Acute toxicity and biodistribution of different sized copper nano-particles in rats after oral administration

Skin repair and infection control in diabetic, obese mice using bioactive laser-activated sealants

Conventional wound approximation devices, including sutures, staples, and glues, are widely used but risk of wound dehiscence, local infection, and scarring can be exacerbated in these approaches, including in diabetic and obese individuals. This study reports the efficacy and quality of tissue repair upon photothermal sealing of full-thickness incisional skin wounds using silk fibroin-based laser-activated sealants (LASEs) containing copper chloride salt (Cu-LASE) or silver nanoprisms (AgNPr-LASE), which absorb and convert near-infrared (NIR) laser energy to heat. LASE application results in rapid and effective skin sealing in healthy, immunodeficient, as well as diabetic and obese mice. Although lower recovery of epidermal structure and function was seen with AgNPr-LASE sealing, likely because of the hyperthermia induced by laser and presence of this material in the wound space, this approach resulted in higher enhancement in recovery of skin biomechanical strength compared to sutures and Cu-LASEs in diabetic, obese mice. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that AgNPr-LASEs resulted in significantly lower neutrophil migration to the wound compared to Cu-LASEs and sutures, indicating a more muted inflammatory response. Cu-LASEs resulted in local tissue toxicity likely because of effects of copper ions as manifested in the form of a significant epidermal gap and a 'depletion zone', which was a region devoid of viable cells proximal to the wound. Compared to sutures, LASE-mediated sealing, in later stages of healing, resulted in increased angiogenesis and diminished myofibroblast activation, which can be indicative of lower scarring. AgNPr-LASE loaded with vancomycin, an antibiotic drug, significantly lowered methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) load in a pathogen challenge model in diabetic and obese mice and also reduced post-infection inflammation of tissue compared to antibacterial sutures. Taken together, these attributes indicate that AgNPr-LASE demonstrated a more balanced quality of tissue sealing and repair in diabetic and obese mice and can be used for combating local infections, that can result in poor healing in these individuals.

Insight into the mechanisms of combined toxicity of cadmium and flotation agents in luminescent bacteria: Role of micro/nano particles

Currently, risk assessment and pollution management in mines primarily focus on toxic metals, with the flotation agents being overlooked. However, the combined effects of metals and flotation agents in mines remain largely unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the combined effects of Cd and two organic flotation agents (ethyl xanthate (EX) and diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC)), and the associated mechanisms. The results showed that Cd + EX and Cd + DDTC exhibited synergistic toxicity. The EC50 values for luminescent bacteria were 1.6 mg/L and 1.0 mg/L at toxicity unit ratios of 0.3 and 1, respectively. The synergistic effects were closely related with the formation of Cd(EX)2 and Cd(DDTC)2 micro/nano particles, with nano-particles exhibiting higher toxicity. We observed severe cell membrane damage and cell shrinkage of the luminescent bacteria, which were probably caused by secondary harm to cells through the released CS2 during their decomposition inside cells. In addition, these particles induced toxicity by altering cellular levels of biochemical markers and the transcriptional levels of transport proteins and lipoproteins, leading to cell membrane impairment and DNA damage. This study has demonstrated that particulates formed by Cd and flotation agents contribute to the majority of the toxicity of the binary mixture. This study helps to better understand the complex ecological risk of inorganic metals and organic flotation agents in realistic mining environments.

Drp1 Aggravates Copper Nanoparticle-Induced ER-Phagy by Disturbing Mitochondria-Associated Membranes in Chicken Hepatocytes

As an efficient alternative copper (Cu) source, copper nanoparticles (nano-Cu) have been widely supplemented into animal-producing food. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the effect of nano-Cu exposure on the biological health risk. Recently, the toxic effects of nano-Cu have been confirmed but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study reveals the impact of nano-Cu on endoplasmic reticulum autophagy (ER-phagy) in chicken hepatocytes and further identifies Drp1 and its downstream gene FAM134B as crucial regulators of nano-Cu-induced hepatotoxicity. Nano-Cu exposure can induce Cu ion overaccumulation and pathological injury in the liver, trigger excessive mitochondrial fission and mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM) integrity damage, and activate ER-phagy in vivo and in vitro. Interestingly, the knockdown of Drp1 markedly decreases the expression of FAM134B induced by nano-Cu. Furthermore, the expression levels of ATL3, CCPG1, SEC62, TEX264, and LC3II/LC3I induced by nano-Cu exposure are decreased by inhibiting the expression of Drp1. Simultaneously, the inhibition of FAM134B effectively alleviates nano-Cu-induced ER-phagy by downregulating the expression of ATL3, CCPG1, SEC62, TEX264, and LC3II/LC3I. Overall, these results suggest that Drp1-mediated impairment of MAM integrity leads to ER-phagy as a novel molecular mechanism involved in the regulation of nano-Cu-induced hepatotoxicity. These findings provide new ideas for future research on the mechanism of nano-Cu-induced hepatotoxicity.

