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Pajares-Chamorro N, Hernández-Escobar S, Wagley Y, Acevedo P, Cramer M, Badylak S, Hammer ND, Hardy J, Hankenson K, Chatzistavrou X. Silver-releasing bioactive glass nanoparticles for infected tissue regeneration. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 154:213656. [PMID: 37844416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections represent a formidable challenge, often leaving behind significant bone defects post-debridement and necessitating prolonged antibiotic treatments. The rise of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains further complicates infection management. Bioactive glass nanoparticles have been presented as a promising substitute for bone defects and as carriers for therapeutic agents against microorganisms. Achieving consistent incorporation of ions into BGNs has proven challenging and restricted to a maximum ion concentration, especially when reducing the particle size. This study presents a notable achievement in the synthesis of 10 nm-sized Ag-doped bioactive glass nanoparticles (Ag-BGNs) using a modified yet straightforward Stöber method. The successful incorporation of essential elements, including P, Ca, Al, and Ag, into the glass structure at the intended concentrations (i.e., CaO wt% above 20 %) was confirmed by EDS, signifying a significant advancement in nanoscale biomaterial engineering. While exhibiting a spherical morphology and moderate dispersity, these nanoparticles tend to form submicron-sized aggregates outside of a solution state. The antibacterial effectiveness against MRSA was established across various experimental conditions, with Ag-BGNs effectively sterilizing planktonic bacteria without the need for antibiotics. Remarkably, when combined with oxacillin or fosfomycin, Ag-BGNs demonstrated a potent synergistic effect, restoring antibacterial capabilities against MRSA strains resistant to these antibiotics when used alone. Ag-BGNs exhibited potential in promoting human mesenchymal stromal cell proliferation, inducing the upregulation of osteoblast gene markers, and significantly contributing to bone regeneration in mice. This innovative synthesis protocol holds substantial promise for the development of biomaterials dedicated to the regeneration of infected tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Pajares-Chamorro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sandra Hernández-Escobar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Yadav Wagley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
| | - Parker Acevedo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
| | - Madeline Cramer
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephen Badylak
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Neal D Hammer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jonathan Hardy
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Kurt Hankenson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
| | - Xanthippi Chatzistavrou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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2
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Puricelli C, Gigliotti CL, Stoppa I, Sacchetti S, Pantham D, Scomparin A, Rolla R, Pizzimenti S, Dianzani U, Boggio E, Sutti S. Use of Poly Lactic-co-glycolic Acid Nano and Micro Particles in the Delivery of Drugs Modulating Different Phases of Inflammation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1772. [PMID: 37376219 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of many diseases, including apparently unrelated conditions such as metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporosis, and tumors, but the use of conventional anti-inflammatory drugs to treat these diseases is generally not very effective given their adverse effects. In addition, some alternative anti-inflammatory medications, such as many natural compounds, have scarce solubility and stability, which are associated with low bioavailability. Therefore, encapsulation within nanoparticles (NPs) may represent an effective strategy to enhance the pharmacological properties of these bioactive molecules, and poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) NPs have been widely used because of their high biocompatibility and biodegradability and possibility to finely tune erosion time, hydrophilic/hydrophobic nature, and mechanical properties by acting on the polymer's composition and preparation technique. Many studies have been focused on the use of PLGA-NPs to deliver immunosuppressive treatments for autoimmune and allergic diseases or to elicit protective immune responses, such as in vaccination and cancer immunotherapy. By contrast, this review is focused on the use of PLGA NPs in preclinical in vivo models of other diseases in which a key role is played by chronic inflammation or unbalance between the protective and reparative phases of inflammation, with a particular focus on intestinal bowel disease; cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, osteoarticular, and ocular diseases; and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Puricelli
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, Corso Mazzini 18, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Casimiro Luca Gigliotti
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
- NOVAICOS s.r.l.s, Via Amico Canobio 4/6, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Ian Stoppa
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Sara Sacchetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, Corso Mazzini 18, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Deepika Pantham
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
- NOVAICOS s.r.l.s, Via Amico Canobio 4/6, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Anna Scomparin
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Roberta Rolla
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, Corso Mazzini 18, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Stefania Pizzimenti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Umberto Dianzani
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, Corso Mazzini 18, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Elena Boggio
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
- NOVAICOS s.r.l.s, Via Amico Canobio 4/6, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sutti
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Upadhyay K, Tamrakar RK, Thomas S, Kumar M. Surface functionalized nanoparticles: A boon to biomedical science. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 380:110537. [PMID: 37182689 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of nanomedicine has increased the likelihood that manufactured nanoparticles will one day come into contact with people and the environment. A variety of academic fields, including engineering and the health sciences, have taken a keen interest in the development of nanotechnology. Any significant development in nanomaterial-based applications would depend on the production of functionalized nanoparticles, which are believed to have the potential to be used in fields like pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences. The functionalization of nanoparticles with particular recognition chemical moieties does result in multifunctional nanoparticles with greater efficacy while at the same time minimising adverse effects, according to early clinical studies. This is because of traits like aggressive cellular uptake and focused localization in tumours. To advance this field of inquiry, chemical procedures must be developed that reliably attach chemical moieties to nanoparticles. The structure-function relationship of these functionalized nanoparticles has been extensively studied as a result of the discovery of several chemical processes for the synthesis of functionalized nanoparticles specifically for drug delivery, cancer therapy, diagnostics, tissue engineering, and molecular biology. Because of the growing understanding of how to functionalize nanoparticles and the continued work of innovative scientists to expand this technology, it is anticipated that functionalized nanoparticles will play an important role in the aforementioned domains. As a result, the goal of this study is to familiarise readers with nanoparticles, to explain functionalization techniques that have already been developed, and to examine potential applications for nanoparticles in the biomedical sciences. This review's information is essential for the safe and broad use of functionalized nanoparticles, particularly in the biomedical sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Upadhyay
- Department of Applied Physics, Bhilai Institute of Technology (Seth Balkrishan Memorial), Near Bhilai House, Durg, C.G, 491001, India.
