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Liang M, Feng A, Wang C, Zhu X, Su J, Xu Z, Yang J, Wang W, Chen K, Chen B, Lin X, Feng J, Chen S. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LM-1 Affects Multiple Cell Biological Processes in Magnaporthe oryzae to Suppress Rice Blast. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1246. [PMID: 38930628 PMCID: PMC11205629 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae, one of the most destructive rice pathogens, causes significant losses during the rice harvest every year. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens has been explored in many crops as a potential biocontrol agent. However, the mechanisms of B. amyloliquefaciens controled rice blast are not fully understood. Here, a biocontrol strain LM-1, isolated from a contaminated medium, was identified as B. amyloliquefaciens using morphological observation, physiological and biochemical tests, and 16S rDNA sequencing. LM-1 inhibited the growth and pathogenicity of M. oryzae and Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoem. The mycelia of M. oryzae co-cultured with LM-1 were enlarged and broken by fluorescence microscopy using calcofluor white. LM-1 inhibited the mycelia of M. oryzae from producing conidia. Genes itu, srf, and fenB were detected in LM-1. Furthermore, the supernatant of LM-1 interfered with the appressorium formation of M. oryzae, blocked conidial cell death, and reduced autophagy degradation but did not affect the normal germination of rice seeds and seeding growth. Additionally, we observed hypersensitivity reactions, reactive oxygen species, and iron accumulation reduction in rice cells inoculated with supernatant. Our study reveals that LM-1 has a control effect on rice blast and affects cell wall integrity, sporulation, appressorium formation, cell death, and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.L.); (A.F.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (W.W.); (K.C.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Aiqing Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.L.); (A.F.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (W.W.); (K.C.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Congying Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.L.); (A.F.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (W.W.); (K.C.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.L.); (A.F.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (W.W.); (K.C.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Jing Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.L.); (A.F.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (W.W.); (K.C.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Zihan Xu
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China;
| | - Jianyuan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.L.); (A.F.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (W.W.); (K.C.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.L.); (A.F.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (W.W.); (K.C.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Kailing Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.L.); (A.F.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (W.W.); (K.C.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Bing Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.L.); (A.F.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (W.W.); (K.C.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Xiaopeng Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.L.); (A.F.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (W.W.); (K.C.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Jinqi Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.L.); (A.F.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (W.W.); (K.C.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Shen Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.L.); (A.F.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (W.W.); (K.C.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (J.F.)
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Ghazanfari M, Abastabar M, Haghani I, Kermani F, Keikha N, Kholoujini M, Minooeianhaghighi MH, Jeddi SA, Shokri A, Ghojoghi A, Amirizad K, Azish M, Nasirzadeh Y, Roohi B, Nosratabadi M, Hedayati S, Ghanbari S, Valadan R, Hedayati MT. Electronic equipment and appliances in special wards of hospitals as a source of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus: a multi-centre study from Iran. J Hosp Infect 2024; 145:65-76. [PMID: 38199436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus (ARAf), reported as a global public health concern, has been unexpectedly observed in different countries. AIM To identify ARAf and detect azole resistance related to the CYP51A mutation in different hospital environmental samples. METHODS In this multi-centre study from Iran, surfaces of electronic equipment and appliances from different hospitals in Iran were sampled using cotton swabs. All samples were cultured using azole-containing agar plates (ACAPs). Recovered Aspergillus isolates were identified at the species level using partial DNA sequencing of the β-tubulin gene. The azole susceptibility testing of A. fumigatus isolates was performed using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M38-A3 guideline. The sequencing of the CYP51A gene was also performed to detect mutations related to resistance. FINDINGS Out of the 693 collected samples, 89 (12.8%) Aspergillus species were recovered from ACAPs. Aspergillus fumigatus (41.6%) was the most prevalent, followed by A. tubingensis (23.6%) and A. niger (15.6%). Among 37 isolates of A. fumigatus, 19 (51.3%) showed high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values to at least one of the three azoles, voriconazole, itraconazole, and posaconazole. CYP51A polymorphisms were detected in all 19 isolates, of which 52.6% showed the TR34/L98H mutation. Other detected mutations were G432C, G448S, G54E/G138C, F46Y, and Y121F/M220I/D255E. T289F and G432C were the first reported mutations in ARAf. CONCLUSION There was a considerable level of azole resistance in hospital environmental samples, a serious warning for patients vulnerable to aspergillosis. Our findings have also revealed a different mutation pattern in the CYP51A gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ghazanfari
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - M Abastabar
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - I Haghani
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - F Kermani
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - N Keikha
- Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - M Kholoujini
- Beheshti Hospital, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - M H Minooeianhaghighi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - S A Jeddi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Sciences, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - A Shokri
- Vector-Borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - A Ghojoghi
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - K Amirizad
- Department of Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Azish
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Y Nasirzadeh
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - B Roohi
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - M Nosratabadi
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sirjan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
| | - S Hedayati
- Student Research Committee Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - S Ghanbari
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Student Research Committee Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - R Valadan
- Department of Immunology/Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center (MCBRC), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - M T Hedayati
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Schürch S, Gindro K, Schnee S, Dubuis PH, Codina JM, Wilhelm M, Riat A, Lamoth F, Sanglard D. Occurrence of Aspergillus fumigatus azole resistance in soils from Switzerland. Med Mycol 2023; 61:myad110. [PMID: 37930839 PMCID: PMC10653585 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myad110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a fungal species causing diverse diseases in humans. The use of azoles for treatments of A. fumigatus diseases has resulted in azole resistance. Azoles are also widely used in the environment for crop protection, which resulted in azole resistance. Resistance is primarily due to mutations in cyp51A, which encodes the target protein for azoles. Here we addressed the occurrence of azole resistance in soils from a vast part of Switzerland. We aimed to associate the use of azoles in the environment with the occurrence of azole resistance. We targeted sample sites from different agricultural environments as well as sites with no agricultural practice (natural sites and urban sites). Starting from 327 sites, 113 A. fumigatus isolates were recovered (2019-2021), among which 19 were azole-resistant (15 with TR34/L98H and four with TR46/Y121F/T289A resistance mutations in cyp51A). Our results show that azole resistance was not associated with a specific agricultural practice. Azoles could be chemically detected in investigated soils, however, their presence was not associated with the occurrence of azole-resistant isolates. Interestingly, genetic markers of resistance to other fungicides were detected but only in azole-resistant isolates, thus reinforcing the notion that A. fumigatus cross-resistance to fungicides has an environmental origin. In conclusion, this study reveals the spreading of azole resistance in A. fumigatus from the environment in Switzerland. The proximity of agricultural areas to urban centers may facilitate the transmission of resistant strains to at-risk populations. Thus, vigilant surveillance is required to maintain effective treatment options for aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Schürch
