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Liu E, Zhang Y, Wang JZ. Updates in Alzheimer's disease: from basic research to diagnosis and therapies. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:45. [PMID: 39232848 PMCID: PMC11373277 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-024-00432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, characterized pathologically by extracellular deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) into senile plaques and intracellular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) as neurofibrillary tangles. Clinically, AD patients show memory deterioration with varying cognitive dysfunctions. The exact molecular mechanisms underlying AD are still not fully understood, and there are no efficient drugs to stop or reverse the disease progression. In this review, we first provide an update on how the risk factors, including APOE variants, infections and inflammation, contribute to AD; how Aβ and tau become abnormally accumulated and how this accumulation plays a role in AD neurodegeneration. Then we summarize the commonly used experimental models, diagnostic and prediction strategies, and advances in periphery biomarkers from high-risk populations for AD. Finally, we introduce current status of development of disease-modifying drugs, including the newly officially approved Aβ vaccines, as well as novel and promising strategies to target the abnormal pTau. Together, this paper was aimed to update AD research progress from fundamental mechanisms to the clinical diagnosis and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enjie Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Endocrine, Liyuan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430077, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226000, China.
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2
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Collins HM, Greenfield S. Rodent Models of Alzheimer's Disease: Past Misconceptions and Future Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6222. [PMID: 38892408 PMCID: PMC11172947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with no effective treatments, not least due to the lack of authentic animal models. Typically, rodent models recapitulate the effects but not causes of AD, such as cholinergic neuron loss: lesioning of cholinergic neurons mimics the cognitive decline reminiscent of AD but not its neuropathology. Alternative models rely on the overexpression of genes associated with familial AD, such as amyloid precursor protein, or have genetically amplified expression of mutant tau. Yet transgenic rodent models poorly replicate the neuropathogenesis and protein overexpression patterns of sporadic AD. Seeding rodents with amyloid or tau facilitates the formation of these pathologies but cannot account for their initial accumulation. Intracerebral infusion of proinflammatory agents offer an alternative model, but these fail to replicate the cause of AD. A novel model is therefore needed, perhaps similar to those used for Parkinson's disease, namely adult wildtype rodents with neuron-specific (dopaminergic) lesions within the same vulnerable brainstem nuclei, 'the isodendritic core', which are the first to degenerate in AD. Site-selective targeting of these nuclei in adult rodents may recapitulate the initial neurodegenerative processes in AD to faithfully mimic its pathogenesis and progression, ultimately leading to presymptomatic biomarkers and preventative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M. Collins
- Neuro-Bio Ltd., Building F5 The Culham Campus, Abingdon OX14 3DB, UK;
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3
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Pádua MS, Guil-Guerrero JL, Prates JAM, Lopes PA. Insights on the Use of Transgenic Mice Models in Alzheimer's Disease Research. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2805. [PMID: 38474051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia, presents a significant global health challenge with no known cure to date. Central to our understanding of AD pathogenesis is the β-amyloid cascade hypothesis, which underlies drug research and discovery efforts. Despite extensive studies, no animal models of AD have completely validated this hypothesis. Effective AD models are essential for accurately replicating key pathological features of the disease, notably the formation of β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. These pathological markers are primarily driven by mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 (PS1) genes in familial AD (FAD) and by tau protein mutations for the tangle pathology. Transgenic mice models have been instrumental in AD research, heavily relying on the overexpression of mutated APP genes to simulate disease conditions. However, these models do not entirely replicate the human condition of AD. This review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the historical and ongoing research efforts in AD, particularly through the use of transgenic mice models. It is focused on the benefits gathered from these transgenic mice models in understanding β-amyloid toxicity and the broader biological underpinnings of AD. Additionally, the review critically assesses the application of these models in the preclinical testing of new therapeutic interventions, highlighting the gap between animal models and human clinical realities. This analysis underscores the need for refinement in AD research methodologies to bridge this gap and enhance the translational value of preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Soares Pádua
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José L Guil-Guerrero
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - José A M Prates
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Alexandra Lopes
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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Nystuen KL, McNamee SM, Akula M, Holton KM, DeAngelis MM, Haider NB. Alzheimer's Disease: Models and Molecular Mechanisms Informing Disease and Treatments. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:45. [PMID: 38247923 PMCID: PMC10813760 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease resulting in progressive loss of memory, language and motor abilities caused by cortical and hippocampal degeneration. This review captures the landscape of understanding of AD pathology, diagnostics, and current therapies. Two major mechanisms direct AD pathology: (1) accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) plaque and (2) tau-derived neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). The most common variants in the Aβ pathway in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 are largely responsible for early-onset AD (EOAD), while MAPT, APOE, TREM2 and ABCA7 have a modifying effect on late-onset AD (LOAD). More recent studies implicate chaperone proteins and Aβ degrading proteins in AD. Several tests, such as cognitive function, brain imaging, and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and blood tests, are used for AD diagnosis. Additionally, several biomarkers seem to have a unique AD specific combination of expression and could potentially be used in improved, less invasive diagnostics. In addition to genetic perturbations, environmental influences, such as altered gut microbiome signatures, affect AD. Effective AD treatments have been challenging to develop. Currently, there are several FDA approved drugs (cholinesterase inhibitors, Aß-targeting antibodies and an NMDA antagonist) that could mitigate AD rate of decline and symptoms of distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaden L. Nystuen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Shannon M. McNamee
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Monica Akula
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kristina M. Holton
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Margaret M. DeAngelis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Neena B. Haider
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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5
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Kim TA, Syty MD, Wu K, Ge S. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis and its impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Zool Res 2022; 43:481-496. [PMID: 35503338 PMCID: PMC9113964 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2021.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is the creation of new neurons which integrate into the existing neural circuit of the adult brain. Recent evidence suggests that adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) persists throughout life in mammals, including humans. These newborn neurons have been implicated to have a crucial role in brain functions such as learning and memory. Importantly, studies have also found that hippocampal neurogenesis is impaired in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia affecting millions of people. Cognitive dysfunction is a common symptom of AD patients and progressive memory loss has been attributed to the degeneration of the hippocampus. Therefore, there has been growing interest in identifying how hippocampal neurogenesis is affected in AD. However, the link between cognitive decline and changes in hippocampal neurogenesis in AD is poorly understood. In this review, we summarized the recent literature on AHN and its impairments in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Kim
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Renaissance School of Medicine at SUNY, Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Michelle D Syty
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Wu
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Shaoyu Ge
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. E-mail:
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Klonarakis M, De Vos M, Woo E, Ralph L, Thacker JS, Gil-Mohapel J. The three sisters of fate: Genetics, pathophysiology and outcomes of animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 135:104541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Cacabelos R, Carrera I, Martínez-Iglesias O, Cacabelos N, Naidoo V. What is the gold standard model for Alzheimer's disease drug discovery and development? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1415-1440. [PMID: 34330186 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1960502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Alzheimer's disease models (ADMs) are currently used for drug development (DD). More than 20,000 molecules were screened for AD treatment over decades, with only one drug (Aducanumab)FDA-approved over the past 18 years. A revision of pathogenic concepts and ADMs are needed.Areas covered: The authors discuss herein preclinical models including: (i) in vitro models (cell lines, primary neuron cell cultures, iPSC-derived brain cells), (ii) ex vivo models, and (iii) in vivo models (artificial, transgenic, non-transgenic and induced).Expert opinion: The following types of ADMs have been reported: Mouse models (45.08%), Rat models (15.04%), Non-human Primate models (0.76%), Rabbit models (0.46%), Cat models (0.53%), Pig models (0.30%), Guinea pig models (0.15%), Octodon degu models (0.02%), Dog models (0.54%), Drosophila melanogaster models (1.79%), Zebrafish models (0.50%), Caenorhabditis elegans (1.21%), Cell culture models (3.31%), Cholinergic models (8.26%), Neurotoxic models (6.79%), Neuroinflammation models (6.92%), Neurovascular models (7.88%), and Microbiome models (0.45%).No single ADM faithfully reproduces all the pathogenic events in the human AD phenotype spectrum. ADMs should be different for (i) pathogenic studies vs basic DD, and (ii) preventive interventions vs symptomatic treatments. There cannot be an ideal ADM for DD, because AD is a spectrum of syndromes. DD can integrate pathogenic, mechanistic, metabolic, transporter and pleiotropic genes in a multisystem model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- Departments of Genomic Medicine, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Iván Carrera
- Health Biotechnology, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Olaia Martínez-Iglesias
- Medical Epigenetics, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Natalia Cacabelos
- Medical Documentation, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Vinogran Naidoo
- Basic Neuroscience, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Bergondo, Spain
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Investigations on substituted (2-aminothiazol-5-yl)(imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)methanones for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 36:116091. [PMID: 33676335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease majorly affecting old age populations. Various factors that affect the progression of the disease include, amyloid plaque formation, neurofibrillary tangles, inflammation, oxidative stress, etc. Herein we report of a new series of substituted (2-aminothiazol-5-yl)(imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)methanones. The designed compounds were synthesized and characterized by spectral data. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity was carried out for screening of anti-inflammatory potential of synthesized compounds. All the compounds were tested for acute inflammatory activity by using carrageenan induced acute inflammation model. Compounds 10b, 10c, and 10o had shown promising acute anti-inflammatory activity and they were further tested for formalin induced chronic inflammation model. Compound 10c showed both acute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity. Compound 10c also showed promising results in AlCl3 induced AD model. Studies on various behavioral parameters suggested improved amnesic performance of compound 10c treated rats. Compound 10c treated rats also exhibited excellent antioxidant and neuroprotective effect with inherent gastrointestinal safety.
