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Li S, Shang D, Du Y, Li Y, Liu R. Epilepsy as the symptom of a spinocerebellar ataxia 13 in a patient presenting with a mutation in the KCNC3 gene. BMC Neurol 2023; 23:246. [PMID: 37365508 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03304-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) refer to a diverse group of neurodegenerative illnesses that vary clinically and genetically. One of the rare subtypes within this group is SCA13, caused by mutations in the KCNC3 gene. Currently, the prevalence of SCA13 remains uncertain, with only a couple of cases being documented in the Chinese population. This study presented a case study of SCA13, where the patient exhibited clinical symptoms of epilepsy and ataxia. The confirmation of the diagnosis was done through Whole Exome Sequncing. CASE PRESENTATION Since childhood, the seventeen-year-old patient has not been capable of participating in numerous sporting activities and has experienced multiple episodes of unconsciousness within the last two years. The neurological evaluation showed a lack of coordination in the lower limbs. Cerebellar atrophy was detected through brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The patient's gene detection results showed that they exhibit a heterozygous c.1268G > A mutation in the KCNC3 gene located at chr19:50826942. Antiepileptic treatment was promptly administered to the patient, and as a result, her epileptic seizures were resolved quickly. She has since remained free of seizures. After a one-year follow-up, there was no apparent improvement in the patient's health status except seizure free, which may have worsened. CONCLUSION The case study highlights the importance of actively combining cranial MRI with genetic detection in patients with ataxia of no known cause, particularly in children and young patients, to establish an possibly obvious detection. Patients who are young and have ataxia that is first accompanied by extrapyramidal and epilepsy syndromes should be aware of the potential of having SCA13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Li
- Department of Neurology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, NO. 288, Middle Zhongzhou Road, Xigong Square, Luoyang, 471000, China.
| | - Dandan Shang
- Department of Neurology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, NO. 288, Middle Zhongzhou Road, Xigong Square, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Yanjiao Du
- Department of Neurology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, NO. 288, Middle Zhongzhou Road, Xigong Square, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Neurology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, NO. 288, Middle Zhongzhou Road, Xigong Square, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Ruihua Liu
- Department of Neurology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, NO. 288, Middle Zhongzhou Road, Xigong Square, Luoyang, 471000, China
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2
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A missense mutation in Kcnc3 causes hippocampal learning deficits in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204901119. [PMID: 35881790 PMCID: PMC9351536 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204901119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a wide variety of genetic tools has been developed to study learning and memory, the molecular basis of memory encoding remains incompletely understood. Here, we undertook an unbiased approach to identify novel genes critical for memory encoding. From a large-scale, in vivo mutagenesis screen using contextual fear conditioning, we isolated in mice a mutant, named Clueless, with spatial learning deficits. A causative missense mutation (G434V) was found in the voltage-gated potassium channel, subfamily C member 3 (Kcnc3) gene in a region that encodes a transmembrane voltage sensor. Generation of a Kcnc3G434V CRISPR mutant mouse confirmed this mutation as the cause of the learning defects. While G434V had no effect on transcription, translation, or trafficking of the channel, electrophysiological analysis of the G434V mutant channel revealed a complete loss of voltage-gated conductance, a broadening of the action potential, and decreased neuronal firing. Together, our findings have revealed a role for Kcnc3 in learning and memory.
