1
|
Xu C, Wang D. Theoretical Perspective of Enhancing Order in n-Doped Thermoelectric Polymers through Side Chain Engineering: The Interplay of Counterion-Backbone Interaction and Side Chain Steric Hindrance. Nano Lett 2024; 24:1776-1783. [PMID: 38284760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymers doped with n-type dopants are widely sought after for their potential in organic thermoelectric devices. However, the existing structural disorder significantly hampers their charge transport and thermoelectric performance. In this Letter, we propose a mechanism to mitigate this disorder through side chain engineering. Utilizing molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that strong Coulomb interactions between counterions and charged polymer backbones induce a transition in the stacking arrangement of the polymer backbones from a slipped to a vertical configuration. However, the presence of side chain steric hindrance impedes the formation of closely packed and ordered vertical stacking arrangements, resulting in greater distances between adjacent backbones and a higher level of structural disorder in the doped films. Therefore, we propose minimizing side chain steric hindrance to enhance the structural order in doped films. Our findings provide essential insights for advancing high-performance thermoelectric polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Xu
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Deng S, Kuang Y, Liu L, Liu X, Liu J, Li J, Meng B, Di CA, Hu J, Liu J. High-Performance and Ecofriendly Organic Thermoelectrics Enabled by N-Type Polythiophene Derivatives with Doping-Induced Molecular Order. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2309679. [PMID: 38051134 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability of n-type polymer thermoelectric materials to tolerate high doping loading limits further development of n-type polymer conductivity. Herein, two alcohol-soluble n-type polythiophene derivatives that are n-PT3 and n-PT4 are reported. Due to the ability of two polymers to tolerate doping loading more significantly than 100 mol%, both achieve electrical conductivity >100 S cm-1 . Moreover, the conductivity of both polythiophenes remains almost constant at high doping concentrations with excellent doping tunability, which may be related to their ability to overcome charging-induced backbone torsion and morphology change caused by saturated doping. The characterizations reveal that n-PT4 has a high doping level and carrier concentration (>3.10 × 1020 cm-3 ), and the carrier concentration continues to increase as the doping concentration increases. In addition, doping leads to improved crystal structure of n-PT4, and the crystallinity does not decrease significantly with increasing doping concentration; even the carrier mobility increases with it. The synergistic effect of these two leads to both n-PT3 and n-PT4 achieving a breakthrough of 100 in conductivity and power factor. The DMlmC-doped n-PT4 achieves a power factor of over 150 µW m-1 K-2 . These values are among the highest for n-type organic thermoelectric materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sihui Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yazhuo Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Liyao Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Li
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Bin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Chong-An Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Junli Hu
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Deng S, Liu J, Meng B, Liu J, Wang L. A Highly Conductive n-Type Polythiophene Derivative: Effect of Molecular Weight on n-Doping Behavior and Thermoelectric Performance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:45190-45200. [PMID: 37703173 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Here, we examine the impact of the molecular weight of an n-type conjugated polymer (n-PT2) on molecular doping and thermoelectric parameters. Two common dopants TDAE and N-DMBI with different doping mechanisms are used for molecular doping of n-PT2. It turns out that n-PT2 with a higher molecular weight is more miscible with the dopant, leading to more charge carriers. Moreover, the crystal structures and morphology of n-PT2 with a higher molecular weight are more tolerant against the intrusion of dopant molecules and charging. Finally, these factors work in synergy to endow the doped n-PT2 with the best conductivity and power factor (144 S cm-1/75.0 μW m-1 K-2 and 75.4 S cm-1/98.5 μW m-1 K-2 after doping by TDAE and N-DMBI, respectively). This study indicates that regulating the molecular weight allows for synergistic regulation of conductivity and Seebeck coefficient and is a feasible means to improve the performance for a given n-type organic thermoelectric material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sihui Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Bin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang XY, Yu ZD, Lu Y, Yao ZF, Zhou YY, Pan CK, Liu Y, Wang ZY, Ding YF, Wang JY, Pei J. Density of States Engineering of n-Doped Conjugated Polymers for High Charge Transport Performances. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2300634. [PMID: 36905682 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Charge transport of conjugated polymers in functional devices closely relates to their density of states (DOS) distributions. However, systemic DOS engineering for conjugated polymers is challenging due to the lack of modulated methods and the unclear relationship between DOS and electrical properties. Here, the DOS distribution of conjugated polymers is engineered to enhance their electrical performances. The DOS distributions of polymer films are tailored using three processing solvents with different Hansen solubility parameters. The highest n-type electrical conductivity (39 ± 3 S cm-1 ), the highest power factor (63 ± 11 µW m-1 K-2 ), and the highest Hall mobility (0.14 ± 0.02 cm2 V-1 s-1 ) of the polymer (FBDPPV-OEG) are obtained in three films with three various DOS distributions, respectively. Through theoretical and experimental exploration, it is revealed that the carrier concentration and transport property of conjugated polymers can be efficiently controlled by DOS engineering, paving the way for rationally fabricating organic semiconductors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zi-Di Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ze-Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yang-Yang Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chen-Kai Pan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zi-Yuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yi-Fan Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhou D, Liao C, Peng S, Xu X, Guo Y, Xia J, Meng H, Yu L, Li R, Peng Q. Binary Blend All-Polymer Solar Cells with a Record Efficiency of 17.41% Enabled by Programmed Fluorination Both on Donor and Acceptor Blocks. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2202022. [PMID: 35748169 PMCID: PMC9376845 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite remarkable breakthrough made by virtue of "polymerized small-molecule acceptor (PSMA)" strategy recently, the limited selection pool of high-performance polymer acceptors and long-standing challenge in morphology control impede their further developments. Herein, three PSMAs of PYDT-2F, PYDT-3F, and PYDT-4F are developed by introducing different fluorine atoms on the end groups and/or bithiophene spacers to fine-tune their optoelectronic properties for high-performance PSMAs. The PSMAs exhibit narrow bandgap and energy levels that match well with PM6 donor. The fluorination promotes the crystallization of the polymer chain for enhanced electron mobility, which is further improved by following n-doping with benzyl viologen additive. Moreover, the miscibility is also improved by introducing more fluorine atoms, which promotes the intermixing with PM6 donor. Among them, PYDT-3F exhibits well-balanced high crystallinity and miscibility with PM6 donor; thus, the layer-by-layer processed PM6/PYDT-3F film obtains an optimal nanofibril morphology with submicron length and ≈23 nm width of fibrils, facilitating the charge separation and transport. The resulting PM6/PYDT-3F devices realizes a record high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.41% and fill factor of 77.01%, higher than the PM6/PYDT-2F (PCE = 16.25%) and PM6/PYDT-4F (PCE = 16.77%) devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dehong Zhou
- College of ChemistryKey Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu610065P. R. China
| | - Chentong Liao
- School of Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu610065P. R. China
| | - Shaoqian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and ProcessingCenter of Smart Materials and DevicesWuhan University of TechnologyWuhan430070China
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu610065P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Division of Physics and Applied PhysicsSchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University21 Nanyang LinkSingapore637371Singapore
| | - Jianlong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and ProcessingCenter of Smart Materials and DevicesWuhan University of TechnologyWuhan430070China
| | - Huifeng Meng
- School of Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu610065P. R. China
| | - Liyang Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu610065P. R. China
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II Brookhaven National LabSuffolkUptonNY 11973USA
| | - Qiang Peng
- College of ChemistryKey Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu610065P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu610065P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Saeedifard F, Lungwitz D, Yu ZD, Schneider S, Mansour AE, Opitz A, Barlow S, Toney MF, Pei J, Koch N, Marder SR. Use of a Multiple Hydride Donor To Achieve an n-Doped Polymer with High Solvent Resistance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:33598-33605. [PMID: 35822714 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ability to insolubilize doped semiconducting polymer layers can help enable the fabrication of efficient multilayer solution-processed electronic and optoelectronic devices. Here, we present a promising approach to simultaneously n-dope and largely insolubilize conjugated polymer films using tetrakis[{4-(1,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)phenoxy}methyl]methane (tetrakis-O-DMBI-H), which consists of four 2,3-dihydro-1H-benzoimidazole (DMBI-H) n-dopant moieties covalently linked to one another. Doping a thiophene-fused benzodifurandione-based oligo(p-phenylenevinylene)-co-thiophene polymer (TBDOPV-T) with tetrakis-O-DMBI-H results in a highly n-doped film with bulk conductivity of 15 S cm-1. Optical absorption spectra provide evidence for film retention of ∼93% after immersion in o-dichlorobenzene for 5 min. The optical absorption signature of the charge carriers in the n-doped polymer decreases only slightly more than that of the neutral polymer under these conditions, indicating that the exposure to solvent also results in negligible dedoping of the film. Moreover, thermal treatment studies on a tetrakis-O-DMBI-H-doped TBDOPV-T film in contact with another undoped polymer film indicate immobilization of the molecular dopant in TBDOPV-T. This is attributed to the multiple electrostatic interactions between each dopant tetracation and up to four nearby anionic doped polymer segments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Saeedifard
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Dominique Lungwitz
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zi-Di Yu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sebastian Schneider
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light Source, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- School of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ahmed E Mansour
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Michael F Toney
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Jian Pei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang J, Fu Q, Yu J, Yang H, Hao Z, Zhu F, Ouyang G. An ultrafast and facile nondestructive strategy to convert various inefficient commercial nanocarbons to highly active Fenton-like catalysts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2114138119. [PMID: 35017300 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114138119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fenton-like process catalyzed by metal-free materials is one promising strategy for water purification, but to develop catalysts with adequate activity, complicated preparation/modification processes and harsh conditions are always needed, greatly increasing the costs for industrialization. Herein, we developed an ultrafast and facile strategy to convert various inefficient commercial nanocarbons into highly active catalysts by noncovalent functionalization with polyethylenimine (PEI). The n-doping by PEI could create net charge on the carbon plane and greatly enhance the electron mobility, rendering the catalyst much higher persulfate activation efficiency. Such interface engineering represents an innovative, simple, yet effective, strategy for boosting activities of nanocarbons, providing a conceptual advance to design cost-effective and highly efficient catalysts in environmental