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Pathak A, Clark S, Bronfman FC, Deppmann CD, Carter BD. Long-distance regressive signaling in neural development and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2021; 10:e382. [PMID: 32391977 PMCID: PMC7655682 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nervous system development proceeds via well-orchestrated processes involving a balance between progressive and regressive events including stabilization or elimination of axons, synapses, and even entire neurons. These progressive and regressive events are driven by functionally antagonistic signaling pathways with the dominant pathway eventually determining whether a neural element is retained or removed. Many of these developmental sculpting events are triggered by final target innervation necessitating a long-distance mode of communication. While long-distance progressive signaling has been well characterized, particularly for neurotrophic factors, there remains relatively little known about how regressive events are triggered from a distance. Here we discuss the emergent phenomenon of long-distance regressive signaling pathways. In particular, we will cover (a) progressive and regressive cues known to be employed after target innervation, (b) the mechanisms of long-distance signaling from an endosomal platform, (c) recent evidence that long-distance regressive cues emanate from platforms like death receptors or repulsive axon guidance receptors, and (d) evidence that these pathways are exploited in pathological scenarios. This article is categorized under: Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: General Principles Signaling Pathways > Global Signaling Mechanisms Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Cytoplasmic Localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry and Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Shayla Clark
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Francisca C. Bronfman
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Life Science, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christopher D. Deppmann
- Departments of Biology, Cell Biology, Biomedical Engineering, and Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Bruce D. Carter
- Department of Biochemistry and Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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Lee HJ, Woo H, Lee HE, Jeon H, Ryu KY, Nam JH, Jeon SG, Park H, Lee JS, Han KM, Lee SM, Kim J, Kang RJ, Lee YH, Kim JI, Hoe HS. The novel DYRK1A inhibitor KVN93 regulates cognitive function, amyloid-beta pathology, and neuroinflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:575-595. [PMID: 32896600 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulating amyloid beta (Aβ) pathology and neuroinflammatory responses holds promise for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative and/or neuroinflammation-related diseases. In this study, the effects of KVN93, an inhibitor of dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase-1A (DYRK1A), on cognitive function and Aβ plaque levels and the underlying mechanism of action were evaluated in 5x FAD mice (a mouse model of AD). KVN93 treatment significantly improved long-term memory by enhancing dendritic synaptic function. In addition, KVN93 significantly reduced Aβ plaque levels in 5x FAD mice by regulating levels of the Aβ degradation enzymes neprilysin (NEP) and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE). Moreover, Aβ-induced microglial and astrocyte activation were significantly suppressed in the KVN-treated 5xFAD mice. KVN93 altered neuroinflammation induced by LPS in microglial cells but not primary astrocytes by regulating TLR4/AKT/STAT3 signaling, and in wild-type mice injected with LPS, KVN93 treatment reduced microglial and astrocyte activation. Overall, these results suggest that the novel DYRK1A inhibitor KVN93 is a potential therapeutic drug for regulating cognitive/synaptic function, Aβ plaque load, and neuroinflammatory responses in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Lee
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, South Korea.
| | - Hanwoong Woo
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, South Korea.
| | - Ha-Eun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea.
| | - Hyongjun Jeon
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, South Korea.
| | - Ka-Young Ryu
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, South Korea.
| | - Jin Han Nam
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, South Korea.
| | - Seong Gak Jeon
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, South Korea.
| | - HyunHee Park
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, South Korea.
| | - Ji-Soo Lee
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, South Korea.
| | - Kyung-Min Han
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, South Korea.
| | - Sang Min Lee
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, South Korea.
| | - Jeongyeon Kim
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, South Korea.
| | - Ri Jin Kang
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, South Korea.
| | - Young-Ho Lee
- Research Center of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Ochang, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28119, South Korea; Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, South Korea; Neurovascular Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Ick Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea.
| | - Hyang-Sook Hoe
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, South Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu, 42988, South Korea.
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Poon CH, Wang Y, Fung ML, Zhang C, Lim LW. Rodent Models of Amyloid-Beta Feature of Alzheimer's Disease: Development and Potential Treatment Implications. Aging Dis 2020; 11:1235-1259. [PMID: 33014535 PMCID: PMC7505263 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide and causes severe financial and social burdens. Despite much research on the pathogenesis of AD, the neuropathological mechanisms remain obscure and current treatments have proven ineffective. In the past decades, transgenic rodent models have been used to try to unravel this disease, which is crucial for early diagnosis and the assessment of disease-modifying compounds. In this review, we focus on transgenic rodent models used to study amyloid-beta pathology in AD. We also discuss their possible use as promising tools for AD research. There is still no effective treatment for AD and the development of potent therapeutics are urgently needed. Many molecular pathways are susceptible to AD, ranging from neuroinflammation, immune response, and neuroplasticity to neurotrophic factors. Studying these pathways may shed light on AD pathophysiology as well as provide potential targets for the development of more effective treatments. This review discusses the advantages and limitations of these models and their potential therapeutic implications for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Him Poon
- 1School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yingyi Wang
- 1School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man-Lung Fung
- 1School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- 2Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lee Wei Lim
- 1School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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12
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Myers A, McGonigle P. Overview of Transgenic Mouse Models for Alzheimer's Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 89:e81. [PMID: 31532917 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review describes several transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that causes progressive cognitive decline and is diagnosed postmortem by the presence of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and intraneuronal tau neurofibrillary tangles in the cerebral cortex. Currently there is no intervention that cures, prevents, or even slows disease progression. Its complex etiology and pathology pose significant challenges for animal model development, and there is no single model that faithfully recapitulates both the pathological aspects and behavioral phenotypes of AD. Nearly 200 transgenic rodent models of AD have been generated primarily based on mutations linked to Aβ protein misprocessing in the familial form of the disease. More recent models incorporate mutations in tau protein, as well as mutations associated with the sporadic form of the disease. The salient features, strengths, limitations, and key differentiators for the most commonly used and best characterized of these models are considered here. While the translational utility of many of these models to assess the potential of novel therapeutics is in dispute, knowledge of the different models available and a detailed understanding of their features can aid in the selection of the optimal model to explore disease mechanisms or evaluate candidate medications. We comment on the predictive utility of these models considering recent clinical trial failures and discuss trends and future directions in the development of models for AD based on the plethora of clinical data that have been generated over the last decade. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California
| | - Paul McGonigle
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Longitudinal Cognitive Decline in a Novel Rodent Model of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Type-1. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072348. [PMID: 32231123 PMCID: PMC7177469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a small vessel disease characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation in and around the cerebral blood vessels and capillaries and is highly comorbid with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Familial forms of CAA result from mutations within the Aβ domain of the amyloid β precursor protein (AβPP). Numerous transgenic mouse models have been generated around expression of human AβPP mutants and used to study cerebral amyloid pathologies. While behavioral deficits have been observed in many AβPP transgenic mouse lines, relative to rats, mice are limited in behavioral expression within specific cognitive domains. Recently, we generated a novel rat model, rTg-DI, which expresses Dutch/Iowa familial CAA Aβ in brain, develops progressive and robust accumulation of cerebral microvascular fibrillar Aβ beginning at 3 months, and mimics many pathological features of the human disease. The novel rTg-DI model provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the severity and forms of cognitive deficits that develop over the emergence and progression of CAA pathology. Here, we present an in-depth, longitudinal study aimed to complete a comprehensive assessment detailing phenotypic disease expression through extensive and sophisticated operant testing. Cohorts of rTg-DI and wild-type (WT) rats underwent operant testing from 6 to 12 months of age. Non-operant behavior was assessed prior to operant training at 4 months and after completion of training at 12 months. By 6 months, rTg-DI animals demonstrated speed–accuracy tradeoffs that later manifested across multiple operant tasks. rTg-DI animals also demonstrated delayed reaction times beginning at 7 months. Although non-operant assessments at 4 and 12 months indicated comparable mobility and balance, rTg-DI showed evidence of slowed environmental interaction. Overall, this suggests a form of sensorimotor slowing is the likely core functional impairment in rTg-DI rats and reflects similar deficits observed in human CAA.
