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Fan S, Qi M, Qi Q, Miao Q, Deng L, Pan J, Qiu S, He J, Huang M, Li X, Huang J, Lin J, Lyu W, Deng W, He Y, Liu X, Gao L, Zhang D, Ye W, Chen M. Targeting FAP α-positive lymph node metastatic tumor cells suppresses colorectal cancer metastasis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:682-697. [PMID: 38322324 PMCID: PMC10840431 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic metastasis is the main metastatic route for colorectal cancer, which increases the risk of cancer recurrence and distant metastasis. The properties of the lymph node metastatic colorectal cancer (LNM-CRC) cells are poorly understood, and effective therapies are still lacking. Here, we found that hypoxia-induced fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAPα) expression in LNM-CRC cells. Gain- or loss-function experiments demonstrated that FAPα enhanced tumor cell migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stemness, and lymphangiogenesis via activation of the STAT3 pathway. In addition, FAPα in tumor cells induced extracellular matrix remodeling and established an immunosuppressive environment via recruiting regulatory T cells, to promote colorectal cancer lymph node metastasis (CRCLNM). Z-GP-DAVLBH, a FAPα-activated prodrug, inhibited CRCLNM by targeting FAPα-positive LNM-CRC cells. Our study highlights the role of FAPα in tumor cells in CRCLNM and provides a potential therapeutic target and promising strategy for CRCLNM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuran Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ming Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qi Qi
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qun Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lijuan Deng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jinghua Pan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shenghui Qiu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiashuai He
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Maohua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiapeng Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wenyu Lyu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Weiqing Deng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yingyin He
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xuesong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lvfen Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wencai Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Minfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Nanoadjuvants Actively targeting lymph node conduits and blocking tumor invasion in lymphatic vessels. J Control Release 2022; 352:497-506. [PMID: 36341931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Great efforts have been made to manipulate nanoparticles (NPs) with a diameter of 10-100 nm to passively target lymph nodes (LNs) to magnitude anti-tumor activity of T cells. However, no attention has been paid to increasing the retention of NPs with active affinity in order to induce a prolonged release of antigens or molecular adjuvants in the LNs mattering the immune response. Here, we formulated two NPs encapsulated with imiquimod (IMQ), a TLR7/8 agonist, and paclitaxel (PTX) and further modified them with tannic acid (TA), respectively, to generate IMQ NP and PTX NP with a final diameter of approximately 40 nm. Attributing a strong affinity of TA molecules to the elastin of LN conduits, the TA modified IMQ NPs can bypass the gaps in the layer of lymphatic endothelial cells and enter the paracortex through the lymph node capsule-associated (LNC) conduits. Similarly, the TA modified PTX NPs increased delivery of PTX to the metastatic tumor site in LNs, where the tumor-associated antigens were released and presented by conduits-lining dendritic cells to activate T cells. Thus, the NPs with deposition to LN conduits showed excellent performance in preventing lymphovascular invasion of triple-negative breast cancer cells and lung metastasis thereafter. On the contrary, the NPs without TA flowed through the subcutaneous sinus existing LNs directly by efferent lymphatic vessels showing relatively poor therapeutic outcomes. This study reveals that TA may mediate the long retention of antigens and molecular adjuvants to be delivered to deep LNs for developing potent vaccination technology.
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Kimura S, Noguchi H, Nanbu U, Nakayama T. Macrophage CCL22 expression promotes lymphangiogenesis in patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma via IL-4/STAT6 in the tumor microenvironment. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:383. [PMID: 33777206 PMCID: PMC7988704 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The C-C motif chemokine ligand 22 (CCL22) chemokine is produced by M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the tumor microenvironment. Chemokine C-C motif receptor 4 (CCR4), the CCL22 receptor, on T helper2 (Th2) cells leads to a Th2 cytokine-dominant environment. In our previous study, lymph node metastasis was the main predictor of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) via CCL22. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of CCL22 and a Th2 cytokine-predominant tumor microenvironment on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C expression and lymphangiogenesis. The post-operative courses of 110 patients with early-stage tongue SCC with a histopathological diagnosis based on the 8th TNM classification were followed up (mean/median follow-up time, 47.1/42.0 months) from surgery until death or the last follow-up visit, and subsequent lymph node relapse was assessed. Lymphangiogenesis and the immunohistochemical expression of several markers (CCL22, CCR4 and VEGF-C) were evaluated. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to plot lymph node relapse-free survival and overall survival curves, which were compared using the log-rank test. In vitro, the association between CCL22 and VEGF-C by interleukin (IL)-4/signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) stimulation was examined. Lymphangiogenesis was significantly associated with lymph node relapse (P<0.001) and a CCL22+ macrophage ratio (P<0.001). CCL22+ TAMs were positive for VEGF-C and surrounded by CCR4+ cells. Additionally, VEGF-C expression was increased in IL-4/STAT6-stimulated macrophages. In addition, the STAT6 signaling pathway was activated in the SCC cells in the deeply invaded part of the tumor along with the aggregated macrophages. In conclusion, TAM CCL22 expression led to lymph node relapse via VEGF-C expression within the tumor microenvironment and the IL-4/STAT6 signaling pathway in early stage tongue SCC. Additionally, the worst pattern of invasion and depth of invasion were revealed to be useful parameters for lymph node relapse in patients with tongue SCC. The present study suggested that CCL22 contributed to the role of M2-like differentiated TAMs in prognosis and lymph node relapse via IL-4/STAT6 and VEGF. The IL-4/STAT6 signaling pathway may be a new molecular target for tongue SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kimura
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Kitakyushu City Yahata Hospital, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 805-8534, Japan.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Noguchi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Uki Nanbu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Nakayama
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
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Giacomini A, Grillo E, Rezzola S, Ribatti D, Rusnati M, Ronca R, Presta M. The FGF/FGFR system in the physiopathology of the prostate gland. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:569-610. [PMID: 32730114 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a family of proteins possessing paracrine, autocrine, or endocrine functions in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, angiogenesis, tissue homeostasis, wound repair, and cancer. Canonical FGFs bind and activate tyrosine kinase FGF receptors (FGFRs), triggering intracellular signaling cascades that mediate their biological activity. Experimental evidence indicates that FGFs play a complex role in the physiopathology of the prostate gland that ranges from essential functions during embryonic development to modulation of neoplastic transformation. The use of ligand- and receptor-deleted mouse models has highlighted the requirement for FGF signaling in the normal development of the prostate gland. In adult prostate, the maintenance of a functional FGF/FGFR signaling axis is critical for organ homeostasis and function, as its disruption leads to prostate hyperplasia and may contribute to cancer progression and metastatic dissemination. Dissection of the molecular landscape modulated by the FGF family will facilitate ongoing translational efforts directed toward prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Giacomini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Grillo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Rezzola