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3
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Botte M, Huber S, Bucher D, Klint JK, Rodríguez D, Tagmose L, Chami M, Cheng R, Hennig M, Abdul Rahman W. Apo and ligand-bound high resolution Cryo-EM structures of the human Kv3.1 channel reveal a novel binding site for positive modulators. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac083. [PMID: 36741467 PMCID: PMC9896932 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Kv3 ion-channels constitute a class of functionally distinct voltage-gated ion channels characterized by their ability to fire at a high frequency. Several disease relevant mutants, together with biological data, suggest the importance of this class of ion channels as drug targets for CNS disorders, and several drug discovery efforts have been reported. Despite the increasing interest for this class of ion channels, no structure of a Kv3 channel has been reported yet. We have determined the cryo-EM structure of Kv3.1 at 2.6 Å resolution using full-length wild type protein. When compared to known structures for potassium channels from other classes, a novel domain organization is observed with the cytoplasmic T1 domain, containing a well-resolved Zinc site and displaying a rotation by 35°. This suggests a distinct cytoplasmic regulation mechanism for the Kv3.1 channel. A high resolution structure was obtained for Kv3.1 in complex with a novel positive modulator Lu AG00563. The structure reveals a novel ligand binding site for the Kv class of ion channels located between the voltage sensory domain and the channel pore, a region which constitutes a hotspot for disease causing mutations. The discovery of a novel binding site for a positive modulator of a voltage-gated potassium channel could shed light on the mechanism of action for these small molecule potentiators. This finding could enable structure-based drug design on these targets with high therapeutic potential for the treatment of multiple CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Botte
- leadXpro AG, PARK InnovAARE, 5234 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Huber
- leadXpro AG, PARK InnovAARE, 5234 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Denis Bucher
- leadXpro AG, PARK InnovAARE, 5234 Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Lena Tagmose
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Mohamed Chami
- BioEM laboratory, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert Cheng
- leadXpro AG, PARK InnovAARE, 5234 Villigen, Switzerland
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4
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Malek M, Wawrzyniak AM, Koch P, Lüchtenborg C, Hessenberger M, Sachsenheimer T, Jang W, Brügger B, Haucke V. Inositol triphosphate-triggered calcium release blocks lipid exchange at endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi contact sites. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2673. [PMID: 33976123 PMCID: PMC8113574 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22882-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular traffic and membrane contact sites between organelles enable the exchange of proteins, lipids, and metabolites. Recruitment of tethers to contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the plasma membrane is often triggered by calcium. Here we reveal a function for calcium in the repression of cholesterol export at membrane contact sites between the ER and the Golgi complex. We show that calcium efflux from ER stores induced by inositol-triphosphate [IP3] accumulation upon loss of the inositol 5-phosphatase INPP5A or receptor signaling triggers depletion of cholesterol and associated Gb3 from the cell surface, resulting in a blockade of clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE) of Shiga toxin. This phenotype is caused by the calcium-induced dissociation of oxysterol binding protein (OSBP) from the Golgi complex and from VAP-containing membrane contact sites. Our findings reveal a crucial function for INPP5A-mediated IP3 hydrolysis in the control of lipid exchange at membrane contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhannad Malek
- grid.418832.40000 0001 0610 524XLeibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna M. Wawrzyniak
- grid.418832.40000 0001 0610 524XLeibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Koch
- grid.418832.40000 0001 0610 524XLeibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Lüchtenborg
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Hessenberger
- grid.418832.40000 0001 0610 524XLeibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Sachsenheimer
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wonyul Jang
- grid.418832.40000 0001 0610 524XLeibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Brügger
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Haucke
- grid.418832.40000 0001 0610 524XLeibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany ,grid.14095.390000 0000 9116 4836Faculty of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Prieto M, Folci A, Martin S. Post-translational modifications of the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein in neuronal function and dysfunction. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:1688-1703. [PMID: 31822816 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0629-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) is an RNA-binding protein essential to the regulation of local translation at synapses. In the mammalian brain, synapses are constantly formed and eliminated throughout development to achieve functional neuronal networks. At the molecular level, thousands of proteins cooperate to accomplish efficient neuronal communication. Therefore, synaptic protein levels and their functional interactions need to be tightly regulated. FMRP generally acts as a translational repressor of its mRNA targets. FMRP is the target of several post-translational modifications (PTMs) that dynamically regulate its function. Here we provide an overview of the PTMs controlling the FMRP function and discuss how their spatiotemporal interplay contributes to the physiological regulation of FMRP. Importantly, FMRP loss-of-function leads to Fragile X syndrome (FXS), a rare genetic developmental condition causing a range of neurological alterations including intellectual disability (ID), learning and memory impairments, autistic-like features and seizures. Here, we also explore the possibility that recently reported missense mutations in the FMR1 gene disrupt the PTM homoeostasis of FMRP, thus participating in the aetiology of FXS. This suggests that the pharmacological targeting of PTMs may be a promising strategy to develop innovative therapies for patients carrying such missense mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Prieto
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, Valbonne, France
| | | | - Stéphane Martin
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, Valbonne, France.