Current research on ecotoxicity of metal-based nanoparticles: from exposure pathways, ecotoxicological effects to toxicity mechanisms

Metal-based nanoparticles have garnered significant usage across industries, spanning catalysis, optoelectronics, and drug delivery, owing to their diverse applications. However, their potential ecological toxicity remains a crucial area of research interest. This paper offers a comprehensive review of recent advancements in studying the ecotoxicity of these nanoparticles, encompassing exposure pathways, toxic effects, and toxicity mechanisms. Furthermore, it delves into the challenges and future prospects in this research domain. While some progress has been made in addressing this issue, there is still a need for more comprehensive assessments to fully understand the implications of metal-based nanoparticles on the environment and human well-being.

Emerging contaminants: A One Health perspective

Environmental pollution is escalating due to rapid global development that often prioritizes human needs over planetary health. Despite global efforts to mitigate legacy pollutants, the continuous introduction of new substances remains a major threat to both people and the planet. In response, global initiatives are focusing on risk assessment and regulation of emerging contaminants, as demonstrated by the ongoing efforts to establish the UN's Intergovernmental Science-Policy Panel on Chemicals, Waste, and Pollution Prevention. This review identifies the sources and impacts of emerging contaminants on planetary health, emphasizing the importance of adopting a One Health approach. Strategies for monitoring and addressing these pollutants are discussed, underscoring the need for robust and socially equitable environmental policies at both regional and international levels. Urgent actions are needed to transition toward sustainable pollution management practices to safeguard our planet for future generations.

Nanocarrier - Mediated Salinomycin Delivery Induces Apoptosis and Alters EMT Phenomenon in Prostate Adenocarcinoma

Salinomycin (Sal) has been recently discovered as a novel chemotherapeutic agent against various cancers including prostate cancer which is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers affecting male populations worldwide. Herein we designed salinomycin nanocarrier (Sal-NPs) to extend its systemic circulation and to increase its anticancer potential. Prepared nanoform showed high encapsulation and sustained release profile for salinomycin. The present study elucidated the cytotoxicity and mechanism of apoptotic cell death of Sal-NPs against prostate cancer both in vitro and in vivo. At all measured concentrations, Sal-NPs showed more significant cytotoxicity to DU145 and PC3 cells than Sal alone. This effect was mediated by apoptosis, as confirmed by ROS generation, loss of MMP and cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase in both cells. Sal-NPs efficiently inhibited migration of PC3 and DU145 cells via effectively downregulating the epithelial mesenchymal transition. Also, the results confirmed that Sal-NPs can effectively inhibit the induction of Prostate adenocarcinoma in male Wistar rats. Sal-NPs treatment exhibited a decrease in tumour sizes, a reduction in prostate weight, and an increase in body weight, which suggests that Sal-NPs is more effective than salinomycin alone. Our results suggest that the molecular mechanism underlying the Sal-NPs anticancer effect may lead to the development of a potential therapeutic strategy for treating prostate adenocarcinoma.

Copper release by MOF-74(Cu): a novel pharmacological alternative to diseases with deficiency of a vital oligoelement

Copper deficiency can trigger various diseases such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease (PD) and even compromise the development of living beings, as manifested in Menkes disease (MS). Thus, the regulated administration (controlled release) of copper represents an alternative to reduce neuronal deterioration and prevent disease progression. Therefore, we present, to the best of our knowledge, the first experimental in vitro investigation for the kinetics of copper release from MOF-74(Cu) and its distribution in vivo after oral administration in male Wistar rats. Taking advantage of the abundance and high periodicity of copper within the crystalline-nanostructured metal-organic framework material (MOF-74(Cu)), it was possible to control the release of copper due to the partial degradation of the material. Thus, we simultaneously corroborated a low accumulation of copper in the liver (the main detoxification organ) and a slight increase of copper in the brain (striatum and midbrain), demonstrating that MOF-74(Cu) is a promising pharmacological alternative (controlled copper source) to these diseases.

