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Chen C, Zhang H, Lan Y, Yan W, Liu S, Chen Y, Xie T, Ning J, Yan X, Shang L, Han J. Statins as a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy: a Mendelian randomization and cross-sectional observational study. J Transl Med 2024; 22:298. [PMID: 38520016 PMCID: PMC10958895 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the foremost cause of vision loss among the global working-age population, and statins are among the most frequently prescribed drugs for lipid management in patients with DR. The exact relationship between statins and DR has not been determined. This study sought to validate the causal association between statins usage and diabetic retinopathy. METHODS The summary-data-based Mendelian randomization (SMR) method and inverse-variance-weighted Mendelian randomization (IVW-MR) were used to identify the causal relationship between statins and DR via the use of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) (31,684 blood samples), low density lipoprotein cholesterol-related GWAS data (sample size: 440,546), and DR-related GWAS data (14,584 cases and 176,010 controls). Additionally, a cross-sectional observational study based on the data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was conducted to supplement the association between DR and statins (sample size: 106,911). The odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was employed to evaluate the results. RESULTS Based on the results of the MR analysis, HMGCR inhibitors were causally connected with a noticeably greater incidence of DR (IVW: OR = 0.54, 95% CI [0.42, 0.69], p = 0.000002; SMR: OR = 0.66, 95% CI [0.52, 0.84], p = 0.00073). Subgroup analysis revealed that the results were not affected by the severity of DR. The sensitivity analysis revealed the stability and reliability of the MR analysis results. The results from the cross-sectional study based on NHANES also support the association between not taking statins and a decreased risk of DR (OR = 0.54, 95% CI [0.37, 0.79], p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that a significant increase in DR risk was causally related to statins use, providing novel insights into the role of statins in DR. However, further investigations are needed to verify these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengming Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Rd, Xi'an, 710038, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA (Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University), Fuzhou, 350025, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Air Force Medical Center, The Air Force Military Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Lan
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Weiming Yan
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Sida Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Rd, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Yixuan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Rd, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Tingke Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Rd, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Jiayi Ning
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Rd, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Xiaolong Yan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Rd, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Lei Shang
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Preventive Medicine, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Rd, Xi'an, 710038, China.
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Bellinge JW, Francis RJ, Lee SC, Vickery A, Macdonald W, Gan SK, Chew GT, Phillips M, Lewis JR, Watts GF, Schultz CJ. The effect of Vitamin-K 1 and Colchicine on Vascular Calcification Activity in subjects with Diabetes Mellitus (ViKCoVaC): A double-blind 2x2 factorial randomized controlled trial. J Nucl Cardiol 2022; 29:1855-1866. [PMID: 33825140 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-021-02589-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is currently no treatment for attenuating progression of arterial calcification. 18F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography (18F-NaF PET) locates regions of calcification activity. We tested whether vitamin-K1 or colchicine affected arterial calcification activity. METHODS 154 patients with diabetes mellitus and coronary calcification, as detected using computed tomography (CT), were randomized to one of four treatment groups (placebo/placebo, vitamin-K1 [10 mg/day]/placebo, colchicine [0.5 mg/day]/placebo, vitamin-K1 [10 mg/day]/ colchicine [0.5 mg/day]) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled 2x2 factorial trial of three months duration. Change in coronary calcification activity was estimated as a change in coronary maximum tissue-to-background ratio (TBRmax) on 18F-NaF PET. RESULTS 149 subjects completed follow-up (vitamin-K1: placebo = 73:76 and colchicine: placebo = 73:76). Neither vitamin-K1 nor colchicine had a statistically significant effect on the coronary TBRmax compared with placebo (mean difference for treatment groups 0·00 ± 0·16 and 0·01 ± 0·17, respectively, p > 0.05). There were no serious adverse effects reported with colchicine or vitamin-K1. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes, neither vitamin-K1 nor colchicine significantly decreases coronary calcification activity, as estimated by 18F-NaF PET, over a period of 3 months. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ACTRN12616000024448.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie W Bellinge
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital Campus, M570, Po Box X2213, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Roslyn J Francis
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital Campus, M570, Po Box X2213, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sing Ching Lee
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital Campus, M570, Po Box X2213, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alistair Vickery
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital Campus, M570, Po Box X2213, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Black Swan Health, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - William Macdonald
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Seng Khee Gan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital Campus, M570, Po Box X2213, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gerard T Chew
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital Campus, M570, Po Box X2213, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Phillips
- Harry Perkins Institute for Medical Research, and Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital Campus, M570, Po Box X2213, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital Westmead, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gerald F Watts
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital Campus, M570, Po Box X2213, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Cardiometabolic service, Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Carl J Schultz
