during COVID-19 pandemic: a critical viewpoint. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:107-125. [PMID: 33784961 PMCID: PMC9199540 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210330094017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since COVID-19 has emerged as a word public health problem, attention has been focused on how immune-suppressive drugs used for the treatment of autoimmune disorders influence the risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Here, we discuss the disease-modifying agents approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) within this context. Interferon (IFN)-β1a and -1b, which display antiviral activity, could be protective in the early stage of COVID-19 infection, although SARS-CoV-2 may have developed resistance to IFNs. However, in the hyperinflammation stage, IFNs may become detrimental by facilitating macrophage invasion in the lung and other organs. Glatiramer acetate and its analogues should not interfere with the development of COVID-19 and may be considered safe. Teriflunomide, a first-line oral drug used in the treatment of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), may display antiviral activity by depleting cellular nucleotides necessary for viral replication. The other first-line drug, dimethyl fumarate, may afford protection against SARS-CoV-2 by activating the Nrf-2 pathway and reinforcing the cellular defenses against oxidative stress. Concern has been raised regarding the use of second-line treatments for MS during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, this concern is not always justified. For example, fingolimod might be highly beneficial during the hyperinflammatory stage of COVID-19 for a number of mechanisms, including the reinforcement of the endothelial barrier. Caution is suggested for the use of natalizumab, cladribine, alemtuzumab, and ocrelizumab, although MS disease recurrence after discontinuation of these drugs may overcome a potential risk for COVID-19 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marika Alborghetti
- Departments of Neuroscience Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University Sapienza of Rome. Italy
| | - Gianmarco Bellucci
- Departments of Neuroscience Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University Sapienza of Rome. Italy
| | - Antonietta Gentile
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome. Italy
| | - Chiara Calderoni
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza of Rome. Italy
| | | | - Ruggero Capra
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASST Ospedali Civili, Brescia. Italy
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Departments of Neuroscience Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS),University Sapienza of Rome. Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome. Italy
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chang TS, Ding Y, Freund MK, Johnson R, Schwarz T, Yabu JM, Hazlett C, Chiang JN, Wulf DA, Geschwind DH, Butte MJ, Pasaniuc B. Pre-existing conditions in Hispanics/Latinxs that are COVID-19 risk factors. iScience 2021; 24:102188. [PMID: 33615196 PMCID: PMC7879099 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has exposed health care disparities in minority groups including Hispanics/Latinxs (HL). Studies of COVID-19 risk factors for HL have relied on county-level data. We investigated COVID-19 risk factors in HL using individual-level, electronic health records in a Los Angeles health system between March 9, 2020, and August 31, 2020. Of 9,287 HL tested for SARS-CoV-2, 562 were positive. HL constituted an increasing percentage of all COVID-19 positive individuals as disease severity escalated. Multiple risk factors identified in Non-Hispanic/Latinx whites (NHL-W), like renal disease, also conveyed risk in HL. Pre-existing nonrheumatic mitral valve disorder was a risk factor for HL hospitalization but not for NHL-W COVID-19 or HL influenza hospitalization, suggesting it may be a specific HL COVID-19 risk. Admission laboratory values also suggested that HL presented with a greater inflammatory response. COVID-19 risk factors for HL can help guide equitable government policies and identify at-risk populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S. Chang
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yi Ding
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Malika K. Freund
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ruth Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tommer Schwarz
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Julie M. Yabu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chad Hazlett
- Department of Political Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jeffrey N. Chiang
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David A. Wulf
- Department of Political Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel H. Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Manish J. Butte
- Divisions of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bogdan Pasaniuc
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic impact on people with Multiple Sclerosis (pwMS) continues to worry. The disease modifying therapies in pwMS can add a more severe risk of infection when compared to the general population. Alemtuzumab is an anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody and it is one of the most immunosuppressive drugs used in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). CASE DESCRIPTION We present a case of Covid-19 infection that occurred in a 24-year-old woman with MS and treated with alemtuzumab. The infection occurred 4 months after administration of the first course of alemtuzumab and had a benign course with subsequent development of antibodies. Furthermore, we present a brief review of the literature on similar published cases. DISCUSSION We reviewed 17 articles concerning COVID-19 infection in MS patients in treatment with Alemtuzumab. In our case and all screened cases no severe course of disease was noted and no fatality was observed. Systematic compilation of this observation comforts clinicians about the course of Covid-19 infection despite alemtuzumab immunosuppressive treatment CONCLUSIONS: The risk of serious COVID-19 disease in MS patients treated with alemtuzumab is unknown. Physicians need to monitor carefully pwMS treated with alemtuzumab and to consider COVID-19 infection related relapse in the MS patients. Further research is recommended to evaluate the beneficial-risk profile of alemtuzumab in pandemic era.