Features of the response to subchronic low-dose exposure to copper oxide nanoparticles in rats

Copper is an essential trace element for human health and, at the same time, a major industrial metal widely used both in its elemental form and in compounds. We conducted a dose-dependent assessment of the response of outbred albino male rats to subchronic low-dose exposure to copper oxide nanoparticles administered intraperitoneally at cumulative doses of 18 and 36 mg/kg during 6 weeks to exposure groups 1 and 2, respectively. We observed disorders at different levels of organization of the body in the exposed animals, from molecular to organismal. The observed decrease in the activity of succinate dehydrogenase in nucleated blood cells gave evidence of impaired bioenergetics processes. In view of the results of the metabolomics analysis, we assume mitochondrial damage and contribution of apoptotic processes to the pathology induced by copper poisoning. We also assume neurodegenerative effects based on the assessed morphological parameters of the nervous system, results of behavioral tests, and a decreased level of expression of genes encoding NMDA receptor subunits in the hippocampus. The hepatotoxic effect noted by a number of metabolomics-based, biochemical, and cytological indicators was manifested by the impaired protein-synthesizing function of the liver and enhanced degenerative processes in its cells. We also observed a nephrotoxic effect of nanosized copper oxide with a predominant lesion of proximal kidney tubules. At the same time, both doses tested demonstrated such positive health effects as a statistically significant decrease in the activity of alkaline phosphatase and the nucleated blood cell DNA fragmentation factor. Judging by the changes observed, the cumulative dose of copper oxide nanoparticles of 18 mg/kg body weight administered intraperitoneally approximates the threshold one for rats. The established markers of health impairments may serve as a starting point in the development of techniques of early diagnosis of copper poisoning.

Carbon Quantum Dots from Roasted Coffee Beans: Their Degree and Mechanism of Cytotoxicity and Their Rapid Removal Using a Pulsed Electric Field

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from heat-treated foods show toxicity, but the mechanisms of toxicity and removal of CQDs have not been elucidated. In this study, CQDs were purified from roasted coffee beans through a process of concentration, dialysis and lyophilization. The physical properties of CQDs, the degree and mechanism of toxicity and the removal method were studied. Our results showed that the size of CQDs roasted for 5 min, 10 min and 20 min were about 5.69 ± 1.10 nm, 2.44 ± 1.08 nm and 1.58 ± 0.48 nm, respectively. The rate of apoptosis increased with increasing roasting time and concentration of CQDs. The longer the roasting time of coffee beans, the greater the toxicity of CQDs. However, the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK was not able to inhibit CQDs-induced apoptosis. Moreover, CQDs affected the pH value of lysosomes, causing the accumulation of RIPK1 and RIPK3 in lysosomes. Treatment of coffee beans with a pulsed electric field (PEF) significantly reduced the yield of CQDs. This indicates that CQDs induced lysosomal-dependent cell death and increased the rate of cell death through necroptosis. PEF is an effective way to remove CQDs from roasted coffee beans.

Histological, haematological, and thyroid hormones toxicity of female rats orally exposed to CuO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles synthesized by Ar plasma jets

Advancements in nanomedicine helped scientists design a new class of nanoparticles known as hybrid nanoparticles (core/shell) for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. An essential requirement for the successful use of nanoparticles in biomedical applications is their low toxicity. Therefore, toxicological profiling is necessary to understand the mechanism of nanoparticles. The current study aimed to assess the toxicological potential of CuO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles with a size of 32 nm in Albino female rats. In vivo toxicity was evaluated by oral administration of 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 (mg/L) of CuO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles to a female rate for 30 consecutive days. During the time of treatment, no deaths were observed. The toxicological evaluation revealed significant (p < 0.01) alteration in white blood cells (WBC) at a 5 (mg/L) dose. Also, increase in red blood cells (RBC) at 5, 10 (mg/L) doses, while hemoglobin (Hb) levels and hematocrit (HCT) increased at all doses. This maybe indicates that the CuO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles stimulated the rate of blood corpuscle generation. The anaemia diagnostic indices (mean corpuscular volume MCV and mean corpuscular haemoglobin MCH) remained unchanged throughout the experiment for all the doses tested 5, 10, 20, and 40 (mg/L). According to the results of this study, exposure to CuO/ZnO core/shell NPs deteriorates the Triiodothyronine hormone (T3) and a Thyroxine hormone (T4) activated by Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), which is generated and secreted from the pituitary gland. There is possibly related to an increase in free radicals and a decrease in antioxidant activity. Significant (p < 0.01) growth retardation in all groups treated due to rats' infection by Hyperthyroidism induced by thyroxine (T4) level increase. Hyperthyroidism is a catabolic state related to increased energy consumption, protein turnover, and lipolysis. Usually, these metabolic effects result in weight reduction and a decrease in fat storage and lean body mass. The histological examination indicates that the low concentrations of CuO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles are safe for desired biomedical applications.