| | - Raunak Kumar Tamrakar
- Department of Applied Physics, Bhilai Institute of Technology (Seth Balkrishan Memorial), Near Bhilai House, Durg, C.G, 491001, India
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottyam, Kerla, 686560, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bhilai Institute of Technology (Seth Balkrishan Memorial), Near Bhilai Power House, Durg, 49100, Chhattisgarh, India
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4
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Hosseinpour S, Gomez-Cerezo MN, Cao Y, Lei C, Dai H, Walsh LJ, Ivanovski S, Xu C. A Comparative Study of Mesoporous Silica and Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles as Non-Viral MicroRNA Vectors for Osteogenesis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112302. [PMID: 36365121 PMCID: PMC9694756 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-ribonucleic acid (miRNA)-based therapies show advantages for bone regeneration but need efficient intracellular delivery methods. Inorganic nanoparticles such as mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (MBGN) and mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) have received growing interest in the intracellular delivery of nucleic acids. This study explores the capacity of MBGN and MSN for delivering miRNA to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) for bone regenerative purposes, with a focus on comparing the two in terms of cell viability, transfection efficiency, and osteogenic actions. Spherical MBGN and MSN with a particle size of ~200 nm and small-sized mesopores were prepared using the sol-gel method, and then the surface was modified with polyethyleneimine for miRNA loading and delivery. The results showed miRNA can be loaded into both nanoparticles within 2 h and was released sustainedly for up to 3 days. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry analysis indicated a high transfection efficiency (>64%) of both nanoparticles without statistical difference. Compared with MSN, MBGN showed stronger activation of alkaline phosphatase and activation of osteocalcin genes. This translated to a greater osteogenic effect of MBGN on BMSC, with Alizarin red staining showing greater mineralization compared with the MSN group. These findings show the potential for MBGN to be used in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepanta Hosseinpour
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Maria Natividad Gomez-Cerezo
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yuxue Cao
- The Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence (PACE), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Chang Lei
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Huan Dai
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Laurence J. Walsh
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Saso Ivanovski
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Chun Xu
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
- Correspondence:
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5
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Huang C, Yu M, Li H, Wan X, Ding Z, Zeng W, Zhou Z. Research Progress of Bioactive Glass and Its Application in Orthopedics. ADVANCED MATERIALS INTERFACES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/admi.202100606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics West China Hospital of Sichuan University No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology North‐Kuanren General Hospital No. 69 Xingguang Avenue, Yubei District Chongqing 401121 P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics West China Hospital of Sichuan University No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Xufeng Wan
- Department of Orthopaedics West China Hospital of Sichuan University No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Zichuan Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics West China Hospital of Sichuan University No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Weinan Zeng
- Department of Orthopaedics West China Hospital of Sichuan University No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Zongke Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics West China Hospital of Sichuan University No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
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6
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Giordano F, Lenna S, Rampado R, Brozovich A, Hirase T, Tognon MG, Martini F, Agostini M, Yustein JT, Taraballi F. Nanodelivery Systems Face Challenges and Limitations in Bone Diseases Management. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Giordano
- Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston Methodist 6670 Bertner Ave Houston TX 77030 USA
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Houston Methodist Hospital Houston Methodist, 6565 Fannin Street Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Stefania Lenna
- Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston Methodist 6670 Bertner Ave Houston TX 77030 USA
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Houston Methodist Hospital Houston Methodist, 6565 Fannin Street Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Riccardo Rampado
- Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston Methodist 6670 Bertner Ave Houston TX 77030 USA
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Houston Methodist Hospital Houston Methodist, 6565 Fannin Street Houston TX 77030 USA
- First Surgical Clinic Section, Department of Surgical Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padua Padua 35124 Italy
- Nano‐Inspired Biomedicine Laboratory Institute of Pediatric Research—Città della Speranza Padua Italy
| | - Ava Brozovich
- Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston Methodist 6670 Bertner Ave Houston TX 77030 USA
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Houston Methodist Hospital Houston Methodist, 6565 Fannin Street Houston TX 77030 USA
- Texas A&M College of Medicine 8447 Highway 47 Bryan TX 77807 USA
| | - Takashi Hirase
- Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston Methodist 6670 Bertner Ave Houston TX 77030 USA
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Houston Methodist Hospital Houston Methodist, 6565 Fannin Street Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Mauro G. Tognon
- Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Marco Agostini
- First Surgical Clinic Section, Department of Surgical Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padua Padua 35124 Italy
- Nano‐Inspired Biomedicine Laboratory Institute of Pediatric Research—Città della Speranza Padua Italy
| | - Jason T. Yustein
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers and The Faris D. Virani Ewing Sarcoma Center Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Francesca Taraballi
- Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston Methodist 6670 Bertner Ave Houston TX 77030 USA
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Houston Methodist Hospital Houston Methodist, 6565 Fannin Street Houston TX 77030 USA
