1
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Nibuya M, Kezuka D, Kanno Y, Wakamatsu S, Suzuki E. Behavioral stress and antidepressant treatments altered hippocampal expression of Nogo signal-related proteins in rats. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 170:207-216. [PMID: 38157668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Some immune molecules including neurite outgrowth inhibitor (Nogo) ligands and their receptor(Nogo receptor-1: NgR1)are expressed at the neuronal synaptic sites. Paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB) is another Nogo receptor that also binds to major histocompatibility complex I and β-amyloid and suppresses dendritic immune cell functions and neuronal plasticity in the central nervous system. Augmenting structural and functional neural plasticity by manipulating the Nogo signaling pathway is a novel promising strategy for treating brain ischemia and degenerative processes such as Alzheimer's disease. In recent decades psychiatric research using experimental animals has focused on the attenuation of neural plasticity by stress loadings and on the enhanced resilience by psychopharmacological treatments. In the present study, we examined possible expressional alterations in Nogo signal-related proteins in the rat hippocampus after behavioral stress loadings and antidepressant treatments. To validate the effectiveness of the procedures, previously reported increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) by ECS or ketamine administration and decrease of BDNF by stress loadings are also shown in the present study. Significant increases in hippocampal NgR1 and PirB expression were observed following chronic variable stress, and a significant increase in NgR1 expression was observed under a single prolonged stress paradigm. These results indicate a possible contribution of enhanced Nogo signaling to the attenuation of neural plasticity in response to stressful experiences. Additionally, the suppression of hippocampal NgR1 expression using electroconvulsive seizure treatment and administration of subanesthetic dose of ketamine supported the increased neural plasticity induced by the antidepressant treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Nibuya
- Division of Psychiatry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino, Sendai City, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan.
| | - Dai Kezuka
- Division of Psychiatry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino, Sendai City, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kanno
- Division of Psychiatry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino, Sendai City, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan
| | - Shunosuke Wakamatsu
- Division of Psychiatry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino, Sendai City, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan
| | - Eiji Suzuki
- Division of Psychiatry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino, Sendai City, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan
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2
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Afonin AM, Piironen AK, de Sousa Maciel I, Ivanova M, Alatalo A, Whipp AM, Pulkkinen L, Rose RJ, van Kamp I, Kaprio J, Kanninen KM. Proteomic insights into mental health status: plasma markers in young adults. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:55. [PMID: 38267423 PMCID: PMC10808121 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02751-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Global emphasis on enhancing prevention and treatment strategies necessitates an increased understanding of the biological mechanisms of psychopathology. Plasma proteomics is a powerful tool that has been applied in the context of specific mental disorders for biomarker identification. The p-factor, also known as the "general psychopathology factor", is a concept in psychopathology suggesting that there is a common underlying factor that contributes to the development of various forms of mental disorders. It has been proposed that the p-factor can be used to understand the overall mental health status of an individual. Here, we aimed to discover plasma proteins associated with the p-factor in 775 young adults in the FinnTwin12 cohort. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, 13 proteins with a significant connection with the p-factor were identified, 8 of which were linked to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. This exploratory study provides new insight into biological alterations associated with mental health status in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey M Afonin
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aino-Kaisa Piironen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Izaque de Sousa Maciel
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mariia Ivanova
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Alatalo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alyce M Whipp
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lea Pulkkinen
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Richard J Rose
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Irene van Kamp
- Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja M Kanninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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3
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Co-Expression of Nogo-A in Dopaminergic Neurons of the Human Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Is Reduced in Parkinson’s Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123368. [PMID: 34943877 PMCID: PMC8699585 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is mainly characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Together with the small number, the high vulnerability of the dopaminergic neurons is a major pathogenic culprit of Parkinson’s disease. Our previous findings of a higher survival of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra co-expressing Nogo-A in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease suggested that Nogo-A may be associated with dopaminergic neurons resilience against Parkinson’s disease neurodegeneration. In the present study, we have addressed the expression of Nogo-A in the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in postmortem specimens of diseased and non-diseased subjects of different ages. For this purpose, in a collaborative effort we developed a tissue micro array (TMA) that allows for simultaneous staining of many samples in a single run. Interestingly, and in contrast to the observations gathered during normal aging and in the animal model of Parkinson’s disease, increasing age was significantly associated with a lower co-expression of Nogo-A in nigral dopaminergic neurons of patients with Parkinson’s disease. In sum, while Nogo-A expression in dopaminergic neurons is higher with increasing age, the opposite is the case in Parkinson’s disease. These observations suggest that Nogo-A might play a substantial role in the vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease.
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4
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Pradhan LK, Das SK. The Regulatory Role of Reticulons in Neurodegeneration: Insights Underpinning Therapeutic Potential for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:1157-1174. [PMID: 32504327 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00893-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, cytoplasmic organellar dysfunction, such as that of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), has created a new area of research interest towards the development of serious health maladies including neurodegenerative diseases. In this context, the extensively dispersed family of ER-localized proteins, i.e. reticulons (RTNs), is gaining interest because of its regulative control over neural regeneration. As most neurodegenerative diseases are pathologically manifested with the accretion of misfolded proteins with subsequent induction of ER stress, the regulatory role of RTNs in neural dysfunction cannot be ignored. With the limited information available in the literature, delineation of the functional connection between rising consequences of neurodegenerative diseases and RTNs need to be elucidated. In this review, we provide a broad overview on the recently revealed regulatory roles of reticulons in the pathophysiology of several health maladies, with special emphasis on neurodegeneration. Additionally, we have also recapitulated the decisive role of RTN4 in neurite regeneration and highlighted how neurodegeneration and proteinopathies are mechanistically linked with each other through specific RTN paralogues. With the recent findings advocating zebrafish Rtn4b (a mammalian Nogo-A homologue) downregulation following central nervous system (CNS) lesion, RTNs provides new insight into the CNS regeneration. However, there are controversies with respect to the role of Rtn4b in zebrafish CNS regeneration. Given these controversies, the connection between the unique regenerative capabilities of zebrafish CNS by distinct compensatory mechanisms and Rtn4b signalling pathway could shed light on the development of new therapeutic strategies against serious neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilesh Kumar Pradhan
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed To Be University), Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Saroj Kumar Das
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed To Be University), Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India.
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5
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The Implication of Reticulons (RTNs) in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Potential Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094630. [PMID: 33924890 PMCID: PMC8125174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reticulons (RTNs) are crucial regulatory factors in the central nervous system (CNS) as well as immune system and play pleiotropic functions. In CNS, RTNs are transmembrane proteins mediating neuroanatomical plasticity and functional recovery after central nervous system injury or diseases. Moreover, RTNs, particularly RTN4 and RTN3, are involved in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation processes. The crucial role of RTNs in the development of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or other neurological conditions such as brain injury or spinal cord injury, has attracted scientific interest. Reticulons, particularly RTN-4A (Nogo-A), could provide both an understanding of early pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders and be potential therapeutic targets which may offer effective treatment or inhibit disease progression. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms and functions of RTNs and their potential usefulness in clinical practice as a diagnostic tool or therapeutic strategy.