Adverse pulmonary effects after oral exposure to copper, manganese and mercury, alone and in mixtures, in a Spraque-Dawley rat model

The rise in respiratory disease has been attributed to an increase in environmental pollution. Heavy metals contribute to environmental contamination via air, water, soil and food. The effects of atmospheric exposure to heavy metals on pulmonary structure and function have been researched, but the effects through drinking water have been neglected. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential in vivo alterations in the pulmonary tissue of male Sprague-Dawley rats after a 28-day oral exposure to copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and mercury (Hg), alone and in mixtures, at 100 times the World Health Organization's (WHO) safety limit for each heavy metal in drinking water. Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into eight groups (n = 6): control, Cu, Mn, Hg, Cu + Mn, Cu + Hg, Mn + Hg and Cu, Mn + Hg. The morphology of lung tissue and the bronchioles were evaluated using light- and transmission electron microscopy. For all exposed groups, morphological changes included thickened inter- and intra-alveolar spaces, stratified epithelium, disrupted smooth muscle and early fibrosis and desquamation of the epithelia of the bronchioles to varying degrees. In all exposed groups, ultrastructurally, an increase in disarranged collagen and elastin fibers, nuclear membrane detachment, chromatin condensation, indistinct nucleoli and an increase in collagen fiber disarrangement was observed. This study has identified that oral exposure to Cu, Mn and Hg and as part of mixtures caused pathogenesis due to inflammation, cellular damage and fibrosis with Mn + Hg being the most potent heavy metal group.

Anti-Hypertensive Property of an NO Nanoparticle in an Adenine-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease Young Rat Model

Hypertension is the most common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children but is still poorly controlled. Nitric oxide (NO) deficiency plays a pivotal role in CKD and hypertension. NO is known to have health benefits, while NO typically has a short half-life and is not specifically targeted. In this study, we used a pediatric CKD model, which was induced in young rats by feeding them 0.25% adenine. We investigated two different NO donors, namely S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and diethylenetriamine/NO adduct (DETA NONOate) via intraperitoneal injection at 10 mg/kg/day daily for 3 weeks. GSNO was delivered by Cu2+-doped zeolitic imidazolate framework (Cu/ZIF-8) nanoparticles to generate NO. As a result, we observed Cu/ZIF-8 nanoparticles were successfully loaded with GSNO and were able to release NO. Young rats fed with adenine displayed kidney dysfunction and hypertension at 9 weeks of age, which were prevented by GSNO-loaded nanoparticle or DETA NONOate treatment. GSNO-loaded nanoparticles reduced CKD-induced hypertension, which was related to an enhanced endogenous NO-generating system, reduced renal oxidative stress, and downregulated several components belonging to the classic renin-angiotensin (RAS) system. Our results cast new light on targeting NO delivery through the use of nanoparticles aiming to improve child-focused outcomes related to CKD worthy of clinical translation.

Potential Environmental and Health Implications from the Scaled-Up Production and Disposal of Nanomaterials Used in Biosensors

Biosensors often combine biological recognition elements with nanomaterials of varying compositions and dimensions to facilitate or enhance the operating mechanism of the device. While incorporating nanomaterials is beneficial to developing high-performance biosensors, at the stages of scale-up and disposal, it may lead to the unmanaged release of toxic nanomaterials. Here we attempt to foster connections between the domains of biosensors development and human and environmental toxicology to encourage a holistic approach to the development and scale-up of biosensors. We begin by exploring the toxicity of nanomaterials commonly used in biosensor design. From our analysis, we introduce five factors with a role in nanotoxicity that should be considered at the biosensor development stages to better manage toxicity. Finally, we contextualize the discussion by presenting the relevant stages and routes of exposure in the biosensor life cycle. Our review found little consensus on how the factors presented govern nanomaterial toxicity, especially in composite and alloyed nanomaterials. To bridge the current gap in understanding and mitigate the risks of uncontrolled nanomaterial release, we advocate for greater collaboration through a precautionary One Health approach to future development and a movement towards a circular approach to biosensor use and disposal.

Protective activities of ellagic acid and urolithins against kidney toxicity of environmental pollutants: A review

Oxidative stress and inflammation are two possible mechanisms related to nephrotoxicity caused by environmental pollutants. Ellagic acid, a powerful antioxidant phytochemical, may have great relevance in mitigating pollutant-induced nephrotoxicity and preventing the progression of kidney disease. This review discusses the latest findings on the protective effects of ellagic acid, its metabolic derivatives, the urolithins, against kidney toxicity caused by heavy metals, pesticides, mycotoxins, and organic air pollutants. We describe the chelating, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, antiautophagic, and antiapoptotic properties of ellagic acid to attenuate nephrotoxicity. Furthermore, we present the molecular targets and signaling pathways that are regulated by these antioxidants, and suggest some others that should be explored. Nevertheless, the number of reports is still limited to establish the efficacy of ellagic acid against kidney damage induced by environmental pollutants. Therefore, additional preclinical studies on this topic are required, as well as the development of well-designed clinical trials.

Copper-containing nanoparticles: Mechanism of antimicrobial effect and application in dentistry-a narrative review

Copper has been used as an antimicrobial agent long time ago. Nowadays, copper-containing nanoparticles (NPs) with antimicrobial properties have been widely used in all aspects of our daily life. Copper-containing NPs may also be incorporated or coated on the surface of dental materials to inhibit oral pathogenic microorganisms. This review aims to detail copper-containing NPs' antimicrobial mechanism, cytotoxic effect and their application in dentistry.