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7
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Zhao D, Zhu T, Li J, Cui L, Zhang Z, Zhuang X, Ding J. Poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid)-based composite bone-substitute materials. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:346-360. [PMID: 32954053 PMCID: PMC7475521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Research and development of the ideal artificial bone-substitute materials to replace autologous and allogeneic bones for repairing bone defects is still a challenge in clinical orthopedics. Recently, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based artificial bone-substitute materials are attracting increasing attention as the benefit of their suitable biocompatibility, degradability, mechanical properties, and capabilities to promote bone regeneration. In this article, we comprehensively review the artificial bone-substitute materials made from PLGA or the composites of PLGA and other organic and inorganic substances, elaborate on their applications for bone regeneration with or without bioactive factors, and prospect the challenges and opportunities in clinical bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoyi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 4 Chongshandong Road, Shenyang, 110032, PR China
| | - Tongtong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, PR China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Liguo Cui
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Zhiyu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 4 Chongshandong Road, Shenyang, 110032, PR China
| | - Xiuli Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
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8
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Wang N, Fuh JYH, Dheen ST, Senthil Kumar A. Synthesis methods of functionalized nanoparticles: a review. Biodes Manuf 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-020-00106-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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Kesse X, Adam A, Begin-Colin S, Mertz D, Larquet E, Gacoin T, Maurin I, Vichery C, Nedelec JM. Elaboration of Superparamagnetic and Bioactive Multicore-Shell Nanoparticles (γ-Fe 2O 3@SiO 2-CaO): A Promising Material for Bone Cancer Treatment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:47820-47830. [PMID: 32990423 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The past few decades have seen the development of new bone cancer therapies, triggered by the discovery of new biomaterials. When the tumoral area is small and accessible, the common clinical treatment implies the tumor mass removal followed by bone reconstruction or consolidation with a bioceramic or a metallic scaffold. Even though the treatment also involves chemotherapy or radiotherapy, resurgence of cancer cells remains possible. We have thus designed a new kind of heterostructured nanobiomaterial, composed of SiO2-CaO bioactive glass as the shell and superparamagnetic γ-Fe2O3 iron oxide as the core in order to combine the benefits of bone repair thanks to the glass bioactivity and cancer cell destruction through magnetic hyperthermia. These multifunctional core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) have been obtained using a two-stage procedure, involving the coprecipitation of 11 nm sized iron oxide NPs followed by their encapsulation inside a bioactive glass shell by sol-gel chemistry. The as-produced spherical multicore-shell NPs show a narrow size distribution of 73 ± 7 nm. Magnetothermal loss measurements by calorimetry under an alternating magnetic field and in vitro bioactivity assessment performed in simulated body fluid showed that these heterostructures exhibit a good heating capacity and a fast mineralization process (hydroxyapatite forming ability). In addition, their in vitro cytocompatibility, evaluated in the presence of human mesenchymal stem cells during 3 and 7 days, has been demonstrated. These first findings suggest that γ-Fe2O3@SiO2-CaO heterostructures are a promising biomaterial to fill bone defects resulting from bone tumor resection, as they have the ability to both repair bone tissue and act as thermoseeds for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Kesse
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France
| | - Alexandre Adam
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR-7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Lœss, BP 34, Strasbourg 67034 Cedex 2, France
| | - Sylvie Begin-Colin
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR-7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Lœss, BP 34, Strasbourg 67034 Cedex 2, France
| | - Damien Mertz
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR-7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Lœss, BP 34, Strasbourg 67034 Cedex 2, France
| | - Eric Larquet
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, IP Paris, Palaiseau 91128, France
| | - Thierry Gacoin
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, IP Paris, Palaiseau 91128, France
| | - Isabelle Maurin
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, IP Paris, Palaiseau 91128, France
| | - Charlotte Vichery
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France
| | - Jean-Marie Nedelec
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France
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10
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Pajares-Chamorro N, Chatzistavrou X. Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles for Tissue Regeneration. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:12716-12726. [PMID: 32548455 PMCID: PMC7288353 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sol-gel-derived bioactive glass nanoparticles have attracted special interest due to their potential as novel therapeutic and regenerative agents. Significant challenges are yet to be addressed. The fabrication of sol-gel-derived nanoparticles in binary and ternary systems with an actual composition that meets the nominal has to be achieved. This work addresses this challenge and delivers nanoparticles in a ternary system with tailored composition and particle size. It also studies how specific steps in the fabrication process can affect the incorporation of the metallic ions, nanoparticle size, and mesoporosity. Sol-gel-derived bioactive glass nanoparticles in the 62 SiO2-34.5 CaO-3.2 P2O5 (mol %) system have been fabricated and characterized for their structural, morphological, and elemental characteristics using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy associated with elemental analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. The fabricated nanoparticles were additionally observed to form the apatite phase when immersed in simulated body fluid. This work highlights the effect of the different processing variables, such as the nature of the solvent, the order in which reagents are added, stirring time, and the concentrations in the catalytic solution on the controlled incorporation of specific ions (e.g., P and Ca) in the nanoparticle network and particle size.