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6
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Hsieh JY, Ulrich BN, Issa FA, Lin MCA, Brown B, Papazian DM. Infant and adult SCA13 mutations differentially affect Purkinje cell excitability, maturation, and viability in vivo. eLife 2020; 9:57358. [PMID: 32644043 PMCID: PMC7386905 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in KCNC3, which encodes the Kv3.3 K+ channel, cause spinocerebellar ataxia 13 (SCA13). SCA13 exists in distinct forms with onset in infancy or adulthood. Using zebrafish, we tested the hypothesis that infant- and adult-onset mutations differentially affect the excitability and viability of Purkinje cells in vivo during cerebellar development. An infant-onset mutation dramatically and transiently increased Purkinje cell excitability, stunted process extension, impaired dendritic branching and synaptogenesis, and caused rapid cell death during cerebellar development. Reducing excitability increased early Purkinje cell survival. In contrast, an adult-onset mutation did not significantly alter basal tonic firing in Purkinje cells, but reduced excitability during evoked high frequency spiking. Purkinje cells expressing the adult-onset mutation matured normally and did not degenerate during cerebellar development. Our results suggest that differential changes in the excitability of cerebellar neurons contribute to the distinct ages of onset and timing of cerebellar degeneration in infant- and adult-onset SCA13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Yi Hsieh
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States.,Interdepartmental PhD Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Brittany N Ulrich
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States.,Interdepartmental PhD Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Fadi A Issa
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Meng-Chin A Lin
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Brandon Brown
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Diane M Papazian
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States.,Interdepartmental PhD Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States.,Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, United States.,Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, United States
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7
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Namikawa K, Dorigo A, Köster RW. Neurological Disease Modelling for Spinocerebellar Ataxia Using Zebrafish. J Exp Neurosci 2019; 13:1179069519880515. [PMID: 31666796 PMCID: PMC6798160 DOI: 10.1177/1179069519880515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum integrates sensory information and motor actions. Increasing
experimental evidence has revealed that these functions as well as the
cerebellar cytoarchitecture are highly conserved in zebrafish compared with
mammals. However, the potential of zebrafish for modelling human cerebellar
diseases remains to be addressed. Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) represent a
group of genetically inherited cerebellar diseases leading to motor
discoordination that is most often caused by affected cerebellar Purkinje cells
(PCs). Towards modelling SCAs in zebrafish we identified a small-sized
PC-specific regulatory element that was used to develop coexpression vectors
with tunable expression strength. These vectors allow for in vivo imaging of
SCA-affected PCs by high-resolution fluorescence imaging. Next, zebrafish with
SCA type 13 (SCA13) transgene expression were established, revealing that
SCA13-induced cell-autonomous PC degeneration results in eye movement deficits.
Thus, SCA13 zebrafish mimic the neuropathology of an SCA-affected brain as well
as the involved loss of motor control and hence provide a powerful approach to
unravel SCA13-induced cell biological pathogenic and cytotoxic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Namikawa
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alessandro Dorigo
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Reinhard W Köster
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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8
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Namikawa K, Dorigo A, Zagrebelsky M, Russo G, Kirmann T, Fahr W, Dübel S, Korte M, Köster RW. Modeling Neurodegenerative Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 13 in Zebrafish Using a Purkinje Neuron Specific Tunable Coexpression System. J Neurosci 2019; 39:3948-3969. [PMID: 30862666 PMCID: PMC6520513 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1862-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purkinje cells (PCs) are primarily affected in neurodegenerative spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs). For generating animal models for SCAs, genetic regulatory elements specifically targeting PCs are required, thereby linking pathological molecular effects with impaired function