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Rusnati
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Ronca
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Presta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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5
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Almahmoudi R, Kasanen M, Sieviläinen M, Salem A, Pirinen M, Salo T, Al-Samadi A. Prognostic value of blood and lymphatic vessel markers in tongue cancer: A systematic review. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:3424-3433. [PMID: 31495050 PMCID: PMC6824997 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) has a poor prognosis due to its early metastasis through blood and lymphatic vessels. We undertook a systematic review to investigate the prognostic significance of blood microvessel density (MVD) and lymphatic vessel density (LVD) in TSCC patients. We carried out a systematic search in Ovid Medline, Scopus, and Cochrane libraries. All studies that evaluated the prognostic significance of MVD/LVD markers in TSCC were systematically retrieved. Our results showed that MVD/LVD markers, CD31, CD34, CD105, factor VIII, lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor‐1, and D2‐40 were evaluated in TSCC patients until 28 June 2018. Six out of 13 studies reported markers that were associated with poor prognosis in TSCC. Two out of three studies suggested that a high number of D2‐40+ vessels predicated low overall survival (OS); the third study reported that the ratio of D2‐40+ over factor VIII+ vessels is associated with low OS. Most of the other markers had controversial results for prognostication. We found higher expression of MVD/LVD markers were commonly, but not always, associated with shorter survival in TSCC patients. It is therefore not currently possible to recommend implementation of these markers as reliable prognosticators in clinical practice. More studies (especially for D2‐40) with larger patient cohorts are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabeia Almahmoudi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Merimaija Kasanen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Meri Sieviläinen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Abdelhakim Salem
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Pirinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Salo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Centre, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,HUS, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ahmed Al-Samadi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Kimura S, Nanbu U, Noguchi H, Harada Y, Kumamoto K, Sasaguri Y, Nakayama T. Macrophage CCL22 expression in the tumor microenvironment and implications for survival in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. J Oral Pathol Med 2019; 48:677-685. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kimura
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine University of Occupational and Environmental Health Kitakyushu Japan
- Department of Clinical Pathology Kitakyushu Municipal Yahata Hospital Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Uki Nanbu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine University of Occupational and Environmental Health Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Noguchi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine University of Occupational and Environmental Health Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Harada
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery University Hospital of Occupational and Environmental Health Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Keiichiro Kumamoto
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine University of Occupational and Environmental Health Kitakyushu Japan
- Third Department of Internal Medicine University of Occupational and Environmental Health Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sasaguri
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine University of Occupational and Environmental Health Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Nakayama
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine University of Occupational and Environmental Health Kitakyushu Japan
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Mourad MA, Higazi MM. MRI prognostic factors of tongue cancer: potential predictors of cervical lymph nodes metastases. Radiol Oncol 2019; 53:49-56. [PMID: 30840589 PMCID: PMC6411025 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2019-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of three MR imaging parameters, which are tumour thickness, para-lingual distance and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value for prediction of cervical lymph nodes metastasis in cancer tongue patients. Patients and methods Fifty patients with proved cancer tongue by histopathological examination underwent MRI examination. T1 and T2- weighted MRI, diffusion-weighted images and post-contrast T1 fat suppression sequences were used. Results The patients were classified according to lymph nodes involvement as seen by MRI into two groups. Significant differences between positive and negative nodes groups were observed regarding tumour thickness and para-lingual distance (p-values = 0.008 and 0.003 respectively). ROC curve analyses revealed cut-off values >13.8 mm and ≤ 3.3 mm for tumour thickness and para-lingual distance respectively for prediction of nodes involvement. No significant differences between patients with and without cervical lymph nodes metastasis were found regarding corresponding ADC value of the tumour (p-value = 0.518). Conclusions Para-lingual distance and tumour thickness are factors that could influence pre-operative judgment and prognosis of tongue cancer patients. ADC value of the tumour itself seem not to be a reliable index of cancer progression to regional lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud M. Higazi
- Department of Radiology, Minia University, MiniaEgypt
- Mahmoud M. Higazi, M.D., Lecturer of Radiology, Minia University Egypt
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Kim HJ, Baek MJ, Kang DH, Lee SC, Bae SB, Lee KT, Lee N, Kim H, Jeong D, Ahn TS, Lee MS, Hong DS, Won JH. Association Between c-Met and Lymphangiogenic Factors in Patients With Colorectal Cancer. Ann Coloproctol 2018; 34:88-93. [PMID: 29742856 PMCID: PMC5951094 DOI: 10.3393/ac.2017.10.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Animal models show a strong relationship between lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis. However, the clinical significance of lymphangiogenesis in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) remains uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate the association between c-Met and lymphangiogenic factors and to elucidate the prognostic significance of c-Met in patients with CRC. Methods A total of 379 tissue samples were obtained from surgically resected specimens from patients with CRC at Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital between January 2002 and December 2010. The expressions of c-Met, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, VEGF-D, VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-3, and podoplanin were examined using immunohistochemistry. The expression of c-Met and clinical factors were analyzed. Results Of the 379 tissues, 301 (79.4%) had c-Met expression. High expression of c-Met in tumor cells was significantly associated with high expression of VEGF-C (P < 0.001) and VEGFR-3 (P = 0.001). However, no statistically significant association with podoplanin (P = 0.587) or VEGF-D (P = 0.096) was found. Of the 103 evaluable patients, expression of c-Met in tumor cells was significantly associated with advanced clinical stage (P = 0.020), positive lymph node status (P = 0.038), and high expression of VEGF-C (P = 0.020). However, no statistically significant association with podoplanin (P = 0.518), VEGFR-3 (P = 0.085), VEGF-D (P = 0.203), or overall survival (P = 0.360) was found. Conclusion Our results provide indirect evidence for an association and possible regulatory link of c-Met with the lymphangiogenic markers, but c-Met expression in patients with CRC is not a prognostic indicator for overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Moo-Jun Baek