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11
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Kesse X, Vichery C, Jacobs A, Descamps S, Nedelec JM. Unravelling the Impact of Calcium Content on the Bioactivity of Sol–Gel-Derived Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:1312-1320. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Kesse
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Charlotte Vichery
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Aurelie Jacobs
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphane Descamps
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Marie Nedelec
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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12
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Wilkesmann S, Fellenberg J, Nawaz Q, Reible B, Moghaddam A, Boccaccini AR, Westhauser F. Primary osteoblasts, osteoblast precursor cells or osteoblast‐like cell lines: Which human cell types are (most) suitable for characterizing 45S5‐bioactive glass? J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 108:663-674. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wilkesmann
- Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Germany
| | - Jörg Fellenberg
- Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Germany
| | - Qaisar Nawaz
- Institute of Biomaterials University of Erlangen‐Nuremberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Bruno Reible
- Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Germany
| | - Arash Moghaddam
- ATORG—Aschaffenburg Trauma and Orthopedic Research Group, Center for Trauma Surgery, Orthopedics, and Sports Medicine Klinikum Aschaffenburg‐Alzenau Aschaffenburg Germany
| | - Aldo R. Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials University of Erlangen‐Nuremberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Fabian Westhauser
- Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Germany
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13
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Orshesh Z, Borhan S, Kafashan H. Physical, mechanical and in vitro biological evaluation of synthesized biosurfactant-modified silanated-gelatin/sodium alginate/45S5 bioglass bone tissue engineering scaffolds. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2019; 31:93-109. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2019.1675226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziba Orshesh
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shokoufeh Borhan
- Materials and Chemical Engineering Faculty, Buein Zahra Technical University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Hosein Kafashan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
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14
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Kim TH, Kang MS, Mandakhbayar N, El-Fiqi A, Kim HW. Anti-inflammatory actions of folate-functionalized bioactive ion-releasing nanoparticles imply drug-free nanotherapy of inflamed tissues. Biomaterials 2019; 207:23-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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15
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Lowe B, Ottensmeyer MP, Xu C, He Y, Ye Q, Troulis MJ. The Regenerative Applicability of Bioactive Glass and Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate in Bone Tissue Engineering: A Transformation Perspective. J Funct Biomater 2019; 10:E16. [PMID: 30909518 PMCID: PMC6463135 DOI: 10.3390/jfb10010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The conventional applicability of biomaterials in the field of bone tissue engineering takes into consideration several key parameters to achieve desired results for prospective translational use. Hence, several engineering strategies have been developed to model in the regenerative parameters of different forms of biomaterials, including bioactive glass and β-tricalcium phosphate. This review examines the different ways these two materials are transformed and assembled with other regenerative factors to improve their application for bone tissue engineering. We discuss the role of the engineering strategy used and the regenerative responses and mechanisms associated with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baboucarr Lowe
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Herston 4006, Queensland, Australia.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Mark P Ottensmeyer
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Chun Xu
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Herston 4006, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Yan He
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Herston 4006, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Qingsong Ye
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Herston 4006, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Maria J Troulis
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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16
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Zhou X, Zhang Q, Chen L, Nie W, Wang W, Wang H, Mo X, He C. Versatile Nanocarrier Based on Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles to Codeliver Osteogenic Gene and Drug for Enhanced Osteodifferentiation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:710-723. [PMID: 33405833 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To achieve enhanced stimulatory effects on the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells, the combination of dual factors with synergistic bioactivity has been regarded as the most effective and powerful strategy. In this study, polylysine-modified polyethylenimine (PEI-PLL) copolymers with various molecular weight PEI blocks were first synthesized and evaluated focusing on their cytotoxicity and gene transfection efficiency, and the results demonstrated that the synthesized copolymer PEI-PLL-25k (synthesized using 25 kDa PEI) exhibited lower cytotoxicity and higher in vitro transfection efficiency than commercial PEI-25k (Mw = 25 kDa). In order to effectively load and deliver plasmid DNA and osteogenic drug dexamethasone (DEX), PEI-PLL-25k copolymer and arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) peptide were successively anchored onto the surface of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) to construct the dual-factor delivery system, which allows the surface adsorption of DNA and DEX loading in the mesopores of MSNs. The modification