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Wang L, Pei JH, Jia JX, Wang J, Song W, Fang X, Cai ZP, Huo DS, Wang H, Yang ZJ. Inhibition of oxidative stress by testosterone improves synaptic plasticity in senescence accelerated mice. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2019; 82:1061-1068. [PMID: 31746286 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1683988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that synaptic plasticity is associated with cognitive performance in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Testosterone (T) is known to exert protective effects on cognitive deficits in AD, but the underlying mechanisms of androgenic action on synaptic plasticity remain unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the protective mechanism attributed to T on synaptic plasticity in an AD senescence accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) model. The following parameters were measured: (1) number of intact pyramidal cells in hippocampal CA1 region (2) phosphorylated N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-1 (p-NMDAR1) and (3) phosphorylated calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (p-CaMKII). In addition, the content of whole brain malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were determined. Treatment with T significantly elevated the number of intact pyramidal cells in hippocampal CA1 region and markedly increased hippocampal protein and mRNA expression levels of p-NMDAR1 and p-CaMK II. Further, T significantly decreased whole brain MDA levels accompanied by elevated activities of SOD and GSH-Px. Data suggest that the protective effects of T on synaptic plasticity in a mouse AD model may be associated with reduction of oxidant stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- The Third Clinical Hospital, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Juan-Hui Pei
- Department of cardiology, Beijing Aerospace General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Xin Jia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jing Wang
- The Third Clinical Hospital, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xin Fang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Cai
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Huo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - He Wang
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Zhan-Jun Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
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Tezel G, Timur SS, Bozkurt İ, Türkoğlu ÖF, Eroğlu İ, Nemutlu E, Öner L, Eroğlu H. A Snapshot on the Current Status of Alzheimer’s Disease, Treatment Perspectives, in-Vitro and in-Vivo Research Studies and Future Opportunities. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:1030-1041. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Tezel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University
| | - Selin Seda Timur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University
| | | | - Ö. Faruk Türkoğlu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ankara Atatürk Research and Education Hospital
| | - İpek Eroğlu
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University
| | - Emirhan Nemutlu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University
| | - Levent Öner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University
| | - Hakan Eroğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University
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Pharmacological investigation of quinoxaline-bisthiazoles as multitarget-directed ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2019; 89:102992. [PMID: 31174042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.102992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent disease of old age leading to dementia. Complex AD pathogenesis involves multiple factors viz. amyloid plaque formation, neurofibrillary tangles and inflammation. Herein we report of a new series of quinoxaline-bisthiazoles as multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) targeting BACE-1 and inflammation concurrently. Virtual screening of a library of novel quinoxaline-bisthiazoles was performed by docking studies. The most active molecules from the docking library were taken up for synthesis and characterized by spectral data. Compounds 8a-8n showed BACE-1 inhibition in micro molar range. One of the compounds, 8n showed BACE-1 inhibition at IC50 of 3 ± 0.07 µM. Rat paw edema inhibition in acute and chronic models of inflammation were obtained at 69 ± 0.45% and 55 ± 0.7%, respectively. Compound 8n also showed noteworthy results in AlCl3 induced AD model. The treated rats exhibited excellent antiamnesic, antiamyloid, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. Behavioural parameters suggested improved cognitive functions which further validates the testimony of present study. Moreover, compound 8n was found to have inherent gastrointestinal safety. This new string of quinoxaline-bisthiazoles were identified as effective lead for the generation of potent MTDLs and compound 8n was found to showcase qualities to tackle AD pathogenesis.
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Yan XS, Yang ZJ, Jia JX, Song W, Fang X, Cai ZP, Huo DS, Wang H. Protective mechanism of testosterone on cognitive impairment in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:649-657. [PMID: 30632505 PMCID: PMC6352583 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.245477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease is strongly associated with a reduction in synaptic plasticity, which may be induced by oxidative stress. Testosterone is beneficial in learning and memory, although the underlying protective mechanism of testosterone on cognitive performance remains unclear. This study explored the protective mechanism of a subcutaneous injection of 0.75 mg testosterone on cognitive dysfunction induced by bilateral injections of amyloid beta 1-42 oligomers into the lateral ventricles of male rats. Morris water maze test results demonstrated that testosterone treatment remarkably reduced escape latency and path length in Alzheimer's disease rat models. During probe trials, testosterone administration significantly elevated the percentage of time spent in the target quadrant and the number of platform crossings. However, flutamide, an androgen receptor antagonist, inhibited the protective effect of testosterone on cognitive performance in Alzheimer's disease rat models. Nissl staining, immunohistochemistry, western blot assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed that the number of intact hippocampal pyramidal cells, the dendritic spine density in the hippocampal CA1 region, the immune response and expression level of postsynaptic density protein 95 in the hippocampus, and the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were increased with testosterone treatment. In contrast, testosterone treatment reduced malondialdehyde levels. Flutamide inhibited the effects of testosterone on all of these indicators. Our data showed that the protective effect of testosterone on cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease is mediated via androgen receptors to scavenge free radicals, thereby enhancing synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Sheng Yan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhan-Jun Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jian-Xin Jia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xin Fang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Cai
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Huo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - He Wang
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
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18
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Histone deacetylase inhibitors restore normal hippocampal synaptic plasticity and seizure threshold in a mouse model of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5266. [PMID: 30918308 PMCID: PMC6437206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41744-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal synaptic plasticity has been implicated in several neurological disorders including epilepsy, dementia and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that manifests with seizures, autism, and cognitive deficits. The abnormal intracellular signaling underlying TSC has been the focus of many studies. However, nothing is known about the role of histone modifications in contributing to the neurological manifestations in TSC. Dynamic regulation of chromatin structure via post translational modification of histone tails has been implicated in learning, memory and synaptic plasticity. Histone acetylation and associated gene activation plays a key role in plasticity and so we asked whether histone acetylation might be dysregulated in TSC. In this study, we report a general reduction in hippocampal histone H3 acetylation levels in a mouse model of TSC2. Pharmacological inhibition of Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) activity restores histone H3 acetylation levels and ameliorates the aberrant plasticity in TSC2+/− mice. We describe a novel seizure phenotype in TSC2+/− mice that is also normalized with HDAC inhibitors (HDACis). The results from this study suggest an unanticipated role for chromatin modification in TSC and may inform novel therapeutic strategies for TSC patients.
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19
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Deba F, Peterson S, Hamouda AK. An Animal Model to Test Reversal of Cognitive Decline Associated with Beta-Amyloid Pathologies. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2011:393-412. [PMID: 31273712 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9554-7_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Disposition of beta-amyloid peptide 1-42 (Aβ1-42) in the space around the synapses and formation of Aβ-containing aggregates known as neuritic or senile plaques are hallmark features of neurodegenerative pathologies associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). While AD is a multifactorial disease that includes other proteinopathies (e.g., hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates) and neurotransmitter disturbances (e.g., loss of cortical cholinergic innervation), Aβ (soluble or in senile plaques) remains the major undisputed factor that contributes to the pathological and behavior presentation of AD. Overproduction of Aβ and mutations in Aβ precursor (amyloid precursor protein) or enzymes involved in Aβ1-42 production and removal (γ secretase/presenilins) have been shown in cases of early onset of AD and produced AD-like pathologies in animal models. In addition, the level of soluble Aβ1-42 has been shown to correlate with cognitive impairment in animal models before the presence of senile plaques or other histological features of AD. However, much still is unknown about the biochemical processes leading to amyloid formation and its relation to the pathogenesis, neuronal damage/dysfunction, and behavioral changes associated with AD. In this article, we review animal models that have been developed to study AD-like pathologies and then provide detailed methodology to develop an acute rat model of Aβ-induced cognitive impairment. We use this model to examine the cognitive-enhancing effect of novel pharmacological interventions targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Deba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Fisch College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Steven Peterson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX, USA.
| | - Ayman K Hamouda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Fisch College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA.