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Liu H, Su D, Liu L, Chen L, Zhao Y, Chan SO, Zhang W, Wang Y, Wang J. Identification of a new functional domain of Nogo-A that promotes inflammatory pain and inhibits neurite growth through binding to NgR1. FASEB J 2020; 34:10948-10965. [PMID: 32598099 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000377r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nogo-A is a key inhibitory molecule to axon regeneration, and plays diverse roles in other pathological conditions, such as stroke, schizophrenia, and neurodegenerative diseases. Nogo-66 and Nogo-Δ20 fragments are two known functional domains of Nogo-A, which act through the Nogo-66 receptor (NgR1) and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2), respectively. Here, we reported a new functional domain of Nogo-A, Nogo-A aa 846-861, was identified in the Nogo-A-specific segment that promotes complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain. Intrathecal injection of its antagonist peptide 846-861PE or the specific antibody attenuated the CFA-induced inflammatory heat hyperalgesia. The 846-861 PE reduced the content of transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily member 1 (TRPV1) in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and decreased the response of DRG neurons to capsaicin. These effects were accompanied by a reduction in LIMK/cofilin phosphorylation and actin polymerization. GST pull-down and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays both showed that Nogo-A aa 846-861 bound to NgR1. Moreover, we demonstrated that Nogo-A aa 846-861 inhibited neurite outgrowth from cortical neurons and DRG explants. We concluded that Nogo-A aa 846-861 is a novel ligand of NgR1, which activates the downstream signaling pathways that inhibit axon growth and promote inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaicun Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongqiang Su
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Key Lab for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Health Commission and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sun-On Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Weiguang Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Key Lab for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Health Commission and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Gouvêa-Junqueira D, Falvella ACB, Antunes ASLM, Seabra G, Brandão-Teles C, Martins-de-Souza D, Crunfli F. Novel Treatment Strategies Targeting Myelin and Oligodendrocyte Dysfunction in Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:379. [PMID: 32425837 PMCID: PMC7203658 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the glial cells responsible for the formation of the myelin sheath around axons. During neurodevelopment, oligodendrocytes undergo maturation and differentiation, and later remyelination in adulthood. Abnormalities in these processes have been associated with behavioral and cognitive dysfunctions and the development of various mental illnesses like schizophrenia. Several studies have implicated oligodendrocyte dysfunction and myelin abnormalities in the disorder, together with altered expression of myelin-related genes such as Olig2, CNP, and NRG1. However, the molecular mechanisms subjacent of these alterations remain elusive. Schizophrenia is a severe, chronic psychiatric disorder affecting more than 23 million individuals worldwide and its symptoms usually appear at the beginning of adulthood. Currently, the major therapeutic strategy for schizophrenia relies on the use of antipsychotics. Despite their widespread use, the effects of antipsychotics on glial cells, especially oligodendrocytes, remain unclear. Thus, in this review we highlight the current knowledge regarding oligodendrocyte dysfunction in schizophrenia, compiling data from (epi)genetic studies and up-to-date models to investigate the role of oligodendrocytes in the disorder. In addition, we examined potential targets currently investigated for the improvement of schizophrenia symptoms. Research in this area has been investigating potential beneficial compounds, including the D-amino acids D-aspartate and D-serine, that act as NMDA receptor agonists, modulating the glutamatergic signaling; the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, a precursor in the synthesis of glutathione, protecting against the redox imbalance; as well as lithium, an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) signaling, contributing to oligodendrocyte survival and functioning. In conclusion, there is strong evidence linking oligodendrocyte dysfunction to the development of schizophrenia. Hence, a better understanding of oligodendrocyte differentiation, as well as the effects of antipsychotic medication in these cells, could have potential implications for understanding the development of schizophrenia and finding new targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Gouvêa-Junqueira
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Brambilla Falvella
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - André Saraiva Leão Marcelo Antunes
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Seabra
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Caroline Brandão-Teles
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, São Paulo, Brazil
- D′Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Crunfli
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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8
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Mohammed R, Opara K, Lall R, Ojha U, Xiang J. Evaluating the effectiveness of anti-Nogo treatment in spinal cord injuries. Neural Dev 2020; 15:1. [PMID: 31918754 PMCID: PMC6953157 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-020-0138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As humans, we cannot regenerate axons within the central nervous system (CNS), therefore, making any damage to it permanent. This leads to the loss of sensory and motor function below the site of injury and can be crippling to a person’s health. Spontaneous recovery can occur from plastic changes, but it is minimal. The absence of regeneration is due to the inhibitory environment of the CNS as well as the inherent inability of CNS axons to form growth cones. Amongst many factors, one of the major inhibitory signals of the CNS environment is the myelin-associated Nogo pathway. Nogo-A, Nogo-B and Nogo-C (Nogo), stimulate the Nogo receptor, inhibiting neurite outgrowth by causing growth cones to collapse through activation of Rho Kinase (ROCK). Antibodies can be used to target this signalling pathway by binding to Nogo and thus promote the outgrowth of neuronal axons in the CNS. This use of anti-Nogo antibodies has been shown to upregulate CNS regeneration as well as drastically improve sensory and motor function in both rats and primates when coupled with adequate training. Here, we evaluate whether the experimental success of anti-Nogo at improving CNS regeneration can be carried over into the clinical setting to treat spinal cord injuries (SCI) and their symptoms successfully. Furthermore, we also discuss potential methods to improve the current treatment and any developmental obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raihan Mohammed
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK.