- Plant Protection Research Division, Mycology Group, Agroscope, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Katia Gindro
- Plant Protection Research Division, Mycology Group, Agroscope, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Schnee
- Plant Protection Research Division, Mycology Group, Agroscope, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Henri Dubuis
- Plant Protection Research Division, Mycology Group, Agroscope, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Josep Massana Codina
- Plant Protection Research Division, Mycology Group, Agroscope, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Wilhelm
- Plant Protection Research Division, Mycology Group, Agroscope, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Riat
- Service of Infectious Diseases and Service of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Lamoth
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Sanglard
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Asadzadeh M, Alobaid K, Ahmad S, Mazloum S. First Report of Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus with TR 46/Y121F/T289A Mutations in Kuwait and an Update on Their Occurrence in the Middle East. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:784. [PMID: 37623555 PMCID: PMC10455753 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary aspergillosis is a common fungal infection with several clinical manifestations including invasive, allergic and chronic chest diseases. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a leading cause of death in immunocompromised patients, particularly those receiving chemotherapy and among bone marrow transplant recipients. Aspergillus fumigatus is the most prevalent causative agent and voriconazole is the first-line therapy for IPA. In this study, we report the first isolation of voriconazole-resistant A. fumigatus carrying TR46/Y121F/T289A mutations from an immunocompromised pregnant lady in Kuwait. The patient was successfully treated for a probable respiratory infection with caspofungin and voriconazole. The literature review from PubMed has identified itraconazole-resistant clinical and environmental A. fumigatus isolates with TR34/L98H mutations in the cyp51A from several Middle Eastern countries including Kuwait. However, clinical A. fumigatus isolates with cyp51A TR46/Y121F/T289A mutations have not been reported previously from any country in the region while environmental isolates have been reported only from Iran. The source of voriconazole-resistant A. fumigatus CYP51A TR46/Y121F/T289A mutant in our patient remained unknown. Surveillance for azole resistance among clinical and environmental isolates of A. fumigatus is warranted in Kuwait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asadzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait;
| | - Khaled Alobaid
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jabriya 46300, Kuwait;
| | - Suhail Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait;
| | - Sara Mazloum
- Microbiology Laboratory, Jaber Al-Ahmad Hospital, Ministry of Health, South Surra 91711, Kuwait;
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Godeau C, Morin-Crini N, Crini G, Guillemin JP, Voisin AS, Dousset S, Rocchi S. Field-Crop Soils in Eastern France: Coldspots of Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:618. [PMID: 37367554 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Triazole fungicides are widely used to treat fungal pathogens in field crops, but very few studies have investigated whether fields of these crops constitute hotspots of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. Soil samples were collected from 22 fields in two regions of eastern France and screened for triazole residues and azole-resistant A. fumigatus (ARAf). Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to quantify A. fumigatus in these soil samples. All the plots contained tebuconazole at concentrations from 5.5 to 19.1 ng/g of soil, and 5 of the 22 plots also contained epoxiconazole. Only a few fungal isolates were obtained, and no ARAf was detected. A. fumigatus qPCR showed that this fungal species was, on average, 5000 times more common in soil from flowerbeds containing ARAf than in soil from field crops. Thus, field-crop soils do not appear to promote A. fumigatus development, even if treated with azole fungicides, and cannot be considered hotspots of resistance. Indeed, our results suggest that they are instead a coldspot of resistance and highlight how little is known about the ecological niche of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Godeau
- Chrono-Environnement UMR6249, CNRS Franche-Comté University, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Nadia Morin-Crini
- Chrono-Environnement UMR6249, CNRS Franche-Comté University, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Grégorio Crini
- Chrono-Environnement UMR6249, CNRS Franche-Comté University, 25000 Besançon, France
| | | | - Anne-Sophie Voisin
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Bourgogne University, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Sylvie Dousset
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360 Lorraine University/CNRS, 54506 Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - Steffi Rocchi
- Chrono-Environnement UMR6249, CNRS Franche-Comté University, 25000 Besançon, France
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France
- Smaltis, Bioinnovation, 4 Rue Charles Bried, 25000 Besançon, France
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Drakulovski P, Krasteva D, Bellet V, Randazzo S, Roger F, Pottier C, Bertout S. Exposure of Cryptococcus neoformans to Seven Commonly Used Agricultural Azole Fungicides Induces Resistance to Fluconazole as Well as Cross-Resistance to Voriconazole, Posaconazole, Itraconazole and Isavuconazole. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050662. [PMID: 37242332 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-resistance to medical azoles by exposure to azole pesticides is well documented for Aspergillus family fungi but is poorly evaluated for other environmental pathogen fungi, particularly for yeasts belonging to the Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii species complexes. METHODS One thousand C. neoformans yeast were exposed to various concentrations of seven different commonly used azole pesticides. Clones surviving exposure were picked randomly, and their minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of fluconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, itraconazole and isavuconazole were assessed. RESULTS Depending on the pesticide used for exposure, up to 13.3% of selected Cryptococcus colonies showed a phenotype of resistance to fluconazole, and among them, several showed cross-resistance to another or several other medical azoles. Molecular mechanisms involved in the resistance setups seem to be dependent on ERG11 and AFR1 gene overexpression. CONCLUSION Exposure to any of the seven azole pesticides tested is capable of increasing the MIC of fluconazole in C. neoformans, including up to the level of the fluconazole-resistant phenotype, as well as generating cross-resistance to other medical azoles in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Drakulovski
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, UMI 233 TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, IRD, INSERM U1175, 15 Avenue Charles Flahaut, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Donika Krasteva
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, UMI 233 TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, IRD, INSERM U1175, 15 Avenue Charles Flahaut, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Virginie Bellet
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, UMI 233 TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, IRD, INSERM U1175, 15 Avenue Charles Flahaut, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Randazzo
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, UMI 233 TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, IRD, INSERM U1175, 15 Avenue Charles Flahaut, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Roger
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, UMI 233 TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, IRD, INSERM U1175, 15 Avenue Charles Flahaut, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Cyrille Pottier
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, UMI 233 TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, IRD, INSERM U1175, 15 Avenue Charles Flahaut, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Bertout
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, UMI 233 TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, IRD, INSERM U1175, 15 Avenue Charles Flahaut, 34093 Montpellier, France
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7