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20
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Jia JX, Yan XS, Song W, Fang X, Cai ZP, Huo DS, Wang H, Yang ZJ. The protective mechanism underlying phenylethanoid glycosides (PHG) actions on synaptic plasticity in rat Alzheimer's disease model induced by beta amyloid 1-42. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:1098-1107. [PMID: 30430925 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1501861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phenylethanoid glycosides (PHG), derived from Herba cistanche, were found to exert protective effects on cognitive dysfunctions by improving synaptic plasticity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) rat model. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects of PHG on synaptic plasticity remain to be determined. Thus the aim of this study was to examine the influence of PHG on synaptic plasticity in male AD rat model induced by bilateral central nervous system ventricle injections of beta amyloid 1-42 oligomers (Aβ1-42). The following parameters were measured: (1) number of intact pyramidal cells in hippocampal CA1 region by Nissl staining, (2) post synaptic density 95 (PSD-95), phosphorylated N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-1(p-NMDAR1) and (3) phosphorylated Tau protein (p-Tau) by immunohistochemistry and western blot. In addition, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were determined. Aβ1-42 lowered the number of intact pyramidal cells in hippocampal CA1 region. In contrast, treatment with PHG significantly elevated this cell number. Aβ1-42 significantly diminished protein expression levels of PSD-95 accompanied by elevated protein expression levels of p-NMDAR1 and p-Tau. PHG markedly increased protein expression levels of PSD-95, but significantly reduced protein expression levels of p-NMDAR1 and p-Tau. Further, Aβ1-42 markedly increased MDA content concomitantly with reduced activities of SOD and GSH-Px. PHG significantly decreased MDA content accompanied by elevated activities of SOD and GSH-Px. Data suggest that the protective effects of PHG on synaptic plasticity may involve inhibition of cytotoxicity-mediated by Aβ-1-42 administration and reduction of oxidant stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Jia
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Xu-Sheng Yan
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Wei Song
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Xin Fang
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Zhi-Ping Cai
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Dong-Sheng Huo
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - He Wang
- b School of Health Sciences , University of Newcastle , Newcastle , Australia
| | - Zhan-Jun Yang
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
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21
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Nguyen PV, Gelinas JN. Noradrenergic gating of long-lasting synaptic potentiation in the hippocampus: from neurobiology to translational biomedicine. J Neurogenet 2018; 32:171-182. [DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2018.1497630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter V. Nguyen
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Alberta School of Medicine, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jennifer N. Gelinas
- Department of Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine, College of Physicians & Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY,USA
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22
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Sagar SR, Singh DP, Panchal NB, Das RD, Pandya DH, Sudarsanam V, Nivsarkar M, Vasu KK. Thiazolyl-thiadiazines as Beta Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme-1 (BACE-1) Inhibitors and Anti-inflammatory Agents: Multitarget-Directed Ligands for the Efficient Management of Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:1663-1679. [PMID: 29697965 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with multiple neuropathological events including β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE-1) inhibition and neuronal inflammation, ensuing degeneracy, and death to neuronal cells. Targeting such a complex disease via a single target directed treatment was found to be inefficacious. Hence, with an intention to incorporate multiple therapeutic effects within a single molecule, multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) have been evolved. Herein, for the first time, we report the discovery of novel thiazolyl-thiadiazines that can serve as MTDLs as evident from the in vitro and in vivo studies. These MTDLs exhibited BACE-1 inhibition down to micromolar range, and results from the in vivo studies demonstrated efficient anti-inflammatory activity with inherent gastrointestinal safety. Moreover, compound 6d unveiled noteworthy antioxidant, antiamyloid, neuroprotective, and antiamnesic properties. Overall, results of the present study manifest the potential outcome of thiazolyl-thiadiazines for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha R. Sagar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, 380054 Gujarat, India
- Institute of Pharmacy, NIRMA University, S. G. Highway,
Chandlodia, Gota, Ahmedabad, 382481 Gujarat, India
| | - Devendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, 380054 Gujarat, India
| | - Nirupa B. Panchal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, 380054 Gujarat, India
- Institute of Pharmacy, NIRMA University, S. G. Highway,
Chandlodia, Gota, Ahmedabad, 382481 Gujarat, India
| | - Rajesh D. Das
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, 380054 Gujarat, India
| | - Dhaivat H. Pandya
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, 380054 Gujarat, India
| | - Vasudevan Sudarsanam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, 380054 Gujarat, India
| | - Manish Nivsarkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, 380054 Gujarat, India
| | - Kamala K. Vasu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, 380054 Gujarat, India
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23
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No evidence in support of a prodromal respiratory control signature in the TgF344-AD rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2018; 265:55-67. [PMID: 29969703 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition disturbing major brain networks, including those pivotal to the motor control of breathing. The aim of this study was to examine respiratory control in the TgF344-AD transgenic rat model of AD. At 8-11 months of age, basal minute ventilation and ventilatory responsiveness to chemostimulation were equivalent in conscious wild-type (WT) and TgF344-AD rats. Under urethane anesthesia, basal diaphragm and genioglossus EMG activities were similar in WT and TgF344-AD rats. The duration of phenylbiguanide-induced apnoea was significantly shorter in TgF344-AD rats compared with WT. Following bilateral cervical vagotomy, diaphragm and genioglossus EMG responsiveness to chemostimulation were intact in TgF344-AD rats. Amyloid precursor protein C-terminal fragments were elevated in the TgF344-AD brainstem, in the absence of amyloid-β accumulation or alterations in tau phosphorylation. Brainstem pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations were not increased in TgF344-AD rats. We conclude that neural control of breathing is preserved in TgF344-AD rats at this stage of the disease.
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Smolek T, Jadhav S, Brezovakova V, Cubinkova V, Valachova B, Novak P, Zilka N. First-in-Rat Study of Human Alzheimer's Disease Tau Propagation. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:621-631. [PMID: 29770957 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the key features of misfolded tau in human neurodegenerative disorders is its propagation from one brain area into many others. In the last decade, in vivo tau spreading has been replicated in several mouse transgenic models expressing mutated human tau as well as in normal non-transgenic mice. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that insoluble tau isolated from human AD brain induces full-blown neurofibrillary pathology in a sporadic rat model of tauopathy expressing non-mutated truncated tau protein. By using specific monoclonal antibodies, we were able to monitor the spreading of tau isolated from human brain directly in the rat hippocampus. We found that exogenous human AD tau was able to spread from the area of injection and induce tau pathology. Interestingly, solubilisation of insoluble AD tau completely abolished the capability of tau protein to induce and spread of neurofibrillary pathology in the rat brain. Our results show that exogenous tau is able to induce and drive neurofibrillary pathology in rat model for human tauopathy in a similar way as it was described in various mouse transgenic models. Rat tau spreading model has many advantages over mouse and other organisms including size and complexity, and thus is highly suitable for identification of pathogenic mechanism of tau spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Smolek
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Dubravska 9, 845 10, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Axon Neuroscience R&D Services SE, Dvořákovo nábrežie 10, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Santosh Jadhav
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Dubravska 9, 845 10, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Axon Neuroscience R&D Services SE, Dvořákovo nábrežie 10, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Veronika Brezovakova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Dubravska 9, 845 10, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Veronika Cubinkova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Dubravska 9, 845 10, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Axon Neuroscience R&D Services SE, Dvořákovo nábrežie 10, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Bernadeta Valachova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Dubravska 9, 845 10, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Petr Novak
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Dubravska 9, 845 10, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Axon Neuroscience CRM Services SE, Dvořákovo nábrežie 10, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Norbert Zilka
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Dubravska 9, 845 10, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. .,Axon Neuroscience R&D Services SE, Dvořákovo nábrežie 10, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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25
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Grant DA, Serpa R, Moattari CR, Brown A, Greco T, Prins ML, Teng E. Repeat Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Adolescent Rats Increases Subsequent β-Amyloid Pathogenesis. J Neurotrauma 2017; 35:94-104. [PMID: 28728464 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Single moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) may increase subsequent risk for neurodegenerative disease by facilitating β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition. However, the chronic effects on Aβ pathogenesis of repetitive mild TBIs (rTBI), which are common in adolescents and young adults, remain uncertain. We examined the effects of rTBI sustained during adolescence on subsequent deposition of Aβ pathology in a transgenic APP/PS1 rat model. Transgenic rats received sham or four individual mild TBIs (rTBIs) separated by either 24- or 72-h intervals at post-natal day 35 (before Aβ plaque deposition). Animals were euthanized at 12 months of age and underwent immunohistochemical analyses of Aβ plaque deposition. Significantly greater hippocampal Aβ plaque deposition was observed after rTBI separated by 24 h relative to rTBI separated by 72 h or sham injuries. These increases in hippocampal Aβ plaque load were driven by increases in both plaque number and size. Similar, though less-pronounced, effects were observed in extrahippocampal regions. Increases in Aβ plaque deposition were observed both ipsilaterally and contralaterally to the injury site and in both males and females. rTBIs sustained in adolescence can increase subsequent deposition of Aβ pathology, and these effects are critically dependent on interinjury interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daya A Grant
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA , Los Angeles, California.,3 Interdeparmental Program for Neuroscience, UCLA , Los Angeles, California
| | - Rebecka Serpa
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA , Los Angeles, California
| | - Cameron R Moattari
- 3 Interdeparmental Program for Neuroscience, UCLA , Los Angeles, California
| | - Ari Brown
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA , Los Angeles, California
| | - Tiffany Greco
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA , Los Angeles, California
| | - Mayumi L Prins
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA , Los Angeles, California
| | - Edmond Teng
- 2 Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, UCLA , Los Angeles, California.,4 Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System , Los Angeles, California