and organismic behavior. Because cerebellar anatomy and function are evolutionary conserved, zebrafish represent an excellent model to study SCAs in vivo We have isolated a 258 bp cross-species PC-specific enhancer element that can be used in a bidirectional manner for bioimaging of transgene-expressing PCs in zebrafish (both sexes) with variable copy numbers for tuning expression strength. Emerging ectopic expression at high copy numbers can be further eliminated by repurposing microRNA-mediated posttranslational mRNA regulation.Subsequently, we generated a transgenic SCA type 13 (SCA13) model, using a zebrafish-variant mimicking a human pathological SCA13R420H mutation, resulting in cell-autonomous progressive PC degeneration linked to cerebellum-driven eye-movement deficits as observed in SCA patients. This underscores that investigating PC-specific cerebellar neuropathologies in zebrafish allows for interconnecting bioimaging of disease mechanisms with behavioral analysis suitable for therapeutic compound testing.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT SCA13 patients carrying a KCNC3R420H allele have been shown to display mid-onset progressive cerebellar atrophy, but genetic modeling of SCA13 by expressing this pathogenic mutant in different animal models has not resulted in neuronal degeneration so far; likely because the transgene was expressed in heterologous cell types. We developed a genetic system for tunable PC-specific coexpression of several transgenes to manipulate and simultaneously monitor cerebellar PCs. We modeled a SCA13 zebrafish accessible for bioimaging to investigate disease progression, revealing robust PC degeneration, resulting in impaired eye movement. Our transgenic zebrafish mimicking both neuropathological and behavioral changes manifested in SCA-affected patients will be suitable for investigating causes of cerebellar diseases in vivo from the molecular to the behavioral level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Zagrebelsky
- Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Giulio Russo
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology
- Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Institute for Biochemistry, Technical University Braunschweig 38106, Germany, and
| | | | - Wieland Fahr
- Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Institute for Biochemistry, Technical University Braunschweig 38106, Germany, and
| | - Stefan Dübel
- Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Institute for Biochemistry, Technical University Braunschweig 38106, Germany, and
| | - Martin Korte
- Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
- Research Group Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
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9
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Khare S, Galeano K, Zhang Y, Nick JA, Nick HS, Subramony SH, Sampson J, Kaczmarek LK, Waters MF. C-terminal proline deletions in KCNC3 cause delayed channel inactivation and an adult-onset progressive SCA13 with spasticity. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 17:692-697. [PMID: 29949095 PMCID: PMC8299775 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0950-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the potassium channel gene KCNC3 (Kv3.3) cause the autosomal dominant neurological disease, spinocerebellar ataxia 13 (SCA13). In this study, we expand the genotype-phenotype repertoire of SCA13 by describing the novel KCNC3 deletion p.Pro583_Pro585del highlighting the allelic heterogeneity observed in SCA13 patients. We characterize adult-onset, progressive clinical symptoms of two afflicted kindred and introduce the symptom of profound spasticity not previously associated with the SCA13 phenotype. We also present molecular and electrophysiological characterizations of the mutant protein in mammalian cell culture. Mechanistically, the p.Pro583_Pro585del protein showed normal membrane trafficking with an altered electrophysiological profile, including slower inactivation and decreased sensitivity to the inactivation-accelerating effects of the actin depolymerizer latrunculin B. Taken together, our results highlight the clinical importance of the intracellular C-terminal portion of Kv3.3 and its association with ion channel function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Khare
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, 350 W. Thomas Rd., Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Kira Galeano
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yalan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jerelyn A Nick
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Harry S Nick
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - S H Subramony
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jacinda Sampson
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael F Waters
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, 350 W. Thomas Rd., Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA.