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kang
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sang-Cheol Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sang Byung Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Kyu Taek Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Namsu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyungjoo Kim
- Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang Medical Science Research Institute, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Dongjun Jeong
- Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang Medical Science Research Institute, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Tae Sung Ahn
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Moon Soo Lee
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Dae Sik Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Won
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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9
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García-Caballero M, Blacher S, Paupert J, Quesada AR, Medina MA, Noël A. Novel application assigned to toluquinol: inhibition of lymphangiogenesis by interfering with VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 signalling pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1966-87. [PMID: 27018653 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Lymphangiogenesis is an important biological process associated with the pathogenesis of several diseases, including metastatic dissemination, graft rejection, lymphoedema and other inflammatory disorders. The development of new drugs that block lymphangiogenesis has become a promising therapeutic strategy. In this study, we investigated the ability of toluquinol, a 2-methyl-hydroquinone isolated from the culture broth of the marine fungus Penicillium sp. HL-85-ALS5-R004, to inhibit lymphangiogenesis in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used human lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) to analyse the effect of toluquinol in 2D and 3D in vitro cultures and in the ex vivo mouse lymphatic ring assay. For in vivo approaches, the transgenic Fli1:eGFPy1 zebrafish, mouse ear sponges and cornea models were used. Western blotting and apoptosis analyses were carried out to search for drug targets. KEY RESULTS Toluquinol inhibited LEC proliferation, migration, tubulogenesis and sprouting of new lymphatic vessels. Furthermore, toluquinol induced apoptosis of LECs after 14 h of treatment in vitro, blocked the development of the thoracic duct in zebrafish and reduced the VEGF-C-induced lymphatic vessel formation and corneal neovascularization in mice. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that this drug attenuates VEGF-C-induced VEGFR-3 phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner and suppresses the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Based on these findings, we propose toluquinol as a new candidate with pharmacological potential for the treatment of lymphangiogenesis-related pathologies. Notably, its ability to suppress corneal neovascularization paves the way for applications in vascular ocular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M García-Caballero
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliqué-Cancer (GIGA-Cancer), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - S Blacher
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliqué-Cancer (GIGA-Cancer), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - J Paupert
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliqué-Cancer (GIGA-Cancer), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - A R Quesada
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, and IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga), Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Málaga, Spain.,Unidad 741 de CIBER "de Enfermedades Raras", Málaga, Spain
| | - M A Medina
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, and IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga), Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Málaga, Spain.,Unidad 741 de CIBER "de Enfermedades Raras", Málaga, Spain
| | - A Noël
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliqué-Cancer (GIGA-Cancer), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Abstract
The role of angiogenesis in tumor growth has been studied continuously for over 45 years. It is now appreciated that angiogenesis is also essential for the dissemination and establishment of tumor metastases. In this review, we focus on the role of angiogenesis as a necessity for the escape of tumor cells into the bloodstream and for the establishment of metastatic colonies in secondary sites. We also discuss the role of tumor lymphangiogenesis as a means of dissemination of lymphatic metastases. Appropriate combination therapies may be used in the future to both prevent and treat metastatic disease through the rational use of antiangiogenic and antilymphangiogenic therapies in ways that are informed by the current and future work in the field.
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A potential small-molecule synthetic antilymphangiogenic agent norcantharidin inhibits tumor growth and lymphangiogenesis of human colonic adenocarcinomas through blocking VEGF-A,-C,-D/VEGFR-2,-3 "multi-points priming" mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:527. [PMID: 26187792 PMCID: PMC4506614 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1521-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor lymphangiogenesis plays an important role in promoting growth and metastasis of tumors, but no antilymphangiogenic agent is used clinically. Based on the effect of norcantharidin (NCTD) on lymphangiogenesis of human lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), we firstly investigated the antilymphangiogenic activity of NCTD as a tumor lymphangiogenic inhibitor for human colonic adenocarcinomas (HCACs). Methods In vivo and in vitro experiments to determine the effects of NCTD on tumor growth and lymphangiogenesis of the in-situ colonic xenografts in nude mice, and lymphatic tube formation of the three-dimensional (3-D) of the co-culture system of HCAC HT-29 cells and LECs were done. Proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, Ki-67, Bcl-2 and cell cycle of LECs and the co-culture system in vitro were respectively determined. Streparidin-peroxidase staining, SABC, western blotting and RT-PCR were respectively used to examine the expression of LYVE-1, D2-40, CK20 (including their LMVD), and VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 in vitro and in vivo. Results NCTD inhibited tumor growth and lymphangiogenesis of the in-situ colonic xenografts in vivo, and these observations were confirmed by facts that lymphatic tube formation, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, S-phase cell cycle, and Ki-67 and Bcl-2 expression in vitro, and LYVE-1, D2-40, CK20 expression and their LMVD in vitro and in vivo were inhibited and affected. Furthermore, the expression of VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 at protein/mRNA levels in the process of lymphatic tube formation in vitro and tumor lymphangiogenesis in vivo was downregulated; NCTD in combination with mF4-31C1 or Sorafenib enhanced these effects. Conclusions NCTD inhibits tumor growth and lymphangiogenesis of HCACs through “multi-points priming” mechanisms i.e. affecting related malignant phenotypes, inhibiting Ki-67 and Bcl-2 expression, inducing S-phase cell cycle arrest, and directly or indirectly downregulating VEGF-A,-C,-D/VEGFR-2,-3 signaling pathways. The present finding strongly suggests that NCTD could serve as a potential antilymphangiogenic agent for tumor lymphangiogenesis and is of importance to explore NCTD is used for antitumor metastatic comprehensive therapy for HCACs.