remediation, chemical synthesis, and fuel-cell applications. The Fenton-like process catalyzed by metal-free materials presents one of the most promising strategies to deal with the ever-growing environmental pollution. However, to develop improved catalysts with adequate activity, complicated preparation/modification processes and harsh conditions are always needed. Herein, we proposed an ultrafast and facile strategy to convert various inefficient commercial nanocarbons into highly active catalysts by noncovalent functionalization with polyethylenimine (PEI). The modified catalysts could be in situ fabricated by direct addition of PEI aqueous solution into the nanocarbon suspensions within 30 s and without any tedious treatment. The unexpectedly high catalytic activity is even superior to that of the single-atom catalyst and could reach as high as 400 times higher than the pristine carbon material. Theoretical and experimental results reveal that PEI creates net negative charge via intermolecular charge transfer, rendering the catalyst higher persulfate activation efficiency.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee J, Bang S, Park HJ, Park DY, Park C, Duong NT, Won YS, Jang J, Oh HM, Choi SH, Kim KK, Jeong MS. Interface Trap Suppression and Electron Doping in Van der Waals Materials Using Cross-Linked Poly(vinylpyrrolidone). ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:55489-55497. [PMID: 34761893 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The instability of van der Waals (vdW) materials leads to spontaneous morphological and chemical transformations in the air. Although the passivation of vdW materials with other resistive materials is often used to solve stability issues, this passivation layer can block carrier injection and thus interfere with charge transfer doping. In this study, a facile method is proposed for n-doping and mediation of Se vacancies in tungsten diselenide (WSe2) by poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) coating. The major carrier type of the PVP-coated WSe2-based field-effect transistor (FET) was converted from hole (p-type) to electron (n-type). Furthermore, the vacancy-induced interface trap density was reduced by approximately 500 times. This study provides a practical doping and passivation method for the van der Waals materials, as well as a comprehensive understanding of the chemical reaction and electronic transport in these materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juchan Lee
- Department of Physics, Hanyang University (HYU), Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungho Bang
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jung Park
- Department of Physics, Hanyang University (HYU), Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Park
- Department of Physics, Hanyang University (HYU), Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulho Park
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Thanh Duong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Viet Nam
| | - Yo Seob Won
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiseong Jang
- Department of Physics, Hanyang University (HYU), Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Min Oh
- Department of Physics, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Ho Choi
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Kang Kim
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun Seok Jeong
- Department of Physics, Hanyang University (HYU), Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University (HYU), Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ali A, Kim SY, Hussain M, Jaffery SHA, Dastgeer G, Hussain S, Anh BTP, Eom J, Lee BH, Jung J. Deep-Ultraviolet (DUV)-Induced Doping in Single Channel Graphene for Pn-Junction. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11113003. [PMID: 34835767 PMCID: PMC8623685 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The electronic properties of single-layer, CVD-grown graphene were modulated by deep ultraviolet (DUV) light irradiation in different radiation environments. The graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs), exposed to DUV in air and pure O2, exhibited p-type doping behavior, whereas those exposed in vacuum and pure N2 gas showed n-type doping. The degree of doping increased with DUV exposure time. However, n-type doping by DUV in vacuum reached saturation after 60 min of DUV irradiation. The p-type doping by DUV in air was observed to be quite stable over a long period in a laboratory environment and at higher temperatures, with little change in charge carrier mobility. The p-doping in pure O2 showed ~15% de-doping over 4 months. The n-type doping in pure N2 exhibited a high doping effect but was highly unstable over time in a laboratory environment, with very marked de-doping towards a pristine condition. A lateral pn-junction of graphene was successfully implemented by controlling the radiation environment of the DUV. First, graphene was doped to n-type by DUV in vacuum. Then the n-type graphene was converted to p-type by exposure again to DUV in air. The n-type region of the pn-junction was protected from DUV by a thick double-coated PMMA layer. The photocurrent response as a function of Vg was investigated to study possible applications in optoelectronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asif Ali
- HMC (Hybrid Materials Center), Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (A.A.); (M.H.); (S.H.A.J.); (S.H.); (B.T.P.A.)
| | - So-Young Kim
- Center for Semiconductor Technology Convergence, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Cheongam-ro 77, Nam-gu, Pohang 37673, Korea; (S.-Y.K.); (B.H.L.)
| | - Muhammad Hussain
- HMC (Hybrid Materials Center), Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (A.A.); (M.H.); (S.H.A.J.); (S.H.); (B.T.P.A.)
| | - Syed Hassan Abbas Jaffery
- HMC (Hybrid Materials Center), Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (A.A.); (M.H.); (S.H.A.J.); (S.H.); (B.T.P.A.)
| | - Ghulam Dastgeer
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Graphene Research Institute-Texas Photonics Center International Research Center (GRI–TPC IRC), Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (G.D.); (J.E.)
| | - Sajjad Hussain
- HMC (Hybrid Materials Center), Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (A.A.); (M.H.); (S.H.A.J.); (S.H.); (B.T.P.A.)
| | - Bach Thi Phuong Anh
- HMC (Hybrid Materials Center), Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (A.A.); (M.H.); (S.H.A.J.); (S.H.); (B.T.P.A.)
| | - Jonghwa Eom
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Graphene Research Institute-Texas Photonics Center International Research Center (GRI–TPC IRC), Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (G.D.); (J.E.)