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Khojasteh S, Abastabar M, Haghani I, Valadan R, Ghazanfari S, Abbasi K, Ahangarkani F, Zarrinfar H, Khodavaisy S, Badali H. Five-year surveillance study of clinical and environmental Triazole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus isolates in Iran. Mycoses 2023; 66:98-105. [PMID: 36196507 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive aspergillosis is one of the most common fungal infections and azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus (ARAf) is a growing medical concern in high-risk patients. To our knowledge, there is no comprehensive epidemiological surveillance study on the prevalence and incidence of ARAf isolates available in Iran. OBJECTIVES The study aimed to report a five-year survey of triazole phenotypes and genotype patterns concerning the resistance in clinical and environmental A. fumigatus in Iran. METHODS During the study time frame (2016-2021), a total of 1208 clinical and environmental Aspergillus species were collected. Isolates were examined and characterised by in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing (CLSI M38 broth microdilution) and cyp51A sequencing. RESULTS In total, 485 Aspergillus section Fumigati strains were recovered (clinical, n = 23; 4.74% and environment, n = 462; 95.26%). Of which A. fumigatus isolates were the most prevalent species (n = 483; 99.59%). Amphotericin B and the echinocandins demonstrated good in vitro activity against the majority of isolates in comparison to triazole. Overall, 16.15% (n = 78) of isolates were phenotypically resistant to at least one of the azoles. However, 9.73% of A. fumigatus isolates for voriconazole were classified as resistant, 89.03% were susceptible, and 1.24% were intermediate. While, for itraconazole and posaconazole, using the epidemiological cut-off value 16.15% and 6.83% of isolates were non-wild types, respectively. Remarkably, in 21.79% (n = 17) phenotypically resistant isolates, no mutations were detected within the cyp51A gene. CONCLUSION Although the incidence of ARAf varies from country to country, in Iran the rate has ranged from 3.3% to 18%, significantly increasing from 2013 to 2021. Strikingly, a quarter of the phenotypically resistant isolates harboured no mutations in the cyp51A gene. It seems that other mechanisms of resistance are importantly increasing. To fill a gap in our understanding of the mechanism for azole resistance in the non-cyp51A strains, we highly recommend further and more extensive monitoring of the soil with or without exposure to fungicides in agricultural and hospital areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Khojasteh
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahdi Abastabar
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Iman Haghani
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Reza Valadan
- Department of Immunology, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Sahar Ghazanfari
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiana Abbasi
- Department of Microbiology, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ahangarkani
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hossein Zarrinfar
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sadegh Khodavaisy
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Badali
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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8
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Novel Treatment Approach for Aspergilloses by Targeting Germination. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080758. [PMID: 35893126 PMCID: PMC9331470 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Germination of conidia is an essential process within the Aspergillus life cycle and plays a major role during the infection of hosts. Conidia are able to avoid detection by the majority of leukocytes when dormant. Germination can cause severe health problems, specifically in immunocompromised people. Aspergillosis is most often caused by Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) and affects neutropenic patients, as well as people with cystic fibrosis (CF). These patients are often unable to effectively detect and clear the conidia or hyphae and can develop chronic non-invasive and/or invasive infections or allergic inflammatory responses. Current treatments with (tri)azoles can be very effective to combat a variety of fungal infections. However, resistance against current azoles has emerged and has been increasing since 1998. As a consequence, patients infected with resistant A. fumigatus have a reported mortality rate of 88% to 100%. Especially with the growing number of patients that harbor azole-resistant Aspergilli, novel antifungals could provide an alternative. Aspergilloses differ in defining characteristics, but germination of conidia is one of the few common denominators. By specifically targeting conidial germination with novel antifungals, early intervention might be possible. In this review, we propose several morphotypes to disrupt conidial germination, as well as potential targets. Hopefully, new antifungals against such targets could contribute to disturbing the ability of Aspergilli to germinate and grow, resulting in a decreased fungal burden on patients.
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The role of Glabridin in antifungal and anti-inflammation effects in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. Exp Eye Res 2021; 214:108883. [PMID: 34896107 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of Glabridin (GLD) in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis and its associated mechanisms. METHODS Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) conidia was inoculated in 96-well plate, and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and biofilm formation ability were evaluated after GLD treatment. Spore adhesion ability was evaluated in conidia infected human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). Keratitis mouse model was created by corneal intrastromal injection with A. fumigatus conidia, and GLD treatment started at the day after infection. The number of fungal colonies was calculated by plate count, and degree of corneal inflammation was assessed by clinical score. Flow cytometry, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and immunofluorescence staining (IFS) experiments were used to assess neutrophil infiltrations. PCR, ELISA and Western blot were conducted to determine levels of TLR4, Dectin-1 as well as downstream inflammatory factors. RESULTS GLD treatment suppressed the proliferation, biofilm formation abilities and adhesive capability of A. fumigatus. In mice upon A. fumigatus infection, treatment of GLD showed significantly decreased severity of corneal inflammation, reduced number of A. fumigatus in cornea, and suppressed neutrophil infiltration in cornea. GLD treatment obviously inhibited mRNA and protein levels of Dectin-1, TLR4 and proinflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, HMGB1, and TNF-α in mice corneas compared to the control group. CONCLUSION GLD has antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects in fungal keratitis through suppressing A. fumigatus proliferation and alleviating neutrophil infiltration, and repressing the expression of TLR4, Dectin-1 and proinflammatory mediators.
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Bastos RW, Rossato L, Goldman GH, Santos DA. Fungicide effects on human fungal pathogens: Cross-resistance to medical drugs and beyond. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010073. [PMID: 34882756 PMCID: PMC8659312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are underestimated threats that affect over 1 billion people, and Candida spp., Cryptococcus spp., and Aspergillus spp. are the 3 most fatal fungi. The treatment of these infections is performed with a limited arsenal of antifungal drugs, and the class of the azoles is the most used. Although these drugs present low toxicity for the host, there is an emergence of therapeutic failure due to azole resistance. Drug resistance normally develops in patients undergoing azole long-term therapy, when the fungus in contact with the drug can adapt and survive. Conversely, several reports have been showing that resistant isolates are also recovered from patients with no prior history of azole therapy, suggesting that other routes might be driving antifungal resistance. Intriguingly, antifungal resistance also happens in the environment since resistant strains have been isolated from plant materials, soil, decomposing matter, and compost, where important human fungal pathogens live. As the resistant fungi can be isolated from the environment, in places where agrochemicals are extensively used in agriculture and wood industry, the hypothesis that fungicides could be driving and selecting resistance mechanism in nature, before the contact of the fungus with the host, has gained more attention. The effects of fungicide exposure on fungal resistance have been extensively studied in Aspergillus fumigatus and less investigated in other human fungal pathogens. Here, we discuss not only classic and recent studies showing that environmental azole exposure selects cross-resistance to medical azoles in A. fumigatus, but also how this phenomenon affects Candida and Cryptococcus, other 2 important human fungal pathogens found in the environment. We also examine data showing that fungicide exposure can select relevant changes in the morphophysiology and virulence of those pathogens, suggesting that its effect goes beyond the cross-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael W. Bastos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Luana Rossato
- Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados-MS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H. Goldman
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel A. Santos
- Laboratory of Mycology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