| | - Kaesi Opara
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Rahul Lall
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Utkarsh Ojha
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jinpo Xiang
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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9
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Rutigliano G, Bräunig J, Del Grande C, Carnicelli V, Masci I, Merlino S, Kleinau G, Tessieri L, Pardossi S, Paisdzior S, Dell'Osso L, Biebermann H, Zucchi R. Non-Functional Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 Variants in Patients With Mental Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1027. [PMID: 31572197 PMCID: PMC6753877 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is expressed across brain areas involved in emotions, reward and cognition, and modulates monoaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmissions. TAAR1 is stimulated with nanomolar affinity by 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM), an endogenous messenger considered a novel branch of thyroid hormone signaling. The human gene for TAAR1 maps to locus 6q23, within a region associated with major mental disorders. Materials and Methods: We screened a cohort of patients with major mental disorders (n = 104) and a group of healthy controls (n = 130) for TAAR1 variants. HEK293 cells were transiently transfected with: i) wild-type TAAR1 and ii) mutated TAAR1, either in homozygous or heterozygous state. Cell surface expression and Gs/adenylyl cyclase activation upon administration of β-phenylethylamine (PEA), T1AM, and RO5166017, were assessed. Results: We detected 13 missense variants in TAAR1 coding region, with a significant enrichment in patients as compared to healthy controls (11 vs. 1, 1 variant in both groups, p < 0.01). In silico analysis identified four dysfunctional variants, all in patients. Three of these—R23C, Y131C, and C263R—were functionally characterized. In cells co-transfected with wild-type and mutated TAAR1, we observed a significant reduction of cell surface expression. In heterozygosity, the three TAAR1 variants substantially dampened Gs signaling in response to PEA, and, more robustly, to T1AM. Co-stimulation with PEA and RO5166017 did not yield any improvement in Gs signaling. R23C, Y131C, and C263R are rare in the general population and map in functionally important highly conserved positions across TAAR1 orthologous and paralogous genes. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that disruptions of TAAR1 activity may be relevant to the pathophysiology of mental disorders, thereby providing a promising target for novel psychopharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Rutigliano
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.,National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), Pisa, Italy
| | - Julia Bräunig
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Del Grande
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Isabella Masci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sergio Merlino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gunnar Kleinau
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Sarah Paisdzior
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Liliana Dell'Osso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinology, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Berry S, Weinmann O, Fritz AK, Rust R, Wolfer D, Schwab ME, Gerber U, Ster J. Loss of Nogo-A, encoded by the schizophrenia risk gene Rtn4, reduces mGlu3 expression and causes hyperexcitability in hippocampal CA3 circuits. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200896. [PMID: 30040841 PMCID: PMC6057643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent investigations of Nogo-A, a well characterized protein inhibitor of neurite outgrowth in the brain, have revealed additional functions including a role in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Here we examined Nogo-A functions in mouse CA3 hippocampal circuitry. Patch clamp recordings showed that the absence of Nogo-A results in a hyperactive network. In addition, mGlu3 metabotropic glutamate receptors, which exhibit mutations in certain forms of schizophrenia, were downregulated specifically in the CA3 area. Furthermore, Nogo-A-/- mice showed disordered theta oscillations with decreased incidence and frequency, similar to those observed in mGlu3-/- mice. As disruptions in theta rhythmicity are associated with impaired spatial navigation, we tested mice using modified Morris water maze tasks. Mice lacking Nogo-A exhibited altered search strategies, displaying greater dependence on global as opposed to local reference frames. This link between Nogo-A and mGlu3 receptors may provide new insights into mechanisms underlying schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Berry
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Weinmann
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ruslan Rust
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Wolfer
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin E. Schwab
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Gerber
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeanne Ster
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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11
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Kovrazhkina EA, Stakhovskaya LV, Razinskaya OD, Serdyuk AV. [Inhibitors of CNS regeneration, their physiological role and participation in pathogenesis of diseases]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2018; 118:143-149. [PMID: 29927419 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201811851143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The review is devoted to axon growth inhibitors in the CNS, including a physiological role of myelin-associated proteins (Nogo-A, MAG, OMgp) and their involvement in the pathogenesis of various diseases (spinal injuries, stroke, neurodegenerations).
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Kovrazhkina
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - L V Stakhovskaya
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - O D Razinskaya
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Serdyuk
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Xu L, Li J, Tian D, Chen L, Tang L, Fan D. The rs696880 Polymorphism in the Nogo-A Receptor Gene ( RTN4R) Is Associated With Susceptibility to Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in the Chinese Population. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:108. [PMID: 29706887 PMCID: PMC5906538 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Nogo-A receptor gene (RTN4R) have been associated with increased risk for sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SALS) in the French population. In the present study, we investigated the associations between RTN4R tag SNPs and SALS in a large Chinese population. Four tag SNPs (rs854971, rs887765, rs696880 and rs1567871) in the RTN4R gene with an r2 threshold of 0.8 and a minor allele frequency (MAF) greater than 0.2% were selected based on Chinese population data from HapMap. A total of 499 SALS patients and 503 healthy controls were genotyped for the SNPs by SNaPshot technology. Haplotype analysis of the four SNPs was performed using the SHEsis software platform. The results showed a significant association between the rs696880 risk allele (A) and SALS in the Han Chinese population (P = 0.009, odds ratio (OR) = 1.266 [1.06-1.51]). The allele and genotype frequencies of rs854971, rs887765 and rs1567871 were not associated with SALS. The distribution of the GAAT haplotype was different between the case and control groups (P = 0.008, OR = 1.289 [1.066-1.558]). In conclusion, our study showed an association between the RTN4R SNP rs696880 and the risk of SALS in the Han Chinese population, with the A allele increasing risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianping Xu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Danyang Tian
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Lu Tang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Dongsheng Fan
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health & Family Planning Commission, Peking University Beijing, China
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13
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Smedfors G, Olson L, Karlsson TE. A Nogo-Like Signaling Perspective from Birth to Adulthood and in Old Age: Brain Expression Patterns of Ligands, Receptors and Modulators. Front Mol Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29520216 PMCID: PMC5827527 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