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Abstract
Metastatic cancer cells are lethal. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that bolster the conversion from benign to malignant progression is key for treating these heterogeneous and resistant neoplasms. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a conserved cellular program that alters cell shape, adhesion and movement. The shift to a more mesenchymal-like phenotype can promote tumor cell intravasation of surrounding blood vessels and emigration to a new organ, yet may not be necessary for extravasation or colonization into that environment. Lymphatic dissemination, on the other hand, may not require EMT. This review presents emerging data on the modes by which tumor cells promote EMT/MET via microRNA and prepare the pre-metastatic niche via exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Banyard
- a Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery , Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Diane R Bielenberg
- a Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery , Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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Migliozzi MT, Mucka P, Bielenberg DR. Lymphangiogenesis and metastasis--a closer look at the neuropilin/semaphorin3 axis. Microvasc Res 2014; 96:68-76. [PMID: 25087623 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Understanding how the lymphatic system responds to its environment and local stimuli may lead to therapies to combat metastasis and other lymphatic-associated diseases. This review compares lymphatic vessels and blood vessels, discusses markers of lymphatic vasculature, and elucidates some of the signaling motifs involved in lymphangiogenesis. Recent progress implicating the neuropilin and semaphorin axes in this process is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Migliozzi
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick Mucka
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diane R Bielenberg
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Yang B, Kang H, Fung A, Zhao H, Wang T, Ma D. The role of interleukin 17 in tumour proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:623759. [PMID: 25110397 PMCID: PMC4119694 DOI: 10.1155/2014/623759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With 7.6 million deaths globally, cancer according to the World Health Organisation is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Interleukin 17 (IL-17) is a cytokine produced by Th17 cells, a T helper cell subset developed from an activated CD4+ T-cell. Whilst the importance of IL-17 in human autoimmune disease, inflammation, and pathogen defence reactions has already been established, its potential role in cancer progression still needs to be updated. Interestingly studies have demonstrated that IL-17 plays an intricate role in the pathophysiology of cancer, from tumorigenesis, proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis, to adapting the tumour in its ability to confer upon itself both immune, and chemotherapy resistance. This review will look into IL-17 and summarise the current information and data on its role in the pathophysiology of cancer as well as its potential application in the overall management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Heechan Kang
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Anthony Fung
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Hailin Zhao
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Tianlong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Daqing Ma
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, UK
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15
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Identification of genes regulating migration and invasion using a new model of metastatic prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:387. [PMID: 24885350 PMCID: PMC4046438 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the complex, multistep process of metastasis remains a major challenge in cancer research. Metastasis models can reveal insights in tumor development and progression and provide tools to test new intervention strategies. METHODS To develop a new cancer metastasis model, we used DU145 human prostate cancer cells and performed repeated rounds of orthotopic prostate injection and selection of subsequent lymph node metastases. Tumor growth, metastasis, cell migration and invasion were analyzed. Microarray analysis was used to identify cell migration- and cancer-related genes correlating with metastasis. Selected genes were silenced using siRNA, and their roles in cell migration and invasion were determined in transwell migration and Matrigel invasion assays. RESULTS Our in vivo cycling strategy created cell lines with dramatically increased tumorigenesis and increased ability to colonize lymph nodes (DU145LN1-LN4). Prostate tumor xenografts displayed increased vascularization, enlarged podoplanin-positive lymphatic vessels and invasive margins. Microarray analysis revealed gene expression profiles that correlated with metastatic potential. Using gene network analysis we selected 3 significantly upregulated cell movement and cancer related genes for further analysis: EPCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule), ITGB4 (integrin β4) and PLAU (urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)). These genes all showed increased protein expression in the more metastatic DU145-LN4 cells compared to the parental DU145. SiRNA knockdown of EpCAM, integrin-β4 or uPA all significantly reduced cell migration in DU145-LN4 cells. In contrast, only uPA siRNA inhibited cell invasion into Matrigel. This role of uPA in cell invasion was confirmed using the uPA inhibitors, amiloride and UK122. CONCLUSIONS Our approach has identified genes required for the migration and invasion of metastatic tumor cells, and we propose that our new in vivo model system will be a powerful tool to interrogate the metastatic cascade in prostate cancer.
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Liu H, Yang Y, Xiao J, Yang S, Liu Y, Kang W, Li X, Zhang F. Semaphorin 4D expression is associated with a poor clinical outcome in cervical cancer patients. Microvasc Res 2014; 93:1-8. [PMID: 24603190 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis is thought to be essential for cancer progression, making it an important target in cancer therapy. Lymphangiogenic factors (VEGF-C and VEGF-D) are upregulated in various tumors/cancers, and play an important role in lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis. Similarly, semaphorin 4D (Sema4D) is a potent inducer of angiogenesis, and its overexpression is associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis in a variety of malignancies. However, little is known regarding the functional relationship between Sema4D and VEGF-C/VEGF-D and in the mediation of lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis and clinical outcome. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of Sema4D expression on outcome in patients with cervical cancer, and to explore the molecular mechanism of Sema4D in tumor progression. We evaluated Sema4D expression, density of lymphatic vessels, and invasion of lymphatic vessels with immunohistochemical methods in 232 human cervical cancers with long-term follow-up. Sema4D expression was correlated with patho-clinical parameters and patients' outcome. A cervical cancer cell line was used to investigate the contribution of sema4D to tumor progression by studying the role of Sema4D in VEGF-C/-D and cell migration using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. We observed that Sema4D expression was higher in metastatic cervical cancer than in nonmetastatic cervical cancer (P<0.001). CD34-positive or D2-40-positive lymphatic vessel density was significantly increased in cases with lymph node metastasis compared with those without lymph node metastasis. The increased Sema4D expression was associated with VEGF-C/-D, the presence of lymphatic invasion, the occurrence of lymph node metastasis, and FIGO stage. We also observed a novel association between Sema4D upregulation and poor prognosis in cervical cancer. In vitro, the Sema4D inhibitory antibody and Sema4D-shRNA suppressed VEGF-C and VEGF-D in the human cervical carcinoma cell lines HeLa, Siha, and Caski cells. Invasiveness assay demonstrated that Sema4D could augment the invasive potential of the tumor cells in the cervical cancer lines and induction of cellular invasiveness by Sema4D stimulation could be inhibited by knockdown of plexinB1 by siRNA. Further mechanistic investigations of tumor cell invasiveness showed that Sema4D could induce activation of GTPase Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA), MAPK and AKT. In addition, plexinB1 knockdown by siRNA could suppress the Sema4D signal transmitted to MAPK and Akt. Taken together, these results suggest that Sema4D autocrine within tumor cells contributes to enhanced invasion and tumor progression through increased motility of cervical cancer and VEGF-C/-D-mediated lymphangiogenesis. Sema4D might be useful as a molecular marker of poor prognosis in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidong Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, 194 Xuefu Road, 150081 Harbin, China
| | - Yanmei Yang
- Cancer Institute, Harbin Medical University, 150 Harping Road, 150081 Harbin, China
| | - Jianbing Xiao
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, 194 Xuefu Road, 150081 Harbin, China
| | - Shucai Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, 194 Xuefu Road, 150081 Harbin, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Mudanjiang First Hospital, 4 Jianwei Road, 157011 Mudanjiang, China
| | - Wenhui Kang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150 Harping Road, 150081 Harbin, China
| | - Xinlei Li
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, 194 Xuefu Road, 150081 Harbin, China
| | - Fengmin Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory for Immunity and Infection, Harbin Medical University, 194 Xuefu Road, 150081 Harbin, China.