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10
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Wan L, Xu K, Chen Z, Tang B, Jiang H. Roles of Post-translational Modifications in Spinocerebellar Ataxias. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:290. [PMID: 30283301 PMCID: PMC6156280 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, etc., of proteins can modulate protein properties such as intracellular distribution, activity, stability, aggregation, and interactions. Therefore, PTMs are vital regulatory mechanisms for multiple cellular processes. Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are hereditary, heterogeneous, neurodegenerative diseases for which the primary manifestation involves ataxia. Because the pathogenesis of most SCAs is correlated with mutant proteins directly or indirectly, the PTMs of disease-related proteins might functionally affect SCA development and represent potential therapeutic interventions. Here, we review multiple PTMs related to disease-causing proteins in SCAs pathogenesis and their effects. Furthermore, we discuss these PTMs as potential targets for treating SCAs and describe translational therapies targeting PTMs that have been published.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Keqin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Parkinson’s Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurology, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China
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11
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Kaczmarek LK, Zhang Y. Kv3 Channels: Enablers of Rapid Firing, Neurotransmitter Release, and Neuronal Endurance. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1431-1468. [PMID: 28904001 PMCID: PMC6151494 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00002.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic electrical characteristics of different types of neurons are shaped by the K+ channels they express. From among the more than 70 different K+ channel genes expressed in neurons, Kv3 family voltage-dependent K+ channels are uniquely associated with the ability of certain neurons to fire action potentials and to release neurotransmitter at high rates of up to 1,000 Hz. In general, the four Kv3 channels Kv3.1-Kv3.4 share the property of activating and deactivating rapidly at potentials more positive than other channels. Each Kv3 channel gene can generate multiple protein isoforms, which contribute to the high-frequency firing of neurons such as auditory brain stem neurons, fast-spiking GABAergic interneurons, and Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, and to regulation of neurotransmitter release at the terminals of many neurons. The different Kv3 channels have unique expression patterns and biophysical properties and are regulated in different ways by protein kinases. In this review, we cover the function, localization, and modulation of Kv3 channels and describe how levels and properties of the channels are altered by changes in ongoing neuronal activity. We also cover how the protein-protein interaction of these channels with other proteins affects neuronal functions, and how mutations or abnormal regulation of Kv3 channels are associated with neurological disorders such as ataxias, epilepsies, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard K Kaczmarek
- Departments of Pharmacology and of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yalan Zhang
- Departments of Pharmacology and of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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12
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Terragni B, Scalmani P, Franceschetti S, Cestèle S, Mantegazza M. Post-translational dysfunctions in channelopathies of the nervous system. Neuropharmacology 2017; 132:31-42. [PMID: 28571716 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Channelopathies comprise various diseases caused by defects of ion channels. Modifications of their biophysical properties are common and have been widely studied. However, ion channels are heterogeneous multi-molecular complexes that are extensively modulated and undergo a maturation process comprising numerous steps of structural modifications and intracellular trafficking. Perturbations of these processes can give rise to aberrant channels that cause pathologies. Here we review channelopathies of the nervous system associated with dysfunctions at the post-translational level (folding, trafficking, degradation, subcellular localization, interactions with associated proteins and structural post-translational modifications). We briefly outline the physiology of ion channels' maturation and discuss examples of defective mechanisms, focusing in particular on voltage-gated sodium channels, which are implicated in numerous neurological disorders. We also shortly introduce possible strategies to develop therapeutic approaches that target these processes. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Channelopathies.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Terragni
- U.O. Neurophysiology and Diagnostic Epileptology, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Scalmani
- U.O. Neurophysiology and Diagnostic Epileptology, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvana Franceschetti
- U.O. Neurophysiology and Diagnostic Epileptology, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sandrine Cestèle
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology (IPMC), CNRS UMR7275, 06560, Valbonne-Sophia Antipolis, France; University Côte d'Azur (UCA), 06560, Valbonne-Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Massimo Mantegazza
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology (IPMC), CNRS UMR7275, 06560, Valbonne-Sophia Antipolis, France; University Côte d'Azur (UCA), 06560, Valbonne-Sophia Antipolis, France.