An appropriate strength of Nogo-like signaling is important to maintain synaptic homeostasis in the CNS. Disturbances have been associated with schizophrenia, MS and other diseases. Blocking Nogo-like signaling may improve recovery after spinal cord injury, stroke and traumatic brain injury. To understand the interacting roles of an increasing number of ligands, receptors and modulators engaged in Nogo-like signaling, the transcriptional activity of these genes in the same brain areas from birth to old age in the normal brain is needed. Thus, we have quantitatively mapped the innate expression of 11 important genes engaged in Nogo-like signaling. Using in situ hybridization, we located and measured the amount of mRNA encoding Nogo-A, OMgp, NgR1, NgR2, NgR3, Lingo-1, Troy, Olfactomedin, LgI1, ADAM22, and MAG, in 18 different brain areas at six different ages (P0, 1, 2, 4, 14, and 104 weeks). We show gene- and area-specific activities and how the genes undergo dynamic regulation during postnatal development and become stable during adulthood. Hippocampal areas underwent the largest changes over time. We only found differences between individual cortical areas in Troy and MAG. Subcortical areas presented the largest inter-regional differences; lateral and basolateral amygdala had markedly higher expression than other subcortical areas. The widespread differences and unique expression patterns of the different genes involved in Nogo-like signaling suggest that the functional complexes could look vastly different in different areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars Olson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Stavrou S, Gratz M, Tremmel E, Kuhn C, Hofmann S, Heidegger H, Peryanova M, Hermelink K, Hutter S, Toth B, Mayr D, Mahner S, Jeschke U, Vattai A. TAAR1 induces a disturbed GSK3β phosphorylation in recurrent miscarriages through the ODC. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:372-384. [PMID: 29472377 PMCID: PMC5825928 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thyroid hormones play an important role in the maintenance of pregnancy. Their derivates, endogenous amines, act via binding to the trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR1). The aim of our study was to analyse the regulation of TAAR1, serine/threonine kinase (pGSK3β) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in placentas of healthy pregnancies, spontaneous (SM) and recurrent miscarriages (RM) and to investigate the influence of thyroid hormone derivates on TAAR1 expression in trophoblast model cells in vitro. METHODS Patients with SM (n = 15) and RM (n = 15) were compared with patients with healthy pregnancies (n = 15) (pregnancy weeks 7-13 each). Immunohistochemistry was applied to analyse placental TAAR1, pGSK3β and ODC expression. Protein expression of the receptors after stimulation with T3, T1AM and RO5203548 in BeWo trophoblast model cells was determined via Western blot. Double-immunofluorescence was used to determine placental expression of TAAR1 and ODC. RESULTS Levels of TAAR1, pGSK3β and ODC were higher in placentas of RM in comparison to healthy controls. Stimulation of BeWo cells with T3, T1AM and RO5203548 significantly increased TAAR1 expression. ODC expression in BeWo cells was upregulated through T3. Via double-immunofluorescence, TAAR1 and ODC-positive EVT could be detected. CONCLUSIONS Upregulation of placental TAAR1 may indicate an increased decarboxylation of thyroid hormones in miscarriages. Patients with RM may have a lack of T3 through an enhanced transformation of T3 into T1AM induced by the ODC. Future investigations could be carried out to analyse what role a prophylactic T3 substitution plays for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Stavrou
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsHospital of the LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Gratz
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsHospital of the LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Eileen Tremmel
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsHospital of the LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Kuhn
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsHospital of the LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Hofmann
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsHospital of the LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Helene Heidegger
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsHospital of the LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Mina Peryanova
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsHospital of the LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hermelink
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsHospital of the LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Hutter
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsHospital of the LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Toth
- Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology and Reproductive MedicineMedical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Doris Mayr
- Department of PathologyHospital of the LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Mahner
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsHospital of the LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsHospital of the LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Aurelia Vattai
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsHospital of the LMU, Munich, Germany
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15
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Rutigliano G, Accorroni A, Zucchi R. The Case for TAAR1 as a Modulator of Central Nervous System Function. Front Pharmacol 2018; 8:987. [PMID: 29375386 PMCID: PMC5767590 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TAAR1 is widely expressed across the mammalian brain, particularly in limbic and monoaminergic areas, allegedly involved in mood, attention, memory, fear, and addiction. However, the subcellular distribution of TAAR1 is still unclear, since TAAR1 signal is largely intracellular. In vitro, TAAR1 is activated with nanomolar to micromolar affinity by some endogenous amines, particularly p-tyramine, beta-phenylethylamine, and 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM), the latter representing a novel branch of thyroid hormone signaling. In addition, TAAR1 responds to a number of psychoactive drugs, i.e., amphetamines, ergoline derivatives, bromocriptine and lisuride. Trace amines have been identified as neurotransmitters in invertebrates, and they are considered as potential neuromodulators. In particular, beta-phenylethylamine and p-tyramine have been reported to modify the release and/or the response to dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine and GABA, while evidence of cross-talk between TAAR1 and other aminergic receptors has been provided. Systemic or intracerebroventricular injection of exogenous T1AM produced prolearning and antiamnestic effects, reduced pain threshold, decreased non-REM sleep, and modulated the firing rate of adrenergic neurons in locus coeruleus. However each of these substances may have additional molecular targets, and it is unclear whether their endogenous levels are sufficient to produce significant TAAR1 activation in vivo. TAAR1 knock out mice show a worse performance in anxiety and working memory tests, and they are more prone to develop ethanol addiction. They also show increased locomotor response to amphetamine, and decreased stereotypical responses induced by apomorphine. Notably, human genes for TAARs cluster on chromosome 6 at q23, within a region whose mutations have been reported to confer susceptibility to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. For human TAAR1, around 200 non-synonymous and 400 synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms have been identified, but their functional consequences have not been extensively investigated yet. In conclusion, the bulk of evidence points to a significant physiological role of TAAR1 in the modulation of central nervous system function and a potential pharmacological role of TAAR1 agonists in neurology and/or psychiatry. However, the specific effects of TAAR1 stimulation are still controversial, and many crucial issues require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Rutigliano
- Istituto di Scienze della Vita, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alice Accorroni
- Istituto di Scienze della Vita, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
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16
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Kimura H, Fujita Y, Kawabata T, Ishizuka K, Wang C, Iwayama Y, Okahisa Y, Kushima I, Morikawa M, Uno Y, Okada T, Ikeda M, Inada T, Branko A, Mori D, Yoshikawa T, Iwata N, Nakamura H, Yamashita T, Ozaki N. A novel rare variant R292H in RTN4R affects growth cone formation and possibly contributes to schizophrenia susceptibility. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1214. [PMID: 28892071 PMCID: PMC5611737 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Reticulon 4 receptor (RTN4R) plays an essential role in regulating axonal regeneration and plasticity in the central nervous system through the activation of rho kinase, and is located within chromosome 22q11.2, a region that is known to be a hotspot for schizophrenia (SCZ) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Recently, rare variants such as copy-number variants and single-nucleotide variants have been a focus of research because of their large effect size associated with increased susceptibility to SCZ and ASD and the possibility of elucidating the pathophysiology of mental disorder through functional analysis of the discovered rare variants. To discover rare variants with large effect size and to evaluate their role in the etiopathophysiology of SCZ and ASD, we sequenced the RTN4R coding exons with a sample comprising 370 SCZ and 192 ASD patients, and association analysis using a large number of unrelated individuals (1716 SCZ, 382 ASD and 4009 controls). Through this mutation screening, we discovered four rare (minor allele frequency <1%) missense mutations (R68H, D259N, R292H and V363M) of RTN4R. Among these discovered rare mutations, R292H was found to be significantly associated with SCZ (P=0.048). Furthermore, in vitro functional assays showed that the R292H mutation affected the formation of growth cones. This study strengthens the evidence for association between rare variants within RTN4R and SCZ, and may shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the neurodevelopmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Y Fujita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Kawabata
- Laboratory of Protein Informatics Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - K Ishizuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - C Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Y Iwayama
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Y Okahisa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - I Kushima
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - M Morikawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Y Uno
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan,Laboratory for Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - T Okada