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Du LC, Chen XC, Wang D, Wen YJ, Wang CT, Wang XM, Kan B, Wei YQ, Zhao X. VEGF-D-induced draining lymphatic enlargement and tumor lymphangiogenesis promote lymph node metastasis in a xenograft model of ovarian carcinoma. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014; 12:14. [PMID: 24502459 PMCID: PMC3929486 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-12-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-D has been shown to promote lymph node metastasis in several cancers. Although generally overexpressed in ovarian carcinoma, its role in nodal dissemination of this cancer is unclear. To clarify the role of VEGF-D and the underlying molecular mechanisms, we investigated the function of VEGF-D using a mouse xenograft model of ovarian cancer. METHODS Human ovarian serous adenocarcinoma SKOV3 cells were transfected with VEGF-D recombinant plasmid DNA, or with control vectors. The cells were injected subcutaneously into the footpads of nude mice. Tumor growth was evaluated weekly. Draining lymphatics were observed grossly with Evan's blue lymphangiography. Tumoral lymphatics were delineated with both Evan's blue and LYVE-1 immunostaining. Tumor metastases to lymph nodes were evaluated by H&E and CA125/CD40 staining. Expression of VEGF-D in primary tumors and levels of CA125 in involved lymph nodes were examined by immunohistochemistry. Tumor cell apoptosis was analyzed by Hoechst dyeing. RESULTS Mice bearing VEGF-D overexpressing xenografts showed a significantly higher rate of lymph node metastasis and markedly greater tumor volume compared with the controls. The functional lymphatic vessels were denser and enlarged in marginal and central tumor portions. Additionally, higher CA125 expression was observed in the involved lymph nodes. Mice bearing VEGF-D overexpressing xenografts also exhibited a markedly lower apoptotic index compared with the controls. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate the important role of VEGF-D in promoting lymph node metastasis by increasing tumor lymphangiogenesis, stimulating draining lymphatic vessel formation, and enhancing tumor invasiveness. Our findings show that VEGF-D can be a promising therapeutic target for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Cheng Du
- Department of Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jingwu Road, Jinan, China
| | - Xian-Cheng Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Second West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jingwu Road, Jinan, China
| | - Yan-Jun Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Chun-Ting Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue-Mei Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Second West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Kan
- National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Quan Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Second West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, China
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Regulation of epithelial plasticity by miR-424 and miR-200 in a new prostate cancer metastasis model. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3151. [PMID: 24193225 PMCID: PMC3818652 DOI: 10.1038/srep03151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Using an in vivo cycling strategy, we selected metastatic cancer cells from the lymph nodes (LN) of mice bearing orthotopic DU145 human prostate tumors. Repeated rounds of metastatic selection (LN1–LN4) progressively increased the epithelial phenotype, resulting in a new model of tumor cell mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). DU145-LN4 showed increased cell-cell adhesions, higher expression of multiple epithelial markers, such as E-cadherin, EpCAM and cytokeratin 18, and reduced expression of mesenchymal markers such as vimentin. The MET in DU145-LN4 cells was accompanied by increased expression of the miR-200 family, and antimiRs to miR-200c and miR-141 induced an EMT. MET also correlated with the loss of miR-424. Ectopic transient and stable miR-424 expression induced EMT, with reduced epithelial marker expression and increased cell scattering. Our model provides evidence for spontaneous MET in vivo. We show that this cellular plasticity can be mediated through the combined action of miR-424 and the miR-200 family.
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Batista RP, Denadai R, Saad-Hossne R. Effects of aspirin on mesenteric lymph nodes of rabbits as basis for its use on lymph nodes metastases. Acta Cir Bras 2013; 27:795-801. [PMID: 23117612 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502012001100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of aspirin 10% and 20% on mesenteric lymph nodes of rabbits as basis for its use on lymph nodes metastases. METHODS A total of 20 lymph nodes from 20 rabbits (randomized in four groups) were evaluated. Aspirin solutions 10% (groups A and C) and 20% (groups B and D) were injected into mesenteric lymph nodes of healthy rabbits and had its gross and histological effects evaluated at 24 hours (groups A and B) and at seven days (groups C and D). RESULTS In the groups A and B evaluated at 24 hours it was observed extensive necrosis and hemorrhage, a significant increase in apoptosis throughout the lymph node with medullary sinuses enlargement and an increase in germinal centers. In the groups C and D evaluated at seven days of solution injection there was also an increase in apoptosis with higher elevation of histiocytes and a significant decrease of necrosis and an increase of giant cells was noticed causing a foreign body chronic inflammation. In all comparisons, there were no differences between the concentrations used (10 and 20%). CONCLUSIONS The injection of aspirin on lymph nodes caused necrosis and an increase of apoptosis after 24 hours and after seven days of treatment there was regeneration of the lymph nodes, with intense decrease of necrosis and a great elevation of apoptosis. These experimental results support future clinical studies on application of aspirin in the treatment of lymphatic metastases, since the increase of apoptosis is one of the pillars of cancer therapy.
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Gürsoy RN, Çevik Ö. Design, characterization andin vitroevaluation of SMEDDS containing an anticancer peptide, linear LyP-1. Pharm Dev Technol 2013; 19:486-90. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2013.795170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Sun JJ, Jing W, Ni YY, Yuan XJ, Zhou HH, Fan YZ. New model of in-situ xenograft lymphangiogenesis by a human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line in nude mice. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:2823-8. [PMID: 22938466 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.6.2823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore a new model of in-situ xenograft lymphangiogenesis of human colonic adenocarcinomas in nude mice. METHOD On the basis of establishing subcutaneous xenograft lymphangiogenesis model of human colonic adenocarcinoms, in-situ xenografts were established through the in situ growth of the HT-29 human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line in nude mice. The numbers of lymphangiogenic microvessels, the expression of lymphatic endothelial cell markers lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaloronic acid receptor-1 (LYVE-1), D2-40 and the lymphatic endothelial growth factors vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C), -D (VEGF-D) and receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) were compared by immunohistochemical staining, Western bolt and quantitative RT-PCR in xenograft in-situ models. RESULTS Some microlymphatics with thin walls, large and irregular or collapsed cavities and increased LMVD, with strong positive of LYVE-1, D2-40 in immunohistochemistry, were observed, identical with the morphological characteristics of lymphatic vessels and capillaries. Expression of LYVE-1 and D2-40 proteins and mRNAs were significantly higher in xenografts in-situ than in the negative control group (both P<0.01). Moreover, the expression of VEGF-C, VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 proteins and mRNAs were significantly higher in xenografts in-situ (both P<0.01), in conformity with the signal regulation of the VEGF-C,-D/VEGFR-3 axis of tumor lymphangiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS In-situ xenografts of a human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line demonstrate tumor lymphangiogenesis. This novel in-situ animal model should be useful for further studying mechanisms of lymph node metastasis, drug intervention and anti-metastasis therapy in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Sun