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital Campus, M570, Po Box X2213, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Hou S, Yuan Q, Cheng C, Zhang Z, Guo B, Yuan X. Alpinetin delays high-fat diet-aggravated lung carcinogenesis. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 128:410-418. [PMID: 33259132 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alpinetin (ALP) has been reported to act as an anticancer agent. This study was carried out to elucidate the effect of ALP on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced aggressive cancer progression. C57BL/6 mice were fed with a control diet (CD) or HFD and administered with ALP. Following 6 weeks of feeding, mice were inoculated subcutaneously with Lewis lung carcinoma cells (LLC) to develop transplanted lung tumour. ALP suppressed cell proliferation which drives HFD-induced lung cancer progression. ALP inhibited lipid accumulation in tumour and tumour cells cultured in vitro. qPCR and ELISA analysis of tumour tissues revealed ALP restrained macrophages accumulation, M2s polarization and chemokine secretion. Further, in macrophages cultured in tumour cells conditioned medium (CM), ALP was confirmed to decrease M2s markers expression and chemokine production under high fat. These results demonstrate that ALP suppresses HFD-promoted harmful changes in tumour microenvironments which are crucial in curbing pulmonary tumour aggravation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Hou
- Department of Life Science and Engineering, Jining University, Jining, China
| | - Qi Yuan
- The College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunru Cheng
- College of City and Architecture Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- College of City and Architecture Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Bingran Guo
- College of Medical Sciences, Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaxia Yuan
- College of City and Architecture Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
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Neekhra A, Tran J, Esfahani PR, Schneider K, Pham K, Sharma A, Chwa M, Luthra S, Gramajo AL, Mansoor S, Kuppermann BD, Kenney MC. Memantine, Simvastatin, and Epicatechin Inhibit 7-Ketocholesterol-induced Apoptosis in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells But Not Neurosensory Retinal Cells In Vitro. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2020; 15:470-480. [PMID: 33133437 PMCID: PMC7591846 DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v15i4.7781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose 7-ketocholesterol (7kCh), a natural byproduct of oxidation in lipoprotein deposits is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This study was performed to investigate whether several clinical drugs can inhibit 7kCh-induced caspase activation and mitigate its apoptotic effects on retinal cells in vitro. Methods Two populations of retinal cells, human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) and rat neuroretinal cells (R28) were exposed to 7kCh in the presence of the following inhibitors: Z-VAD-FMK (pan-caspase inhibitor), simvastatin, memantine, epicatechin, and Z-IETD-FMK (caspase-8 inhibitor) or Z-ATAD-FMK (caspase-12 inhibitor). Caspase-3/7, -8, and -12 activity levels were measured by fluorochrome caspase assays to quantify cell death. IncuCyte live-cell microscopic images were obtained to quantify cell counts. Results Exposure to 7kCh for 24 hours significantly increased caspase activities for both ARPE-19 and R28 cells (P< 0.05). In ARPE cells, pretreatment with various drugs had significantly lower caspase-3/7, -8, and -12 activities, reported in % change in mean signal intensity (msi): Z-VAD-FMK (48% decrease, P< 0.01), memantine (decreased 47.8% at 1 µM, P = 0.0039 and 81.9% at 1 mM, P< 0.001), simvastatin (decreased 85.3% at 0.01 µM, P< 0.001 and 84.8% at 0.05 µM, P< 0.001) or epicatechin (83.6% decrease, P< 0.05), Z-IETD-FMK (68.1% decrease, P< 0.01), and Z-ATAD-FMK (47.7% decrease, P = 0.0017). In contrast, R28 cells exposed to 7kCh continued to have elevated caspase-3/7, -8, and -12 activities (between 25.7% decrease and 17.5% increase in msi, P> 0.05) regardless of the pretreatment. Conclusion Several current drugs protect ARPE-19 cells but not R28 cells from 7kCh-induced apoptosis, suggesting that a multiple-drug approach is needed to protect both cells types in various retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesh Neekhra
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Julia Tran
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Parsa R Esfahani
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Kevin Schneider
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Khoa Pham
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Ashish Sharma
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Marilyn Chwa
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Saurabh Luthra
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Ana L Gramajo
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Saffar Mansoor
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
| | | | - M Cristina Kenney
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Nakamura S, Saito Y, Gouda T, Imai T, Shimazawa M, Nishimura Y, Hara H. Therapeutic Effects of Iron Chelation in Atorvastatin-Induced Intracranial Hemorrhage of Zebrafish Larvae. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:105215. [PMID: 33066911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) catastrophically damages the cerebral vasculature, and severely compromises blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. The prognosis of ICH is poor due to the drastic and rapid progression of its pathology, and the lack of effective treatments presents a significant unmet clinical need. The present paper provides several evidences about the relationship between ICH bleeding status and mortality and the potential therapeutic effects of an iron chelator for ICH. METHODS Zebrafish are a highly transparent animal model, allowing live imaging of the complex cerebral vasculature. Thus, to further elucidate ATV-induced ICH, we investigated the concentration- and time-dependent phenotypes of ATV-induced ICH with zebrafish larvae. RESULTS The effects of ATV on mortality and ICH incidence in zebrafish larvae were concentration-dependent. Further, ATV treatment decreased vascular density of the hindbrain in a concentration-dependent manner, and hematoma volume was inversely correlated with ATV concentration. The number of cranial TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells was markedly increased 3 days post-fertilization. Importantly, the iron chelator deferasirox (DFR) decreased the incidence of ATV-induced ICH in zebrafish larvae. CONCLUSION These findings provided insight into the pathology and regulatory mechanism of ATV-induced ICH, and demonstrated the therapeutic effects of iron chelators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigakunishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Yuichi Saito
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigakunishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Takumi Gouda
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigakunishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Takahiko Imai
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigakunishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigakunishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Yuhei Nishimura
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigakunishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