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Jia JX, Yan XS, Cai ZP, Song W, Huo DS, Zhang BF, Wang H, Yang ZJ. The effects of phenylethanoid glycosides, derived from Herba cistanche, on cognitive deficits and antioxidant activities in male SAMP8 mice. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:1180-1186. [PMID: 28880744 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1367097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits are closely associated with hippocampal synaptic changes. Phenylethanoid glycosides (PhG), derived from Herba cistanche, are known to exert protective effects on cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the underlying mechanisms of this herbal extract on cognitive performance remain unclear. The aim of this study was thus to examine the protective mechanism attributed to PhG on cognitive deficits in an AD senescence accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) model. Cognitive deficit parameters examined included (1) Morris water maze (MWM) assessing cognitive performance and (2) quantification of dendritic spine density in hippocampal CA1 region by Golgi staining, a molecular biomarker of synaptic function. In addition, levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and gluthathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were determined to examine the potential role of oxidant processes in cognitive dysfunction. Data showed that PhG significantly decreased escape latency and path length, associated with a rise in the percentage of time spent in the target quadrant and number of platform crossings. In addition, PhG significantly increased dendritic spine density in the hippocampal CA1 region accompanied by elevated expression levels of synaptophysin (SYN) and post synaptic density 95 (PSD-95), reduced MDA content, and elevated the activities of SOD and GSH-Px. Data suggest that the ability of PhG to ameliorate cognitive deficits in SAMP8 mice may be related to promotion in synaptic plasticity involving antioxidant processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Jia
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Xu-Sheng Yan
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Zhi-Ping Cai
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Wei Song
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Dong-Sheng Huo
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Bai-Feng Zhang
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - He Wang
- b School of Health Sciences , University of Newcastle , Newcastle , Australia
| | - Zhan-Jun Yang
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
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Drummond E, Wisniewski T. Alzheimer's disease: experimental models and reality. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 133:155-175. [PMID: 28025715 PMCID: PMC5253109 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1662-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Experimental models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are critical to gaining a better understanding of pathogenesis and to assess the potential of novel therapeutic approaches. The most commonly used experimental animal models are transgenic mice that overexpress human genes associated with familial AD (FAD) that result in the formation of amyloid plaques. However, AD is defined by the presence and interplay of both amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangle pathology. The track record of success in AD clinical trials thus far has been very poor. In part, this high failure rate has been related to the premature translation of highly successful results in animal models that mirror only limited aspects of AD pathology to humans. A greater understanding of the strengths and weakness of each of the various models and the use of more than one model to evaluate potential therapies would help enhance the success of therapy translation from preclinical studies to patients. In this review, we summarize the pathological features and limitations of the major experimental models of AD, including transgenic mice, transgenic rats, various physiological models of sporadic AD and in vitro human cell culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Drummond
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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Sullivan B, Robison G, Pushkar Y, Young JK, Manaye KF. Copper accumulation in rodent brain astrocytes: A species difference. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2017; 39:6-13. [PMID: 27908425 PMCID: PMC5141684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Changes in Cu homeostasis have been implicated in multiple neurodegenerative diseases. Factors controlling and regulating the distribution of Cu in the brain remain largely unknown. We have previously reported that a sub-set of astrocytes in the subventricular zone (SVZ) contain Cu-rich aggregates. Here we expand previous studies with detailed X-ray fluorescent imaging (XRF) analysis of the additional brain areas of hippocampus (HP) and rostral migratory stream (RMS). We also use conventional DAB (3,3'-diaminobenzidine) staining which accesses both peroxidase and pseudo-peroxidase activities. Both the HP and RMS support neurogenesis while the latter also serves as a migratory pathway for neuronal precursors. Some variations in neurogenic activities have been noticed between species (such as mice and rats). We report here that in rats, the HP, rostral migratory stream (RMS) and third ventricle contain glia which stain positively for DAB and contain copper-rich aggregates as measured by XRF. In contrast, mice hippocampi and RMS display neither DAB+ aggregates nor Cu-rich accumulations via XRF. DAB+ aggregates were not induced in the HP of mice transgenic for human amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin, suggesting that accumulations positively stained for DAB are not directly caused by APP. These observed critical differences suggest different properties of the astrocytes in two species. Results suggest that the rat model may have important advantages over the mouse model for the study of hippocampal aging and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Sullivan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Ave., West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Gregory Robison
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Ave., West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Department of Physics, Hanover College, Hanover, IN, United States
| | - Yulia Pushkar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Ave., West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
| | - John K Young
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine 520 W St., NW, Washington DC 20059, United States
| | - Kebreten F Manaye
- Department of Physiology, Howard University College of Medicine 520 W St., NW, Washington DC 20059, United States
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Song J, Jung C, Kim OY. The Novel Implication of Androgen in Diabetes-induced Alzheimer's Disease. J Lipid Atheroscler 2017. [DOI: 10.12997/jla.2017.6.2.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Chaeyong Jung
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Oh Yoen Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
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Pan W, Han S, Kang L, Li S, Du J, Cui H. Effects of dihydrotestosterone on synaptic plasticity of the hippocampus in mild cognitive impairment male SAMP8 mice. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:1455-1463. [PMID: 27588067 PMCID: PMC4997989 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study focused on how dihydrotestosterone (DHT) regulates synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus of mild cognitive impairment male senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice. Five-month-old SAMP8 mice were divided into the control, castrated and castrated-DHT groups, in which the mice were castrated and treated with physiological doses of DHT for a period of 2 months. To determine the regulatory mechanisms of DHT in the cognitive capacity, the effects of DHT on the morphology of the synapse and the expression of synaptic marker proteins in the hippocampus were investigated using immunohistochemistry, qPCR and western blot analysis. The results showed that the expression of cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), synaptophysin (SYN) and developmentally regulated brain protein (Drebrin) was reduced in the castrated group compared to the control group. However, DHT promoted the expression of CREB, PSD95, SYN and Drebrin in the hippocampus of the castrated-DHT group. Thus, androgen depletion impaired the synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus of SAMP8 and accelerated the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like neuropathology, suggesting that a similar mechanism may underlie the increased risk for AD in men with low testosterone. In addition, DHT regulated synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) SAMP8 mice and delayed the progression of disease to Alzheimer's dementia. In conclusion, androgen-based hormone therapy is a potentially useful strategy for preventing the progression of MCI in aging men. Androgens enhance synaptic markers (SYN, PSD95, and Drebrin), activate CREB, modulate the fundamental biology of synaptic structure, and lead to the structural changes of plasticity in the hippocampus, all of which result in improved cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensen Pan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China; Department of Respiration Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Han
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
| | - Lin Kang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
| | - Huixian Cui
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China; Hebei Key Laboratory for Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050031, P.R. China
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Bilousova T, Miller CA, Poon WW, Vinters HV, Corrada M, Kawas C, Hayden EY, Teplow DB, Glabe C, Albay R, Cole GM, Teng E, Gylys KH. Synaptic Amyloid-β Oligomers Precede p-Tau and Differentiate High Pathology Control Cases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:185-98. [PMID: 26718979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) aggregates form the two discrete pathologies of Alzheimer disease (AD), and oligomeric assemblies of each protein are localized to synapses. To determine the sequence by which pathology appears in synapses, Aβ and p-tau were quantified across AD disease stages in parietal cortex. Nondemented cases with high levels of AD-related pathology were included to determine factors that confer protection from clinical symptoms. Flow cytometric analysis of synaptosome preparations was used to quantify Aβ and p-tau in large populations of individual synaptic terminals. Soluble Aβ oligomers were assayed by a single antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Total in situ Aβ was elevated in patients with early- and late-stage AD dementia, but not in high pathology nondemented controls compared with age-matched normal controls. However, soluble Aβ oligomers were highest in early AD synapses, and this assay distinguished early AD cases from high pathology controls. Overall, synapse-associated p-tau did not increase until late-stage disease in human and transgenic rat cortex, and p-tau was elevated in individual Aβ-positive synaptosomes in early AD. These results suggest that soluble oligomers in surviving neocortical synaptic terminals are associated with dementia onset and suggest an amyloid cascade hypothesis in which oligomeric Aβ drives phosphorylated tau accumulation and synaptic spread. These results indicate that antiamyloid therapies will be less effective once p-tau pathology is developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Bilousova
- University of California Los Angeles School of Nursing, Los Angeles, California; Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Research at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Carol A Miller
- Departments of Pathology, Neurology, and the Program in Neuroscience, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Wayne W Poon
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Harry V Vinters
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Maria Corrada
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California; Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Claudia Kawas
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California; Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California; Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Eric Y Hayden
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Research at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - David B Teplow
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Research at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Charles Glabe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Ricardo Albay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Gregory M Cole
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Research at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Edmond Teng
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Research at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Karen H Gylys
- University of California Los Angeles School of Nursing, Los Angeles, California; Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Research at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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32
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Jia JX, Cui CL, Yan XS, Zhang BF, Song W, Huo DS, Wang H, Yang ZJ. Effects of testosterone on synaptic plasticity mediated by androgen receptors in male SAMP8 mice. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:849-855. [PMID: 27599230 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1193113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic changes are closely associated with cognitive deficits. In addition, testosterone (T) is known to exert regulative effects on synaptic plasticity. T may improve cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, but the underlying mechanisms of androgenic action on cognitive performance remain unclear. The aim of this study was thus to examine the protective mechanism attributed to T on cognitive performance in an AD senescence, accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) animal model. Using Golgi staining to quantify the dendritic spine density in hippocampal CA1 region, molecular biomarkers of synapse function were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and western blot. T significantly increased the dendritic spine density in hippocampal CA1 region, while flutamide (F) inhibited these T-mediated effects. Immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis showed that the expression levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95), and p-cyclic-AMP response element binding protein (CREB)/CREB levels were significantly elevated in the T group, but F reduced the T-induced effects in these biomarkers to control levels. There were no significant differences in the expression levels of PSD-95, BDNF, and p-CREB/CREB between C and F. These findings indicate that the effects of T on improvement in synaptic plasticity were mediated via androgen receptor (AR). It is conceivable that new treatments targeted toward preventing synaptic pathology in AD may involve the use of androgen-acting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Jia