Drug delivery systems for oral disease applications

There are many restrictions on topical medications for the oral cavity. Various factors affect the topical application of drugs in the oral cavity, an open and complex environment. The complex physical and chemical environment of the oral cavity, such as saliva and food, will influence the effect of free drugs. Therefore, drug delivery systems have served as supporting structures or as carriers loading active ingredients, such as antimicrobial agents and growth factors (GFs), to promote antibacterial properties, tissue regeneration, and engineering for drug diffusion. These drug delivery systems are considered in the prevention and treatment of dental caries, periodontal disease, periapical disease, the delivery of anesthetic drugs, etc. These carrier materials are designed in different ways for clinical application, including nanoparticles, hydrogels, nanofibers, films, and scaffolds. This review aimed to summarize the advantages and disadvantages of different carrier materials. We discuss synthesis methods and their application scope to provide new perspectives for the development and preparation of more favorable and effective local oral drug delivery systems.

Autophagy and apoptosis mediated nano-copper-induced testicular damage

Nano-copper has been increasingly employed in various products. In previous studies, we showed that nano-copper caused damage in the rat testis, but it remains unclear whether the toxic reaction can affect the reproductive function. In this study, following 28 d of exposure to nano-copper at a dose of 44, 88, and 175 mg/kg/day, there was a decrease in sperm quality, fructose content, and the secretion of sex hormones. Nano-copper also increased the level of oxidative stress, sperm malformation rate, and induced abnormal structural changes in testicular tissue. Moreover, Nano-copper upregulated the expression of apoptosis-related protein Bax and autophagy-related protein Beclin, and downregulated the expression of Bcl2 and p62. Furthermore, nano-copper (175 mg/kg) downregulated the protein expression of AMPK, p-AKT, mTOR, p-mTOR, p-4E-BP1, p70S6K, and p-p70S6K, and upregulated the protein expression of p-AMPK. Therefore, nano-copper induced damage in testicular tissues and spermatogenesis is highly related to cell apoptosis and autophagy by regulating the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. In summary, excess exposure to nano-copper may induce testicular apoptosis and autophagy through AKT/mTOR signaling pathways, and damage the reproductive system in adult males, which is associated with oxidative stress in the testes.

Cu-based nanoparticle toxicity to zebrafish cells regulated by cellular discharges

Cellular transport of metal nanoparticles (NPs) is critical in determining their potential toxicity, but the transformation of metal ions released from the internalized NPs is largely unknown. Cu-based NPs are the only metallic-based NPs that are reported to induce higher toxicity compared with their corresponding ions, likely due to their unique cellular turnover. In the present study, we developed a novel gold core to differentiate the particulate and ionic Cu in the Cu₂O microparticles (MPs), and the kinetics of bioaccumulation, exocytosis, and cytotoxicity of Au@Cu₂O MPs to zebrafish embryonic cells were subsequently studied. We demonstrated that the internalized MPs were rapidly dissolved to Cu ions, which then undergo lysosome-mediated exocytosis. The uptake rate of smaller MPs (130 nm) was lower than that of larger ones (200 nm), but smaller MPs were dissolved much quickly in cells and therefore activated the exocytosis more quickly. The rapid release of Cu ions resulted in an immediate toxic action of Cu₂O MPs, while the cell deaths mainly occurred by necrosis. During this process, the buffering ability of glutathione greatly alleviated the Cu toxicity. Therefore, although the turnover of intracellular Cu at a sublethal exposure level was hundred times faster than the basal values, labile Cu(I) concentration increased by only 2 times at most. Overall, this work provided new insights into the toxicity of copper NPs, suggesting that tolerance to Cu-based NPs depended on their ability to discharge the released Cu ions.

Silver, copper and copper oxide nanoparticles in the fight against human viruses: progress and perspectives

The rapid development of nanomedicine has created a high demand for silver, copper and copper oxide nanoparticles. Due to their high reactivity and potent antimicrobial activity, silver and copper-based nanomaterials have been playing an important role in the search for new alternatives for the treatment of several issues of concern, such as pathologies caused by bacteria and viruses. Viral diseases are a significant and constant threat to public health. The most recent example is the pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this context, the object of the present review is to highlight recent progress in the biomedical uses of these metal nanoparticles for the treatment and prevention of human viral infections. We discuss the antiviral activity of AgNPs and Cu-based NPs, including their actions against SARS-CoV-2. We also discuss the toxicity, biodistribution and excretion of AgNPs and CuNPs, along with their uses in medical devices or on inert surfaces to avoid viral dissemination by fomites. The challenges and limitations of the biomedical use of these nanoparticles are presented.