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Hosomi N, Kitagawa K, Nagai Y, Nakagawa Y, Aoki S, Nezu T, Kagimura T, Maruyama H, Origasa H, Minematsu K, Uchiyama S, Matsumoto M. Different Influences of Statin Treatment in Preventing At-Risk Stroke Subtypes: A Post Hoc Analysis of J-STARS. J Atheroscler Thromb 2020; 27:449-460. [PMID: 31534062 PMCID: PMC7242230 DOI: 10.5551/jat.50518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: To understand the different influences of statins on the incidence rate of each stroke subtype in association with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, we performed a post hoc analysis on the data from the Japan Statin Treatment Against Recurrent Stroke (J-STARS) study. Methods: Subjects (n = 1,578) were divided into three groups according to their mean postrandomized LDL cholesterol level (< 100, 100–120, and ≥ 120 mg/dL) until the last observation before the event or the end of follow-up. A Cox proportional hazard model for time to events was used for calculating adjusted hazard ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and the trend tests. Results: The event rates for atherothrombotic stroke did not decrease in accordance with the postrandomized LDL cholesterol level subgroups of either the control or the pravastatin group (p = 0.15 and 0.33 for the trend, respectively). In the control group, however, no atherothrombotic stroke event was observed in the subgroup of the low postrandomized LDL cholesterol level (less than 100 mg/dL). The event rates for atherothrombotic stroke were lower in the middle postrandomized LDL cholesterol level subgroup (100–120 mg/dL) of the pravastatin group than that of the control group. The event rates for lacunar stroke decreased in the lower postrandomized LDL cholesterol level subgroup of the control group but not of the pravastatin group (p = 0.004 and 0.06 for the trend, respectively). Conclusions: Statins showed different influences on the risks of atherothromobotic and lacunar stroke according to postrandomized LDL cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohisa Hosomi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences
| | - Kazuo Kitagawa
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Yoji Nagai
- Center for Clinical Research, Kobe University Hospital
| | - Yoko Nakagawa
- Division of Medical Statistics, Translational Research Center for Medical Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe
| | - Shiro Aoki
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences
| | - Tomohisa Nezu
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences
| | - Tatsuo Kagimura
- Division of Medical Statistics, Translational Research Center for Medical Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe
| | - Hirofumi Maruyama
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences
| | - Hideki Origasa
- Division of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | | | - Shinichiro Uchiyama
- Clinical Research Center, International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center
| | - Masayasu Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences.,Sakai City Medical Center, Sakai City Hospital Organization
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Wang C, Ku P, Nie X, Bao S, Wang Z, Li K. Effects of simvastatin on the PXR signaling pathway and the liver histology in Mugilogobius abei. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:399-409. [PMID: 30240922 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Simvastatin is one of the most commonly cholesterol-lowering prescribed drugs all over the world. With the increase of consumption of these pharmaceuticals and subsequent their discharge into the aquatic environment in recent years, they are present at detectable levels in most sewage effluents. Unfortunately, limited information is provided about their potential impacts on aquatic organisms, especially on the detoxification-related metabolism in fish. In the present study, one local native benthic fish (Mugilogobius abei) in southern China was employed as test species and exposed to SV (0.5 μg L-1, 5 μg L-1, 50 μg L-1 and 500 μg L-1) for 72 h. The transcriptional expression of nucleus transcriptional factor pregnane X receptor (PXR) and its downstream targeted genes including multixenobiotics resistance protein or permeability glycoprotein (P-gp), cytochrome 1A (CYP1A), cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and the expression of associated microRNA such as miR-27, miR-34 and miR-148 in Mugilogobius abei were investigated. Result showed that the expressions of P-gp, CYP 1A, CYP 3A, GST and PXR were induced to some extend under simvastatin exposure for 72 h. A positive correlation was observed between PXR and CYP1A, CYP3A and P-gp. While for microRNA, a negative relationship was found between miR-34a and CYP3A, CYP1A. The expression of miR-148a was significantly induced under the exposure of SV (50 μg L-1), which was positive related to the transcriptional expression of PXR. For enzyme activity, erythromycin N-demethylase (ERND) significantly increased at 24 h and the activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) exhibited different trends. CAT was slightly inhibited at 24 h exposure but SOD was significantly induced in high concentration. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity was significant inhibited after 72 h exposure. The reductive small molecule glutathione (GSH) content showed obvious decrease, while the quantity of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased significantly in high concentrations of SV exposure. GSH and MDA showed a typical negative correlation to some degree. Moreover, simvastatin caused histological changes in the liver tissues of M. abei, especially the size of adipocyte significantly decreased. The present study indicated that environmentally relevant concentration SV may affect the PXR signaling pathway in M. abei and pose potential ecological risks to non-target organisms like fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Peijia Ku
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiangping Nie
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Shuang Bao
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Kaibin Li
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
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Ekerbicer N, Gurpinar T, Sisman AR, Guvendi G, Camsari UM, Uysal N. Statins reduce testicular and ocular VEGF: A potential compromise to microcirculation. Microvasc Res 2018; 119:60-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Masko EM, Alfaqih MA, Solomon KR, Barry WT, Newgard CB, Muehlbauer MJ, Valilis NA, Phillips TE, Poulton SH, Freedland AR, Sun S, Dambal SK, Sanders SE, Macias E, Freeman MR, Dewhirst MW, Pizzo SV, Freedland SJ. Evidence for Feedback Regulation Following Cholesterol Lowering Therapy in a Prostate Cancer Xenograft Model. Prostate 2017; 77:446-457. [PMID: 27900797 PMCID: PMC5822711 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic data suggest cholesterol-lowering drugs may prevent the progression of prostate cancer, but not the incidence of the disease. However, the association of combination therapy in cholesterol reduction on prostate or any cancer is unclear. In this study, we compared the effects of the cholesterol lowering drugs simvastatin and ezetimibe alone or in combination on the growth of LAPC-4 prostate cancer in vivo xenografts. METHODS Proliferation assays were conducted by MTS solution and assessed by Student's t-test. 90 male nude mice were placed on a high-cholesterol Western-diet for 7 days then injected subcutaneously with 1 × 105 LAPC-4 cells. Two weeks post-injection, mice were randomized to control, 11 mg/kg/day simvastatin, 30 mg/kg ezetimibe, or the combination and sacrificed 42 days post-randomization. We used a generalized linear model with the predictor variables of treatment, time, and treatment by time (i.e., interaction term) with tumor volume as the outcome variable. Total serum and tumor cholesterol were measured. Tumoral RNA was extracted and cDNA synthesized from 1 ug of total RNA for quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Simvastatin directly reduced in vitro prostate cell proliferation in a dose-dependent, cell line-specific manner, but ezetimibe had no effect. In vivo, low continuous dosing of ezetimibe, delivered by food, or simvastatin, delivered via an osmotic pump had no effect on tumor growth compared to control mice. In contrast, dual treatment of simvastatin and ezetimibe accelerated tumor growth. Ezetimibe significantly lowered serum cholesterol by 15%, while simvastatin had no effect. Ezetimibe treatment resulted in higher tumor cholesterol. A sixfold induction of low density lipoprotein receptor mRNA was observed in ezetimibe and the combination with simvastatin versus control tumors. CONCLUSIONS Systemic cholesterol lowering by ezetimibe did not slow tumor growth, nor did the cholesterol independent effects of simvastatin and the combined treatment increased tumor growth. Despite lower serum cholesterol, tumors from ezetimibe treated mice had higher levels of cholesterol. This study suggests that induction of low density lipoprotein receptor is a possible mechanism of resistance that prostate tumors use to counteract the therapeutic effects of lowering serum cholesterol. Prostate 77:446-457, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Masko