| | - Byoung Hun Lee
- Center for Semiconductor Technology Convergence, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Cheongam-ro 77, Nam-gu, Pohang 37673, Korea; (S.-Y.K.); (B.H.L.)
| | - Jongwan Jung
- HMC (Hybrid Materials Center), Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (A.A.); (M.H.); (S.H.A.J.); (S.H.); (B.T.P.A.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Araujo JJ, Brozek CK, Liu H, Merkulova A, Li X, Gamelin DR. Tunable Band-Edge Potentials and Charge Storage in Colloidal Tin-Doped Indium Oxide (ITO) Nanocrystals. ACS Nano 2021; 15:14116-14124. [PMID: 34387483 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Degenerately doped metal-oxide nanocrystals (NCs) show localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) that are tunable via their tunable excess charge-carrier densities. Modulation of excess charge carriers has also been used to control magnetism in colloidal doped metal-oxide NCs. The addition of excess delocalized conduction-band (CB) electrons can be achieved through aliovalent doping or by postsynthetic techniques such as electrochemistry or photodoping. Here, we examine the influence of charge-compensating aliovalent dopants on the potentials of excess CB electrons in free-standing colloidal degenerately doped oxide NCs, both experimentally and through modeling. Taking Sn4+:In2O3 (ITO) NCs as a model system, we use spectroelectrochemical techniques to examine differences between aliovalent doping and photodoping. We demonstrate that whereas photodoping introduces excess CB electrons by raising the Fermi level relative to the CB edge, aliovalent impurity substitution introduces excess CB electrons by stabilizing the CB edge relative to an externally defined Fermi level. Significant differences are thus observed electrochemically between spectroscopically similar delocalized CB electrons compensated by aliovalent dopants and those compensated by surface cations (e.g., protons) during photodoping. Theoretical modeling illustrates the very different potentials that arise from charge compensation via aliovalent substitution and surface charge compensation. Spectroelectrochemical titrations allow the ITO NC band-edge stabilization as a function of Sn4+ doping to be quantified. Extremely large capacitances are observed in both In2O3 and ITO NCs, making these NCs attractive for reversible charge-storage applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose J Araujo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Carl K Brozek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Anna Merkulova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Daniel R Gamelin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dini D, Salatelli E, Decker F. EQCM Analysis of the Insertion Phenomena in a n-Doped Poly-Alkyl-Terthiophene With Regioregular Pattern of Substitution. Front Chem 2021; 9:711426. [PMID: 34490205 PMCID: PMC8417062 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.711426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, we have undertaken the study of the n-doping process in poly-3,3″-didodecyl-2,2':5',2″-terthiophene (poly-33″-DDTT) employing the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). The present study aims at understanding how cathodic charge in n-doped poly-33″-DDTT is compensated. For this purpose, the in situ analysis of the variations of the polymeric mass has been considered. Poly-33″-DDTT was obtained as a thin coating onto a metallic substrate via the anodic coupling of the corresponding monomer 3,3″-didodecyl-2,2':5',2″-terthiophene (33″-DDTT). When subjected to electrochemical n-doping in the polarization interval -2.5 ≤ E appl ≤ 0 V vs. Ag/Ag+, the films of poly-33″-DDTT varied their mass according to a mechanism of cations insertion during n-doping and cations extraction during polymer neutralization. In fact, the electrochemical doping of polythiophenes requires the accompanying exchange of charged species to maintain the electroneutrality within the structure of the polymer in all states of polarization. At the end of a full electrochemical cycle (consisting of the n-doping and the successive neutralization of poly-33″-DDTT), the polymer retains a fraction of the mass acquired during n-doping, thus manifesting the phenomena of mass trapping. The combined analysis of electrochemical and microgravimetric data suggests that poly-33″-DDTT in the n-doped state undergoes (or electrocatalyzes) uncontrolled electrochemical reactions that are not accompanied by mass variations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Dini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Salatelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Franco Decker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xiong M, Yan X, Li JT, Zhang S, Cao Z, Prine N, Lu Y, Wang JY, Gu X, Lei T. Efficient n-Doping of Polymeric Semiconductors through Controlling the Dynamics of Solution-State Polymer Aggregates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8189-8197. [PMID: 33403799 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Doping of polymeric semiconductors limits the miscibility between polymers and dopants. Although significant efforts have been devoted to enhancing miscibility through chemical modification, the electrical conductivities of n-doped polymeric semiconductors are usually below 10 S cm-1 . We report a different approach to overcome the miscibility issue by modulating the solution-state aggregates of conjugated polymers. We found that the solution-state aggregates of conjugated polymers not only changed with solvent and temperature but also changed with solution aging time. Modulating the solution-state polymer aggregates can directly influence their solid-state microstructures and miscibility with dopants. As a result, both high doping efficiency and high charge-carrier mobility were simultaneously obtained. The n-doped electrical conductivity of P(PzDPP-CT2) can be tuned up to 32.1 S cm-1 . This method can also be used to improve the doping efficiency of other polymer systems (e.g. N2200) with different aggregation tendencies and behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xinwen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jia-Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Cao
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Nathaniel Prine