Copper biodistribution after acute systemic administration of copper gluconate to rats

Neurodegenerative disorders have been linked to the decrease of copper concentrations in different regions of the brain. Therefore, intake of micronutrient supplements could be a therapeutic alternative. Since the copper distribution profile has not been elucidated yet, the aim of this study was to characterize and to analyze the concentration profile of a single administration of copper gluconate to rats by two routes of administration. Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups. The control group received vehicle (n = 5), and the experimental groups received 79.5 mg/kg of copper orally (n = 4-6) or 0.64 mg/kg of copper intravenously. (n = 3-4). Blood, striatum, midbrain and liver samples were collected at different times. Copper concentrations were assessed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Copper concentration in samples from the control group were considered as baseline. The highest copper concentration in plasma was observed at 1.5 h after oral administration, while copper was quickly compartmentalized within the first hour after intravenous administration. The striatum evidenced a maximum metal concentration at 0.25 h for both routes of administration, however, the midbrain did not show any change. The highest concentration of the metal was held by the liver. The use of copper salts as replacement therapy should consider its rapid and discrete accumulation into the brain and the rapid and massive distribution of the metal into the liver for both oral and intravenous routes. Development of controlled-release pharmaceutical formulations may overcome the problems that the liver accumulation may imply, particularly, for hepatic copper toxicity.

Chronic tribasic copper chloride exposure induces rat liver damage by disrupting the mitophagy and apoptosis pathways

Despite the fact that copper (Cu) is a vital micronutrient to maintain body function, high doses of Cu through environmental exposure damage various organs, especially the liver, which is the main metabolic organ. To investigate the influence of long-term Cu-induced toxicity on mitophagy and apoptosis in rat liver, 96 seven-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed TBCC for 24 weeks. The results revealed that exposure to high Cu concentrations could promote oxidative stress liver injury by increasing the hepatic function index (ALT, AST and ALP) and MDA content, while reducing the activity of antioxidant enzymes (T-SOD, GSH-Px and CAT) related to oxidative stress. Consistent with histopathological observations, proper dietary Cu (15-60 mg/kg) could improve antioxidant stress levels and induce a dose-dependent increase in the mRNA expression of mitophagy-related genes, whereas a high Cu concentration (120 mg/kg) could cause severe liver impairment and ultrastructural changes and a reduction in mitophagosomes, accompanied by downregulation of Atg5, Beclin1, Pink1, Parkin, NIX, P62 and LC3B. The expression of apoptosis-related genes (Bax, Bax/Bcl-2, Caspase3, Cytc and p53) and proteins (Caspase3 and p53) was upregulated with the addition of dietary Cu. The results demonstrated that an appropriate dose of TBCC could improve liver function by promoting mitophagy and Cu enzymes that play antioxidative roles, while the accumulation of excess Cu could induce liver lesions by enhancing apoptosis and inhibiting mitophagy pathways.

Establishment of a standardized dietary model for nanoparticles oral exposure studies

Food matrices could affect the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles (NPs) and define the biological effects of NPs via oral exposure compared with the pristine NPs. We established a standardized dietary model based on Chinese dietary reference intakes and Chinese dietary guidelines to mimic the exposure of NPs in real life and to evaluate further the biological effect and toxicity of NPs via oral exposure compared with current models. The standardized dietary model prepared from the primary emulsion was dried into powder using spray drying compared with commercial food powder and then was reconstituted compared with the fresh sample. The average particle size (295.59 nm), potential (-23.78 mV), viscosity (0.04 pa s), and colors (L*, a*, b* = 84.13, -0.116, 8.908) were measured and characterized of the fresh sample. The flowability (repose angle = 37.28° and slide angle = 36.75°), moisture (2.68%), colors (L*, a*, b* = 94.16, -0.27, 3.01), and bulk density (0.45 g/ml) were compared with commercial food powder. The size (310.75 nm), potential (-23.98 mV), and viscosity (0.04 pa s) of reconstituted model were similar to the fresh sample. Results demonstrated that the model was satisfy the characterizations of easy to fabrication, good stability, small particle size, narrow particle size distribution, strong practicability, and good reproducibility similar to most physiological food state and will be used to evaluate NPs' safety.

Copper Nanoparticles Induce Oxidative Stress via the Heme Oxygenase 1 Signaling Pathway in vitro Studies

Purpose

The toxicity of copper nanoparticle (CuNP) exposure in the ovaries has attracted attention recently, but the precise molecular mechanism involved requires further investigation. We investigated the cytotoxicity of CuNPs in ovarian granulosa cells and the protective effect of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) against CuNP-induced damage.

