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Fan X, Liu J, Duan X, Li H, Deng S, Kuang Y, Li J, Lin C, Meng B, Hu J, Wang S, Liu J, Wang L. Alcohol-Processable All-Polymer n-Type Thermoelectrics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401952. [PMID: 38647398 PMCID: PMC11220645 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The general strategy for n-type organic thermoelectric is to blend n-type conjugated polymer hosts with small molecule dopants. In this work, all-polymer n-type thermoelectric is reported by dissolving a novel n-type conjugated polymer and a polymer dopant, poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI), in alcohol solution, followed by spin-coating to give polymer host/polymer dopant blend film. To this end, an alcohol-soluble n-type conjugated polymer is developed by attaching polar and branched oligo (ethylene glycol) (OEG) side chains to a cyano-substituted poly(thiophene-alt-co-thiazole) main chain. The main chain results in the n-type property and the OEG side chain leads to the solubility in hexafluorineisopropanol (HFIP). In the polymer host/polymer dopant blend film, the Coulombic interaction between the dopant counterions and the negatively charged polymer chains is reduced and the ordered stacking of the polymer host is preserved. As a result, the polymer host/polymer dopant blend exhibits the power factor of 36.9 µW m-1 K-1, which is one time higher than that of the control polymer host/small molecule dopant blend. Moreover, the polymer host/polymer dopant blend shows much better thermal stability than the control polymer host/small molecule dopant blend. This research demonstrates the high performance and excellent stability of all-polymer n-type thermoelectric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilin130022P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilin130022P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
- College of Polymer Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065P. R. China
| | - Xiaozheng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilin130022P. R. China
| | - Hongxiang Li
- College of Polymer Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065P. R. China
| | - Sihui Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilin130022P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Yazhuo Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilin130022P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Li
- Key Laboratory of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology (Northeast Normal University)Ministry of EducationChangchunJilin130024P. R. China
| | - Chengjiang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilin130022P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Bin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilin130022P. R. China
| | - Junli Hu
- Key Laboratory of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology (Northeast Normal University)Ministry of EducationChangchunJilin130024P. R. China
| | - Shumeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilin130022P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilin130022P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilin130022P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
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2
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Hussain W, Algarni S, Rasool G, Shahzad H, Abbas M, Alqahtani T, Irshad K. Advances in Nanoparticle-Enhanced Thermoelectric Materials from Synthesis to Energy Harvesting: A Review. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:11081-11109. [PMID: 38497021 PMCID: PMC10938428 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
This comprehensive review analysis examines the domain of composite thermoelectric materials that integrate nanoparticles, providing a critical assessment of their methods for improving thermoelectric properties and the procedures used for their fabrication. This study examines several approaches to enhance power factor and lattice thermal conductivity, emphasizing the influence of secondary phases and structural alterations. This study investigates the impact of synthesis methods on the electrical characteristics of materials, with a particular focus on novel techniques such as electrodeposition onto carbon nanotubes. The acquired insights provide useful guidance for the creation of new thermoelectric materials. The review also compares and contrasts organic and inorganic thermoelectric materials, with a particular focus on the potential of inorganic materials in the context of waste heat recovery and power production within industries. This analysis highlights the role of inorganic materials in improving energy efficiency and promoting environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajid Hussain
- Faculty
of Material and Manufacturing, Beijing University
of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Salem Algarni
- Mechanical
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Rasool
- Faculty
of Material and Manufacturing, Beijing University
of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Lebanese American
University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hasan Shahzad
- Faculty
of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and
Energy Technology, Dongguan University of
Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Mujahid Abbas
- Faculty
of Material and Manufacturing, Beijing University
of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Talal Alqahtani
- Mechanical
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kashif Irshad
- Interdisciplinary
Research Centre for Sustainable Energy Systems (IRC-SES), Research
Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum
and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Deng S, Liu J, Meng B, Liu J, Wang L. A Highly Conductive n-Type Polythiophene Derivative: Effect of Molecular Weight on n-Doping Behavior and Thermoelectric Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:45190-45200. [PMID: 37703173 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Here, we examine the impact of the molecular weight of an n-type conjugated polymer (n-PT2) on molecular doping and thermoelectric parameters. Two common dopants TDAE and N-DMBI with different doping mechanisms are used for molecular doping of n-PT2. It turns out that n-PT2 with a higher molecular weight is more miscible with the dopant, leading to more charge carriers. Moreover, the crystal structures and morphology of n-PT2 with a higher molecular weight are more tolerant against the intrusion of dopant molecules and charging. Finally, these factors work in synergy to endow the doped n-PT2 with the best conductivity and power factor (144 S cm-1/75.0 μW m-1 K-2 and 75.4 S cm-1/98.5 μW m-1 K-2 after doping by TDAE and N-DMBI, respectively). This study indicates that regulating the molecular weight allows for synergistic regulation of conductivity and Seebeck coefficient and is a feasible means to improve the performance for a given n-type organic thermoelectric material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihui Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Bin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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4
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Chang Y, Wu YS, Tung SH, Chen WC, Chueh CC, Liu CL. N-Type Doping of Naphthalenediimide-Based Random Donor-Acceptor Copolymers to Enhance Transistor Performance and Structural Crystallinity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:15745-15757. [PMID: 36920493 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c23067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An integrated strategy of molecular design and conjugated polymer doping is proposed to improve the electronic characteristics for organic field effect transistor (OFET) applications. Here, a series of soluble naphthalene diimide (NDI)-based random donor-acceptor copolymers with selenophene π-conjugated linkers and four acceptors with different electron-withdrawing strengths (named as rNDI-N/S/NN/SS) are synthesized, characterized, and used for OFETs. N-type doping of NDI-based random copolymers using (12a,18a)-5,6,12,12a,13,18,18a,19-octahydro-5,6-dimethyl-13,18[1',2']-benzenobisbenzimidazo[1,2-b:2',1'-d]benzo[i][2.5]benzodiazocine potassium triflate adduct (DMBI-BDZC) is successfully demonstrated. The undoped rNDI-N, rNDI-NN, and rNDI-SS samples exhibit ambipolar charge transport, while rNDI-S presents only a unipolar n-type characteristic. Doping with DMBI-BDZC significantly modulates the performance of rNDI-N/S OFETs, with a 3- to 6-fold increase in electron mobility (μe) for 1 wt % doped device due to simultaneous trap mitigation, lower contact resistance (RC), and activation energy (EA), and enhanced crystallinity and edge-on orientation for charge transport. However, the doping of intrinsic pro-quinoidal rNDI-NN/SS films exhibits unchanged or even reduced device performance. These findings allow us to manipulate the energy levels by developing conjugated copolymers based on various acceptors and quinoids and to optimize the dopant-polymer semiconductor interactions and their impacts on the film morphology and molecular orientation for enhanced charge transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Sheng Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Huang Tung
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chen Chueh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Liang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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5
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Müllen K, Scherf U. Conjugated Polymers: Where We Come From, Where We Stand, and Where We Might Go. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 D‐50128 Mainz Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecular Chemistry Group (BUWmakro), and Wuppertal Institute for Smart Materials & Systems (CM@S) University of Wuppertal Gauss‐Str. 20 D‐42119 Wuppertal Germany
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6
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Dong CS, Meng B, Liu J, Wang LX. Acceptor-acceptor-type Organoboron Conjugated Polymers: Effect of Backbone Configuration on Thermoelectric Performance. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Marks A, Chen X, Wu R, Rashid RB, Jin W, Paulsen BD, Moser M, Ji X, Griggs S, Meli D, Wu X, Bristow H, Strzalka J, Gasparini N, Costantini G, Fabiano S, Rivnay J, McCulloch I. Synthetic Nuances to Maximize n-Type Organic Electrochemical Transistor and Thermoelectric Performance in Fused Lactam Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4642-4656. [PMID: 35257589 PMCID: PMC9084553 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
![]()
A series
of fully fused n-type mixed conduction lactam polymers p(g7NCnN), systematically increasing
the alkyl side chain content, are synthesized via an inexpensive,
nontoxic, precious-metal-free aldol polycondensation. Employing these
polymers as channel materials in organic electrochemical transistors
(OECTs) affords state-of-the-art n-type performance with p(g7NC10N) recording an OECT electron mobility of 1.20 ×
10–2 cm2 V–1 s–1 and a μC* figure of merit
of 1.83 F cm–1 V–1 s–1. In parallel to high OECT performance, upon solution doping with
(4-(1,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)phenyl)dimethylamine
(N-DMBI), the highest thermoelectric performance is observed for p(g7NC4N), with a maximum electrical conductivity of
7.67 S cm–1 and a power factor of 10.4 μW
m–1 K–2. These results are among
the highest reported for n-type polymers. Importantly, while this
series of fused polylactam organic mixed ionic–electronic conductors
(OMIECs) highlights that synthetic molecular design strategies to
bolster OECT performance can be translated to also achieve high organic
thermoelectric (OTE) performance, a nuanced synthetic approach must
be used to optimize performance. Herein, we outline the performance
metrics and provide new insights into the molecular design guidelines
for the next generation of high-performance n-type materials for mixed
conduction applications, presenting for the first time the results
of a single polymer series within both OECT and OTE applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Xingxing Chen
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruiheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Reem B Rashid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wenlong Jin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, NorrköpingSE-60174, Sweden
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Xudong Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sophie Griggs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Dilara Meli