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Bielenberg DR, D'Amore PA. All vessels are not created equal. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:1087-91. [PMID: 23422091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diane R Bielenberg
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Lee SY, Chao-Nan Q, Seng OA, Peiyi C, Bernice WHM, Swe MS, Chii WJ, Jacqueline HSG, Chee SK. Changes in specialized blood vessels in lymph nodes and their role in cancer metastasis. J Transl Med 2012; 10:206. [PMID: 23035663 PMCID: PMC3551724 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High endothelial venules (HEV) have been recognized to play a role in metastasis by its changes seen in the cancer microenvironment of lymph nodes (LN) and solid cancers. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tongue is a prevalent tumor of the head and neck region with high propensity for LN metastasis. The extent of LN metastasis is the most reliable adverse prognostic factor. Primary tumors can induce vasculature reorganization within sentinel LN before the arrival of tumor cells and HEV represents these remodelled vessels. This study aims to evaluate the cancer induced vascular changes in regional lymph nodes (LN) of patients by studying the morphological and functional alterations of HEV and its correlation with clinical outcome and pathological features. Methods This study was based on 65 patients with SCC tongue who underwent primary surgical treatment including neck dissection. The patients were categorized into 2 groups based on the presence of malignancy in their cervical lymph nodes. A review of the patients' pathological and clinical data was performed from a prospective database. Immunohistochemical staining of the tissue blocks for HEV and high-power-field image analysis were performed and analyzed with correlation to the patients' clinical and pathological features. Results The total number of HEV was found to be significantly associated to disease-free interval. There was a similar association comparing the HEV parameters to overall survival. The density of abnormal HEV was significantly higher in patients with established metastases in their lymph nodes and HEV was shown to be a better prognosis factor than conventional tumor staging. The HEV morphological metamorphosis demonstrates a spectrum that correlates well with disease progression and clinical outcome. Conclusions The results suggest that the HEV displays a spectrum of morphological changes in the presence of cancer and LN metastasis, and that HEV is possibly involved in the process of cancer metastasis. We revealed the relationship of HEV and their metamorphosis in pre-metastatic and metastatic environments in regional lymph nodes of tongue cancer patients in relation to clinical outcomes. The significant observation of modified dilated HEV containing red blood cells in lymph nodal basin of a cancer suggests the shifting of its function from one primarily of immune response to that of a blood carrying vessel. It also demonstrated potential prognostic value. More studies are needed to elucidate its potential role in cancer immunotherapy and as a potential novel therapeutic approach to preventing metastasis by manipulating the remodelling processes of HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ser Yee Lee
- Department of General Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
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Liu ZY, Qiu HO, Yuan XJ, Ni YY, Sun JJ, Jing W, Fan YZ. Suppression of lymphangiogenesis in human lymphatic endothelial cells by simultaneously blocking VEGF-C and VEGF-D/VEGFR-3 with norcantharidin. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:1762-72. [PMID: 22922710 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph node metastasis of tumors is a crucial early step in the metastatic process. Tumor lymphangiogenesis plays an important role in promoting tumor metastasis to regional lymph nodes. Norcantharidin (NCTD) has been reported to possess potent anti-angiogenesis and antitumor properties in several cell lines and xenograft tumor models. However, its role in tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effect of NCTD on proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and the lymphatic tube formation, lymphangiogenesis, of human lymphatic endothelial cells (HLECs) in vitro by MTT, proliferation assay, Hoechst staining and flow cytometry, scraping line method, Matrigel invasion assay, inverted or fluorescence microscope and transmission electron microscope. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms, such as VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGFR-3 at protein and mRNA levels in lymphangiogenesis using 3-dimensional (3-D) culture of HLECs were measured by immunohistochemistry, western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). It was shown that NCTD inhibited proliferation, migration, invasion and lymphatic tube formation (forming-lymphatic and/or formed-lymphatic) of HLECs, induced HLEC apoptosis (all P<0.01) significantly, in a dose- and time-dependent manner (IC50 6.8 µg/ml); and downregulated the expression of VEGF-C, VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 at protein or/and mRNA levels (P<0.01) in HLEC lymphatic tube formation. Thus, we identified for the first time that NCTD inhibited HLEC lymphangiogenesis by simultaneously blocking VEGF-C and VEGF-D/VEGFR-3 in vitro. The present findings may be of importance to explore the therapeutical target or strategy of NCTD for tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yan Liu
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
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Abstract
Osteosarcoma metastases frequently occur in the lungs or the skeleton. Bone scans play an important role in disease staging by identifying other skip areas of skeletal involvement as well as extraosseous metastases. We report a case of aggressive osteosarcoma, with bone metastases and extraosseous areas of involvement in the lungs, distant lymph nodes, and peritoneal and subcutaneous metastasis seen in a preoperative Tc-99m methylene diphosphonate bone scan. These findings were confirmed with histology and correlative cross-sectional imaging.
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MORITA YOSHIHIRO, HATA KENJI, NAKANISHI MASAKO, NISHISHO TOSHIHIKO, YURA YOSHIAKI, YONEDA TOSHIYUKI. Cyclooxygenase-2 promotes tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:885-92. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Lee SY, Qian CN, Ooi AS, Chen P, Tan VKM, Chia CS, Hwang JSG, Teh BT, Soo KC. 2011 Young Surgeon's Award Winner: High Endothelial Venules: A Novel Prognostic Marker in Cancer Metastasis and the Missing Link? ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2012. [DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v41n1p21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The extent of lymph nodes (LNs) metastasis is a major determinant for the staging and the most reliable adverse prognostic factor. Primary tumours can induce lymphatics and vasculature reorganisations within sentinel LN before the arrival of cancer cells and these key blood vessels are identified as high endothelial venules (HEV). The alterations of HEV in the presence of cancer, coupled with the increased proliferation rate of the endothelial cells, results in a functional shift of HEV from immune response mediator to blood flow carrier. We aim to evaluate tumour-induced vascularisation in regional LN of cancer patients by studying the morphological and functional alterations of HEV and its correlation to clinico-pathological features. Materials and Methods: This multi-centre study with a prospective database identified 65 consecutive patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) who underwent primary surgical treatment from 2001 to 2005. Immunohistochemical staining for HEV and image analysis were performed and analysed with correlation to the patients’ clinico-pathological features. Results: The total number of HEV is significantly associated to disease-free interval when controlling for the group (P = 0.022) as well as combining both groups as one cohort (P = 0.023). There is also a similar association comparing the HEV parameters to overall survival. Conclusion: Our results suggest that HEV possibly plays a key role in the pathogenesis of lymphatic and subsequent distant metastases and may provide the missing link in cancer metastasis. Confirmation of this hypothesis would offer a novel therapeutic approach to preventing metastasis by blocking the remodeling processes of HEV in LN.