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Mahmoud A. Alfaqih
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Keith R. Solomon
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William T. Barry
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Christopher B. Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michael J. Muehlbauer
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Nikolaos A. Valilis
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tameika E. Phillips
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Susan H. Poulton
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Alexis R. Freedland
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephanie Sun
- Department of Surgery, Durham Veterans Administration Hospital, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Shweta K. Dambal
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sergio E. Sanders
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Everardo Macias
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael R. Freeman
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mark W. Dewhirst
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Salvatore V. Pizzo
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Stephen J. Freedland
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Surgery, Durham Veterans Administration Hospital, Durham, North Carolina
- Correspondence to: Dr. Stephen Freedland, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, 8635 West 3rd Street Suite 1070W, Los Angeles, CA 90048.
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10
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Chen Z, Qureshi AR, Parini P, Hurt-Camejo E, Ripsweden J, Brismar TB, Barany P, Jaminon AM, Schurgers LJ, Heimbürger O, Lindholm B, Stenvinkel P. Does statins promote vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease? Eur J Clin Invest 2017; 47:137-148. [PMID: 28036114 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In end-stage renal disease (ESRD), coronary artery calcification (CAC) and inflammation contribute to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Statins do not improve survival in patients with ESRD, and their effect on vascular calcification is unclear. We explored associations between CAC, inflammatory biomarkers, statins and mortality in ESRD. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 240 patients with ESRD (63% males; median age 56 years) from cohorts including 86 recipients of living donor kidney transplant (LD-Rtx), 96 incident dialysis patients and 58 prevalent peritoneal dialysis patients, associations of CAC score (Agatston Units, AUs), interleukin-6 (IL-6) with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), tumour necrosis factor (TNF), use of statins and all-cause mortality were analysed. Cardiac CT was repeated in 35 patients after 1·5 years of renal replacement therapy. In vitro, human vascular smooth muscle cells (hVSMCs) were used to measure vitamin K metabolism. RESULTS Among 240 patients, 129 (53%) had a CAC score > 100 AUs. Multivariate analysis revealed that independent predictors of 1-SD higher CAC score were age, male gender, diabetes and use of statins. The association between CAC score and mortality remained significant after adjustment for age, gender, diabetes, CVD, use of statins, protein-energy wasting and inflammation. Repeated CAC imaging in 35 patients showed that statin therapy was associated with greater progression of CAC. In vitro synthesis of menaquinone-4 by hVSMCs was significantly impaired by statins. CONCLUSION Elevated CAC score is a mortality risk factor in ESRD independent of inflammation. Future studies should resolve if statins promote vascular calcification and inhibition of vitamin K synthesis in the uremic milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Chen
- Kidney Disease Center, First Affiliated Hospital College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abdul Rashid Qureshi
- Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Parini
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Metabolism Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Hurt-Camejo
- Translational Science, CVMD iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonaz Ripsweden
- Division of Medical Imaging and Technology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torkel B Brismar
- Division of Medical Imaging and Technology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Barany
- Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Armand M Jaminon
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Leon J Schurgers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Olof Heimbürger
- Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Lindholm
- Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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MicroRNA: a connecting road between apoptosis and cholesterol metabolism. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:8529-54. [PMID: 27105614 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4988-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to apoptosis leads to tumorigenesis and failure of anti-cancer therapy. Recent studies also highlight abrogated lipid/cholesterol metabolism as one of the root causes of cancer that can lead to metastatic transformations. Cancer cells are dependent on tremendous supply of cellular cholesterol for the formation of new membranes and continuation of cell signaling. Cholesterol homeostasis network tightly regulates this metabolic need of cancer cells on cholesterol and other lipids. Genetic landscape is also shared between apoptosis and cholesterol metabolism. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the new fine tuners of signaling pathways and cellular processes and are known for their ability to post-transcriptionally repress gene expression in a targeted manner. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the cross talk between apoptosis and cholesterol metabolism via miRNAs. In addition, we also emphasize herein recent therapeutic modulations of specific miRNAs and their promising potential for the treatment of deadly diseases including cancer and cholesterol related pathologies. Understanding of the impact of miRNA-based regulation of apoptosis and metabolic processes is still at its dawn and needs further research for the development of future miRNA-based therapies. As both these physiological processes affect cellular homeostasis, we believe that this comprehensive summary of miRNAs modulating both apoptosis and cholesterol metabolism will open uncharted territory for scientific exploration and will provide the foundation for discovering novel drug targets for cancer and metabolic diseases.