of PEI-PLL-25k copolymer and RGD on nanoparticles was successfully characterized by various techniques. The functionalized MSNs with RGD conjugation on the surface showed good cytocompatibility as evidenced by in vitro cell viability assays and cytoskeleton observation. The dual-factor delivery system could quickly release plasmid DNA (pDNA), while releasing DEX in a sustained manner. When cultured with the vector bearing bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) pDNA, the transfected bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were capable of expressing BMP-2 protein. With the simultaneous delivery of DEX and the BMP-2 gene, this dual-factor delivery system could significantly enhance the level of osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, as demonstrated by in vitro results of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, expression of osteo-related genes, and calcium deposition. Therefore, the versatile functionalized MSNs nanocarrier for codelivery of osteogenic gene and drug may be considered as a promising dual-delivery system to synergistically enhance the osteogenic outcomes of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Wei Nie
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Weizhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiumei Mo
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Chuanglong He
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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Zhang J, Cai L, Wang T, Tang S, Li Q, Tang T, Wei S, Qian J, Wei J, Su J. Lithium doped silica nanospheres/poly(dopamine) composite coating on polyetheretherketone to stimulate cell responses, improve bone formation and osseointegration. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:965-976. [PMID: 29408735 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Osseointegration is crucial for early fixation as well as long-term success of orthopedic implants. Bioactive composite containing lithium doping silica nanospheres (LSNs) and poly(dopamine) (PDA) were coated on polyetheretherketone (PK) surface (LPPK), and effects of the LSNs/PDA composite (LPC) coating on the biological properties of LPPK were assessed both in vitro and in vivo. Results showed that LPPK with improved bioactivity remarkably promoted apatite mineralization in simulated body fluid (SBF) compared with PDA coated on PK (PPK) and PK. Moreover, the LPPK remarkably stimulated rat bone marrow stromal cells (rBMSCs) responses compared with PPK and PK. Furthermore, the LPPK significantly promoted bone tissues responses in vivo compared with PPK and PK. It could be suggested that the improvements of cells and bone tissues responses were attributed to the surface characteristics of the bioactive LPC coating on LPPK. The LPPK would be a great candidate for orthopedic and dental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Cai
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Tinglan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Songchao Tang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan Li
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shicheng Wei
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Studies, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jiacan Su
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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18
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In vitro osteogenesis by intracellular uptake of strontium containing bioactive glass nanoparticles. Acta Biomater 2018; 66:67-80. [PMID: 29129790 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Monodispersed strontium containing bioactive glass nanoparticles (Sr-BGNPs) with two compositions were synthesised, through a modified sol-gel Stöber process, wherein silica nanoparticles (SiO2-NPs) were formed prior to incorporation of calcium and strontium, with diameters of 90 ± 10 nm. The osteogenic response of a murine preosteoblast cell line, MC3T3-E1, was investigated in vitro for a nanoparticle concentration of 250 µg/mL with compositions of 87 mol% SiO2, 7 mol% CaO, 6 mol% SrO and 83 mol% SiO2, 3 mol% CaO, 14 mol% SrO. Dissolution studies in minimum essential media (α-MEM) at pH 7.4 and artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF) at pH 4.5 showed that the particles dissolved and that Sr2+ ions were released from Sr-BGNPs in both environments. Both particle compositions and their ionic dissolution products enhanced the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of the cells and calcium deposition. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of Col1a1, osteocalcin (OSC) and osteopontin (OSP) showed that these proteins were expressed in the MC3T3-E1 cells following three weeks of culture. In the basal condition, the late osteogenic differentiation markers, OSC and OSP, were more overtly expressed by cells cultured with Sr-BGNPs with 14 mol% SrO and their ionic release products than in the control condition. Col1a1 expression was only slightly enhanced in the basal condition, but was enhanced further by the osteogenic supplements. These data demonstrate that Sr-BGNPs accelerate mineralisation without osteogenic supplements. Sr-BGNPs were internalised into MC3T3-E1 cells by endocytosis and stimulated osteogenic differentiation of the pre-osteoblast cell line. Sr-BGNPs are likely to be beneficial for bone regeneration and the observed osteogenic effects of these particles can be attributed to their ionic release products. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE We report, for the first time, that monodispersed bioactive glass nanoparticles (∼90 nm) are internalised into preosteoblast cells by endocytosis but by unspecific mechanisms. The bioactive nanoparticles and their dissolution products (without the particles present) stimulated the expression of osteogenic markers from preosteoblast cells without the addition of other osteogenic supplements. Incorporating Sr into the bioactive glass nanoparticle composition, in addition to Ca, increased the total cation content (and therefore dissolution rate) of the nanoparticles, even though nominal total cation addition was constant, without changing size or morphology. Increasing Sr content in the nanoparticles and in their dissolution products enhanced osteogenesis in vitro. The particles therefore have great potential as an injectable therapeutic for bone regeneration, particularly in patients with osteoporosis, for which Sr is known to be therapeutic agent.