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over 70 million people worldwide, including those with neurodegenerative disease (NDD), have been diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to date. We review outcomes in patients with NDD and COVID-19 and discuss the hypothesis that due to putative commonalities of neuropathogenesis, COVID-19 may unmask or trigger NDD in vulnerable individuals. RECENT FINDINGS Based on a systematic review of published literature, patients with NDD, including dementia, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis (MS) make up a significant portion of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Such patients are likely to present with altered mental status or worsening of their preexisting neurological symptoms. Patients with NDD and poor outcomes often have high-risk comorbid conditions, including advanced age, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and heart/lung disease. Patients with dementia including Alzheimer's disease are at higher risk for hospitalization and death, whereas those with preexisting Parkinson's disease are not. MS patients have good outcomes and disease modifying therapies do not increase the risk for severe disease. Viral infections and attendant neuroinflammation have been associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and MS, suggesting that COVID-19 may have the potential to incite or accelerate neurodegeneration. SUMMARY Since patients with Alzheimer's disease are at higher risk for hospitalization and death in the setting of COVID-19, additional precautions and protective measures should be put in place to prevent infections and optimize management of comorbidities in this vulnerable population. Further studies are needed to determine whether COVID-19 may lead to an increased risk of developing NDD in susceptible individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay S McAlpine
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Levin SN, Venkatesh S, Nelson KE, Li Y, Aguerre I, Zhu W, Masown K, Rimmer KT, Diaconu CI, Onomichi KB, Leavitt VM, Levine LL, Strauss-Farber R, Vargas WS, Banwell B, Bar-Or A, Berger JR, Goodman AD, Longbrake EE, Oh J, Weinstock-Guttman B, Thakur KT, Edwards KR, Riley CS, Xia Z, De Jager PL. Manifestations and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in neuroinflammatory diseases. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:918-928. [PMID: 33616290 PMCID: PMC8013889 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To report initial results of a planned multicenter year‐long prospective study examining the risk and impact of COVID‐19 among persons with neuroinflammatory disorders (NID), particularly multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods In April 2020, we deployed online questionnaires to individuals in their home environment to assess the prevalence and potential risk factors of suspected COVID‐19 in persons with NID (PwNID) and change in their neurological care. Results Our cohort included 1115 participants (630 NID, 98% MS; 485 reference) as of 30 April 2020. 202 (18%) participants, residing in areas with high COVID‐19 case prevalence, met the April 2020 CDC symptom criteria for suspected COVID‐19, but only 4% of all participants received testing given testing shortages. Among all participants, those with suspected COVID‐19 were younger, more racially diverse, and reported more depression and liver disease. PwNID had the same rate of suspected COVID‐19 as the reference group. Early changes in disease management included telemedicine visits in 21% and treatment changes in 9% of PwNID. After adjusting for potential confounders, increasing neurological disability was associated with a greater likelihood of suspected COVID‐19 (ORadj = 1.45, 1.17–1.84). Interpretations Our study of real‐time, patient‐reported experience during the COVID‐19 pandemic complements physician‐reported MS case registries which capture an excess of severe cases. Overall, PwNID seem to have a risk of suspected COVID‐19 similar to the reference population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seth N Levin
- Multiple Sclerosis Center and Center for Translational & Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shruthi Venkatesh
- Program in Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katie E Nelson
- Multiple Sclerosis Center and Center for Translational & Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Program in Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ines Aguerre
- Multiple Sclerosis Center and Center for Translational & Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wen Zhu
- Program in Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karman Masown
- Program in Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathryn T Rimmer
- Multiple Sclerosis Center and Center for Translational & Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Claudiu I Diaconu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center and Center for Translational & Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kaho B Onomichi
- Multiple Sclerosis Center and Center for Translational & Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Victoria M Leavitt
- Multiple Sclerosis Center and Center for Translational & Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Libby L Levine
- Multiple Sclerosis Center and Center for Translational & Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rebecca Strauss-Farber
- Multiple Sclerosis Center and Center for Translational & Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wendy S Vargas
- Multiple Sclerosis Center and Center for Translational & Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Brenda Banwell
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph R Berger
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew D Goodman
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Erin E Longbrake
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jiwon Oh
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bianca Weinstock-Guttman
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs Multiple Sclerosis Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | | | - Keith R Edwards
- The Multiple Sclerosis Center of Northeastern New York, Latham, New York, USA
| | - Claire S Riley
- Multiple Sclerosis Center and Center for Translational & Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zongqi Xia