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Doughty KJ, Sierotzki H, Semar M, Goertz A. Selection and Amplification of Fungicide Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus in Relation to DMI Fungicide Use in Agronomic Settings: Hotspots versus Coldspots. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2439. [PMID: 34946041 PMCID: PMC8704312 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous saprophytic fungus. Inhalation of A. fumigatus spores can lead to Invasive Aspergillosis (IA) in people with weakened immune systems. The use of triazole antifungals with the demethylation inhibitor (DMI) mode of action to treat IA is being hampered by the spread of DMI-resistant "ARAf" (azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus) genotypes. DMIs are also used in the environment, for example, as fungicides to protect yield and quality in agronomic settings, which may lead to exposure of A. fumigatus to DMI residues. An agronomic setting can be a "hotspot" for ARAf if it provides a suitable substrate and favourable conditions for the growth of A. fumigatus in the presence of DMI fungicides at concentrations capable of selecting ARAf genotypes at the expense of the susceptible wild-type, followed by the release of predominantly resistant spores. Agronomic settings that do not provide these conditions are considered "coldspots". Identifying and mitigating hotspots will be key to securing the agronomic use of DMIs without compromising their use in medicine. We provide a review of studies of the prevalence of ARAf in various agronomic settings and discuss the mitigation options for confirmed hotspots, particularly those relating to the management of crop waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Doughty
- Bayer AG, Alfred Nobel Strasse 50, 40789 Monheim-am-Rhein, Germany;
| | - Helge Sierotzki
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, 4332 Stein, Switzerland;
| | - Martin Semar
- BASF SE, Speyerer Strasse 2, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany;
| | - Andreas Goertz
- Bayer AG, Alfred Nobel Strasse 50, 40789 Monheim-am-Rhein, Germany;
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von Ameln Lovison O, Jank L, de Souza WM, Ramalho Guerra R, Lamas AE, da Costa Ballestrin RA, da Silva Morais Hein C, da Silva TCB, Corção G, Martins AF. Identification of pesticides in water samples by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:2670-2680. [PMID: 34355448 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs), including pesticides, have been a trending topic and Brazil is the country with the highest usage of pesticides worldwide. This study aimed to measure the presence of pesticide residues in the water from different sources in the city of Porto Alegre. We analyzed 55 samples from drinking water treatment plants, public water sites, and sewage treatment plants from winter 2018 to summer 2020 by solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Among 184 pesticides evaluated, 107 matched validation criteria (linearity, trueness, accuracy, repeatability, reproducibility) and 15 of them were detected in different water samples, including seven insecticides, five antifungals, and three herbicides, with a wide range of toxicity levels and noticeable seasonal differences. For the worst-case scenario evaluation, 20 out of 22 (90.9%) samples exceeded the Risk Quotient of 1. The sum of pesticide concentrations exceeded 100 ng L-1 in 66.7% of samples in February 19 and in 75% of samples in February 20 and the total pesticide concentration has reached the worrisome mark of 1615 and 954.96 ng L-1 respectively. Therefore, our results make evident the need to promote public policies to achieve better water quality monitoring. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Among 184 pesticides evaluated, 107 matched validation criteria (linearity, trueness, accuracy, repeatability, reproducibility). A total of 55 different water samples were analyzed, and 15 pesticides were detected and five quantified. For the worst-case scenario evaluation, 20 out of 21 samples exceeded the Risk Quotient of 1 on Feb/20. The pesticide concentrations sum exceeded 100 ng L-1 in 66.7% of samples on February 19 and in 75% of samples on February 20. It is mandatory to improve water monitoring to guide the development of public policies concerning its quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otávio von Ameln Lovison
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Louise Jank
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária - LFDA/RS, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - William Machado de Souza
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Ramalho Guerra
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alex Elias Lamas
- Coordenadoria Geral de Vigilância em Saúde de Porto Alegre, Diretoria Geral de Vigilância em Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Antonio da Costa Ballestrin
- Coordenadoria Geral de Vigilância em Saúde de Porto Alegre, Diretoria Geral de Vigilância em Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Camila da Silva Morais Hein
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Gertrudes Corção
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andreza Francisco Martins
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Cytotoxicity of Aspergillus Section Fumigati Isolated from Health Care Environments. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100839. [PMID: 34682260 PMCID: PMC8539694 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed 57 Aspergillus section Fumigati (AF) isolates collected by active and passive sampling (N = 450) in several health care facilities and from biological sampling of health care workers (N = 25) and controls (N = 22) in Portugal. All isolates were cultured in different media and screened for azole resistance. Cytotoxicity was assessed for 40 isolates in lung epithelial cells and kidney cells using the MTT assay. Aspergillus section Fumigati was prevalent in the health care facilities and in nasal swabs from health care workers and controls. All AF isolates reduced cell viability and presented medium to high cytotoxicity, with cytotoxicity being significantly higher in A549 lung epithelial cells. The cytotoxicity of isolates from air and nasal swab samples suggested the inhalation route as a risk factor. Notably, 42% of AF isolates exhibited a pattern of reduced susceptibility to some of the most used antifungals available for the treatment of patients infected with these fungi. In sum, the epidemiology and clinical relevance of Aspergillus section Fumigati should continue to be addressed. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying Aspergillus-mediated cytotoxicity is necessary.
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Burks C, Darby A, Gómez Londoño L, Momany M, Brewer MT. Azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in the environment: Identifying key reservoirs and hotspots of antifungal resistance. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009711. [PMID: 34324607 PMCID: PMC8321103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic human pathogen that causes aspergillosis, a spectrum of environmentally acquired respiratory illnesses. It has a cosmopolitan distribution and exists in the environment as a saprotroph on decaying plant matter. Azoles, which target Cyp51A in the ergosterol synthesis pathway, are the primary class of drugs used to treat aspergillosis. Azoles are also used to combat plant pathogenic fungi. Recently, an increasing number of azole-naive patients have presented with pan-azole-resistant strains of A. fumigatus. The TR34/L98H and TR46/Y121F/T289A alleles in the cyp51A gene are the most common ones conferring pan-azole resistance. There is evidence that these mutations arose in agricultural settings; therefore, numerous studies have been conducted to identify azole resistance in environmental A. fumigatus and to determine where resistance is developing in the environment. Here, we summarize the global occurrence of azole-resistant A. fumigatus in the environment based on available literature. Additionally, we have created an interactive world map showing where resistant isolates have been detected and include information on the specific alleles identified, environmental settings, and azole fungicide use. Azole-resistant A. fumigatus has been found on every continent, except for Antarctica, with the highest number of reports from Europe. Developed environments, specifically hospitals and gardens, were the most common settings where azole-resistant A. fumigatus was detected, followed by soils sampled from agricultural settings. The TR34/L98H resistance allele was the most common in all regions except South America where the TR46/Y121F/T289A allele was the most common. A major consideration in interpreting this survey of the literature is sampling bias; regions and environments that have been extensively sampled are more likely to show greater azole resistance even though resistance could be more prevalent in areas that are under-sampled or not sampled at all. Increased surveillance to pinpoint reservoirs, as well as antifungal stewardship, is needed to preserve this class of antifungals for crop protection and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Burks
- Plant Pathology Department and Fungal Biology Group, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alexandria Darby
- Plant Pathology Department and Fungal Biology Group, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Luisa Gómez Londoño
- Plant Pathology Department and Fungal Biology Group, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michelle Momany
- Plant Biology Department and Fungal Biology Group, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Marin T. Brewer
- Plant Pathology Department and Fungal Biology Group, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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Simões D, Aranha Caetano L, Veríssimo C, Viegas C, Sabino R. Aspergillus collected in specific indoor settings: their molecular identification and susceptibility pattern. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2021; 31:248-257. [PMID: 31405297 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1650903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to Aspergillus conidia is an increased risk factor for the development of respiratory symptoms. The emergence of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus is a major concern for the scientific community. The aim of this study was to perform the molecular identification of Aspergillus species collected from different occupational and non-occupational indoor settings and to study the azole susceptibility profile of the collected Fumigati isolates. The selected Aspergillus isolates were identified as belonging to the sections Fumigati, Nigri Versicolores, Terrei, Clavati and Nidulantes. All the Aspergillus fumigatus were screened for azole resistance using an agar media supplemented with itraconazole, voriconazole and posaconazole. None of the tested isolates showed resistance to those azoles. Knowledge of Aspergillus epidemiology in specific indoor environments allows a better risk characterization regarding Aspergillus burden. This study allowed the analysis of the molecular epidemiology and the determination of the susceptibility pattern of Aspergillus section Fumigati found in the studied indoor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Simões
- Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge , Lisbon, Portugal
- Animal Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon , Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Liliana Aranha Caetano
- H&TRC- Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL - Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa , Lisbon, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon. Avenida Professor Gama Pinto , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina Veríssimo
- Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla Viegas
- H&TRC- Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL - Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa , Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Raquel Sabino
- Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge , Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon, Portugal
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Extensive Genetic Diversity and Widespread Azole Resistance in Greenhouse Populations of Aspergillus fumigatus in Yunnan, China. mSphere 2021; 6:6/1/e00066-21. [PMID: 33568450 PMCID: PMC8544883 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00066-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is the main cause of invasive aspergillosis (IA) with a high annual global incidence and mortality rate. Recent studies have indicated an increasing prevalence of azole-resistant A. fumigatus (ARAF) strains, with agricultural use of azole fungicides as a potential contributor. China has an extensive agricultural production system and uses a wide array of fungicides for crop production, including in modern growth facilities such as greenhouses. Soils in greenhouses are among the most intensively cultivated. However, little is known about the occurrence and distribution of ARAF in greenhouse soils. Here, we investigated genetic variation and triazole drug susceptibility in A. fumigatus from greenhouses around metropolitan Kunming in Yunnan, southwest China. Abundant allelic and genotypic variations were found among 233 A. fumigatus strains isolated from nine greenhouses in this region. Significantly, ∼80% of the strains were resistant to at least one medical triazole drug, with >30% showing cross-resistance to both itraconazole and voriconazole. Several previously reported mutations associated with triazole resistance in the triazole target gene cyp51A were also found in our strains, with a strong positive correlation between the frequency of mutations at the cyp51A promoter and that of voriconazole resistance. Phylogenetic analyses of cyp51A gene sequences showed evidence for multiple independent origins of azole-resistant genotypes of A. fumigatus in these greenhouses. Evidence for multiple origins of azole resistance and the widespread distributions of genetically very diverse triazole-resistant strains of A. fumigatus in greenhouses calls for significant attention from public health agencies. IMPORTANCE The origin and prevalence of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus have been attracting increasing attention from biologists, clinicians, and public health agencies. Current evidence suggests agricultural fungicide use as a major cause. In southwest China, greenhouses are used to produce large amounts of fruits, flowers, and vegetables for consumers throughout China as well as those in other countries, primarily in southeast Asia. Here, we found a very high frequency (∼80%) of triazole-resistant A. fumigatus in our sample, the highest reported so far, with a significant proportion of these strains resistant to both tested agricultural fungicides and medical triazole drugs. In addition, we found novel allelic and genotypic diversities and evidence for multiple independent origins of azole-resistant genotypes of A. fumigatus in greenhouse populations in this region. Our study calls for a systematic evaluation of the effects of azole fungicide usage in greenhouses on human health.
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Prigitano A, Esposto MC, Grancini A, Biffi A, Innocenti P, Cavanna C, Lallitto F, Mollaschi EMG, Bandettini R, Oltolini C, Passera M, De Lorenzis G, Sargolzaei M, Crespan M, Cogliati M, Tortorano AM, Romanò L. Azole resistance in Aspergillus isolates by different types of patients and correlation with environment - An Italian prospective multicentre study (ARiA study). Mycoses 2021; 64:528-536. [PMID: 33438319 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A wide range of frequency of azole-resistance in A fumigatus in different patient populations worldwide was observed threatening to reduce therapeutic options. OBJECTIVES Estimate the prevalence of azole-resistance, investigate the molecular mechanisms of resistance, compare the genotypes of resistant clinical isolates with those from the surrounding environment. METHODS Aspergillus isolates were collected by seven Italian hospital microbiology laboratories. Strains were isolated from different clinical samples from unselected patients. The azole-resistance was evaluated using screening test and microdilution EUCAST method. The molecular mechanism of resistance was performed sequencing the cyp51A gene. Resistant isolates were genotyped by microsatellite analysis and their profiles compared with those of azole-resistant isolates from previous Italian studies. RESULTS 425 Aspergillus isolates from 367 patients were analysed. The azole-resistance rates were 4.9% and 6.6% considering all Aspergillus spp. isolates and the A fumigatus sensu stricto, respectively. All resistant isolates except one were from a single hospital. Two rare azole-resistant species were identified: A thermomutatus and A lentulus. The predominant resistance mechanism was TR34 /L98H. No correlation between the clinical resistant strains and environmental isolates from patients' home/work/ward was observed. The analysis of the molecular correlation between the resistant clinical strains collected in the present study and those of environmental and clinical origin collected in previous Italian studies reveals a progressive diversification of azole-resistant genotypes starting from a founder azole-resistant genotype. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the trend of azole-resistance rate in Italy, showing a geographical difference. Data reinforce the importance of surveillance programmes to monitor the local epidemiological situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Prigitano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria C Esposto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Grancini
- UOS Microbiology, Central Laboratory IRCCS Foundation, Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Arianna Biffi
- Cystic Fibrosis Microbiology Laboratory and Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Innocenti
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Comprensorio Sanitario di Bolzano-A.S. Alto Adige, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Caterina Cavanna
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabiola Lallitto
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Bandettini
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Marco Passera
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, ASST 'Papa Giovanni XXIII', Bergamo, Italy
| | - Gabriella De Lorenzis
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Maryam Sargolzaei
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Manna Crespan
- CREA- Research Center for Viticulture and Enology, Conegliano, Italy
| | - Massimo Cogliati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Tortorano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Luisa Romanò
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Ahamefule CS, Ezeuduji BC, Ogbonna JC, Moneke AN, Ike AC, Wang B, Jin C, Fang W. Marine Bioactive Compounds against Aspergillus fumigatus: Challenges and Future Prospects. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E813. [PMID: 33207554 PMCID: PMC7698247 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With the mortality rate of invasive aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus reaching almost 100% among some groups of patients, and with the rapidly increasing resistance of A. fumigatus to available antifungal drugs, new antifungal agents have never been more desirable than now. Numerous bioactive compounds were isolated and characterized from marine resources. However, only a few exhibited a potent activity against A. fumigatus when compared to the multitude that did against some other pathogens. Here, we review the marine bioactive compounds that display a bioactivity against A. fumigatus. The challenges hampering the discovery of antifungal agents from this rich habitat are also critically analyzed. Further, we propose strategies that could speed up an efficient discovery and broaden the dimensions of screening in order to obtain promising in vivo antifungal agents with new modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuemeka Samson Ahamefule
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China; (C.S.A.); (B.W.)