Key words: High endothelial venules, Cancer metastasis, Angioegenesis
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chao Nan Qian
- Laboratory of Cancer and Developmental Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Aik Seng Ooi
- Center for Cancer Genomics and Computational Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Peiyi Chen
- Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Bin Tean Teh
- National Cancer Centre Singapore-Van Andel Research Institute, Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
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Zhao D, Wang SH, Feng Y, Hua CG, Zhao J, Tang XF. Intratumoral c-Met expression is associated with vascular endothelial growth factor C expression, lymphangiogenesis, and lymph node metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma: implications for use as a prognostic marker. Hum Pathol 2011; 42:1514-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kodera Y, Katanasaka Y, Kitamura Y, Tsuda H, Nishio K, Tamura T, Koizumi F. Sunitinib inhibits lymphatic endothelial cell functions and lymph node metastasis in a breast cancer model through inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13:R66. [PMID: 21693010 PMCID: PMC3218955 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Metastasis is a common event and the main cause of death in cancer patients. Lymphangiogenesis refers to the formation of new lymphatic vessels and is thought to be involved in the development of metastasis. Sunitinib is a multi-kinase inhibitor that blocks receptor tyrosine kinase activity, including that of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs). Although sunitinib is a clinically available angiogenesis inhibitor, its effects on lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sunitinib on vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3) and a related event, lymphangiogenesis. Methods The effects of sunitinib on the degree of phosphorylation of VEGFR-2/3 and other signaling molecules was examined in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) treated with the drug; VEGF-induced LEC growth, migration, and tube formation were also examined. For the in vivo study, luciferase-expressing breast cancer cells were transplanted into mammary fat pads of mice; the microvessel and lymphatic vessel density was then measured after treatment with sunitinib and anti-VEGFR-2 antibody. Results First, in human LECs, sunitinib blocked both VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 phosphorylation induced by VEGF-C or VEGF-D, and abrogated the activation of the downstream molecules extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and Akt. Furthermore, sunitinib attenuated the cell-proliferation activity induced by VEGF-C/D and prevented VEGF-C-induced migration and tube formation of the LECs; however, anti-VEGFR2 treatment shows only a partial effect on the growth and functions of the LECs. We used a breast cancer cell line expressing luciferase as a metastatic cancer model. Sunitinib treatment (40 mg/kg/day) inhibited the growth of the primary tumor transplanted in the mammary fat pad of the mice and significantly reduced the number of blood and lymphatic vessels in the tumor. Furthermore, the development of axillary lymph node metastasis, detected by bioluminescent imaging, was markedly suppressed. This effect of sunitinib was more potent than that of DC101, an anti-mouse VEGFR-2 antibody. Conclusions The results suggest that sunitinib might be beneficial for the treatment of breast cancer by suppressing lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis, through inhibition, particularly important, of VEGFR-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Kodera
- Shien-Lab, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Liu H, Xiao J, Yang Y, Liu Y, Ma R, Li Y, Deng F, Zhang Y. COX-2 expression is correlated with VEGF-C, lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in human cervical cancer. Microvasc Res 2011; 82:131-40. [PMID: 21600223 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis has been shown to promote lymph node metastasis in cancers, making it an important target in cancer therapy. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C is upregulated in various tumors/cancers and is one of the most potent growth factors for inducing lymphangiogenesis and promoting lymph node metastasis (LNM). Likewise, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 plays major roles in carcinogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis via multiple mechanisms including inactivation of host antitumor immunity and promotion of tumor cell migration, tumor cell invasiveness and tumor-associated angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. We previously demonstrated an association between COX-2 and VEGF-C in an in vitro model of lung cancer. However, little is known about the regulation of VEGF-C by COX-2 in cervical cancer. In this study, we measured the COX-2 and VEGF-C expressions by immunohistochemistry in 23 LNM-positive and 20 LNM-negative cervical cancer specimens. We then examined the correlations among the expressions and the lymphatic microvessel density (LMVD) and ultrastructural changes to the lymphatic vessel walls by enzyme histochemical staining and electron microscopy. In addition, we used the HeLa cervical cancer cell line to explore the in vitro regulation of VEGF-C by COX-2 and its metabolite, PGE(2), using siRNA-mediated gene silencing and EP receptor blockade. The LNM-positive specimens exhibited significantly higher VEGF-C expression, COX-2 expression and LMVD than the LNM-negative specimens. Furthermore, there were strong correlations between the levels of COX-2 expression and the levels of VEGF-C expression and secretion and a significant positive association between the LMVD and LNM. siRNA-mediated knockdown of COX-2 expression inhibited VEGF-C mRNA expression while EP1 and EP4 receptor antagonists reduced the VEGF-C protein level and tyrosine phosphorylation of Src kinase. Moreover, inhibition of Src kinase with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor PP1 attenuated VEGF-C expression. Collectively, our data provide evidence for a clinical association between COX-2 and VEGF-C expressions in cervical cancer. EP1 and EP4 receptors may be involved in the COX-2-mediated regulation of VEGF-C protein and mRNA expressions. Src may be a downstream mediator of EP1 and EP4 receptors. COX-2 inhibition may diminish LNM by suppressing VEGF-C-mediated lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidong Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, 194 Xuefu Road, Harbin 150081, China
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Wiig H, Keskin D, Kalluri R. Interaction between the extracellular matrix and lymphatics: consequences for lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic function. Matrix Biol 2010; 29:645-56. [PMID: 20727409 PMCID: PMC3992865 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is important for body fluid balance as well as immunological surveillance. Due to the identification of new molecular markers during the last decade, there has been a recent dramatic increase in our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involved in lymphatic vessel growth (lymphangiogenesis) and lymphatic function. Here we review data showing that although it is often overlooked, the extracellular matrix plays an important role in the generation of new lymphatic vessels as a response to physiological and pathological stimuli. Extracellular matrix-lymphatic interactions as well as biophysical characteristics of the stroma have consequences for tumor formation, growth and metastasis. During the recent years, anti-lymphangiogenesis has emerged as an additional therapeutic modality to the clinically applied anti-angiogenesis strategy. Oppositely, enhancement of lymphangiogenesis in situations of lymph accumulation is seen as a promising strategy to a set of conditions where few therapeutic avenues are available. Knowledge on the interaction between the extracellular matrix and the lymphatics may enhance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and may ultimately lead to better therapies for conditions where reduced or increased lymphatic function is the therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Wiig
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, United States
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Paterson Y, Guirnalda PD, Wood LM. Listeria and Salmonella bacterial vectors of tumor-associated antigens for cancer immunotherapy. Semin Immunol 2010; 22:183-9. [PMID: 20299242 PMCID: PMC4411241 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the use of the facultative intracellular bacteria, Listeriamonocytogenes and Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium as delivery systems for tumor-associated antigens in tumor immunotherapy. Because of their ability to infect and survive in antigen presenting cells, these bacteria have been harnessed to deliver tumor antigens to the immune system both as bacterially expressed proteins and encoded on eukaryotic plasmids. They do this in the context of strong innate immunity, which provides the required stimulus to the immune response to break tolerance against those tumor-associated antigens that bear homology to self. Here we describe differences in the properties of these bacteria as vaccine vectors, a summary of the major therapies they have been applied to and their advancement towards the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Paterson
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Microbiology, 323 Johnson Pavilion, 36th St. and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, United States.