- Program in Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Multiple Sclerosis Center and Center for Translational & Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Sette A, Crotty S. Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Cell 2021; 184:861-880. [PMID: 33497610 PMCID: PMC7803150 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1128] [Impact Index Per Article: 376.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system is important for control of most viral infections. The three fundamental components of the adaptive immune system are B cells (the source of antibodies), CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells. The armamentarium of B cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells has differing roles in different viral infections and in vaccines, and thus it is critical to directly study adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 to understand COVID-19. Knowledge is now available on relationships between antigen-specific immune responses and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although more studies are needed, a picture has begun to emerge that reveals that CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and neutralizing antibodies all contribute to control of SARS-CoV-2 in both non-hospitalized and hospitalized cases of COVID-19. The specific functions and kinetics of these adaptive immune responses are discussed, as well as their interplay with innate immunity and implications for COVID-19 vaccines and immune memory against re-infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Dziedzic A, Saluk-Bijak J, Miller E, Niemcewicz M, Bijak M. The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on the Development of Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1804. [PMID: 33670394 PMCID: PMC7918534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), remains a global challenge. Currently, there is some information on the consequences of COVID-19 infection in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, as it is a newly discovered coronavirus, but its far-reaching effects on participation in neurodegenerative diseases seem to be significant. Recent cases reports showed that SARS-CoV-2 may be responsible for initiating the demyelination process in people who previously had no symptoms associated with any nervous system disorders. It is presently known that infection of SARS-CoV-2 evokes cytokine storm syndrome, which may be one of the factors leading to the acute cerebrovascular disease. One of the substantial problems is the coexistence of cerebrovascular disease and MS in an individual's life span. Epidemiological studies showed an enhanced risk of death rate from vascular disabilities in MS patients of approximately 30%. It has been demonstrated that patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection usually show increased levels of D-dimer, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein (CRP), and overactivation of blood platelets, which are essential elements of prothrombotic events. In this review, the latest knowledge gathered during an ongoing pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the neurodegeneration processes in MS is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Dziedzic
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Joanna Saluk-Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Elzbieta Miller
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, Milionowa 14, 93-113 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Marcin Niemcewicz
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.N.); (M.B.)
| | - Michal Bijak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.N.); (M.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
COVID-19 and disease-modifying therapies in patients with demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system: A systematic review. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 50:102800. [PMID: 33578206 PMCID: PMC7845520 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.102800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to expand across the world. This pandemic has had a significant impact on patients with chronic diseases. Among patients with demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS) or Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD), concerns remain about the potential impact of COVID-19 on these patients given their treatment with immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory therapies. In this study, we review the existing literature investigating the impact of disease-modifying therapies(DMT) on COVID-19 risks in this group of patients. Method For this systematic review, we searched PubMed from January 1, 2020, to December 3, 2020. The following keywords were used: “COVID-19” AND “Multiple Sclerosis” OR “Neuromyelitis Optica.” Articles evaluating COVID-19 in patients with demyelinating diseases of CNS were included. This study evaluates the different aspects of the DMTs in these patients during the COVID-19 era. Results and conclusion A total of 262 articles were found. After eliminating duplicates and unrelated research papers, a total of 84 articles met the final inclusion criteria in our study. Overall, the experiences of 2493 MS patients and 37 NMOSD patients with COVID-19 were included in this review. Among them, 46(1.8%) MS patients died(the global death-to-case ratio of Covid-19 was reported about 2.1%). Among DMTs, Rituximab had the highest mortality rate (4%). Despite controversies, especially concerning anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapies, a relation between DMT-use and COVID-19 disease- course was not found in many studies. This observation reinforces the recommendation of not stopping current DMTs. Other variables such as age, higher expanded disability status scale (EDSS) scores, cardiac comorbidities, and obesity were independent risk factors for severe COVID-19. Despite the risks of infection, most patients were willing to continue their DMT during the pandemic because of more significant concern about the risk of relapse or worsening MS symptoms. After the infection, an immune response's attenuation was seen in the patients on Fingolimod and anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. This may be a critical finding in future vaccinations.