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Cheng-Li Cui
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Xu-Sheng Yan
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Bai-Feng Zhang
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Wei Song
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Dong-Sheng Huo
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - He Wang
- b School of Health Sciences , University of Newcastle , Newcastle , Australia
| | - Zhan-Jun Yang
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
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Daneshmand P, Saliminejad K, Dehghan Shasaltaneh M, Kamali K, Riazi GH, Nazari R, Azimzadeh P, Khorram Khorshid HR. Neuroprotective Effects of Herbal Extract (Rosa canina, Tanacetum vulgare and Urtica dioica) on Rat Model of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2016; 8:120-5. [PMID: 27563424 PMCID: PMC4967545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease (SAD) is caused by genetic risk factors, aging and oxidative stresses. The herbal extract of Rosa canina (R. canina), Tanacetum vulgare (T. vulgare) and Urtica dioica (U. dioica) has a beneficial role in aging, as an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative agent. In this study, the neuroprotective effects of this herbal extract in the rat model of SAD was investigated. METHODS The rats were divided into control, sham, model, herbal extract -treated and ethanol-treated groups. Drug interventions were started on the 21(st) day after modeling and each treatment group was given the drugs by intraperitoneal (I.P.) route for 21 days. The expression levels of the five important genes for pathogenesis of SAD including Syp, Psen1, Mapk3, Map2 and Tnf-α were measured by qPCR between the hippocampi of SAD model which were treated by this herbal extract and control groups. The Morris Water Maze was adapted to test spatial learning and memory ability of the rats. RESULTS Treatment of the rat model of SAD with herbal extract induced a significant change in expression of Syp (p=0.001) and Psen1 (p=0.029). In Morris Water Maze, significant changes in spatial learning seen in the rat model group were improved in herbal-treated group. CONCLUSION This herbal extract could have anti-dementia properties and improve spatial learning and memory in SAD rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Daneshmand
- Genetic Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kioomars Saliminejad
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Dehghan Shasaltaneh
- Laboratory of Neuro-organic Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Koorosh Kamali
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholam Hossein Riazi
- Laboratory of Neuro-organic Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Nazari
- Laboratory of Neuro-organic Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pedram Azimzadeh
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Khorram Khorshid
- Genetic Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Hamid Reza Khorram Khorshid MD., Ph.D., Genetic Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Tel/Fax: +98 21 22180138, E-mail:
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Jian-xin J, Cheng-li C, Song W, Yan XS, Huo DS, Wang H, Yang ZJ. Effects of Testosterone Treatment on Synaptic Plasticity and Behavior in Senescence Accelerated Mice. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:1311-1320. [PMID: 26529502 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1085839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Learning and memory are known to be influenced by circulating sex steroidal hormones and these behavioral processes are diminished in aging. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the mechanism underlying testosterone-induced effects on cognitive performance in the senescence accelerated mouse P8 (SAMP8) model. Treatment with testosterone (T) as evidenced by the Morris water maze test produced a significantly shorter escape latency and reduced path length to reach the platform compared to the control (C). No significant differences were noted in mean swim speed among all groups. During the probe trials, the T group spent a significantly greater percent of time in the target quadrant and improved the number of platform crossings. Flutamide (F), an antiandrogen, significantly inhibited the effects of T on behavioral and memory performances indicators. Following Nissl staining, the number of intact pyramidal cells was markedly elevated in the treated mice, and this effect was blocked by F. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis showed that the expression levels of NMDAR1, SYN, and p-CREC/CREB protein levels were significantly increased in the T group, while F inhibited the T-mediated effects. Western blot analysis showed that there were no significant differences in the expression levels of SYN, p-CREC/CREB, and NMDAR1 between C, F, and F + T groups. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed that the mRNA expression levels of NMDAR1 and SYN were significantly increased in T-administered mice, while F inhibited the T-mediated effects. Data suggest that the T-mediated increase in SYN expression levels resulted in improvement in behavioral performances and learning, which may involve stimulation of central nervous system androgen receptors (AR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jian-xin
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner , Mongolia , China
| | - Cui Cheng-li
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner , Mongolia , China
| | - Wei Song
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner , Mongolia , China
| | - Xu-sheng Yan
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner , Mongolia , China
| | - Dong-sheng Huo
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner , Mongolia , China
| | - He Wang
- b School of Health Sciences , University of Newcastle , Newcastle , Australia
| | - Zhan-jun Yang
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner , Mongolia , China
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Teng E, Taylor K, Bilousova T, Weiland D, Pham T, Zuo X, Yang F, Chen PP, Glabe CG, Takacs A, Hoffman DR, Frautschy SA, Cole GM. Dietary DHA supplementation in an APP/PS1 transgenic rat model of AD reduces behavioral and Aβ pathology and modulates Aβ oligomerization. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:552-560. [PMID: 26369878 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased dietary consumption of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is associated with decreased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). These effects have been postulated to arise from DHA's pleiotropic effects on AD pathophysiology, including its effects on β-amyloid (Aβ) production, aggregation, and toxicity. While in vitro studies suggest that DHA may inhibit and reverse the formation of toxic Aβ oligomers, it remains uncertain whether these mechanisms operate in vivo at the physiological concentrations of DHA attainable through dietary supplementation. We sought to clarify the effects of dietary DHA supplementation on Aβ indices in a transgenic APP/PS1 rat model of AD. Animals maintained on a DHA-supplemented diet exhibited reductions in hippocampal Aβ plaque density and modest improvements on behavioral testing relative to those maintained on a DHA-depleted diet. However, DHA supplementation also increased overall soluble Aβ oligomer levels in the hippocampus. Further quantification of specific conformational populations of Aβ oligomers indicated that DHA supplementation increased fibrillar (i.e. putatively less toxic) Aβ oligomers and decreased prefibrillar (i.e. putatively more toxic) Aβ oligomers. These results provide in vivo evidence suggesting that DHA can modulate Aβ aggregation by stabilizing soluble fibrillar Aβ oligomers and thus reduce the formation of both Aβ plaques and prefibrillar Aβ oligomers. However, since fibrillar Aβ oligomers still retain inherent neurotoxicity, DHA may need to be combined with other interventions that can additionally reduce fibrillar Aβ oligomer levels for more effective prevention of AD in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond Teng
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Karen Taylor
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tina Bilousova
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Weiland
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thaidan Pham
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiaohong Zuo
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Neurology, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fusheng Yang
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ping-Ping Chen
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charles G Glabe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Biochemistry Department and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Dennis R Hoffman
- Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sally A Frautschy
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gregory M Cole
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Heggland I, Storkaas IS, Soligard HT, Kobro-Flatmoen A, Witter MP. Stereological estimation of neuron number and plaque load in the hippocampal region of a transgenic rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:1245-62. [PMID: 25808554 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The main hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and neuronal death. The McGill-R-Thy1-APP rat is one of the few transgenic rat models of AD that displays progressive amyloid pathology. This study aimed to further characterise this rat model, focusing on the pathological changes in the hippocampal formation and the parahippocampal region. These structures, that are important for episodic memory and spatial navigation, are affected in the early stages of the disease. This study used unbiased stereology to investigate possible neuronal loss in the CA1, subiculum and entorhinal cortex of 18-month-old homozygous McGill-R-Thy1-APP rats, and also quantified the plaque load in all the areas of the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal region from 9 to 18 months old. A significant reduction of neurons at 18 months was only seen in the subiculum. The first plaque pathology was seen at 9 months in the subiculum. Although the quantified plaque load was variable between animals, the pattern of spatiotemporal progression was similar for all animals. The spread of plaque pathology mainly affected anatomically connected regions. Overall, the plaque pathology observed in the transgenic rats was similar to the early phases of amyloid beta (Aβ)-deposition described in human patients. The findings here thus indicate that the McGill-R-Thy1-APP rat could be a good model of the Aβ pathology in AD, but less so with respect to neuron loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Heggland
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience & Centre for Neural Computation, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Postboks 8905, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
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Non-selective NSAIDs improve the amyloid-β-mediated suppression of memory and synaptic plasticity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 132:33-41. [PMID: 25697476 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the formation of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques in the brain. Dysfunctional excitatory synaptic transmission and neuronal plasticity are generally accepted as primary events in the development of AD. There is evidence to suggest that both COX-1 expression and COX-2 expression are changed in the brain of AD patients. However, the impact of COX-dependent mechanisms on synaptic dysfunction underlying the memory deficit is not fully elucidated. In the present study effects of non-selective NSAIDs (aspirin and sodium salicylate) on associated memory impairment as well as Aβ-mediated suppression of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus were examined. Aβ1-42 (5μg/μl) and ibotenic acid (5μg/μl) were injected bilaterally into the dorsal hippocampus of rats and the spatial memory and long term potentiation (LTP) were assessed by water maze performance and in vivo field potential recording, respectively. Field excitatory post synaptic potentials (fEPSP) were recorded from stratum radiatum of area CA1 following Schaffer collateral stimulation. Behavioral study revealed that both sub-chronic high dose of sodium salicylate (SS) and chronic low dose of aspirin improved the spatial memory impairment of Aβ treated rats, however the effects of SS were lower than those of aspirin. Animals treated with SS and aspirin showed a significant decrease in escape latency (SS: F(1, 24)=15.85, p<0.01, aspirin: F(1, 22)=25.24, p<0.001, ANOVA). Furthermore, in probe test, animals treated with aspirin (p<0.05) but not SS (p>0.05) spent more time (one-way ANOVA) in target quadrant zone. Both applied drugs restored the suppression of fEPSP slope LTP that was induced by Aβ treatment (unpaired t-test, p<0.001). Aspirin showed a preventative effect also against Aβ-induced changes in LTP and memory task when applied before Aβ administration. Since aspirin and SS improved synaptic dysfunction, we can suggest that COX-dependent mechanisms may play a role in synaptic dysfunction in an experimental model of AD.