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Yang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lu Y, Yu ZD, Un HI, Yao ZF, You HY, Jin W, Li L, Wang ZY, Dong BW, Barlow S, Longhi E, Di CA, Zhu D, Wang JY, Silva C, Marder SR, Pei J. Persistent Conjugated Backbone and Disordered Lamellar Packing Impart Polymers with Efficient n-Doping and High Conductivities. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2005946. [PMID: 33251668 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processable highly conductive polymers are of great interest in emerging electronic applications. For p-doped polymers, conductivities as high a nearly 105 S cm-1 have been reported. In the case of n-doped polymers, they often fall well short of the high values noted above, which might be achievable, if much higher charge-carrier mobilities determined could be realized in combination with high charge-carrier densities. This is in part due to inefficient doping and dopant ions disturbing the ordering of polymers, limiting efficient charge transport and ultimately the achievable conductivities. Here, n-doped polymers that achieve a high conductivity of more than 90 S cm-1 by a simple solution-based co-deposition method are reported. Two conjugated polymers with rigid planar backbones, but with disordered crystalline structures, exhibit surprising structural tolerance to, and excellent miscibility with, commonly used n-dopants. These properties allow both high concentrations and high mobility of the charge carriers to be realized simultaneously in n-doped polymers, resulting in excellent electrical conductivity and thermoelectric performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zi-Di Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hio-Ieng Un
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-400, USA
| | - Ze-Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hao-Yang You
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenlong Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Liang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zi-Yuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bo-Wei Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-400, USA
| | - Elena Longhi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-400, USA
| | - Chong-An Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Daoben Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Carlos Silva
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-400, USA
- School of Physics and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-400, USA
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang S, Ruoko TP, Wang G, Riera-Galindo S, Hultmark S, Puttisong Y, Moro F, Yan H, Chen WM, Berggren M, Müller C, Fabiano S. Sequential Doping of Ladder-Type Conjugated Polymers for Thermally Stable n-Type Organic Conductors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:53003-53011. [PMID: 33179508 PMCID: PMC7735673 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Doping of organic semiconductors is a powerful tool to optimize the performance of various organic (opto)electronic and bioelectronic devices. Despite recent advances, the low thermal stability of the electronic properties of doped polymers still represents a significant obstacle to implementing these materials into practical applications. Hence, the development of conducting doped polymers with excellent long-term stability at elevated temperatures is highly desirable. Here, we report on the sequential doping of the ladder-type polymer poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) with a benzimidazole-based dopant (i.e., N-DMBI). By combining electrical, UV-vis/infrared, X-ray diffraction, and electron paramagnetic resonance measurements, we quantitatively characterized the conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, spin density, and microstructure of the sequentially doped polymer films as a function of the thermal annealing temperature. Importantly, we observed that the electrical conductivity of N-DMBI-doped BBL remains unchanged even after 20 h of heating at 190 °C. This finding is remarkable and of particular interest for organic thermoelectrics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suhao Wang
- Laboratory of Organic
Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Tero-Petri Ruoko
- Laboratory of Organic
Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Gang Wang
- Laboratory of Organic
Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Sergi Riera-Galindo
- Laboratory of Organic
Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Sandra Hultmark
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Yuttapoom Puttisong
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Fabrizio Moro
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hongping Yan
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, 94025 California, United States
| | - Weimin M. Chen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic
Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic
Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Ambipolar doping of metal oxides is critical toward broadening the functionality of semiconducting oxides in electronic devices. Most metal oxides, however, show a strong preference for a single doping polarity due to the intrinsic stability of particular defects in an oxide lattice. In this work, we demonstrate that layered metal hydroxide nanomaterials of Co and Ni, which are intrinsically p-doped in their anhydrous rock salt form, can be n-doped using n-BuLi as a strong electron donor. A combination of X-ray characterization techniques reveal that hydroxide vacancy formation, Li+ adsorption, and varying degrees of electron delocalization are responsible for the stability of injected electrons. The doped electrons induce conductivity increases of 4-6 orders of magnitude relative to the undoped M(OH)2. We anticipate that chemical electron doping of layered metal hydroxides may be a general strategy to increase carrier concentration and stability for n-doping of intrinsically p-type metal oxides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eve Y Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kuixin Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christina W Li
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tang Y, Lin B, Zhao H, Li T, Ma W, Yan H. Significance of Dopant/Component Miscibility to Efficient N-Doping in Polymer Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:13021-13028. [PMID: 32081012 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The uncertain dopant location in the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) film hinders the wide application of molecular doping in polymer solar cells (PSCs) as is in other organic devices. It is known that the interaction between the dopant and component governs the dopant distribution in the BHJ film and thus largely controls the effectiveness of molecular doping. After excluding the strong dopant/component interaction by forming the charge-transfer complex in the solution, we estimate the dopant/component miscibility by calculating the difference of Hansen's total solubility parameters (△δi-Hansen) and prove its correctness by contact angle measurements, and two model systems of poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophe-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1',3'-di-2-thienyl-5',7'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1',2'-c:4',5'-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione))] (PBDB-T)/poly{[N,N'-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5'-(2,2'-bithiophene)} (N2200) and