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19
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Zheng K, Boccaccini AR. Sol-gel processing of bioactive glass nanoparticles: A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 249:363-373. [PMID: 28364954 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Silicate-based bioactive glass nanoparticles (BGN) are gaining increasing attention in various biomedical applications due to their unique properties. Controlled synthesis of BGN is critical to their effective use in biomedical applications since BGN characteristics, such as morphology and composition, determining the properties of BGN, are highly related to the synthesis process. In the last decade, numerous investigations focusing on BGN synthesis have been reported. BGN can mainly be produced through the conventional melt-quench approach or by sol-gel methods. The latter approaches are drawing widespread attention, considering the convenience and versatility they offer to tune the properties of BGN. In this paper, we review the strategies of sol-gel processing of BGN, including those adopting different catalysts for initiating the hydrolysis and condensation of silicate precursors as well as those combining sol-gel chemistry with other techniques. The processes and mechanism of different synthesis approaches are introduced and discussed in detail. Considering the importance of the BGN morphology and composition to their biomedical applications, strategies put forward to control the size, shape, pore structure and composition of BGN are discussed. BGN are particularly interesting biomaterials for bone-related applications, however, they also have potential for other biomedical applications, e.g. in soft tissue regeneration/repair. Therefore, in the last part of this review, recently reported applications of BGN in soft tissue repair and wound healing are presented.
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20
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Cheng H, Chawla A, Yang Y, Li Y, Zhang J, Jang HL, Khademhosseini A. Development of nanomaterials for bone-targeted drug delivery. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1336-1350. [PMID: 28487069 PMCID: PMC5644493 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone is one of the major organs of the human body; it supports and protects other organs, produces blood cells, stores minerals, and regulates hormones. Therefore, disorders in bone can cause serious morbidity, complications, or mortality of patients. However, despite the significant occurrence of bone diseases, such as osteoarthritis (OA), osteoporosis (OP), non-union bone defects, bone cancer, and myeloma-related bone disease, their effective treatments remain a challenge. In this review, we highlight recent progress in the development of nanotechnology-based drug delivery for bone treatment, based on its improved delivery efficiency and safety. We summarize the most commonly used nanomaterials for bone drug delivery. We then discuss the targeting strategies of these nanomaterials to the diseased sites of bone tissue. We also highlight nanotechnology-based drug delivery to bone cells and subcellular organelles. We envision that nanotechnology-based drug delivery will serve as a powerful tool for developing treatments for currently incurable bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cheng
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02139, USA; Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Orthopaedic Department, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Aditya Chawla
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02139, USA; Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yafeng Yang
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02139, USA; Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yuxiao Li
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02139, USA; Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02139, USA; Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hae Lin Jang
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02139, USA; Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02139, USA; Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia.
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21
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Kashte S, Jaiswal AK, Kadam S. Artificial Bone via Bone Tissue Engineering: Current Scenario and Challenges. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 14:1-14. [PMID: 30603457 PMCID: PMC6171575 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-016-0001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone provides mechanical support, and flexibility to the body as a structural frame work along with mineral storage, homeostasis, and blood pH regulation. The repair and/or replacement of injured or defective bone with healthy bone or bone substitute is a critical problem in orthopedic treatment. Recent advances in tissue engineering have shown promising results in developing bone material capable of substituting the conventional autogenic or allogenic bone transplants. In the present review, we have discussed natural and synthetic scaffold materials such as metal and metal alloys, ceramics, polymers, etc. which are widely being used along with their cellular counterparts such as stem cells in bone tissue engineering with their pros and cons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaji Kashte
- Department of Biosciences and Technology, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Girinagar, Pune, MS 411025 India
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research, D. Y. Patil University, Kolhapur, 416006 India
| | - Amit Kumar Jaiswal
- Center for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, VIT University, Vellore, 632104 India
| | - Sachin Kadam
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research, D. Y. Patil University, Kolhapur, 416006 India
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22
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Borhan S, Hesaraki S, Behnamghader AA, Ghasemi E. Rheological evaluations and in vitro studies of injectable bioactive glass-polycaprolactone-sodium alginate composites. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2016; 27:137. [PMID: 27432416 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-016-5745-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Composite pastes composed of various amounts of melt-derived bioactive glass 52S4 (MG5) and polycaprolactone (PCL) microspheres in sodium alginate solution were prepared. Rheological properties in both rotatory and oscillatory modes were evaluated. Injectability was measured as injection force versus piston displacement. In vitro calcium phosphate precipitation was also studied in simulated body fluid (SBF) and tracked using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and FTIR analyses. All composite pastes were thixotropic in nature and exhibited shear thinning behavior. The magnitude of thixotropy decreased by adding 10-30 wt% PCL, while further amounts of PCL increased it again. Moreover, the composites were viscoelastic materials in which the elastic modulus was higher than viscous term. The pastes which were just made of MG5 or PCL had poor injectability, whereas the composites containing both of these constituents exhibited reasonable injectability. All pastes revealed adequate structural stability in contact with SBF solution. In vitro calcium phosphate precipitation was well observed on the paste made of MG5 and somewhat on the pastes with 10-40 wt% PCL, however the precipitated layer was amorphous in nature. Overall, the produced composites may be appropriate as injectable biomaterials for non-invasive surgeries but more biological evaluations are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokoufeh Borhan
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Materials & Energy Research Center, Karaj, Alborz, Iran
| | - Saeed Hesaraki
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Materials & Energy Research Center, Karaj, Alborz, Iran.