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38
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Qi Y, Klyubin I, Harney SC, Hu N, Cullen WK, Grant MK, Steffen J, Wilson EN, Do Carmo S, Remy S, Fuhrmann M, Ashe KH, Cuello AC, Rowan MJ. Longitudinal testing of hippocampal plasticity reveals the onset and maintenance of endogenous human Aß-induced synaptic dysfunction in individual freely behaving pre-plaque transgenic rats: rapid reversal by anti-Aß agents. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:175. [PMID: 25540024 PMCID: PMC4293804 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-014-0175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Long before synaptic loss occurs in Alzheimer’s disease significant harbingers of disease may be detected at the functional level. Here we examined if synaptic long-term potentiation is selectively disrupted prior to extracellular deposition of Aß in a very complete model of Alzheimer’s disease amyloidosis, the McGill-R-Thy1-APP transgenic rat. Longitudinal studies in freely behaving animals revealed an age-dependent, relatively rapid-onset and persistent inhibition of long-term potentiation without a change in baseline synaptic transmission in the CA1 area of the hippocampus. Thus the ability of a standard 200 Hz conditioning protocol to induce significant NMDA receptor-dependent short- and long-term potentiation was lost at about 3.5 months of age and this deficit persisted for at least another 2–3 months, when plaques start to appear. Consistent with in vitro evidence for a causal role of a selective reduction in NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic currents, the deficit in synaptic plasticity in vivo was associated with a reduction in the synaptic burst response to the conditioning stimulation and was overcome using stronger 400 Hz stimulation. Moreover, intracerebroventricular treatment for 3 days with an N-terminally directed monoclonal anti- human Aß antibody, McSA1, transiently reversed the impairment of synaptic plasticity. Similar brief treatment with the BACE1 inhibitor LY2886721 or the γ-secretase inhibitor MRK-560 was found to have a comparable short-lived ameliorative effect when tracked in individual rats. These findings provide strong evidence that endogenously generated human Aß selectively disrupts the induction of long-term potentiation in a manner that enables potential therapeutic options to be assessed longitudinally at the pre-plaque stage of Alzheimer’s disease amyloidosis.
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Bilousova T, Taylor K, Emirzian A, Gylys R, Frautschy SA, Cole GM, Teng E. Parallel age-associated changes in brain and plasma neuronal pentraxin receptor levels in a transgenic APP/PS1 rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 74:32-40. [PMID: 25449907 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal pentraxin receptor (NPR) is a synaptic protein implicated in AMPA receptor trafficking at excitatory synapses. Since glutamate neurotransmission is disrupted in Alzheimer's disease (AD), NPR levels measured from plasma represent a potential biomarker for synaptic dysfunction associated with AD. We sought to determine the relationship between AD pathology and brain and plasma NPR levels by examining age-associated NPR levels in these compartments in a transgenic APP/PS1 rat model of AD. NPR levels in cortical homogenate were similar in wild-type (Wt) and APP/PS1 rats at 3 months of age (prior to Aβ plaque deposition), but significantly increased in APP/PS1 rats by 9 and 18-20 months of age (after the onset of plaque deposition). These age-dependent differences were driven by proportional increases in NPR in membrane-associated cortical fractions. Genotype-related differences in NPR expression were also seen in the hippocampus, which exhibits significant Aβ pathology, but not in the cerebellum, which does not. Plasma analyses revealed increased levels of a 26 kDa NPR fragment in APP/PS1 rats relative to Wt rats by 18-20 months of age, which correlated with the levels of full-length NPR in cortex. Our findings indicate that cerebral accumulation of NPR and Aβ occurs with similar temporal and regional patterns in the APP/PS1 model, and suggest that a 26 kDa plasma NPR fragment may represent a peripheral biomarker of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Bilousova
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Karen Taylor
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ana Emirzian
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Raymond Gylys
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sally A Frautschy
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gregory M Cole
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Edmond Teng
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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40
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Tian Z, Fan J, Zhao Y, Bi S, Si L, Liu Q. Estrogen receptor beta treats Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:420-6. [PMID: 25206683 PMCID: PMC4146138 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro studies have shown that estrogen receptor β can attenuate the cytotoxic effect of amyloid β protein on PC12 cells through the Akt pathway without estrogen stimulation. In this study, we aimed to observe the effect of estrogen receptor β in Alzheimer's disease rat models established by intraventricular injection of amyloid β protein. Estrogen receptor β lentiviral particles delivered via intraventricular injection increased Akt content in the hippocampus, decreased interleukin-1β mRNA, tumor necrosis factor α mRNA and amyloid β protein levels in the hippocampus, and improved the learning and memory capacities in Alzheimer's disease rats. Estrogen receptor β short hairpin RNA lentiviral particles delivered via intraventricular injection had none of the above impacts on Alzheimer's disease rats. These experimental findings indicate that estrogen receptor β, independent from estrogen, can reduce inflammatory reactions and amyloid β deposition in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease rats, and improve learning and memory capacities. This effect may be mediated through activation of the Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Tian
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Sheng Bi
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lihui Si
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qun Liu
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
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41
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Zhang L, Jin C, Lu X, Yang J, Wu S, Liu Q, Chen R, Bai C, Zhang D, Zheng L, Du Y, Cai Y. Aluminium chloride impairs long-term memory and downregulates cAMP-PKA-CREB signalling in rats. Toxicology 2014; 323:95-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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42
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Cognitive Reserve and Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:187-208. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8720-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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43
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Canas PM, Simões AP, Rodrigues RJ, Cunha RA. Predominant loss of glutamatergic terminal markers in a β-amyloid peptide model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2014; 76 Pt A:51-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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44
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Do Carmo S, Cuello AC. Modeling Alzheimer's disease in transgenic rats. Mol Neurodegener 2013; 8:37. [PMID: 24161192 PMCID: PMC4231465 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-8-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. At the diagnostic stage, the AD brain is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular amyloid plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and neuronal loss. Despite the large variety of therapeutic approaches, this condition remains incurable, since at the time of clinical diagnosis, the brain has already suffered irreversible and extensive damage. In recent years, it has become evident that AD starts decades prior to its clinical presentation. In this regard, transgenic animal models can shed much light on the mechanisms underlying this "pre-clinical" stage, enabling the identification and validation of new therapeutic targets. This paper summarizes the formidable efforts to create models mimicking the various aspects of AD pathology in the rat. Transgenic rat models offer distinctive advantages over mice. Rats are physiologically, genetically and morphologically closer to humans. More importantly, the rat has a well-characterized, rich behavioral display. Consequently, rat models of AD should allow a more sophisticated and accurate assessment of the impact of pathology and novel therapeutics on cognitive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Do Carmo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Room 1325, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - A Claudio Cuello
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Room 1325, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B2, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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Sancheti H, Akopian G, Yin F, Brinton RD, Walsh JP, Cadenas E. Age-dependent modulation of synaptic plasticity and insulin mimetic effect of lipoic acid on a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69830. [PMID: 23875003 PMCID: PMC3714252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that entails impairments of memory, thinking and behavior and culminates into brain atrophy. Impaired glucose uptake (accumulating into energy deficits) and synaptic plasticity have been shown to be affected in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. This study examines the ability of lipoic acid to increase brain glucose uptake and lead to improvements in synaptic plasticity on a triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (3xTg-AD) that shows progression of pathology as a function of age; two age groups: 6 months (young) and 12 months (old) were used in this study. 3xTg-AD mice fed 0.23% w/v lipoic acid in drinking water for 4 weeks showed an insulin mimetic effect that consisted of increased brain glucose uptake, activation of the insulin receptor substrate and of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Lipoic acid supplementation led to important changes in synaptic function as shown by increased input/output (I/O) and long term potentiation (LTP) (measured by electrophysiology). Lipoic acid was more effective in stimulating an insulin-like effect and reversing the impaired synaptic plasticity in the old mice, wherein the impairment of insulin signaling and synaptic plasticity was more pronounced than those in young mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Sancheti
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Garnik Akopian
- Davis School of Gerontology and Program in Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Roberta D. Brinton
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - John P. Walsh
- Davis School of Gerontology and Program in Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Enrique Cadenas
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sanganahalli BG, Herman P, Behar KL, Blumenfeld H, Rothman DL, Hyder F. Functional MRI and neural responses in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage 2013; 79:404-11. [PMID: 23648961 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the hypothesis that brain plaques and tangles can affect cortical function in Alzheimer's disease (AD), we investigated functional responses in an AD rat model (called the Samaritan Alzheimer's rat achieved by ventricular infusion of amyloid peptide) and age-matched healthy control. High-field functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and extracellular neural activity measurements were applied to characterize sensory-evoked responses. Electrical stimulation of the forepaw led to BOLD and neural responses in the contralateral somatosensory cortex and thalamus. In AD brain we noted much smaller BOLD activation patterns in the somatosensory cortex (i.e., about 50% less activated voxels compared to normal brain). While magnitudes of BOLD and neural responses in the cerebral cortex were markedly attenuated in AD rats compared to normal rats (by about 50%), the dynamic coupling between the BOLD and neural responses in the cerebral cortex, as assessed by transfer function analysis, remained unaltered between the groups. However thalamic BOLD and neural responses were unaltered in AD brain compared to controls. Thus cortical responses in the AD model were indeed diminished compared to controls, but the thalamic responses in the AD and control rats were quite similar. Therefore these results suggest that Alzheimer's disease may affect cortical function more than subcortical function, which may have implications for interpreting altered human brain functional responses in fMRI studies of Alzheimer's disease.