Methods

Human ovarian granulosa cells (COV434) were treated with CuNPs, and cytotoxicity was evaluated using Cell Counting Kit-8 and flow cytometry assays. Oxidative stress was identified using biochemical markers of oxidation and anti-oxidation. The protein levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14), phospho-MAPK14, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and HO-1 were measured by immunoblotting. Subsequently, for oxidative stress parameter detection, the cells were pre-treated with hemin to induce HO-1 expression prior to CuNP treatment.

Results

Exposure to CuNPs decreased cell viability and the mitochondrial membrane potential, increased the apoptosis rate, and induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, hemin pretreatment induced HO-1 expression in cells, which partially reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species induced by CuNPs and increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes.

Conclusion

CuNPs exert cytotoxic effects on human ovarian granulosa cells by inducing oxidative stress, and may induce HO-1 expression via the MAPK14-Nrf2 signaling pathway. Moreover, HO-1 protects against oxidative stress induced by CuNPs.

Remediation of CO2 in Boudouard’s Reaction as an Example of Reversible Chemical Reaction

One of the fundamental elements of a scientist's work is the ability to lead observations of the phenomena that surround us and based on them making conclusions. These observations are conducted within the so-called scientific experiments. Lessons learned based on the results obtained in experiments allow researchers to better understand the essence of the phenomena occurring in the world around us. Drawing conclusions is not always easy. In order to achieve this skill, we must possess a well-established knowledge in the field of the phenomenon that interests us. The most striking example of how important skills are observation and drawing proper conclusions is the phenomenon of global climate warming. The main parameter influencing temperatures registered on Earth is the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and especially carbon dioxide created from combustion processes. A significant role in studies of the reduction of CO2 emissions plays chemists. To be sure that conducted by them experiments are optimally designed, it is necessary to ensure them with proper education already at the secondary school level. The main aim of this article was to conduct the study in order to explain chemical issues that create the greatest cognitive difficulties among students. The second aim of the article was to propose a chemical experiment to students that would allow them to find out more about the phenomena governing in the area of problematic issues. The proposed experiment is based on the concept of solubility equilibrium. Results of preliminary tests that have been carried out after applying this experiment on a small group of students, indicated their better understanding of the studied subject.

Antibacterial Assessment of Zinc Sulfide Nanoparticles against Streptococcus pyogenes and Acinetobacter baumannii

BACKGROUND

Due to the appearance of resistant bacterial strains against the antimicrobial drugs and the reduced efficiency of these valuable resources, the health of a community and the economies of countries have been threatened.

OBJECTIVE

In this study, the antibacterial assessment of zinc sulfide nanoparticles (ZnS NPs) against Streptococcus pyogenes and Acinetobacter baumannii has been performed.

METHODS

ZnS NPs were synthesized through a co-precipitation method using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG-4000). The size and morphology of the synthesized ZnS NPs were determined by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and it was found that the average size of the applied NPs was about 70 nm. In order to evaluate the antibacterial effect of the synthesized ZnS NPs, various concentrations (50μg/mL, 100 μg/mL and 150 μg/mL) of ZnS NPs were prepared. Antibacterial assessments were performed through the disc diffusion method in Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) culture medium and also the optical density (OD) method was performed by a UV-Vis spectrophotometer in Trypticase™ Soy Broth (TSB) medium. Then, in order to compare the antibacterial effects of the applied NPs, several commercial antibiotics including penicillin, amikacin, ceftazidime and primaxin were used.

RESULTS

The achieved results indicated that the antibacterial effects of ZnS NPs had a direct relation along with the concentrations and the concentration of 150 μg/mL showed the highest antibacterial effect in comparison with others. In addition, the ZnS NPs were more effective on Acinetobacter baumannii.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this research suggest a novel approach against antibiotic resistance.

Oral exposure of pregnant rats to copper nanoparticles caused nutritional imbalance and liver dysfunction in fetus

Copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) are increasingly used as an animal feed additive in China. In previous studies, it was determined that Cu NPs can penetrate the placental barrier, however, its toxic effects on the fetus have not yet been elucidated. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the potential fetal toxic effects of Cu NPs. Cu NPs were orally administered to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats from gestation days (GDs) 3-18 at a dose of 60, 120, and 180 mg/kg/day. Cesarean sections were conducted on GD 19. During fetal examination, no toxicities were observed regarding general clinical signs, however, Cu NPs significantly decreased fetal body weight, body length, and liver weights. Cu ions and Cu MPs exhibited similar effects on the fetal development. Cu NPs increased the liver concentration of Cu, and decreased protein levels and Fe in fetuses. Cu NPs also increased oxidative stress and inflammation in the fetus after pregnant rats were exposed to high doses of Cu NPs. Oral exposure to Cu NPs during pregnancy increased Cu concentrations in the fetus, which not only affected fetal development, but also significantly induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in fetal liver. Taken together, these findings are valuable to evaluate fetal risk assessment after oral exposure of Cu NPs during pregnancy. Additional comprehensive toxicity studies are deemed necessary to clarify the underlying mechanisms involved.