| | - Ali-Asghar Behnamghader
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Materials & Energy Research Center, Karaj, Alborz, Iran
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Kim TH, Singh RK, Kang MS, Kim JH, Kim HW. Gene delivery nanocarriers of bioactive glass with unique potential to load BMP2 plasmid DNA and to internalize into mesenchymal stem cells for osteogenesis and bone regeneration. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:8300-8311. [PMID: 27035682 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07933k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of bioactive glasses with nanoscale morphologies has spurred their specific applications in bone regeneration, for example as drug and gene delivery carriers. Bone engineering with stem cells genetically modified with this unique class of nanocarriers thus holds great promise in this avenue. Here we report the potential of the bioactive glass nanoparticle (BGN) system for the gene delivery of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) targeting bone. The composition of 15% Ca-added silica, proven to be bone-bioactive, was formulated into surface aminated mesoporous nanospheres with enlarged pore sizes, to effectively load and deliver bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) plasmid DNA. The enlarged mesopores were highly effective in loading BMP2-pDNA with an efficiency as high as 3.5 wt% (pDNA w.r.t. BGN), a level more than twice than for small-sized mesopores. The BGN nanocarriers released the genetic molecules in a highly sustained manner (for as long as 2 weeks). The BMP2-pDNA/BGN complexes were effectively internalized to rat MSCs with a cell uptake level of ∼73%, and the majority of cells were transfected to express the BMP2 protein. Subsequent osteogenesis of the transfected MSCs was demonstrated by the expression of bone-related genes, including bone sialoprotein, osteopontin, and osteocalcin. The MSCs transfected with BMP2-pDNA/BGN were locally delivered inside a collagen gel to the target calvarium defects. The results showed significantly improved bone regeneration, as evidenced by the micro-computed tomographic, histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses. This study supports the excellent capacity of the BGN system as a pDNA-delivery nanocarrier in MSCs, and the engineered system, BMP2-pDNA/BGN with MSCs, may be considered a new promising candidate to advance the therapeutic potential of stem cells through genetic modification, targeting bone defects and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea. and Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Rajendra K Singh
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea. and Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sil Kang
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea. and Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea. and Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea. and Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea and Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
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24
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Vichery C, Nedelec JM. Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles: From Synthesis to Materials Design for Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 9:E288. [PMID: 28773412 PMCID: PMC5502981 DOI: 10.3390/ma9040288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to their high biocompatibility and bioactivity, bioactive glasses are very promising materials for soft and hard tissue repair and engineering. Because bioactivity and specific surface area intrinsically linked, the last decade has seen a focus on the development of highly porous and/or nano-sized materials. This review emphasizes the synthesis of bioactive glass nanoparticles and materials design strategies. The first part comprehensively covers mainly soft chemistry processes, which aim to obtain dispersible and monodispersed nanoparticles. The second part discusses the use of bioactive glass nanoparticles for medical applications, highlighting the design of materials. Mesoporous nanoparticles for drug delivery, injectable systems and scaffolds consisting of bioactive glass nanoparticles dispersed in a polymer, implant coatings and particle dispersions will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Vichery
- SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France.
- CNRS, UMR 6296, ICCF, Aubiere F-63178, France.
| | - Jean-Marie Nedelec
- SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France.
- CNRS, UMR 6296, ICCF, Aubiere F-63178, France.
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25
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Inhibition of osteoclastogenesis through siRNA delivery with tunable mesoporous bioactive nanocarriers. Acta Biomater 2016; 29:352-364. [PMID: 26432439 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gene silencing through siRNA delivery has shown great promise for treating diseases and repairing damaged tissues, including bone. This report is the first to develop siRNA delivery system in the inhibition of osteoclastic functions which in turn can help turn-over bone mass increase in the diseases like osteoporosis. For this reason, biocompatible and degradable nanocarriers that can effectively load and deliver genetic molecules to target cells and tissues are being actively sought by researchers. In this study, mesoporous bioactive glass nanospheres (MBG), a novel unique biocompatible degradable inorganic nanocarrier, is introduced. Furthermore, siRNA was designed to function by inhibiting the expression of the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK) in order to suppress osteoclastogenesis. Amine-functionalized MBG were synthesized with tunable mesoporosities, showing a strong complexation with siRNA. An in vitro release profile indicated that the siRNA from the MBG was able to achieve a highly sustainable liberation for up to 4 days, confirming a temporary delivery system can be designed to function for that period of time. The intracellular uptake capacity of the complex siRNA(RANK)-MBG was recorded to be around 70%. Furthermore, the RANK-expressing cell population declined down to 29% due to the delivery of siRNA(RANK)-MBG (vs. 86% in control). The expression of osteoclastogenesis-related genes, including c-fos, cathepsin-K, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), was substantially down-regulated by the siRNA delivery system. This study reports for the first time on the use of a novel MBG delivery system for siRNA that aims to suppress osteoclastic actions. MBGs may be a potential gene delivery platform for hard tissue repair and disease treatment due to the collective results which indicate a high loading capacity, temporary release kinetics, high intracellular uptake rate, and sufficient gene silencing effects, together with the intrinsic beneficial properties like bone-bioactivity and degradability. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This report is the first to develop siRNA delivery system of biocompatible and degradable nanocarriers made from a unique composition, i.e., mesoporous bioactive glass that can effectively load and deliver genetic molecules to osteoclastic cells. We proved through a series of studies that the biocompatible nanocarriers are effective for the delivery of siRNA in the inhibition of osteoclastic functions which thus might be considered as a nanocarrier platform to help turn-over bone mass increase in the diseases like osteoporosis.