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, Guangxi, China
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria; (J.C.O.); (A.N.M.); (A.C.I.)
| | | | - James C. Ogbonna
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria; (J.C.O.); (A.N.M.); (A.C.I.)
| | - Anene N. Moneke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria; (J.C.O.); (A.N.M.); (A.C.I.)
| | - Anthony C. Ike
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria; (J.C.O.); (A.N.M.); (A.C.I.)
| | - Bin Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China; (C.S.A.); (B.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China; (C.S.A.); (B.W.)
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, Guangxi, China
| | - Wenxia Fang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China; (C.S.A.); (B.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China
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19
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Cao D, Wu R, Dong S, Wang F, Ju C, Yu S, Xu S, Fang H, Yu Y. Triazole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus in crop plant soil after tebuconazole applications. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115124. [PMID: 32673931 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is the primary agent of invasive aspergillosis (IA) causing high morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Triazole resistance in A. fumigatus and its sources have gained wide attention. For several years, environmental fungicides use has been proposed as the major cause for triazole resistance in A. fumigatus. However, there are few studies on azole-resistant A. fumigatus (ARAF) selected by triazole fungicides in agricultural systems. We studied the possible emergence of ARAF in the field after exposure to triazole fungicide tebuconazole. Our results showed that exposure to tebuconazole in soil selects for resistance to triazoles in A. fumigatus. The probability of ARAF developing in soils depends upon the concentrations of tebuconazole after application. We suggest that tebuconazole applications should be minimized to reduce selective pressure for the generation of ARAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duantao Cao
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ruilin Wu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Suxia Dong
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Feiyan Wang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chao Ju
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sumei Yu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shiji Xu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hua Fang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yunlong Yu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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20
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van der Torre MH, Whitby C, Eades CP, Moore CB, Novak-Frazer L, Richardson MD, Rautemaa-Richardson R. Absence of Azole Antifungal Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus Isolated from Root Vegetables Harvested from UK Arable and Horticultural Soils. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E208. [PMID: 33036151 PMCID: PMC7711775 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus (ARAf) complicates the treatment of aspergillosis and can nearly double the mortality from invasive aspergillosis (IA). ARAf has been isolated from many different environmental sites and indoor environments and thus presents a significant risk for susceptible patients. Local surveillance of environmental ARAf can guide antifungal prescribing and improve patient outcomes. In this study, seventy-four soils samples collected from the surface of a variety of root vegetables from farm shops and private gardens covering a wide geographical area of the UK, were cultured to assess the presence of A. fumigatus, and the prevalence and nature of any resistance mechanisms. A high-throughput in-house antifungal susceptibility screening method was developed and validated using the EUCAST MIC reference method, E.DEF 9.3.1. A total of 146 isolates were recovered and analysed. Even though the study premise was that soil-covered root vegetables and other fresh produce could represent a conduit for ARAf exposure in vulnerable patients, no ARAf were found in the soil samples despite 55% of samples harbouring A. fumigatus. The sample type and screening method used could be suitable for more extensive monitoring of the soil to detect trends in the prevalence of ARAf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille H. van der Torre
- Mycology Reference Centre Manchester, ECMM Centre of Excellence for Medical Mycology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester M23 9LT, UK; (M.H.v.d.T.); (C.W.); (C.B.M.); (L.N.-F.); (M.D.R.)
- Division of Infection, Inflammation and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK;
| | - Cheryl Whitby
- Mycology Reference Centre Manchester, ECMM Centre of Excellence for Medical Mycology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester M23 9LT, UK; (M.H.v.d.T.); (C.W.); (C.B.M.); (L.N.-F.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Christopher P. Eades
- Division of Infection, Inflammation and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - Caroline B. Moore
- Mycology Reference Centre Manchester, ECMM Centre of Excellence for Medical Mycology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester M23 9LT, UK; (M.H.v.d.T.); (C.W.); (C.B.M.); (L.N.-F.); (M.D.R.)
- Division of Infection, Inflammation and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK;
| | - Lilyann Novak-Frazer
- Mycology Reference Centre Manchester, ECMM Centre of Excellence for Medical Mycology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester M23 9LT, UK; (M.H.v.d.T.); (C.W.); (C.B.M.); (L.N.-F.); (M.D.R.)
- Division of Infection, Inflammation and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK;
| | - Malcolm D. Richardson
- Mycology Reference Centre Manchester, ECMM Centre of Excellence for Medical Mycology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester M23 9LT, UK; (M.H.v.d.T.); (C.W.); (C.B.M.); (L.N.-F.); (M.D.R.)
- Division of Infection, Inflammation and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK;
| | - Riina Rautemaa-Richardson
- Mycology Reference Centre Manchester, ECMM Centre of Excellence for Medical Mycology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester M23 9LT, UK; (M.H.v.d.T.); (C.W.); (C.B.M.); (L.N.-F.); (M.D.R.)
- Division of Infection, Inflammation and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
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21
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Ahangarkani F, Badali H, Abbasi K, Nabili M, Khodavaisy S, de Groot T, Meis JF. Clonal Expansion of Environmental Triazole Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in Iran. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E199. [PMID: 33019714 PMCID: PMC7712205 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Azole-resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus is a worldwide medical concern complicating the management of aspergillosis (IA). Herein, we report the clonal spread of environmental triazole resistant A. fumigatus isolates in Iran. In this study, 63 A. fumigatus isolates were collected from 300 compost samples plated on Sabouraud dextrose agar supplemented with itraconazole (ITR) and voriconazole (VOR). Forty-four isolates had the TR34/L98H mutation and three isolates a TR46/Y121F/T289A resistance mechanism, while two isolates harbored a M172V substitution in cyp51A. Fourteen azole resistant isolates had no mutations in cyp51A. We found that 41 out of 44 A. fumigatus strains with the TR34/L98H mutation, isolated from compost in 13 different Iranian cities, shared the same allele across all nine examined microsatellite loci. Clonal expansion of triazole resistant A. fumigatus in this study emphasizes the importance of establishing antifungal resistance surveillance studies to monitor clinical Aspergillus isolates in Iran, as well as screening for azole resistance in environmental A. fumigatus isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ahangarkani
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (F.A.); (T.d.G.)