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12
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Pelton K, Coticchia CM, Curatolo AS, Schaffner CP, Zurakowski D, Solomon KR, Moses MA. Hypercholesterolemia induces angiogenesis and accelerates growth of breast tumors in vivo. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 184:2099-110. [PMID: 24952430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic syndrome are linked to an increased prevalence of breast cancer among postmenopausal women. A common feature of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and a Western diet rich in saturated fat is a high level of circulating cholesterol. Epidemiological reports investigating the relationship between high circulating cholesterol levels, cholesterol-lowering drugs, and breast cancer are conflicting. Here, we modeled this complex condition in a well-controlled, preclinical animal model using innovative isocaloric diets. Female severe combined immunodeficient mice were fed a low-fat/no-cholesterol diet and then randomized to four isocaloric diet groups: low-fat/no-cholesterol diet, with or without ezetimibe (cholesterol-lowering drug), and high-fat/high-cholesterol diet, with or without ezetimibe. Mice were implanted orthotopically with MDA-MB-231 cells. Breast tumors from animals fed the high-fat/high-cholesterol diet exhibited the fastest progression. Significant differences in serum cholesterol level between groups were achieved and maintained throughout the study; however, no differences were observed in intratumoral cholesterol levels. To determine the mechanism of cholesterol-induced tumor progression, we analyzed tumor proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis and found a significantly greater percentage of proliferating cells from mice fed the high-fat/high-cholesterol diet. Tumors from hypercholesterolemic animals displayed significantly less apoptosis compared with the other groups. Tumors from high-fat/high-cholesterol mice had significantly higher microvessel density compared with tumors from the other groups. These results demonstrate that hypercholesterolemia induces angiogenesis and accelerates breast tumor growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Pelton
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christine M Coticchia
- The Program in Vascular Biology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adam S Curatolo
- The Program in Vascular Biology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carl P Schaffner
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Waksman Institute, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - David Zurakowski
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Keith R Solomon
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Marsha A Moses
- The Program in Vascular Biology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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13
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A lovastatin-elicited genetic program inhibits M2 macrophage polarization and enhances T cell infiltration into spontaneous mouse mammary tumors. Oncotarget 2014; 4:2288-301. [PMID: 24317954 PMCID: PMC3926827 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond their ability to inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis, the statins have pleiotropic effects that include anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Statins could have clinical utility, alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutics, in the treatment of cancer. The mechanisms that underlie the anti-tumor activity of the statins are nonetheless poorly defined. No studies have analyzed how they alter the tumor-associated leukocyte infiltrate, a central factor that influences tumor stroma and cancer evolution. Here we used HER2/neu transgenic (Tg-neu) mice to analyze the effect of lovastatin (Lov) on the inflammatory reaction of spontaneous mammary tumors. Lov treatment of tumor-bearing Tg-neu mice did not alter growth of established tumors, but significantly reduced the number of new oncogenic lesions in these mice. Moreover, Lov inhibited the growth of newly implanted Tg-neu tumors in immunocompetent but not in immunodeficient mice. We found that Lov enhanced tumor infiltration by effector T cells, and reduced the number of immunosuppressive and pro-angiogenic M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). Concomitantly, the drug improved the structure and function of the tumor vasculature, measured as enhanced tumor oxygenation and penetration of cytotoxic drugs. Microarray analysis identified a Lov-elicited genetic program in Tg-neu tumors that might explain these effects; we observed Lov-induced downregulation of placental growth factor, which triggers aberrant angiogenesis and M2-like TAM polarization. Our results identify a role for lovastatin in the shaping and re-education of the inflammatory infiltrate in tumors, with functional consequences in angiogenesis and antitumor immunity.