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13
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Khare S, Nick JA, Zhang Y, Galeano K, Butler B, Khoshbouei H, Rayaprolu S, Hathorn T, Ranum LPW, Smithson L, Golde TE, Paucar M, Morse R, Raff M, Simon J, Nordenskjöld M, Wirdefeldt K, Rincon-Limas DE, Lewis J, Kaczmarek LK, Fernandez-Funez P, Nick HS, Waters MF. A KCNC3 mutation causes a neurodevelopmental, non-progressive SCA13 subtype associated with dominant negative effects and aberrant EGFR trafficking. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173565. [PMID: 28467418 PMCID: PMC5414954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a diverse group of neurological disorders anchored by the phenotypes of motor incoordination and cerebellar atrophy. Disease heterogeneity is appreciated through varying comorbidities: dysarthria, dysphagia, oculomotor and/or retinal abnormalities, motor neuron pathology, epilepsy, cognitive impairment, autonomic dysfunction, and psychiatric manifestations. Our study focuses on SCA13, which is caused by several allelic variants in the voltage-gated potassium channel KCNC3 (Kv3.3). We detail the clinical phenotype of four SCA13 kindreds that confirm causation of the KCNC3R423H allele. The heralding features demonstrate congenital onset with non-progressive, neurodevelopmental cerebellar hypoplasia and lifetime improvement in motor and cognitive function that implicate compensatory neural mechanisms. Targeted expression of human KCNC3R423H in Drosophila triggers aberrant wing veins, maldeveloped eyes, and fused ommatidia consistent with the neurodevelopmental presentation of patients. Furthermore, human KCNC3R423H expression in mammalian cells results in altered glycosylation and aberrant retention of the channel in anterograde and/or endosomal vesicles. Confirmation of the absence of plasma membrane targeting was based on the loss of current conductance in cells expressing the mutant channel. Mechanistically, genetic studies in Drosophila, along with cellular and biophysical studies in mammalian systems, demonstrate the dominant negative effect exerted by the mutant on the wild-type (WT) protein, which explains dominant inheritance. We demonstrate that ocular co-expression of KCNC3R423H with Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor (dEgfr) results in striking rescue of the eye phenotype, whereas KCNC3R423H expression in mammalian cells results in aberrant intracellular retention of human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Together, these results indicate that the neurodevelopmental consequences of KCNC3R423H may be mediated through indirect effects on EGFR signaling in the developing cerebellum. Our results therefore confirm the KCNC3R423H allele as causative for SCA13, through a dominant negative effect on KCNC3WT and links with EGFR that account for dominant inheritance, congenital onset, and disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Khare
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Jerelyn A. Nick
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Yalan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Kira Galeano
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Brittany Butler
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Sruti Rayaprolu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Tyisha Hathorn
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Laura P. W. Ranum
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Lisa Smithson
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Todd E. Golde
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Martin Paucar
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard Morse
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States of America
| | - Michael Raff
- Genomics Institute, Multicare Health System, Tacoma, WA, United States of America
| | - Julie Simon
- Genomics Institute, Multicare Health System, Tacoma, WA, United States of America
| | - Magnus Nordenskjöld
- Department of Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Wirdefeldt
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Diego E. Rincon-Limas
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Jada Lewis
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Leonard K. Kaczmarek
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Pedro Fernandez-Funez
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Harry S. Nick
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Waters
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
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14
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Zhang Y, Zhang XF, Fleming MR, Amiri A, El-Hassar L, Surguchev AA, Hyland C, Jenkins DP, Desai R, Brown MR, Gazula VR, Waters MF, Large CH, Horvath TL, Navaratnam D, Vaccarino FM, Forscher P, Kaczmarek LK. Kv3.3 Channels Bind Hax-1 and Arp2/3 to Assemble a Stable Local Actin Network that Regulates Channel Gating. Cell 2016; 165:434-448. [PMID: 26997484 PMCID: PMC4826296 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the Kv3.3 potassium channel (KCNC3) cause cerebellar neurodegeneration and impair auditory processing. The cytoplasmic C terminus of Kv3.3 contains a proline-rich domain conserved in proteins that activate actin nucleation through Arp2/3. We found that Kv3.3 recruits Arp2/3 to the plasma membrane, resulting in formation of a relatively stable cortical actin filament network resistant to cytochalasin D that inhibits fast barbed end actin assembly. These Kv3.3-associated actin structures are required to prevent very rapid N-type channel inactivation during short depolarizations of the plasma membrane. The effects of Kv3.3 on the actin cytoskeleton are mediated by the binding of the cytoplasmic C terminus of Kv3.3 to Hax-1, an anti-apoptotic protein that regulates actin nucleation through Arp2/3. A human Kv3.3 mutation within a conserved proline-rich domain produces channels that bind Hax-1 but are impaired in recruiting Arp2/3 to the plasma membrane, resulting in growth cones with deficient actin veils in stem cell-derived neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Matthew R. Fleming
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Anahita Amiri