poly[4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)-thiophene-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b;4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-(4-(2-ethylhexyl)-3-fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene-)-2-carboxylate-2-6-diyl]] (PCE10)/N2200 are selected to reveal the miscibility-photovoltaic performance relations. Only the material combination with large △δi-Hansen between the n-dopant (4-(1,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)phenyl)dimethylamine (N-DMBI) and the donor polymer achieves enhanced photovoltaic performance. After that, we examine the doped morphology of polymer blends. Since the polymers' crystallizations are negatively affected by N-DMBI addition, we ensure the significance of n-doping on the enhanced device performance. Besides the dopant/polymer interaction, the solvent/polymer and solvent/dopant interactions are also considered to evaluate the kinetic effect on N-DMBI distribution by drawing the ternary phase diagram. We conclude that the kinetic morphological evolution does not change the miscibility-governed N-DMBI distribution in the BHJ film. Finally, we provide a direct relationship between the N-DMBI position and the device property by fabricating the bilayer devices. The enhancement of photovoltaic performances is observed in both material systems only if the N-DMBI distributes in N2200. Our work outlines a basis for using the dopant/component interaction and ternary phase diagram to predict the dopant distribution before extensive experiments. It significantly reduces the trial-and-error work and increases the reliability of molecularly doped PSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Baojun Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Hanzhang Zhao
- Center of Spintronics and Quantum Systems, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Center of Spintronics and Quantum Systems, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Han Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dong C, Meng B, Liu J, Wang L. B ← N Unit Enables n-Doping of Conjugated Polymers for Thermoelectric Application. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:10428-10433. [PMID: 32058689 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Only very few conjugated polymers can be n-doped for thermoelectric applications. In this work, for the first time, we report that incorporation of Boron-Nitrogen coordination bond (B ← N unit) to a donor-acceptor (D-A) type conjugated polymer enable n-doping for thermoelectric application. The incorporation of B ← N unit into the polymer backbone leads to not only a downshift of LUMO/HOMO energy levels by 0.27 eV/0.33 eV, but also diminished intramolecular D-A character of the polymer backbone. As a result, while the control polymer cannot be n-doped, the polymer containing B ← N unit (PI-BN) can be n-doped by 4-(1,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-N,N-dimethylaniline (N-DMBI). Finally, PI-BN exhibits an electrical conductivity (σ) of 0.97 × 10-3 S cm-1, Seebeck coefficient (S) of -453.8 μV K-1, and power factor (PF) of 0.02 μW m-1 K-2 when doped with 5 wt % N-DMBI. A great advantage of PI-BN is its excellent miscibility with the n-dopant because of its amorphous nature and large pendent substituents. This work indicates that organoboron polymers can be n-doped and can be used for thermoelectrics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changshuai Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Bin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yavuz S, Loran EM, Sarkar N, Fenning DP, Bandaru PR. Enhanced Environmental Stability Coupled with a 12.5% Power Conversion Efficiency in an Aluminum Oxide-Encapsulated n-Graphene/p-Silicon Solar Cell. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:37181-37187. [PMID: 30280565 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A significant improvement in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and the environmental stability of n-Graphene/p-Si solar cells is indicated through effective n-doping of graphene, using low work function oxide capping layers. AlO x, deposited through atomic layer deposition, is particularly effective for such doping and in addition serves as an antireflection coating and a cell encapsulating layer. It is shown that the related charge transfer doping and interfacial engineering was crucial to achieve a record PCE of 12.5%. The work indicates a path forward, through work function engineering, for further efficiency gains in Gr-based solar cells.
Collapse
|
19
|
Kang Q, Yang B, Xu Y, Xu B, Hou J. Printable MoO x Anode Interlayers for Organic Solar Cells. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1801718. [PMID: 30009472 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Currently, solution-processed MoOx anode interfacial layers (AILs) can only be fabricated by the spin-coating method in organic solar cells (OSCs), which severely limits their use in practical productions where large-area printing techniques are used. Herein, a facile method is demonstrated to prepare highly conductive MoOx (denoted EG:Mo) that can be processed by printing methods such as wire-bar and blade coatings. The EG:Mo films are prepared by depositing an aqueous solution containing ammonium heptamolybdate (VI) tetrahydrate (NMo) and ethylene glycol (EG) and annealing at 200 °C. UV-vis absorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements confirm that Mo (VI) can be reduced to Mo (V) by EG, resulting in the n-doped EG:Mo. Using the EG:Mo as AILs, an OSC based on a PB3T:IT-M active layer exhibits a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.1%, which is comparable to that of the PEDOT:PSS modified devices. More importantly, EG:Mo AILs can be processed by wire-bar and blade-coating methods, and the corresponding devices show PCEs of 11.9% and 11.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the EG:Mo AIL is processed by wire-bar coating to fabricate a large area device (1.0 cm2 ), and a PCE of 10.1% is achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Bei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ye Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Bowei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Neupane GP, Tran MD, Yun SJ, Kim H, Seo C, Lee J, Han GH, Sood AK, Kim J. Simple Chemical Treatment to n-Dope Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides and Enhance the Optical and Electrical Characteristics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:11950-11958. [PMID: 28303716 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The optical and electrical properties of monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides (1L-TMDs) are critically influenced by two dimensionally confined exciton complexes. Although extensive studies on controlling the optical properties of 1L-TMDs through external doping or defect engineering have been carried out, the effects of excess charges, defects, and the populations of exciton complexes on the light emission of 1L-TMDs are not yet fully understood. Here, we present a simple chemical treatment method for n-dope 1L-TMDs, which also enhances their optical and electrical properties. We show that dipping 1Ls of MoS2, WS2, and WSe2, whether exfoliated or grown by chemical vapor deposition, into methanol for several hours can increase the electron density and also can reduce the defects, resulting in the enhancement of their photoluminescence, light absorption, and the carrier mobility. This methanol treatment was effective for both n- and p-type 1L-TMDs, suggesting that the surface restructuring around structural defects by methanol is responsible for the enhancement of optical and electrical characteristics. Our results have revealed a simple process for external doping that can enhance both the optical and electrical properties of 1L-TMDs and help us understand how the exciton emission in 1L-TMDs can be modulated by chemical treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guru P Neupane