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Altorki N, Lane ME, Bauer T, Lee PC, Guarino MJ, Pass H, Felip E, Peylan-Ramu N, Gurpide A, Grannis FW, Mitchell JD, Tachdjian S, Swann RS, Huff A, Roychowdhury DF, Reeves A, Ottesen LH, Yankelevitz DF. Phase II proof-of-concept study of pazopanib monotherapy in treatment-naive patients with stage I/II resectable non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:3131-7. [PMID: 20516450 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.23.9749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with early-stage, resectable, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are at risk for recurrent disease, and 5-year survival rates do not exceed 75%. Angiogenesis inhibitors have shown clinical activity in patients with late-stage NSCLC, raising the possibility that targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in earlier-stage disease may be beneficial. This proof-of-concept study examined safety and efficacy of short-term, preoperative pazopanib monotherapy in patients with operable stage I/II NSCLC. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients scheduled for resection received oral pazopanib 800 mg/d for 2 to 6 weeks preoperatively. Tumor response was measured by high-resolution computed tomography, permitting estimation of change in tumor volume and diameter. Gene-expression profiling was performed on 77 pre- and post-treatment lung samples from 34 patients. RESULTS Of 35 patients enrolled, 33 (94%) had clinical stage I NSCLC and two (6%) had clinical stage II NSCLC. Median treatment duration was 16 days (range, 3 to 29 days). Thirty patients (86%) achieved tumor-volume reduction after pazopanib treatment. Two patients achieved tumor-volume reduction > or = 50%, and three patients had partial response according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. Pazopanib was generally well tolerated. The most common adverse events included grade 2 hypertension, diarrhea, and fatigue. One patient developed pulmonary embolism 11 days after surgery. Several pazopanib target genes and other angiogenic factors were dysregulated post-treatment. CONCLUSION Short-duration pazopanib was generally well tolerated and demonstrated single-agent activity in patients with early-stage NSCLC. Several target genes were dysregulated after pazopanib treatment, validating target-specific response and indicating a persistent pazopanib effect on lung cancer tissue. Further clinical evaluation of pazopanib in NSCLC is planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Altorki
- Weill Medical College, Cornell University, 525 East 68th St, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Azam F, Mehta S, Harris AL. Mechanisms of resistance to antiangiogenesis therapy. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:1323-32. [PMID: 20236818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from existing vasculature, plays an essential role in tumour growth, invasion and metastasis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the key factors responsible for its regulation. High expression of VEGF has been observed in many cancers, and is associated with worse survival. When antiangiogenic agents are used alone they typically initially cause reduction in blood flow or vascular permeability, in many types of cancer. In some cases tumour regression occurs, mainly in renal cancer. In combination with chemotherapy, progression-free survival is often prolonged, but overall survival is not. Many tumours fail to respond initially - de novo resistance. Others develop resistance over time, with progression after a few months of treatment. The mechanisms of resistance are not well understood. The theoretical benefits of VEGF inhibitors are more likely to be realised by understanding these mechanisms and modifying therapy accordingly. This article reviews current knowledge on resistance mechanisms and the therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Azam
- University Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer and Haematology Centre, Level 2, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
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Eikesdal HP, Kalluri R. Drug resistance associated with antiangiogenesis therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2009; 19:310-7. [PMID: 19524042 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neovascularization is one of the hallmarks associated with tumor growth. In the recent years, a number of angiogenesis inhibitors have been approved for clinical use in cancer patients. However, the efficacy of antiangiogenic therapy is in most cases short-lasting, with likely drug resistance developing within a few months. It is becoming clear also that there are a subset of malignant tumors that are inherently resistant to angiogenesis inhibition. The knowledge regarding resistance mechanisms towards angiogenesis inhibitors is still evolving and here we propose some theories and in some cases provide experimental evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Petter Eikesdal
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Brunet-Dunand SE, Vouyovitch C, Araneda S, Pandey V, Vidal LJP, Print C, Mertani HC, Lobie PE, Perry JK. Autocrine human growth hormone promotes tumor angiogenesis in mammary carcinoma. Endocrinology 2009; 150:1341-52. [PMID: 18974274 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating literature implicates pathological angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis as playing key roles in tumor progression. Autocrine human growth hormone (hGH) is a wild-type orthotopically expressed oncogene for the human mammary epithelial cell. Herein we demonstrate that autocrine hGH expression in the human mammary carcinoma cell line MCF-7 stimulated the survival, proliferation, migration, and invasion of a human microvascular endothelial cell line (HMEC-1). Autocrine/paracrine hGH secreted from mammary carcinoma cells also promoted HMEC-1 in vitro tube formation as a consequence of increased vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) expression. Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that HMEC-1 cells express both hGH and the hGH receptor (hGHR). Functional antagonism of HMEC-1-derived hGH reduced HMEC-1 survival, proliferation, migration/invasion, and tube formation in vitro. Autocrine/paracrine hGH secreted by mammary carcinoma cells increased tumor blood and lymphatic microvessel density in a xenograft model of human mammary carcinoma. Autocrine hGH is therefore a potential master regulator of tumor neovascularization, coordinating two critical processes in mammary neoplastic progression, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Consideration of hGH antagonism to inhibit angiogenic processes in mammary carcinoma is therefore warranted.
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Abnormal lymphangiogenesis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:3958-63. [PMID: 19237567 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0813368106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, debilitating respiratory disease whose pathogenesis is poorly understood. In IPF, the lung parenchyma undergoes extensive remodeling. We hypothesized that lymphangiogenesis is part of lung remodeling and sought to characterize pathways leading to lymphangiogenesis in IPF. We found that the diameter of lymphatic vessels in alveolar spaces in IPF lung tissue correlated with disease severity, suggesting that the alveolar microenvironment plays a role in the lymphangiogenic process. In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from subjects with IPF, we found short-fragment hyaluronic acid, which induced migration and proliferation of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), processes required for lymphatic vessel formation. To determine the origin of LECs in IPF, we isolated macrophages from the alveolar spaces; CD11b(+) macrophages from subjects with IPF, but not those from healthy volunteers, formed lymphatic-like vessels in vitro. Our findings demonstrate that in the alveolar microenvironment of IPF, soluble factors such as short-fragment hyaluronic acid and cells such as CD11b(+) macrophages contribute to lymphangiogenesis. These results improve our understanding of lymphangiogenesis and tissue remodeling in IPF and perhaps other fibrotic diseases as well.
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