- Department of Child Study Center and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Lynda El-Hassar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Alexei A. Surguchev
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Callen Hyland
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - David P. Jenkins
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Rooma Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Maile R. Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Valeswara-Rao Gazula
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Michael F. Waters
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, HSC Box 100236, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236
| | - Charles H. Large
- Autifony Therapeutics Limited, Imperial College Incubator, Level 1 Bessemer Building, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Tamas L. Horvath
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Dhasakumar Navaratnam
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Flora M. Vaccarino
- Department of Child Study Center and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Paul Forscher
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Leonard K. Kaczmarek
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520
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15
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Zhang Y, Kaczmarek LK. Kv3.3 potassium channels and spinocerebellar ataxia. J Physiol 2015; 594:4677-84. [PMID: 26442672 DOI: 10.1113/jp271343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The voltage-dependent potassium channel subunit Kv3.3 is expressed at high levels in cerebellar Purkinje cells, in auditory brainstem nuclei and in many other neurons capable of firing at high rates. In the cerebellum, it helps to shape the very characteristic complex spike of Purkinje cells. Kv3.3 differs from other closely related channels in that human mutations in the gene encoding Kv3.3 (KCNC3) result in a unique neurodegenerative disease termed spinocerebellar ataxia type 13 (SCA13). This primarily affects the cerebellum, but also results in extracerebellar symptoms. Different mutations produce either early onset SCA13, associated with delayed motor and impaired cognitive skill acquisition, or late onset SCA13, which typically produces cerebellar degeneration in middle age. This review covers the localization and physiological function of Kv3.3 in the central nervous system and how the normal function of the channel is altered by the disease-causing mutations. It also describes experimental approaches that are being used to understand how Kv3.3 mutations are linked to neuronal survival, and to develop strategies for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Leonard K Kaczmarek
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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16
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Coutelier M, Stevanin G, Brice A. Genetic landscape remodelling in spinocerebellar ataxias: the influence of next-generation sequencing. J Neurol 2015; 262:2382-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-015-7725-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Duarri A, Nibbeling EAR, Fokkens MR, Meijer M, Boerrigter M, Verschuuren-Bemelmans CC, Kremer BPH, van de Warrenburg BP, Dooijes D, Boddeke E, Sinke RJ, Verbeek DS. Functional analysis helps to define KCNC3 mutational spectrum in Dutch ataxia cases. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116599. [PMID: 25756792 PMCID: PMC4355074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 13 (SCA13) is an autosomal dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder of the cerebellum caused by mutations in the voltage gated potassium channel KCNC3. To identify novel pathogenic SCA13 mutations in KCNC3 and to gain insights into the disease prevalence in the Netherlands, we sequenced the entire coding region of KCNC3 in 848 Dutch cerebellar ataxia patients with familial or sporadic origin. We evaluated the pathogenicity of the identified variants by co-segregation analysis and in silico prediction followed by biochemical and electrophysiological studies. We identified 19 variants in KCNC3 including 2 non-coding, 11 missense and 6 synonymous variants. Two missense variants did not co-segregate with the disease and were excluded as potentially disease-causing mutations. We also identified the previously reported p.R420H and p.R423H mutations in our cohort. Of the remaining 7 missense variants, functional analysis revealed that 2 missense variants shifted Kv3.3 channel activation to more negative voltages. These variations were associated with early disease onset and mild intellectual disability. Additionally, one other missense variant shifted channel activation to more positive voltages and was associated with spastic ataxic gait. Whereas, the remaining missense variants did not change any of the channel characteristics. Of these three functional variants, only one variant was in silico predicted to be damaging and segregated with disease. The other two variants were in silico predicted to be benign and co-segregation analysis was not optimal or could only be partially confirmed. Therefore, we conclude that we have identified at least one novel pathogenic mutation in KCNC3 that cause SCA13 and two additionally potential SCA13 mutations. This leads to an estimate of SCA13 prevalence in the Netherlands to be between 0.6% and 1.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Duarri
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther A. R. Nibbeling
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel R. Fokkens
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Meijer
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melissa Boerrigter
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Berry P. H. Kremer
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dennis Dooijes
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Boddeke
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J. Sinke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dineke S. Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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