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - M Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - T Inada
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - A Branko
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan,Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan. E-mail:
| | - D Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - T Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - N Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - H Nakamura
- Laboratory of Protein Informatics Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - N Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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17
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Karlsson TE, Wellfelt K, Olson L. Spatiotemporal and Long Lasting Modulation of 11 Key Nogo Signaling Genes in Response to Strong Neuroexcitation. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:94. [PMID: 28442990 PMCID: PMC5386981 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of nerve growth and plasticity in the CNS is to a large part mediated by Nogo-like signaling, now encompassing a plethora of ligands, receptors, co-receptors and modulators. Here we describe the distribution and levels of mRNA encoding 11 key genes involved in Nogo-like signaling (Nogo-A, Oligodendrocyte-Myelin glycoprotein (OMgp), Nogo receptor 1 (NgR1), NgR2, NgR3, Lingo-1, TNF receptor orphan Y (Troy), Olfactomedin, Lateral olfactory tract usher substance (Lotus) and membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MT3-MPP)), as well as BDNF and GAPDH. Expression was analyzed in nine different brain areas before, and at eight time points during the first 3 days after a strong neuroexcitatory stimulation, caused by one kainic acid injection. A temporo-spatial pattern of orderly transcriptional regulations emerges that strengthens the role of Nogo-signaling mechanisms for synaptic plasticity in synchrony with transcriptional increases of BDNF mRNA. For most Nogo-type signaling genes, the largest alterations of mRNA levels occur in the dentate gyrus, with marked alterations also in the CA1 region. Changes occurred somewhat later in several areas of the cerebral cortex. The detailed spatio-temporal pattern of mRNA presence and kainic acid-induced transcriptional response is gene-specific. We reveal that several different gene alterations combine to decrease (and later increase) Nogo-like signaling, as expected to allow structural plasticity responses. Other genes are altered in the opposite direction, suggesting that the system prepares in advance in order to rapidly restore balance. However, the fact that Lingo-1 shows a seemingly opposite, plasticity inhibiting response to kainic acid (strong increase of mRNA in the dentate gyrus), may instead suggest a plasticity-enhancing intracellular function of this presumed NgR1 co-receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katrin Wellfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Olson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
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18
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Abstract
Most of the current therapies, as well as many of the clinical trials, for multiple sclerosis (MS) target the inflammatory autoimmune processes, but less than 20% of all clinical trials investigate potential therapies for the chronic progressive disease stage of MS. The latter is responsible for the steadily increasing disability in many patients, and there is an urgent need for novel therapies that protect nervous system tissue and enhance axonal growth and/or remyelination. As outlined in this review, solid pre-clinical data suggest neutralization of the neurite outgrowth inhibitor Nogo-A as a potential new way to achieve both axonal and myelin repair. Several phase I clinical studies with anti-Nogo-A antibodies have been conducted in different disease paradigms including MS and spinal cord injury. Data from spinal cord injury and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) trials accredit a good safety profile of high doses of anti-Nogo-A antibodies administered intravenously or intrathecally. An antibody against a Nogo receptor subunit, leucine rich repeat and immunoglobulin-like domain-containing protein 1 (LINGO-1), was recently shown to improve outcome in patients with acute optic neuritis in a phase II study. Nogo-A-suppressing antibodies could be novel drug candidates for the relapsing as well as the progressive MS disease stage. In this review, we summarize the available pre-clinical and clinical evidence on Nogo-A and elucidate the potential of Nogo-A-antibodies as a therapy for progressive MS.
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19
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Emerging genotype-phenotype relationships in patients with large NF1 deletions. Hum Genet 2017; 136:349-376. [PMID: 28213670 PMCID: PMC5370280 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-017-1766-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The most frequent recurring mutations in neurofibromatosis type 1
(NF1) are large deletions encompassing the NF1
gene and its flanking regions (NF1
microdeletions). The majority of these deletions encompass 1.4-Mb and are associated
with the loss of 14 protein-coding genes and four microRNA genes. Patients with
germline type-1 NF1 microdeletions frequently
exhibit dysmorphic facial features, overgrowth/tall-for-age stature, significant
delay in cognitive development, large hands and feet, hyperflexibility of joints and
muscular hypotonia. Such patients also display significantly more cardiovascular
anomalies as compared with patients without large deletions and often exhibit
increased numbers of subcutaneous, plexiform and spinal neurofibromas as compared
with the general NF1 population. Further, an extremely high burden of internal
neurofibromas, characterised by >3000 ml tumour volume, is encountered
significantly, more frequently, in non-mosaic NF1
microdeletion patients than in NF1 patients lacking such deletions. NF1 microdeletion patients also have an increased risk of
malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours (MPNSTs); their lifetime MPNST risk is
16–26%, rather higher than that of NF1 patients with intragenic NF1 mutations (8–13%). NF1 microdeletion patients, therefore, represent a high-risk group for
the development of MPNSTs, tumours which are very aggressive and difficult to treat.
Co-deletion of the SUZ12 gene in addition to
NF1 further increases the MPNST risk in
NF1 microdeletion patients. Here, we summarise
current knowledge about genotype–phenotype relationships in NF1 microdeletion patients and discuss the potential role of the genes
located within the NF1 microdeletion interval
whose haploinsufficiency may contribute to the more severe clinical
phenotype.
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20
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Bitanihirwe BKY, Mauney SA, Woo TUW. Weaving a Net of Neurobiological Mechanisms in Schizophrenia and Unraveling the Underlying Pathophysiology. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:589-98. [PMID: 27113498 PMCID: PMC5017894 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.03.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are enigmatic structures composed of extracellular matrix molecules that encapsulate the soma, dendrites, and axon segments of neurons in a lattice-like fashion. Although most PNNs condense around parvalbumin-expressing gamma-aminobutyric acidergic interneurons, some glutamatergic pyramidal cells in the brain are also surrounded by PNNs. Experimental findings suggest pivotal roles of PNNs in the regulation of synaptic formation and function. Also, an increasing body of evidence links PNN abnormalities to schizophrenia. The number of PNNs progressively increases during postnatal development until plateauing around the period of late adolescence and early adulthood, which temporally coincides with the age of onset of schizophrenia. Given the established role of PNNs in modulating developmental plasticity, the PNN represents a possible candidate for altering the onset and progression of schizophrenia. Similarly, the reported function of PNNs in regulating the trafficking of glutamate receptors places them in a critical position to modulate synaptic pathology, considered a cardinal feature of schizophrenia. We discuss the physiologic role of PNNs in neural function, synaptic assembly, and plasticity as well as how they interface with circuit/system mechanisms of cognition. An integrated understanding of these neurobiological processes should provide a better basis to elucidate how PNN abnormalities influence brain function and contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron K Y Bitanihirwe
- Department of International Health, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah A Mauney
- Program in Cellular Neuropathology, McLean Hospital, Belmont
| | - Tsung-Ung W Woo
- Program in Cellular Neuropathology, McLean Hospital, Belmont; Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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21
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ZHONG JIANBIN, LI XIE, WAN LIMEI, CHEN ZHIBANG, ZHONG SIMIN, XIAO SONGHUA, YAN ZHENGWEN. Knockdown of NogoA prevents MPP+-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells via the mTOR/STAT3 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:1427-33. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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22