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Minh Dao Tran
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Joon Yun
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Changwon Seo
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jubok Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Gang Hee Han
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - A K Sood
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Jeongyong Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chueh CC, Li CZ, Ding F, Li Z, Cernetic N, Li X, Jen AKY. Doping Versatile n-Type Organic Semiconductors via Room Temperature Solution-Processable Anionic Dopants. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:1136-1144. [PMID: 27966345 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b14375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we describe a facile solution-processing method to effectively dope versatile n-type organic semiconductors, including fullerene, n-type small molecules, and graphene by commercially available ammonium and phosphonium salts via in situ anion-induced electron transfer. In addition to the Lewis basicity of anions, we unveiled that the ionic binding strength between the cation and anion of the salts is also crucial in modulating the electron transfer strength of the dopants to affect the resulting doping efficiency. Furthermore, combined with the rational design of n-type molecules, an n-doped organic semiconductor is demonstrated to be thermally and environmentally stable. This finding provides a simple and generally applicable method to make highly efficient n-doped conductors which complements the well-established p-doped organics such as PEDOT:PSS for organic electronic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Chen Chueh
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Chang-Zhi Li
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Feizhi Ding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Zhong'an Li
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Nathan Cernetic
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alex K-Y Jen
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Physics & Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon, Hong Kong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang S, Sun H, Ail U, Vagin M, Persson POÅ, Andreasen JW, Thiel W, Berggren M, Crispin X, Fazzi D, Fabiano S. Thermoelectric Properties of Solution-Processed n-Doped Ladder-Type Conducting Polymers. Adv Mater 2016; 28:10764-10771. [PMID: 27787927 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ladder-type "torsion-free" conducting polymers (e.g., polybenzimidazobenzophenanthroline (BBL)) can outperform "structurally distorted" donor-acceptor polymers (e.g., P(NDI2OD-T2)), in terms of conductivity and thermoelectric power factor. The polaron delocalization length is larger in BBL than in P(NDI2OD-T2), resulting in a higher measured polaron mobility. Structure-function relationships are drawn, setting material-design guidelines for the next generation of conducting thermoelectric polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suhao Wang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Hengda Sun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Ujwala Ail
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mikhail Vagin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Per O Å Persson
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jens W Andreasen
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Walter Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Huang Y, Zheng W, Qiu Y, Hu P. Effects of Organic Molecules with Different Structures and Absorption Bandwidth on Modulating Photoresponse of MoS2 Photodetector. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:23362-23370. [PMID: 27530058 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Organic dye molecules possessing modulated optical absorption bandwidth and molecular structures can be utilized as sensitizing species for the enhancement of photodetector performance of semiconductor via photoinduced charge transfer mechanism. MoS2 photodetector were modified by drop-casting of methyl orange (MO), rhodamine 6G (R6G), and methylene blue (MB) with different molecular structures and extinction coefficients, and enhanced photodetector performance in terms of photocurrent, photoresponsity, photodetectivity, and external quantum efficiency were obtained after modification of MO, R6G, and MB, respectively. Furthermore, dyes showed different modulating abilities for photodetector performance after combination with MoS2, mainly due to the variation of molecular structures and optical absorption bandwidth. Among tested dyes, deposition of MB onto monolayer MoS2 grown by CVD resulted in photocurrent ∼20 times as high as pristine MoS2 due to favorable photoinduced charge transfer of photoexcited electrons from flat MB molecules to the MoS2 layer. Meanwhile, the corresponding photoresponsivity, photodetectivity, and an external quantum efficiency are 9.09 A W(1-), 2.2 × 10(11) Jones, 1729% at 610 nm, respectively. Photoinduced electron-transfer measurements of the pristine MoS2 and dye-modified MoS2 indicated the n-doping effect of dye molecules on the MoS2. Additionally, surface-enhanced Raman measurements also confirmed the direct correlation with charge transfer between organic dyes and MoS2 taking into account the chemically enhanced Raman scattering mechanism. Present work provides a new clue for the manipulation of high-performance of two-dimensional layered semiconductor-based photodetector via the combination of organic dyes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Huang
- Key Lab of Microsystem and Microstructure, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology , No. 2 YiKuang Street, Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Key Lab of Microsystem and Microstructure, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology , No. 2 YiKuang Street, Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Yunfeng Qiu