Collapse
|
47
|
Fung M, Babik JM. COVID-19 in Immunocompromised Hosts: What We Know So Far. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:340-350. [PMID: 33501974 PMCID: PMC7337668 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused significant morbidity and mortality for patients and stressed healthcare systems worldwide. The clinical features and outcomes of COVID-19 among immunosuppressed patients, who are at presumed risk of more severe disease but who may also have decreased detrimental inflammatory responses, are not well characterized. We review the existing literature on COVID-19 among immunocompromised populations ranging from patients with cancer and solid-organ transplant recipients to patients with HIV and those receiving immunomodulatory therapy for autoimmune disease. Patients with malignancy and solid-organ transplant recipients may be at increased risk of severe COVID-19 disease and death, whereas for those with other types of immunocompromise, current evidence is less clear. Overall, further prospective controlled studies are needed to determine the attributable risk of immunocompromising conditions and therapies on COVID-19 disease prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Fung
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jennifer M Babik
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Mantero V, Abate L, Salmaggi A, Cordano C. Multiple sclerosis and COVID-19: How could therapeutic scenarios change during the pandemic? J Med Virol 2021; 93:1847-1849. [PMID: 33448419 PMCID: PMC8014825 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Abate
- Department of Neurology, MS Center, ASST Lariana, Como, Italy
| | - Andrea Salmaggi
- Department of Neurology, MS Center, ASST Lecco, Lecco, Italy
| | - Christian Cordano
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kubota T, Kuroda N. Exacerbation of neurological symptoms and COVID-19 severity in patients with preexisting neurological disorders and COVID-19: A systematic review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2021; 200:106349. [PMID: 33172719 PMCID: PMC7604080 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic diseases likely develop severe 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19). However, little is known about the effects of COVID-19 on patients with neurological disorders. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the severity of COVID-19 and its effect on neurological symptoms in patients with preexisting neurological disorder and COVID-19. METHODS We searched the MEDLINE (PubMed) and medRxiv databases for reports of patients with both preexisting neurological disorders and COVID-19. Studies reporting data on changes in the symptoms of preexisting neurological disorders and/or the severity of COVID-19 were included. RESULTS Twenty-six articles with 2278 patients with preexisting neurological disorder and COVID-19 were identified. Of 232 patients, 74 (31.9 %) showed exacerbation of preexisting neurological symptoms of dementia (55/92; 59.5 %), Parkinson's disease (10/17; 58.8 %), epilepsy (1/1; 100 %), and unspecified neurological disorders (8/106; 7.5 %). Of 2168 patients, 478 (22.0 %) showed severe COVID-19 course. These included patients with cerebrovascular disease (86/445; 19.3 %), dementia (70/316; 22.2 %), Parkinson's disease (25/214; 11.7 %), multiple sclerosis (28/71; 39.4 %), spinal cord injury (5/7; 71.4 %), epilepsy (10/98; 10.2 %) and unspecified neurological disorders (254/1011; 25 %). CONCLUSIONS Patients with preexisting neurological disorders and COVID-19 may develop exacerbation of neurological symptoms and severe COVID-19. Clinicians should be aware of the risk of symptom exacerbation and severe COVID-19 in patients with preexisting neurological disease and should focus on the prevention and early care of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Kubota
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, USA; Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA.
| | - Naoto Kuroda
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA; Department of Epileptology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Eliseeva DD, Vasiliev AV, Abramova AA, Kochergin IA, Zakharova MN. [Monoclonal antibody therapies for rapidly progressive and highly active multiple sclerosis in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:31-36. [PMID: 34387443 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202112107231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, reducing the risk of infection for immunocompromised patients remains an important issue. Patients with aggressive multiple sclerosis (MS) require immunosuppressive therapy in order to control the overactive autoimmune response. Preliminary international and national trials demonstrate that older age, higher disability status and progressive MS are generally associated with a more severe clinical course of COVID-19. However, uncertainty remains about the effect of disease-modifying therapies on the COVID-19 clinical presentation. In this article, we pay special attention to monoclonal antibodies used for immune reconstitution therapy, which results in significant changes to the T-cell and/or B-cell repertoire. Based on the published data from registries in different countries, we attempted to estimate the benefits and risks of these therapies in a complicated epidemiological setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - A V Vasiliev
- «Neuroclinic» (Yusupov Hospital), Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|