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Harmeier A, Obermueller S, Meyer CA, Revel FG, Buchy D, Chaboz S, Dernick G, Wettstein JG, Iglesias A, Rolink A, Bettler B, Hoener MC. Trace amine-associated receptor 1 activation silences GSK3β signaling of TAAR1 and D2R heteromers. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:2049-61. [PMID: 26372541 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) activation by selective endogenous agonists modulates dopaminergic neurotransmission. This results in antipsychotic-like behavior in vivo which might be initiated by an interaction of TAAR1 and dopamine D2L receptor (D2R). Here we analyzed the functional link between TAAR1 and D2R using highly potent and selective TAAR1 agonists, and newly generated tools such as TAAR1 knock-out and TAAR1 overexpressing rats as well as specific anti-rat TAAR1 antibodies. We provide data from co-immunoprecipitation experiments supporting a functional interaction of the two receptors in heterologous cells and in brain tissue. Interaction of TAAR1 with D2R altered the subcellular localization of TAAR1 and increased D2R agonist binding affinity. Using specific β-arrestin 2 (βArr2) complementation assays we show that the interaction of TAAR1 with D2R reduced βArr2 recruitment to D2R. In addition, we report that besides Gαs-protein signaling TAAR1 also signals via βArr2. In the presence of D2R, cAMP signaling of TAAR1 was reduced while its βArr2 signaling was enhanced, resulting in reduced GSK3β activation. These results demonstrate that βArr2 signaling may be an important pathway for TAAR1 function and that the activation of the TAAR1-D2R complex negatively modulates GSK3β signaling. Given that patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder show increased GSK3β signaling, such a reduction of GSK3β signaling triggered by the interaction of D2R with activated TAAR1 further supports TAAR1 as a target for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Harmeier
- Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Obermueller
- Therapeutic Modalities, Discovery Technologies, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claas A Meyer
- Therapeutic Modalities, Discovery Technologies, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florent G Revel
- Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Buchy
- Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Chaboz
- Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Dernick
- Therapeutic Modalities, Discovery Technologies, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joseph G Wettstein
- Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Iglesias
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antonius Rolink
- Department of Biomedicine, Developmental and Molecular Immunology, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Bettler
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Physiology, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marius C Hoener
- Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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Amy M, Staehlin O, René F, Blasco H, Marouillat S, Daoud H, Vourc'h P, Gordon PH, Camu W, Corcia P, Loeffler JP, Palkovits M, Sommer WH, Andres CR. A common functional allele of the Nogo receptor gene, reticulon 4 receptor (RTN4R), is associated with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a French population. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2015; 16:490-6. [PMID: 26083872 DOI: 10.3109/21678421.2015.1051988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is sporadic (SALS) in 90% of cases and has complex environmental and genetic influences. Nogo protein inhibits neurite outgrowth and is overexpressed in muscle in ALS. Our aims were to study the reticulon 4 receptor gene RTN4R which encodes Nogo 1 receptor (NgR1) in SALS, to test if the variants were associated with variable expression of the gene and whether NgR1 protein expression was modified in a transgenic mouse model of ALS. We genotyped three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs701421, rs701427, and rs1567871) of the RTN4R gene in 364 SALS French patients and 430 controls. We examined expression of RTN4R mRNA by quantitative PCR in control post mortem human brain tissue. We determined the expression of NgR1 protein in spinal motor neurons from a SOD1 G86R ALS mouse model. We observed significant associations between SALS and RTN4R alleles. Messenger RNA expression from RTN4R in human cortical brain tissue correlated significantly with the genotypes of rs701427. NgR1 protein expression was reduced in Nogo A positive motor neurons from diseased transgenic animals. In conclusion, these observations suggest that a functional RTN4R gene variant is associated with SALS. This variant may act in concert with other genetic variants or environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maïté Amy
- a INSERM U930 , Tours , France.,b Université François Rabelais , Tours , France
| | - Oliver Staehlin
- c Institute of Psychopharmacology at Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Frédérique René
- d INSERM U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence , Strasbourg , France.,e Université de Strasbourg, UMRS 1118 , Strasbourg , France
| | - Hélène Blasco
- a INSERM U930 , Tours , France.,b Université François Rabelais , Tours , France.,f Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Bretonneau , CHRU de Tours, Tours , France
| | | | | | - Patrick Vourc'h
- a INSERM U930 , Tours , France.,b Université François Rabelais , Tours , France.,f Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Bretonneau , CHRU de Tours, Tours , France
| | - Paul H Gordon
- g Northern Navajo Medical Center , Shiprock NM , USA
| | - William Camu
- h ALS Centre, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, CHU de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - Philippe Corcia
- a INSERM U930 , Tours , France.,b Université François Rabelais , Tours , France.,i ALS Centre, Department of Neurology , CHRU de Tours, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Loeffler
- d INSERM U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence , Strasbourg , France.,e Université de Strasbourg, UMRS 1118 , Strasbourg , France
| | - Miklós Palkovits
- j Laboratory of Neuromorphology, Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Wolfgang H Sommer
- c Institute of Psychopharmacology at Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Christian R Andres
- a INSERM U930 , Tours , France.,b Université François Rabelais , Tours , France.,f Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Bretonneau , CHRU de Tours, Tours , France
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Baldwin KT, Giger RJ. Insights into the physiological role of CNS regeneration inhibitors. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:23. [PMID: 26113809 PMCID: PMC4462676 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth inhibitory nature of injured adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) tissue constitutes a major barrier to robust axonal outgrowth and functional recovery following trauma or disease. Prototypic CNS regeneration inhibitors are broadly expressed in the healthy and injured brain and spinal cord and include myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), the reticulon family member NogoA, oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein (OMgp), and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs). These structurally diverse molecules strongly inhibit neurite outgrowth in vitro, and have been most extensively studied in the context of nervous system injury in vivo. The physiological role of CNS regeneration inhibitors in the naïve, or uninjured, CNS remains less well understood, but has received growing attention in recent years and is the focus of this review. CNS regeneration inhibitors regulate myelin development and axon stability, consolidate neuronal structure shaped by experience, and limit activity-dependent modification of synaptic strength. Altered function of CNS regeneration inhibitors is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, suggesting crucial roles in brain development and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Baldwin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan School of Medicine Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Roman J Giger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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25
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Fawcett JW. The extracellular matrix in plasticity and regeneration after CNS injury and neurodegenerative disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 218:213-26. [PMID: 25890139 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are involved in several processes relevant to recovery of function after CNS damage. They restrict axon regeneration through their presence in glial scar tissue and plasticity through their presence in perineuronal nets (PNNs), affect memory through their effect on dendritic spines, and influence the inflammatory reaction. Much of our knowledge of these CSPG effects comes from digestion of their glycosaminoglycan chains by the enzyme chondroitinase ABC (ChABC). ChABC after spinal cord injury permits some axon regeneration and greatly increases plasticity through increased sprouting and through digestion of PNNs. When combined with appropriate rehabilitation, ChABC treatment can lead to considerable restoration of function. ChABC treatment of the perirhinal cortex greatly increases retention of object recognition memory. When applied to tauopathy animals that model Alzheimer's disease, ChABC digestion can restore normal object recognition memory. CSPGs in the adult CNS are found throughout the ECM, but 2% is concentrated in PNNs that surround GABAergic parvalbumin interneurons and other neurons. Knockout of the PNN-organizing protein Crtl1 link protein attenuates PNNs and leads to continued plasticity into adulthood, demonstrating that the CSPGs in PNNs are the key components in the control of plasticity. CSPGs act mainly through their sulfated glycosaminoglycan chains. A disulfated CS-E motif in these chains is responsible for binding of Semaphorin 3A to PNNs where it affects ocular dominance plasticity and probably other forms of plasticity. In addition OTX2 binds to CS-E motifs, where it can act on parvalbumin interneurons to maintain the PNNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Fawcett
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, CA, UK.