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14
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El-Azab MF, Mysona BA, El-Remessy AB. Statins for prevention of diabetic-related blindness: a new treatment option? EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014; 6:269-272. [PMID: 21938261 DOI: 10.1586/eop.11.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mona F El-Azab
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA and Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Health Science University, Augusta, GA, USA and Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Egypt
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15
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Su J, Zou W, Cai W, Chen X, Wang F, Li S, Ma W, Cao Y. Atorvastatin ameliorates contrast medium-induced renal tubular cell apoptosis in diabetic rats via suppression of Rho-kinase pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 723:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Yang Y, Miao Y, Wang B, Cui G, Merz KM. Catalytic mechanism of aromatic prenylation by NphB. Biochemistry 2012; 51:2606-18. [PMID: 22385275 DOI: 10.1021/bi201800m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
NphB is an aromatic prenyltransferase that catalyzes the attachment of a 10-carbon geranyl group to aromatic substrates. Importantly, NphB exhibits a rich substrate selectivity and product regioselectivity. A systematic computational study has been conducted in order to address several question associated with NphB-catalyzed geranylation. The reaction mechanism of the prenylation step has been characterized as a S(N)1 type dissociative mechanism with a weakly stable carbocation intermediate. A novel π-chamber composed of Tyr121, Tyr216, and 1,6-DHN is found to be important in stabilizing the carbocation. The observed difference in the rates of product formation from 5- and 2-prenylation arises from the differing orientations of the aromatic substrate in the resting state. 4-Prenylation shares the same resting state with 5-prenylation, but the lower free energy barrier for carbocation formation makes the latter reaction more facile. The high free energy barrier associated with 7-prenylation is caused by the unfavorable orientation of 1,6-DHN in active site pocket, along with the difficulty of proton elimination after the prenylation step. A water-mediated proton transfer facilitates the loss of hydrogen at the prenylation site to form the final prenylated product. Interestingly, the same crystallographically observed water molecule has been found to be responsible for proton loss in all three experimentally identified products. After proton transfer, the relaxation of the final product from a sp(3) carbon center to a sp(2) center triggers a "spring-loaded" product release mechanism which pushes the final product out of the binding pocket toward the edge of the active site. The hydrogen bond interactions between the two hydroxyl groups of the aromatic product and the side chains of Ser214 and Tyr288 help to "steer" the movement of the product. In addition, mutagenesis studies identify these same two side chains as being responsible for the observed regioselectivity, particularly 2-prenylation. These observations provide valuable insights into NphB chemistry, offering an opportunity to better engineer the active site and to control the reactivity in order to obtain high yields of the desired product(s). Furthermore, the S(N)1 reaction mechanism observed for NphB differs from the prenylation reaction found in, for example, the farnesyltransferase, which proceeds via an S(N)2-like reaction pathway. The spring-loaded release mechanism highlighted herein also offers novel insights into how enzymes facilitate product release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Department of Chemistry and the Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8435, United States
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17
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Ellesat KS, Yazdani M, Holth TF, Hylland K. Species-dependent sensitivity to contaminants: an approach using primary hepatocyte cultures with three marine fish species. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 72:216-224. [PMID: 21963059 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
There is limited knowledge about the sensitivity of different fish species to environmental pollutants. Such information is pivotal in risk assessment and to understand why some species appear to be more tolerant to contaminants than others. The aim of the current study was to evaluate whether primary hepatocyte cultures of three marine fish species could be established in the field and whether their sensitivity to selected contaminants would differ. Primary hepatocyte cultures of three marine fish species (plaice, long rough dab, Atlantic cod) were established and exposed for 24 h to copper (20-2500 mg L⁻¹) and statins (1-200 mg L⁻¹). Endpoints were esterase activity, metabolic activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) content, all using fluorescent probes. Flatfish hepatocytes were more susceptible to copper and statin exposure than hepatocytes from cod. This study has shown that species-dependent differences in contaminant sensitivity can be investigated using primary hepatocyte cultures.
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18
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Siddals KW, Allen J, Sinha S, Canfield AE, Kalra PA, Gibson JM. Apposite insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor glycosylation is critical to the maintenance of vascular smooth muscle phenotype in the presence of factors promoting osteogenic differentiation and mineralization. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:16623-30. [PMID: 21454560 PMCID: PMC3089505 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.202929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is strongly linked with increased morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. Vascular calcification is an active cell-mediated process that involves the differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to an osteoblast-like phenotype. Several inhibitors of this process have been identified, including insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). In this study, we examined the role of the IGF receptor (IGFR) and the importance of IGFR glycosylation in the maintenance of the VSMC phenotype in the face of factors known to promote osteogenic conversion. IGF-I (25 ng/ml) significantly protected VSMCs from β-glycerophosphate-induced osteogenic differentiation (p < 0.005) and mineral deposition (p < 0.01). Mevalonic acid depletion (induced by 100 nm cerivastatin) significantly inhibited these IGF protective effects (p < 0.01). Mevalonic acid depletion impaired IGFR processing, decreased the expression of mature IGFRs at the cell surface, and inhibited the downstream activation of Akt and MAPK. Inhibitors of N-linked glycosylation (tunicamycin, deoxymannojirimycin, and deoxynojirimycin) also markedly attenuated the inhibitory effect of IGF-I on β-glycerophosphate-induced mineralization (p < 0.05) and activation of Akt and MAPK. These results demonstrate that alterations in the glycosylation of the IGFR disrupt the ability of IGF-I to protect against the osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of VSMCs by several interrelated mechanisms: decreased IGFR processing, reduced IGFR cell-surface expression, and reduced downstream signaling via the Akt and MAPK pathways. IGF-I thus occupies a critical position in the maintenance of normal VSMC phenotype and protection from factors known to stimulate vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk W Siddals
- Imaging, Genomics, and Proteomics Group, School of Cancer and Enabling Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PY, United Kingdom.