- Department of Material Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiaocui Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Helen Bristow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | | | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, NorrköpingSE-60174, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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8
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Sartucci JL, Maity A, Mohanan M, Bertke J, Kertesz M, Gavvalapalli N. Molecular tetrominoes: selective masking of the donor π-face to control the configuration of donor-acceptor complexes. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:375-386. [PMID: 34904145 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02293h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the doping mechanism in organic semiconductors and generating molecular design rules to control the doping process are crucial for improving the performance of organic electronics. Even though controlling the location and orientation of the dopant along the semiconductor backbone is an important step in the doping mechanism, studies in this direction are scarce as it is a challenging task. To address this, herein, we incorporated π-face masked (strapped) units in 1,4-bis(phenylethynylene)benzene (donor) to control the acceptor (dopant) location along the trimer, donor-acceptor binding strength, and acceptor ionization. Two strapped trimers, PCP and CPC, are synthesized with control over the location of the strapped repeat unit in the trimer. The trimers are complexed with the 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) acceptor in solution. DFT calculations show that DDQ residing on the non-strapped repeat unit (the percentage of this configuration is at least ca. 73%) has the highest binding energy for both PCP and CPC. The percentage of dopant ionization is higher in the case of strapped trimers (PCP and CPC) compared to that of linear control trimers (PLP and LPL) and the completely non-strapped (PPP) trimer. The percentage of dopant ionization increased by 15 and 59% in the case of PCP and CPC respectively compared to that of PPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Sartucci
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 3700 O St NW, Washington, D.C., 20057, USA. .,Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, 3700 O St NW, Washington, D.C., 20057, USA
| | - Arindam Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 3700 O St NW, Washington, D.C., 20057, USA. .,Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, 3700 O St NW, Washington, D.C., 20057, USA
| | - Manikandan Mohanan
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 3700 O St NW, Washington, D.C., 20057, USA. .,Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, 3700 O St NW, Washington, D.C., 20057, USA
| | - Jeffery Bertke
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 3700 O St NW, Washington, D.C., 20057, USA.
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 3700 O St NW, Washington, D.C., 20057, USA. .,Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, 3700 O St NW, Washington, D.C., 20057, USA
| | - Nagarjuna Gavvalapalli
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 3700 O St NW, Washington, D.C., 20057, USA. .,Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, 3700 O St NW, Washington, D.C., 20057, USA
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9
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Shao X, Wang J, Marder TB, Xie Z, Liu J, Wang L. N–B ← N Bridged Bithiophene: A Building Block with Reduced Band Gap to Design n-Type Conjugated Polymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingxin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jiahui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Todd B. Marder
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Zhiyuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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10
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Griggs S, Marks A, Bristow H, McCulloch I. n-Type organic semiconducting polymers: stability limitations, design considerations and applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2021; 9:8099-8128. [PMID: 34277009 PMCID: PMC8264852 DOI: 10.1039/d1tc02048j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
This review outlines the design strategies which aim to develop high performing n-type materials in the fields of organic thin film transistors (OTFT), organic electrochemical transistors (OECT) and organic thermoelectrics (OTE). Figures of merit for each application and the limitations in obtaining these are set out, and the challenges with achieving consistent and comparable measurements are addressed. We present a thorough discussion of the limitations of n-type materials, particularly their ambient operational instability, and suggest synthetic methods to overcome these. This instability originates from the oxidation of the negative polaron of the organic semiconductor (OSC) by water and oxygen, the potentials of which commonly fall within the electrochemical window of n-type OSCs, and consequently require a LUMO level deeper than ∼-4 eV for a material with ambient stability. Recent high performing n-type materials are detailed for each application and their design principles are discussed to explain how synthetic modifications can enhance performance. This can be achieved through a number of strategies, including utilising an electron deficient acceptor-acceptor backbone repeat unit motif, introducing electron-withdrawing groups or heteroatoms, rigidification and planarisation of the polymer backbone and through increasing the conjugation length. By studying the fundamental synthetic design principles which have been employed to date, this review highlights a path to the development of promising polymers for n-type OSC applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Griggs
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Helen Bristow
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
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11
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Zhu F, Schmidt OG. Editorial for a special issue “Nano energy materials and devices for miniaturized electronics and smart systems”. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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