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 4815733971 Sari, Iran
| | - Hamid Badali
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 4815733971 Sari, Iran;
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Kiana Abbasi
- Department of Microbiology, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, 4515658145 Zanjan, Iran;
| | - Mojtaba Nabili
- Department of Medical Sciences, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, 4815733971 Sari, Iran;
| | - Sadegh Khodavaisy
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1411734143 Tehran, Iran;
| | - Theun de Groot
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (F.A.); (T.d.G.)
| | - Jacques F. Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (F.A.); (T.d.G.)
- ECMM Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, 80010 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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22
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Medina MB, Munitz MS, Resnik SL. Validation and expanded uncertainty determination of pesticides in water; and their survey on paddy rice irrigation water from Argentina. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2020; 55:983-989. [PMID: 32795113 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1807262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was validated for the simultaneous determination of penconazole, cyproconazole, epoxiconazole, deltamethrin, azoxystrobin and kresoxim-methyl in paddy rice irrigation water. Different SPME fiber coatings and pH values were tested. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and pH 7 were chosen to optimize extraction. All pesticides presented a recovery percentage between 90.5 and 104.2%; and detection and quantification limits were 0.03 and 0.05 µg/kg for azoxystrobin and cyproconazole, 0.02 and 0.05 µg/kg for deltametrhin and epoxiconazole, 0.02 and 0.03 µg/kg for kresoxim-methyl, and 0.01 and 0.02 µg/kg for penconazole. The expanded uncertainty was estimated for all pesticides showing results lower than 20%. A total of 100 paddy rice irrigation water samples, collected in different rice fields from Argentina, were evaluated. The study showed that 86 of them presented residues. The concentrations exceeded the values that were set by European legislation and the frequencies were higher than 86% so the agricultural practices should be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- María B Medina
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Concordia, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CABA, Argentina
| | - Martín S Munitz
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Concordia, Argentina
| | - Silvia L Resnik
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC), La Plata, Argentina
- Fundación de Investigaciones Científicas Teresa Benedicta de la Cruz, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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23
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Ahamefule CS, Qin Q, Odiba AS, Li S, Moneke AN, Ogbonna JC, Jin C, Wang B, Fang W. Caenorhabditis elegans-Based Aspergillus fumigatus Infection Model for Evaluating Pathogenicity and Drug Efficacy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:320. [PMID: 32670897 PMCID: PMC7332887 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is the most reported causative pathogen associated with the increasing global incidences of aspergilloses, with the health of immunocompromised individuals mostly at risk. Monitoring the pathogenicity of A. fumigatus strains to identify virulence factors and evaluating the efficacy of potent active agents against this fungus in animal models are indispensable in current research effort. Caenorhabditis elegans has been successfully utilized as an infection model for bacterial and dimorphic fungal pathogens because of the advantages of being time-efficient, and less costly. However, application of this model to the filamentous fungus A. fumigatus is less investigated. In this study, we developed and optimized a stable and reliable C. elegans model for A. fumigatus infection, and demonstrated the infection process with a fluorescent strain. Virulence results of several mutant strains in our nematode model demonstrated high consistency with the already reported pathogenicity pattern in other models. Furthermore, this C. elegans-A. fumigatus infection model was optimized for evaluating the efficacy of current antifungal drugs. Interestingly, the azole drugs in nematode model prevented conidial germination to a higher extent than amphotericin B. Overall, our established C. elegans infection model for A. fumigatus has potential applications in pathogenicity evaluation, antifungal agents screening, drug efficacy evaluation as well as host-pathogen interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuemeka Samson Ahamefule
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Qijian Qin
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Arome Solomon Odiba
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Siqiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Anene N. Moneke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - James C. Ogbonna
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Cheng Jin
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Bin Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
- State Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Wenxia Fang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
- State Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
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24
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James JE, Lamping E, Santhanam J, Milne TJ, Abd Razak MF, Zakaria L, Cannon RD. A 23 bp cyp51A Promoter Deletion Associated With Voriconazole Resistance in Clinical and Environmental Isolates of Neocosmospora keratoplastica. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:272. [PMID: 32296397 PMCID: PMC7136401 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, resistance to azole antifungals is often linked to mutations in CYP51A, a gene that encodes the azole antifungal drug target lanosterol 14α-demethylase. The aim of this study was to investigate whether similar changes could be associated with azole resistance in a Malaysian Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) isolate collection. Most (11 of 15) clinical FSSC isolates were Neocosmospora keratoplastica and the majority (6 of 10) of environmental isolates were Neocosmospora suttoniana strains. All 25 FSSC isolates had high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for itraconazole and posaconazole, low MICs for amphotericin B, and various (1 to >32 mg/l) voriconazole susceptibilities. There was a tight association between a 23 bp CYP51A promoter deletion and high (>32 mg/l) voriconazole MICs; of 19 FSSC strains sequenced, nine isolates had voriconazole MICs > 32 mg/l, and they all contained the 23 bp CYP51A promoter deletion, although it was absent in the ten remaining isolates with low (≤12 mg/l) voriconazole MICs. Surprisingly, this association between voriconazole resistance and the 23 bp CYP51A promoter deletion held true across species boundaries. It was randomly distributed within and across species boundaries and both types of FSSC isolates were found among environmental and clinical isolates. Three randomly selected N. keratoplastica isolates with low (≤8 mg/l) voriconazole MICs had significantly lower (1.3–7.5 times) CYP51A mRNA expression levels than three randomly selected N. keratoplastica isolates with high (>32 mg/l) voriconazole MICs. CYP51A expression levels, however, were equally strongly induced (~6,500-fold) by voriconazole in two representative strains reaching levels, after 80 min of induction, that were comparable to those of CYP51B. Our results suggest that FSSC isolates with high voriconazole MICs have a 23 bp CYP51A promoter deletion that provides a potentially useful marker for voriconazole resistance in FSSC isolates. Early detection of possible voriconazole resistance is critical for choosing the correct treatment option for patients with invasive fusariosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Elvin James
- Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Erwin Lamping
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jacinta Santhanam
- Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Trudy Jane Milne
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mohd Fuat Abd Razak
- Bacteriology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health, Setia Alam, Malaysia
| | - Latiffah Zakaria
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Richard David Cannon
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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25
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Tu B, Yin G, Li H. Synergistic effects of vorinostat (SAHA) and azoles against Aspergillus species and their biofilms. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:28. [PMID: 32028887 PMCID: PMC7006160 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-1718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive aspergillosis is a fungal infection that occurs mainly in immunocompromised patients. It is responsible for a high degree of mortality and is invariably unresponsive to conventional antifungal treatments. Histone deacetylase inhibitors can affect the cell cycle, apoptosis and differentiation. The histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat (SAHA) has recently received approval for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Here, we investigated the interactions of SAHA and itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole against Aspergillus spp. in vitro using both planktonic cells and biofilms. RESULTS We investigated 20 clinical strains using broth microdilution checkerboard methods. The results showed synergy between SAHA and itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole against 60, 40, and 25% of tested isolates of planktonic Aspergillus spp., respectively. Similar synergy was also observed against Aspergillus biofilms. The expression of the azole-associated multidrug efflux pumps MDR1, MDR2, MDR3 and MDR4, as well as that of HSP90, was measured by RT-PCR. The results indicated that the molecular mechanism of the observed synergistic effects in Aspergillus fumigatus may be partly associated with dampened expression of the efflux pump genes and, furthermore, that HSP90 suppression may be a major contributor to the observed synergistic effects of the drugs. CONCLUSIONS SAHA has potential as a secondary treatment to enhance the effects of azoles against both biofilm and planktonic cells of Aspergillus spp. in vitro. This effect occurs mostly by inhibition of HSP90 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head Neck Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Gendi Yin