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26
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Lee SI, Yun J, Baek JY, Jeong YJ, Kim JA, Kang JS, Park SH, Kim SK, Park SK. NgR1 Expressed in P19 Embryonal Carcinoma Cells Differentiated by Retinoic Acid Can Activate STAT3. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:105-9. [PMID: 25729271 PMCID: PMC4342729 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.2.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
NgR1, a Nogo receptor, is involved in inhibition of neurite outgrowth and axonal regeneration and regulation of synaptic plasticity. P19 embryonal carcinoma cells were induced to differentiate into neuron-like cells using all trans-retinoic acid and the presence and/or function of cellular molecules, such as NgR1, NMDA receptors and STAT3, were examined. Neuronally differentiated P19 cells expressed the mRNA and protein of NgR1, which could stimulate the phosphorylation of STAT3 when activated by Nogo-P4 peptide, an active segment of Nogo-66. During the whole period of differentiation, mRNAs of all of the NMDA receptor subtypes tested (NR1, NR2A-2D) were consistently expressed, which meant that neuronally differentiated P19 cells maintained some characteristics of neurons, especially central nervous system neurons. Our results suggests that neuronally differentiated P19 cells expressing NgR1 may be an efficient and convenient in vitro model for studying the molecular mechanism of cellular events that involve NgR1 and its binding partners, and for screening compounds that activate or inhibit NgR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su In Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | - Jieun Yun
- Bioevaluation Center, KRIBB, Ochang 363-883, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Baek
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | - Yun-Ji Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | - Jin-Ah Kim
- Bioevaluation Center, KRIBB, Ochang 363-883, Korea
| | | | - Sun Hong Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Korea
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Song-Kyu Park
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea. ; Research Driven Hospital, Korea University Guro Hospital, Biomedical Research Center, Seoul 152-703, Korea
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A conserved amphipathic helix is required for membrane tubule formation by Yop1p. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E639-48. [PMID: 25646439 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1415882112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The integral membrane proteins of the DP1 (deleted in polyposis) and reticulon families are responsible for maintaining the high membrane curvature required for both smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubules and the edges of ER sheets, and mutations in these proteins lead to motor neuron diseases, such as hereditary spastic paraplegia. Reticulon/DP1 proteins contain reticulon homology domains (RHDs) that have unusually long hydrophobic segments and are proposed to adopt intramembrane helical hairpins that stabilize membrane curvature. We have characterized the secondary structure and dynamics of the DP1 family protein produced from the YOP1 gene (Yop1p) and identified a C-terminal conserved amphipathic helix (APH) that, on its own, interacts strongly with negatively charged membranes and is necessary for membrane tubule formation. Analyses of DP1 and reticulon family members indicate that most, if not all, contain C-terminal sequences capable of forming APHs. Together, these results indicate that APHs play a previously unrecognized role in RHD membrane curvature stabilization.
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Lynch AM, Cleveland M, Prinjha R, Kumar U, Stubbs R, Wuerthner J. Non-clinical development of ozanezumab: a humanised antibody targeting the amino terminus of neurite outgrowth inhibitor A (Nogo-A). Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00179j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozanezumab (GSK1223249) is a humanised, Fc-disabled, monoclonal antibody (mAb) which targets the amino terminus of Neurite Outgrowth Inhibitor A (Nogo-A) which is currently being developed for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
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Bitanihirwe BKY, Woo TUW. Perineuronal nets and schizophrenia: the importance of neuronal coatings. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 45:85-99. [PMID: 24709070 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex brain disorder associated with deficits in synaptic connectivity. The insidious onset of this illness during late adolescence and early adulthood has been reported to be dependent on several key processes of brain development including synaptic refinement, myelination and the physiological maturation of inhibitory neural networks. Interestingly, these events coincide with the appearance of perineuronal nets (PNNs), reticular structures composed of components of the extracellular matrix that coat a variety of cells in the mammalian brain. Until recently, the functions of the PNN had remained enigmatic, but are now considered to be important in development of the central nervous system, neuronal protection and synaptic plasticity, all elements which have been associated with schizophrenia. Here, we review the emerging evidence linking PNNs to schizophrenia. Future studies aimed at further elucidating the functions of PNNs will provide new insights into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia leading to the identification of novel therapeutic targets with the potential to restore normal synaptic integrity in the brain of patients afflicted by this illness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tsung-Ung W Woo
- Program in Cellular Neuropathology, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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30
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Petrasek T, Prokopova I, Sladek M, Weissova K, Vojtechova I, Bahnik S, Zemanova A, Schönig K, Berger S, Tews B, Bartsch D, Schwab ME, Sumova A, Stuchlik A. Nogo-A-deficient Transgenic Rats Show Deficits in Higher Cognitive Functions, Decreased Anxiety, and Altered Circadian Activity Patterns. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:90. [PMID: 24672453 PMCID: PMC3957197 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased levels of Nogo-A-dependent signaling have been shown to affect behavior and cognitive functions. In Nogo-A knockout and knockdown laboratory rodents, behavioral alterations were observed, possibly corresponding with human neuropsychiatric diseases of neurodevelopmental origin, particularly schizophrenia. This study offers further insight into behavioral manifestations of Nogo-A knockdown in laboratory rats, focusing on spatial and non-spatial cognition, anxiety levels, circadian rhythmicity, and activity patterns. Demonstrated is an impairment of cognitive functions and behavioral flexibility in a spatial active avoidance task, while non-spatial memory in a step-through avoidance task was spared. No signs of anhedonia, typical for schizophrenic patients, were observed in the animals. Some measures indicated lower anxiety levels in the Nogo-A-deficient group. Circadian rhythmicity in locomotor activity was preserved in the Nogo-A knockout rats and their circadian period (tau) did not differ from controls. However, daily activity patterns were slightly altered in the knockdown animals. We conclude that a reduction of Nogo-A levels induces changes in CNS development, manifested as subtle alterations in cognitive functions, emotionality, and activity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Petrasek
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague , Czech Republic ; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Iva Prokopova
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Martin Sladek
- Department of Neurohumoral Regulations, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Weissova
- Department of Neurohumoral Regulations, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Vojtechova
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Stepan Bahnik
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague , Czech Republic ; Social Psychology, Department of Psychology II, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Anna Zemanova
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Kai Schönig
- Department of Molecular Biology, Central Institute of Mental Health , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Stefan Berger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Central Institute of Mental Health , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Björn Tews
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; Neurosciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; Division of Molecular Mechanisms of Tumor Invasion, German Cancer Research Center , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Dusan Bartsch
- Department of Molecular Biology, Central Institute of Mental Health , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Martin E Schwab
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; Neurosciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Alena Sumova
- Department of Neurohumoral Regulations, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Ales Stuchlik
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague , Czech Republic
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Nogo limits neural plasticity and recovery from injury. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 27:53-60. [PMID: 24632308 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The expression of Nogo-A and the receptor NgR1 limits the recovery of adult mammals from central nervous system injury. Multiple studies have demonstrated efficacy from targeting this pathway for functional recovery and neural repair after spinal cord trauma, ischemic stroke, optic nerve injury and models of multiple sclerosis. Recent molecular studies have added S1PR2 as a receptor for the amino terminal domain of Nogo-A, and have demonstrated shared components for Nogo-A and CSPG signaling as well as novel Nogo antagonists. It has been recognized that neural repair involves plasticity, sprouting and regeneration. A physiologic role for Nogo-A and NgR1 has been documented in the restriction of experience-dependent plasticity with maturity, and the stability of synaptic, dendritic and axonal anatomy.