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Lecanu L, Papadopoulos V. Modeling Alzheimer's disease with non-transgenic rat models. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2013; 5:17. [PMID: 23634826 PMCID: PMC3706888 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), for which there is no cure, is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Despite tremendous efforts by the scientific community, the AD drug development pipeline remains extremely limited. Animal models of disease are a cornerstone of any drug development program and should be as relevant as possible to the disease, recapitulating the disease phenotype with high fidelity, to meaningfully contribute to the development of a successful therapeutic agent. Over the past two decades, transgenic models of AD based on the known genetic origins of familial AD have significantly contributed to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the onset and progression of the disease. These models were extensively used in AD drug development. The numerous reported failures of new treatments for AD in clinical trials indicate that the use of genetic models of AD may not represent the complete picture of AD in humans and that other types of animal models relevant to the sporadic form of the disease, which represents 95% of AD cases, should be developed. In this review, we will discuss the evolution of non-transgenic rat models of AD and how these models may open new avenues for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Lecanu
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Pine avenue West, room L2-05, Montreal H3A 1A1, QC, Canada ; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Pine avenue West, room L2-05, Montreal H3A 1A1, QC, Canada
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Pine avenue West, room L2-05, Montreal H3A 1A1, QC, Canada ; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Pine avenue West, room L2-05, Montreal H3A 1A1, QC, Canada ; Departments of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Sciences Bldg, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, room 1325, Montreal Quebec, Canada H3G 1Y6
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Geerts H, Roberts P, Spiros A, Carr R. A strategy for developing new treatment paradigms for neuropsychiatric and neurocognitive symptoms in Alzheimer's disease. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:47. [PMID: 23596419 PMCID: PMC3627142 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful disease modifying drug development for Alzheimer's disease (AD) has hit a roadblock with the recent failures of amyloid-based therapies, highlighting the translational disconnect between preclinical animal models and clinical outcome. Although disease modifying therapies are the Holy Grail to pursue, symptomatic therapies addressing cognitive and neuropsychiatric aspects of the disease are also extremely important for the quality of life of patients and caregivers. Despite the fact that neuropsychiatric problems in Alzheimer patients are the major driver for costs associated with institutionalization, no good preclinical animal models with predictive validity have been documented. We propose a combination of quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP), phenotypic screening and preclinical animal models as a novel strategy for addressing the bottleneck in both cognitive and neuropsychiatric drug discovery and development for AD. Preclinical animal models such as transgene rats documenting changes in neurotransmitters with tau and amyloid pathology will provide key information that together with human imaging, pathology and clinical data will inform the virtual patient model. In this way QSP modeling can partially overcome the translational disconnect and reduce the attrition of drug programs in the clinical setting. This approach is different from target driven drug discovery as it aims to restore emergent properties of the networks and therefore likely will identify multitarget drugs. We review examples on how this hybrid humanized QSP approach has been helpful in predicting clinical outcomes in schizophrenia treatment and cognitive impairment in AD and expand on how this strategy could be applied to neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia. We believe such an innovative approach when used carefully could change the Research and Development paradigm for symptomatic treatment in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Geerts
- In Silico Biosciences Berwyn, PA, USA ; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
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49
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Cohen RM, Rezai-Zadeh K, Weitz TM, Rentsendorj A, Gate D, Spivak I, Bholat Y, Vasilevko V, Glabe CG, Breunig JJ, Rakic P, Davtyan H, Agadjanyan MG, Kepe V, Barrio JR, Bannykh S, Szekely CA, Pechnick RN, Town T. A transgenic Alzheimer rat with plaques, tau pathology, behavioral impairment, oligomeric aβ, and frank neuronal loss. J Neurosci 2013; 33:6245-56. [PMID: 23575824 PMCID: PMC3720142 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3672-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is hallmarked by amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and widespread cortical neuronal loss (Selkoe, 2001). The "amyloid cascade hypothesis" posits that cerebral amyloid sets neurotoxic events into motion that precipitate Alzheimer dementia (Hardy and Allsop, 1991). Yet, faithful recapitulation of all AD features in widely used transgenic (Tg) mice engineered to overproduce Aβ peptides has been elusive. We have developed a Tg rat model (line TgF344-AD) expressing mutant human amyloid precursor protein (APPsw) and presenilin 1 (PS1ΔE9) genes, each independent causes of early-onset familial AD. TgF344-AD rats manifest age-dependent cerebral amyloidosis that precedes tauopathy, gliosis, apoptotic loss of neurons in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and cognitive disturbance. These results demonstrate progressive neurodegeneration of the Alzheimer type in these animals. The TgF344-AD rat fills a critical need for a next-generation animal model to enable basic and translational AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Cohen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences
- S. Mark Taper Imaging Center
- Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, and
| | - Kavon Rezai-Zadeh
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, and
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Tara M. Weitz
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, and
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Altan Rentsendorj
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, and
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - David Gate
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, and
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Inna Spivak
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences
| | - Yasmin Bholat
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences
| | - Vitaly Vasilevko
- Departments of Neurology and
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Charles G. Glabe
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, and
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | | | - Pasko Rakic
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Hayk Davtyan
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
- Department of Molecular Immunology, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, California 92647
| | - Michael G. Agadjanyan
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
- Department of Molecular Immunology, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, California 92647
| | | | | | - Serguei Bannykh
- Departments of Pathology and
- Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, and
| | - Christine A. Szekely
- Medicine and Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Robert N. Pechnick
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Terrence Town
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, and
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
- Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, and
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50
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Kanungo J. DNA-dependent protein kinase and DNA repair: relevance to Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2013; 5:13. [PMID: 23566654 PMCID: PMC3706827 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of senile dementia, involves region-specific neuronal death and an accumulation of neuronal and extracellular lesions termed neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques, respectively. One of the biochemical abnormalities observed in AD is reduced DNA end-joining activity. The reduced capacity of post-mitotic neurons for some types of DNA repair is further compromised by aging. The predominant mechanism to repair double-strand DNA (dsDNA) breaks (DSB) is non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), which requires DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) activity. DNA-PK is a holoenzyme comprising the p460 kDa DNA-PK catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and the Ku heterodimer consisting of p86 (Ku 80) and p70 (Ku 70) subunits. Ku binds to DNA ends first and then recruits DNA-PKcs during NHEJ. However, in AD brains, reduced NHEJ activity has been reported along with reduced levels of DNA-PKcs and the Ku proteins, indicating a potential link between AD and dsDNA damage. Since age-matched control brains also show a reduction in these protein levels, whether there is a direct link between NHEJ ability and AD remains unknown. Possible mechanisms involving the role of DNA-PK in neurodegeneration, a benchmark of AD, are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotshna Kanungo
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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