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19
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Mener DJ. Prostate specific antigen reduction following statin therapy: Mechanism of action and review of the literature. IUBMB Life 2010; 62:584-90. [PMID: 20665620 DOI: 10.1002/iub.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a serine protease that is exclusively produced in the prostate, and its detection is the only laboratory test available for screening men for prostate cancer (PC). The interpretation of the assay is difficult since it is specific for prostate tissue and cellular growth, but not for PC. Pharmacologic therapy for hyperlipidemia, such as statins, may influence prostate cellular growth and subsequently PSA levels in patients. Dysregulated cellular growth in the prostate is mediated by inhibiting the rate-limiting pathway step in cholesterol synthesis, thereby decreasing isoprenylate intermediates, decreasing cholesterol rich cellular membrane domains, and down-regulating androgen and estrogen receptors. Statins, with variable efficacy, have been previously shown to inhibit cellular inflammation, angiogenesis, proliferation, migration/adhesion, and invasion, while promoting apoptosis in prostate cells by inhibiting the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate. An individual statin's molecular structure, need for enzymatic conversion, bioavailability, and peripheral tissue concentration may partially account for differing properties. By inhibiting prostatic cellular growth and promoting apoptosis, statins may subsequently decrease PSA levels, an effect recently observed in cohorts. There is scientific and clinical evidence supporting the observations that statins are associated with an overall reduction in serum PSA in men, when used for greater than 6 months, and especially when used for greater than 2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Mener
- Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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20
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Meador BM, Huey KA. Statin-associated myopathy and its exacerbation with exercise. Muscle Nerve 2010; 42:469-79. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.21817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Molecular mechanisms of toxicity of simvastatin, widely used cholesterol-lowering drug. A review. Open Med (Wars) 2010. [DOI: 10.2478/s11536-009-0123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractStatins are widely used and well tolerated cholesterol-lowering drugs, and when used for therapy purposes reduce morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease. Simvastatin is one of nine known statins, specific inhibitors of hepatic enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, the rate-limiting step of cholesterol biosynthesis, and is believed to reduce plasma cholesterol levels by decreasing the activity of this enzyme. Statin drugs represent the major improvement in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia that constitutes the main origin of atherosclerosis, leading to coronary heart disease. Although statins are generally safe, minor and severe adverse reactions are well known complications of statin use. Adverse events associated with simvastatin therapy are uncommon, but potentially serious. In this review some details about statins including their adverse effects in humans and animals, the effects of simvastatin on various intracellular and mitochondrial processes, and molecular mechanisms underlying simvastatin cytotoxicity are discussed.
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22
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Solomon KR, Pelton K, Boucher K, Joo J, Tully C, Zurakowski D, Schaffner CP, Kim J, Freeman MR. Ezetimibe is an inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:1017-26. [PMID: 19179610 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and preclinical observations have suggested a role for one or more products of the mevalonate/cholesterol biosynthesis pathway in the progression of prostate cancer. In this study, we used ezetimibe (Zetia), a specific, FDA-approved, cholesterol uptake-blocking drug, in combination with either a hyper- or hypocholesterolemic diet, to show that elevated circulating cholesterol levels promote, whereas a reduction in circulating cholesterol levels retard, the growth of human prostate cancer xenograft tumors in mice. Circulating cholesterol levels also modified tumor angiogenesis; higher cholesterol levels increased microvessel density and other indicators of vascularity. Consistent with these data, the reduction of cholesterol levels also increased the levels of the angiogenesis inhibitor thrombospondin-1 in the xenografts. Our results thus suggest that hypercholesterolemia directly accelerates the growth of prostate carcinomas, and that the pharmacological reduction of serum cholesterol levels may retard prostate cancer growth by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith R Solomon
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Genovefa D Kolovou
- 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece.
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24
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Gluhovschi G, Gluhovschi C, Bob F, Velciov S, Trandafirescu V, Petrica L, Bozdog G. Multiorgan-protective actions of blockers of the renin-angiotensin system, statins and erythropoietin: common pleiotropic effects in reno-, cardio- and neuroprotection. Acta Clin Belg 2008; 63:152-69. [PMID: 18714846 DOI: 10.1179/acb.2008.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Renal diseases induce nephroprotective measures that may affect the heart, brain and other organs. In addition, many cardiovascular and neurological diseases are accompanied by renal lesions. For these reasons, multiorgan-protective measures, including cardio-, reno- and neuro-protective measures, are necessary to treat these diseases. The drugs used in nephrology are often pleiotropic. Although they usually address a single organ or tissue, many of them have complex actions that may provide multiorgan-protection. The present paper aims to review 3 classes of drugs that are commonly prescribed in nephrological practice: statins, RAS blockers (such as ACEIs and ARBs) and erythropoietin (EPO). This paper highlights the renoprotective actions, as well as those that are protective of the heart, brain and other organs, of these drugs at the cellular and molecular level. Their protective actions are attributable to their main effects and pleiotropic effects. The protective pleiotropic actions of these drugs may be exerted on multiple organs, making them multiorgan-protective. Another objective is to analyse the shared multiorgan-protective pleiotropic effects of RAS blockers (ACEIs and ARBs), statins and erythropoietin. This will allow for the practical association of the main renoprotective drugs with multiorgan protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gluhovschi
- Nephrology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes, Timisoara, Romania.