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32
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Enkel T, Berger SM, Schönig K, Tews B, Bartsch D. Reduced expression of nogo-a leads to motivational deficits in rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:10. [PMID: 24478657 PMCID: PMC3898325 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nogo-A is an important neurite growth-regulatory protein in the adult and developing nervous system. Mice lacking Nogo-A, or rats with neuronal Nogo-A deficiency, exhibit behavioral abnormalities such as impaired short-term memory, decreased pre-pulse inhibition, and behavioral inflexibility. In the current study, we extended the behavioral profile of the Nogo-A deficient rat line with respect to reward sensitivity and motivation, and determined the concentrations of the monoamines dopamine and serotonin in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), dorsal striatum (dSTR), and nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Using a limited access consumption task, we found similar intake of a sweet condensed milk solution following ad libitum or restricted feeding in wild-type and Nogo-A deficient rats, indicating normal reward sensitivity and translation of hunger into feeding behavior. When tested for motivation in a spontaneous progressive ratio task, Nogo-A deficient rats exhibited lower break points and tended to have lower "highest completed ratios." Further, under extinction conditions responding ceased substantially earlier in these rats. Finally, in the PFC we found increased tissue levels of serotonin, while dopamine was unaltered. Dopamine and serotonin levels were also unaltered in the dSTR and the NAcc. In summary, these results suggest a role for Nogo-A regulated processes in motivated behavior and related neurochemistry. The behavioral pattern observed resembles aspects of the negative symptomatology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Enkel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan M. Berger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kai Schönig
- Department of Molecular Biology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Björn Tews
- Schaller Research Group, Division of Molecular Mechanisms of Tumor Invasion, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dusan Bartsch
- Department of Molecular Biology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Petrasek T, Prokopova I, Bahnik S, Schonig K, Berger S, Vales K, Tews B, Schwab ME, Bartsch D, Stuchlik A. Nogo-A downregulation impairs place avoidance in the Carousel maze but not spatial memory in the Morris water maze. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 107:42-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Craveiro LM, Weinmann O, Roschitzki B, Gonzenbach RR, Zörner B, Montani L, Yee BK, Feldon J, Willi R, Schwab ME. Infusion of anti-Nogo-A antibodies in adult rats increases growth and synapse related proteins in the absence of behavioral alterations. Exp Neurol 2013; 250:52-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Krištofiková Z, Vrajová M, Sírová J, Valeš K, Petrásek T, Schönig K, Tews B, Schwab M, Bartsch D, Stuchlík A, Rípová D. N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor - Nitric Oxide Synthase Pathway in the Cortex of Nogo-A-Deficient Rats in Relation to Brain Laterality and Schizophrenia. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:90. [PMID: 23964213 PMCID: PMC3740292 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that Nogo-A, a myelin-associated protein, could play a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and that Nogo-A-deficient rodents could serve as an animal model for schizophrenic symptoms. Since changes in brain laterality are typical of schizophrenia, we investigated whether Nogo-A-deficient rats showed any signs of disturbed asymmetry in cortical N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor–nitric oxide synthase (NOS) pathway, which is reported as dysfunctional in schizophrenia. In particular, we measured separately in the right and left hemisphere of young and old Nogo-A-deficient male rats the expression of NMDA receptor subunits (NR1, NR2A, and NR2B in the frontal cortex) and activities of NOS isoforms [neuronal (nNOS), endothelial (eNOS), and inducible (iNOS) in the parietal cortex]. In young controls, we observed right/left asymmetry of iNOS activity and three positive correlations (between NR1 in the left and NR2B laterality, between NR2B in the right and left sides, and between NR1 in the right side and nNOS laterality). In old controls, we found bilateral decreases in NR1, an increase in NR2B in the right side, and two changes in correlations in the NR1–nNOS pathway. In young Nogo-A-deficient rats, we observed an increase in iNOS activity in the left hemisphere and two changes in correlations in NR1–nNOS and NR2A–eNOS, compared to young controls. Finally, we revealed in old Nogo-A-deficient animals, bilateral decreases in NR1 and one change in correlation between eNOS–iNOS, compared to old controls. Although some findings from schizophrenic brains did not manifest in Nogo-A-deficient rats (e.g., no alterations in NR2B), others did (e.g., alterations demonstrating accelerated aging in young but not old animals, those occurring exclusively in the right hemisphere in young and old animals and those suggesting abnormal frontoparietal cortical interactions in young animals).
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Mironova YA, Giger RJ. Where no synapses go: gatekeepers of circuit remodeling and synaptic strength. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36:363-73. [PMID: 23642707 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Growth inhibitory molecules in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) have been implicated in the blocking of axonal sprouting and regeneration following injury. Prominent CNS regeneration inhibitors include Nogo-A, oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein (OMgp), and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), and a key question concerns their physiological role in the naïve CNS. Emerging evidence suggests novel functions in dendrites and at synapses of glutamatergic neurons. CNS regeneration inhibitors target the neuronal actin cytoskeleton to regulate dendritic spine maturation, long-term synapse stability, and Hebbian forms of synaptic plasticity. This is accomplished in part by antagonizing plasticity-promoting signaling pathways activated by neurotrophic factors. Altered function of CNS regeneration inhibitors is associated with mental illness and loss of long-lasting memory, suggesting unexpected and novel physiological roles for these molecules in brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniya A Mironova
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 3065 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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37
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Synthetic microRNA-mediated downregulation of Nogo-A in transgenic rats reveals its role as regulator of synaptic plasticity and cognitive function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:6583-8. [PMID: 23576723 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1217665110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have generated a transgenic rat model using RNAi and used it to study the role of the membrane protein Nogo-A in synaptic plasticity and cognition. The membrane protein Nogo-A is expressed in CNS oligodendrocytes and subpopulations of neurons, and it is known to suppress neurite growth and regeneration. The constitutively expressed polymerase II-driven transgene was composed of a microRNA-targeting Nogo-A placed into an intron preceding the coding sequence for EGFP, thus quantitatively labeling cells according to intracellular microRNA expression. The transgenic microRNA in vivo efficiently reduced the concentration of Nogo-A mRNA and protein preferentially in neurons. The resulting significant increase in long-term potentiation in both hippocampus and motor cortex indicates a repressor function of Nogo-A in synaptic plasticity. The transgenic rats exhibited prominent schizophrenia-like behavioral phenotypes, such as perseveration, disrupted prepulse inhibition, and strong withdrawal from social interactions. This fast and efficient microRNA-mediated knockdown provides a way to silence gene expression in vivo in transgenic rats and shows a role of Nogo-A in regulating higher cognitive brain functions.
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