- Key Lab of Microsystem and Microstructure, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology , No. 2 YiKuang Street, Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - PingAn Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System (HIT) , Harbin 150080, P.R. China
- Key Lab of Microsystem and Microstructure, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology , No. 2 YiKuang Street, Harbin 150080, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nanda G, Goswami S, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Alkemade PFA. Defect Control and n-Doping of Encapsulated Graphene by Helium-Ion-Beam Irradiation. Nano Lett 2015; 15:4006-4012. [PMID: 25965300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We study with Raman spectroscopy the influences of He(+) bombardment and the environment on beam-induced defects in graphene encapsulated in hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). We show for the first time experimentally the autonomous behavior of the D' defect Raman peak: in contrast to the D defect peak, the D' defect peak is sensitive to the local environment. In particular, it saturates with ion dose in the encapsulated graphene. Electrical measurements reveal n-type conduction in the BN-encapsulated graphene. We conclude that unbound atoms ("interfacials") between the sp(2)-layers of graphene and h-BN promote self-healing of the beam-induced lattice damage and that nitrogen-carbon exchange leads to n-doping of graphene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Nanda
- †Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Srijit Goswami
- †Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- ‡National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- ‡National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Paul F A Alkemade
- †Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang H, Wei P, Li Y, Han J, Lee HR, Naab BD, Liu N, Wang C, Adijanto E, Tee BCK, Morishita S, Li Q, Gao Y, Cui Y, Bao Z. Tuning the threshold voltage of carbon nanotube transistors by n-type molecular doping for robust and flexible complementary circuits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:4776-81. [PMID: 24639537 PMCID: PMC3977307 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1320045111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuning the threshold voltage of a transistor is crucial for realizing robust digital circuits. For silicon transistors, the threshold voltage can be accurately controlled by doping. However, it remains challenging to tune the threshold voltage of single-wall nanotube (SWNT) thin-film transistors. Here, we report a facile method to controllably n-dope SWNTs using 1H-benzoimidazole derivatives processed via either solution coating or vacuum deposition. The threshold voltages of our polythiophene-sorted SWNT thin-film transistors can be tuned accurately and continuously over a wide range. Photoelectron spectroscopy measurements confirmed that the SWNT Fermi level shifted to the conduction band edge with increasing doping concentration. Using this doping approach, we proceeded to fabricate SWNT complementary inverters by inkjet printing of the dopants. We observed an unprecedented noise margin of 28 V at V(DD) = 80 V (70% of 1/2V(DD)) and a gain of 85. Additionally, robust SWNT complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor inverter (noise margin 72% of 1/2VDD) and logic gates with rail-to-rail output voltage swing and subnanowatt power consumption were fabricated onto a highly flexible substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chenggong Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627
| | | | | | | | | | - Yongli Gao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627
| | - Yi Cui
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li CZ, Chueh CC, Ding F, Yip HL, Liang PW, Li X, Jen AKY. Doping of fullerenes via anion-induced electron transfer and its implication for surfactant facilitated high performance polymer solar cells. Adv Mater 2013; 25:4425-4430. [PMID: 23776132 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201300580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Simple and solution-processible tetrabutyl-ammonium salts (TBAX) can dope fullerene and its derivatives to achieve conductive thin films (σ as high as 0.56 S/m). The electron transfer between the anions of TBAXs and n-type semiconductors induces doping without encountering any harsh activation. These provide valid support for the surfactant interfacial doping of fullerene in polymer solar cells for enhanced device performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Zhi Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhou C, Liu Z, Du X, Mitchell DRG, Mai YW, Yan Y, Ringer S. Hollow nitrogen-containing core/shell fibrous carbon nanomaterials as support to platinum nanocatalysts and their TEM tomography study. Nanoscale Res Lett 2012; 7:165. [PMID: 22385930 PMCID: PMC3311096 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-7-165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Core/shell nanostructured carbon materials with carbon nanofiber (CNF) as the core and a nitrogen (N)-doped graphitic layer as the shell were synthesized by pyrolysis of CNF/polyaniline (CNF/PANI) composites prepared by in situ polymerization of aniline on CNFs. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared and Raman analyses indicated that the PANI shell was carbonized at 900°C. Platinum (Pt) nanoparticles were reduced by formic acid with catalyst supports. Compared to the untreated CNF/PANI composites, the carbonized composites were proven to be better supporting materials for the Pt nanocatalysts and showed superior performance as catalyst supports for methanol electrochemical oxidation. The current density of methanol oxidation on the catalyst with the core/shell nanostructured carbon materials is approximately seven times of that on the catalyst with CNF/PANI support. TEM tomography revealed that some Pt nanoparticles were embedded in the PANI shells of the CNF/PANI composites, which might decrease the electrocatalyst activity. TEM-energy dispersive spectroscopy mapping confirmed that the Pt nanoparticles in the inner tube of N-doped hollow CNFs could be accessed by the Nafion ionomer electrolyte, contributing to the catalytic oxidation of methanol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuifeng Zhou
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Zongwen Liu
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Xusheng Du
- Centre for Advanced Materials Technology, School of Aerospace Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering J07, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | | | - Yiu-Wing Mai
- Centre for Advanced Materials Technology, School of Aerospace Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering J07, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Yushan Yan
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Simon Ringer
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|