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Jia X, Tang T, Cheng D, Zhang C, Zhang R, Cai Q, Yang X. Micro-structural evolution and biomineralization behavior of carbon nanofiber/bioactive glass composites induced by precursor aging time. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 136:585-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Controlled release of drugs in electrosprayed nanoparticles for bone tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 94:77-95. [PMID: 26415888 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Generating porous topographic substrates, by mimicking the native extracellular matrix (ECM) to promote the regeneration of damaged bone tissues, is a challenging process. Generally, scaffolds developed for bone tissue regeneration support bone cell growth and induce bone-forming cells by natural proteins and growth factors. Limitations are often associated with these approaches such as improper scaffold stability, and insufficient cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization with less growth factor expression. Therefore, the use of engineered nanoparticles has been rapidly increasing in bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications. The electrospray technique is advantageous over other conventional methods as it generates nanomaterials of particle sizes in the micro/nanoscale range. The size and charge of the particles are controlled by regulating the polymer solution flow rate and electric voltage. The unique properties of nanoparticles such as large surface area-to-volume ratio, small size, and higher reactivity make them promising candidates in the field of biomedical engineering. These nanomaterials are extensively used as therapeutic agents and for drug delivery, mimicking ECM, and restoring and improving the functions of damaged organs. The controlled and sustained release of encapsulated drugs, proteins, vaccines, growth factors, cells, and nucleotides from nanoparticles has been well developed in nanomedicine. This review provides an insight into the preparation of nanoparticles by electrospraying technique and illustrates the use of nanoparticles in drug delivery for promoting bone tissue regeneration.
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Liu S, Gong W, Dong Y, Hu Q, Chen X, Gao X. The effect of submicron bioactive glass particles on in vitro osteogenesis. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03786g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mono-dispersed submicron bioactive glass could enhance the adhesion and osteogenesis of MG-63 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing Liu
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology
- Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology
- Beijing 100081
- People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyu Gong
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology
- Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology
- Beijing 100081
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yanmei Dong
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology
- Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology
- Beijing 100081
- People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Hu
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology
- Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology
- Beijing 100081
- People's Republic of China
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Zhang C, Cheng D, Tang T, Jia X, Cai Q, Yang X. Nanoporous structured carbon nanofiber–bioactive glass composites for skeletal tissue regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:5300-5309. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00921a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive glass (BG) decorated nanoporous composite carbon nanofibers (PCNF–BG) were prepared for the purpose of obtaining effective substrates for skeletal tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P. R. China
| | - Dan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P. R. China
| | - Tianhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P. R. China
| | - Qing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P. R. China
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Shankhwar N, Kothiyal GP, Srinivasan A. Influence of phosphate precursors on the structure, crystallization behaviour and bioactivity of sol–gel derived 45S5 bioglass. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19184j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sol–gel derived fully amorphous bioglass (BG_(NH4)2HPO4) with composition close to bioglass 45S5 has been prepared and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Shankhwar
- Department of Physics
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Guwahati 781039
- India
| | - G. P. Kothiyal
- Glass and Advanced Ceramics Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai – 400085
- India
| | - A. Srinivasan
- Department of Physics
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Guwahati 781039
- India
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Sun D, Hussain HI, Yi Z, Siegele R, Cresswell T, Kong L, Cahill DM. Uptake and cellular distribution, in four plant species, of fluorescently labeled mesoporous silica nanoparticles. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:1389-402. [PMID: 24820127 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1624-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We report the uptake of MSNs into the roots and their movement to the aerial parts of four plant species and their quantification using fluorescence, TEM and proton-induced x - ray emission (micro - PIXE) elemental analysis. Monodispersed mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) of optimal size and configuration were synthesized for uptake by plant organs, tissues and cells. These monodispersed nanoparticles have a size of 20 nm with interconnected pores with an approximate diameter of 2.58 nm. There were no negative effects of MSNs on seed germination or when transported to different organs of the four plant species tested in this study. Most importantly, for the first time, a combination of confocal laser scanning microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and proton-induced X-ray emission (micro-PIXE) elemental analysis allowed the location and quantification MSNs in tissues and in cellular and sub-cellular locations. Our results show that MSNs penetrated into the roots via symplastic and apoplastic pathways and then via the conducting tissues of the xylem to the aerial parts of the plants including the stems and leaves. The translocation and widescale distribution of MSNs in plants will enable them to be used as a new delivery means for the transport of different sized biomolecules into plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dequan Sun
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Campus at Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3217, Australia
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