Different Nanomaterials for Soil Remediation Affect Avoidance Response and Toxicity Response in Earthworm (Eisenia fetida)

The application of nano-level passivating agents in the remediation of soil heavy metal pollution has received widespread attention, but its harm to soil animals should also be addressed. This study explored the effect of three nanomaterials-nanohydroxyapatite apatite (n-HAP), nano zeolite (n-zeolite), and nanometer iron oxide (n-Fe₃O₄), on catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content through filter paper contact test. The effects of nanomaterials spiked at 1.5%wt of soils on earthworm avoidance behavior were also be studied, and the crystallinity and surface charge of three nanomaterials were characterized. The results showed that the activities of CAT, SOD and POD and the content of MDA have been changed at different level. And earthworms have obvious avoidance behavior to the three kinds of nanomaterials. Therefore, nanomaterials do have adverse effects on earthworms, and their biological toxicity should be considered when selecting passivating agents for soil heavy metal pollution remediation.

Advances in Using Nanotechnology Structuring Approaches for Improving Food Packaging

Recent advances in food packaging materials largely rely on nanotechnology structuring. Owing to several unique properties of nanostructures that are lacking in their bulk forms, the incorporation of nanostructures into packaging materials has greatly improved the performance and enriched the functionalities of these materials. This review focuses on the functions and applications of widely studied nanostructures for developing novel food packaging materials. Nanostructures that offer antimicrobial activity, enhance mechanical and barrier properties, and monitor food product freshness are discussed and compared. Furthermore, the safety and potential toxicity of nanostructures in food products are evaluated by summarizing the migration activity of nanostructures to different food systems and discussing the metabolism of nanostructures at the cellular level and in animal models.

Comparison of Copper Concentration Between Rejected Renal Grafts and Cancerous Kidneys

In the body, disorders in the composition and concentration of trace elements, including copper, can lead to the development of various alterations that may result in incorrect functioning of the kidneys. Data on the concentrations of copper in human kidneys are discussed; however, little is known about the concentration of trace elements within rejected renal grafts and kidneys with tumor lesions. The aim of our study was to compare the copper concentration between cancerous kidneys and rejected renal grafts with the division on renal cortex and renal medulla. Material consisted of kidneys from patients hospitalized at the Department of Urology and General Surgery and Transplantation of the Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 2 at the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, north-western Poland. The study material consisted of kidneys with tumor lesions (n = 33), and renal grafts (n = 10), obtained from patients belongs to the north-western areas of Poland. The examination was performed using ICP-AES method. Regarding the pathological kidneys, excluding grafts, the concentration of Cu in the renal cortex was 52% higher than in medullary region and the difference between the compared concentrations was statistically confirmed (p < 0.05). Taking into account renal grafts, the concentration of Cu in the medulla was slightly lower than in the cortex (less than 3%). In summary, copper in rejected and cancerous kidneys tends to accumulate in higher amount in the renal cortex than medulla, what can be explained by the fact that renal corpuscles, where the first phase of filtration is performed, are located only in the cortical region of the kidney. Furthermore, renal grafts accumulate significantly less copper than kidneys with neoplastic changes, what could have been caused by immunosuppressive medicines used by the graft recipients. The lower copper concentration in renal grafts could be a consequence of the altered immune system, including inflammatory process or/and non-immune mechanisms. Additionally, cancerous and non-cancerous kidneys exhibit different perfusion rate in renal glomeruli, what can finally lead to disparity in chemical elements concentration, including copper.

The Toxic Effects and Mechanisms of Nano-Cu on the Spleen of Rats

Research has shown that nano-copper (nano-Cu) can cause damage to the spleen and immune system yet their mechanisms of cytotoxicity are poorly understood. Our aim is to explore the potential immunotoxicity in the spleen of rats after nano-Cu exposure. The results of hematologic parameters, lymphocyte subsets, immunoglobulins, and histopathology indicated that copper obviously changed the immune function of the spleen. The levels of antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px), oxidants (iNOS, NO, MDA), and anti-oxidative signalling pathway of Nrf2 (Nrf2 and HO-1) were strongly induced by nano-Cu. The expression of mRNA and protein of pro-/anti-inflammatory (IFN-γ, TNF-α, MIP-1α, MCP-1, MIF, IL-1/-2/-4/-6) cytokines were increased by nano-Cu. The expression of regulatory signal pathways, MAPKs and PI3-K/Akt were activated, which might be involved in the inflammatory responses and immunomodulatory processes of sub-acute nano-Cu exposure. The immune function of the spleen was repressed by nano-Cu induced oxidative stress and inflammation.