- Department of Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head Neck Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
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26
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Cao D, Yao S, Zhang H, Wang S, Jin X, Lin D, Fang H, Yu Y. Mutation in cyp51A and high expression of efflux pump gene of Aspergillus fumigatus induced by propiconazole in liquid medium and soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113385. [PMID: 31662261 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Triazole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus is a major cause of clinical inefficacy in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis (IA). The hypothesis that triazole fungicides have driven the development of resistance in A. fumigatus has garnered substantial attention due to the similar structure and global detection of antifungal resistant A. fumigatus (ARAF) isolates in the soil. However, there is little evidence linking the application of triazole fungicides to the emergence of ARAF in the soil. This study was conducted to test if the resistance in A. fumigatus and its associated mutations in cyp51A could be induced by propiconazole in liquid medium and soil. The results indicate that propiconazole can induce resistance by alteration of G138S in cyp51A, and the overexpression of cyp51A, AfuMDR3 and AfuMDR4. G138S in cyp51A was first detected in the soil and associated with resistance. The emergence of the ARAFs in the soil may depends upon the level of propiconazole, and the number of ARAFs in soil treated with propiconazole at 2- and 5-fold dose was much greater than those in soil treated at the recommended dosage. The current data indicate that propiconazole can induce triazole resistance in A. fumigatus and should be applied for agricultural purposes at levels at or below the recommended dosage to avoid the emergence of ARAF in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duantao Cao
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shijie Yao
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongchao Zhang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Saige Wang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiangxiang Jin
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dunli Lin
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hua Fang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yunlong Yu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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27
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Hokken MWJ, Zoll J, Coolen JPM, Zwaan BJ, Verweij PE, Melchers WJG. Phenotypic plasticity and the evolution of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus; an expression profile of clinical isolates upon exposure to itraconazole. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:28. [PMID: 30626317 PMCID: PMC6327609 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5255-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of azole resistance in clinical and environmental Aspergillus fumigatus isolates is rising over the past decades, but the molecular basis of the development of antifungal drug resistance is not well understood. This study focuses on the role of phenotypic plasticity in the evolution of azole resistance in A. fumigatus. When A. fumigatus is challenged with a new stressful environment, phenotypic plasticity may allow A. fumigatus to adjust their physiology to still enable growth and reproduction, therefore allowing the establishment of genetic adaptations through natural selection on the available variation in the mutational and recombinational gene pool. To investigate these short-term physiological adaptations, we conducted time series transcriptome analyses on three clinical A. fumigatus isolates, during incubation with itraconazole. Results After analysis of expression patterns, we identified 3955, 3430, 1207, and 1101 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), after 30, 60, 120 and 240 min of incubation with itraconazole, respectively. We explored the general functions in these gene groups and we identified 186 genes that were differentially expressed during the whole time series. Additionally, we investigated expression patterns of potential novel drug-efflux transporters, genes involved in ergosterol and phospholipid biosynthesis, and the known MAPK proteins of A. fumigatus. Conclusions Our data suggests that A. fumigatus adjusts its transcriptome quickly within 60 min of exposure to itraconazole. Further investigation of these short-term adaptive phenotypic plasticity mechanisms might enable us to understand how the direct response of A. fumigatus to itraconazole promotes survival of the fungus in the patient, before any “hard-wired” genetic mutations arise. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5255-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margriet W J Hokken
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. .,Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Weg door Jonkerbos 100, 6532 SZ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Jan Zoll
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Weg door Jonkerbos 100, 6532 SZ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jordy P M Coolen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Weg door Jonkerbos 100, 6532 SZ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bas J Zwaan
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul E Verweij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Weg door Jonkerbos 100, 6532 SZ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Willem J G Melchers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Weg door Jonkerbos 100, 6532 SZ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Pugliese M, Matić S, Prethi S, Gisi U, Gullino ML. Molecular characterization and sensitivity to demethylation inhibitor fungicides of Aspergillus fumigatus from orange-based compost. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200569. [PMID: 30001414 PMCID: PMC6042770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus, the causal agent of human aspergilloses, is known to be non-pathogenic in plants. It is present as saprophyte in different types of organic matter and develops rapidly during the high-temperature phase of the composting process. Aspergilloses are treated with demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides and resistant isolates have been recently reported. The present study aims to estimate the abundance, genetic diversity and DMI sensitivity of A. fumigatus during the composting process of orange fruits. Composting of orange fruits resulted in a 100-fold increase in A. fumigatus frequency already after 1 week, demonstrating that the degradation of orange fruits favoured the growth of A. fumigatus in compost. Most of A. fumigatus isolates belonged to mating type 2, including those initially isolated from the orange peel, whereas mating type 1 evolved towards the end of the composting process. None of the A. fumigatus isolates expressed simultaneously both mating types. The 52 investigated isolates exhibited moderate SSR polymorphisms by formation of one major (47 isolates) and one minor cluster (5 isolates). The latter included mating type 1 isolates from the last sampling and the DMI-resistant reference strains. Only few isolates showed cyp51A polymorphisms but were sensitive to DMIs as all the other isolates. None of the A. fumigatus isolates owned any of the mutations associated with DMI resistance. This study documents a high reproduction rate of A. fumigatus during the composting process of orange fruits, requesting specific safety precautions in compost handling. Furthermore, azole residue concentrations in orange-based compost were not sufficient to select A. fumigatus resistant genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Pugliese
- AGROINNOVA–Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, Turin University, Largo P. Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
- Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences Department (DISAFA), Turin University, Largo P. Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Slavica Matić
- AGROINNOVA–Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, Turin University, Largo P. Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Sanila Prethi
- Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki, Sindos, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ulrich Gisi
- AGROINNOVA–Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, Turin University, Largo P. Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Lodovica Gullino
- AGROINNOVA–Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, Turin University, Largo P. Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
- Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences Department (DISAFA), Turin University, Largo P. Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
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