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25
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Luparello C, Sirchia R, Lo Sasso B. Midregion PTHrP regulates Rip1 and caspase expression in MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 111:461-74. [PMID: 18030616 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9816-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It was previously reported that the midregion PTHrP domain (38-94)-amide restrains growth and invasion "in vitro", causes striking toxicity and accelerates death of some breast cancer cell lines, the most responsive being MDA-MB231 whose tumorigenesis was also attenuated "in vivo". In addition, we have demonstrated that midregion PTHrP is imported in the nucleoplasm of cultured MDA-MB231 cells, and that "in vitro" it can bind chromatin of metaphase spread preparations and also an isolated 20-mer oligonucleotide, thereby appearing endowed with a putative transcription factor-like DNA-binding ability. Here, we examined whether PTHrP (38-94)-amide was able to modulate the expression of genes encoding for apoptosis factors and caspases. Employing a combination of conventional and semi-quantitative multiplex PCR techniques, antisense oligonucleotide (asODN) transfections, proliferation/invasion assays and protein analyses, here we report that PTHrP treatment induces the up-regulation of Bcl-xS, Bad and Rip1 and switches-on the expression of caspase-2, -5, -6, -7 and -8 in MDA-MB231 cells. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time that asODN-induced under-expression of Rip1 can lead to a more pronounced up-regulation of some caspases due, at least in part, to JNK inactivation, thus providing a new example of factor involved in the transcriptional regulation of the apoptotic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Luparello
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
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Cui G, Li X, Merz KM. Understanding the Substrate Selectivity and the Product Regioselectivity of Orf2-Catalyzed Aromatic Prenylations. Biochemistry 2007; 46:1303-11. [PMID: 17260959 DOI: 10.1021/bi062076z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Orf2, a recently identified prenyltransferase of aromatic natural products, displays relaxed substrate selectivity and interesting product regioselectivity. This gives rise to the opportunity to engineer the active site to tune the functionality of terpenoids for therapeutic applications. The structural basis of substrate binding has been determined, but the source of the observed substrate selectivity and product regioselectivity cannot be completely understood on the basis of the static picture that the crystal structures of Orf2 and its complexes afford. The electron density and B-factors of the substrates, particularly those of 1,6-dihydroxynaphthalene, suggest significant conformational fluctuation in the Orf2 binding site. We thoroughly explored the binding of 1,6-dihydroxynaphthalene and quantitatively evaluated the relative free energies of three binding states that we identified in terms of a two-dimensional potential of mean force. The available experimental orientation, which gives the major prenylated product of 1,6-dihydroxynaphthalene, corresponds to the global free energy minimum. Two alternative binding states were identified on the calculated free energy surface, and both are readily accessible at 300 K. The alternative binding conformations were extracted from the potential of mean force calculation and were subjected to further validation against the experimental X-ray diffraction data using a refinement protocol supplemented with a hybrid quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical energy function. The agreement was excellent as indicated by the R and Rfree factors that were comparable to that obtained for the published orientation using a similar protocol. These binding states are the origin of the selectivity and regioselectivity in Orf2-catalyzed aromatic prenylations. Our analyses also suggest that Ser214 and Tyr288, forming hydrogen bonds with the alternative binding states of 1,6-dihydroxynaphthalene and flaviolin, are good candidates for site-directed mutagenesis, and changing them to, for example, their hydrophobic counterparts would affect the substrate selectivity and product regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglei Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Quantum Theory Project, 2328 New Physics Building, P.O. Box 118435, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8435, USA
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Abstract
Over 100 million prescriptions were filled for statins (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors) in 2004. Statins were originally developed to lower plasma cholesterol in patients with hypercholesterolemia and are the most effective drugs on the market in doing so. Because of the discovered pleiotropic effects of statins, the use has expanded to the treatment of many other conditions, including ventricular arrythmias, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, cancer, osteoporosis, and diabetes. The elderly population is growing. Therefore, it is estimated that the number of statin users will also increase. Fortunately, the use of statins is relatively safe with few side effects. Myopathy is the most common side effect with symptoms ranging from fatigue, weakness, and pain to symptoms associated with rhabdomyolysis which is a life-threatening condition. The development of statin-induced rhabdomyolysis is rare occurring in approximately 0.1% of patients; however, the occurrence of less severe symptoms is underreported and may be 1-5% or more. Physical exercise appears to increase the likelihood for the development of myopathy in patients taking statins. It is thought that as many as 25% of statin users who exercise may experience muscle fatigue, weakness, aches, and cramping due to statin therapy and potentially dismissed by the patient and physician. The mechanisms causing statin-induced myopathy have not been elucidated; however, research efforts suggest that apoptosis of myofibers may contribute. The mitochondrion is considered a regulatory center of apoptosis, and therefore its role in the induction of apoptosis will be discussed as well as the mechanism of statin-induced apoptosis and myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie J Dirks
- Wingate University School of Pharmacy, Wingate, North Carolina 28174, USA.
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