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Zhang Y, Liu Z, Chopp M, Millman M, Li Y, Cepparulo P, Kemper A, Li C, Zhang L, Zhang ZG. Small extracellular vesicles derived from cerebral endothelial cells with elevated microRNA 27a promote ischemic stroke recovery. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:224-233. [PMID: 38767487 PMCID: PMC11246145 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-22-01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202501000-00030/figure1/v/2024-05-14T021156Z/r/image-tiff Axonal remodeling is a critical aspect of ischemic brain repair processes and contributes to spontaneous functional recovery. Our previous in vitro study demonstrated that exosomes/small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) isolated from cerebral endothelial cells (CEC-sEVs) of ischemic brain promote axonal growth of embryonic cortical neurons and that microRNA 27a (miR-27a) is an elevated miRNA in ischemic CEC-sEVs. In the present study, we investigated whether normal CEC-sEVs engineered to enrich their levels of miR-27a (27a-sEVs) further enhance axonal growth and improve neurological outcomes after ischemic stroke when compared with treatment with non-engineered CEC-sEVs. 27a-sEVs were isolated from the conditioned medium of healthy mouse CECs transfected with a lentiviral miR-27a expression vector. Small EVs isolated from CECs transfected with a scramble vector (Scra-sEVs) were used as a control. Adult male mice were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion and then were randomly treated with 27a-sEVs or Scra-sEVs. An array of behavior assays was used to measure neurological function. Compared with treatment of ischemic stroke with Scra-sEVs, treatment with 27a-sEVs significantly augmented axons and spines in the peri-infarct zone and in the corticospinal tract of the spinal grey matter of the denervated side, and significantly improved neurological outcomes. In vitro studies demonstrated that CEC-sEVs carrying reduced miR-27a abolished 27a-sEV-augmented axonal growth. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that 27a-sEVs systemically administered preferentially localized to the pre-synaptic active zone, while quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western Blot analysis showed elevated miR-27a, and reduced axonal inhibitory proteins Semaphorin 6A and Ras Homolog Family Member A in the peri-infarct zone. Blockage of the Clathrin-dependent endocytosis pathway substantially reduced neuronal internalization of 27a-sEVs. Our data provide evidence that 27a-sEVs have a therapeutic effect on stroke recovery by promoting axonal remodeling and improving neurological outcomes. Our findings also suggest that suppression of axonal inhibitory proteins such as Semaphorin 6A may contribute to the beneficial effect of 27a-sEVs on axonal remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Zhongwu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Michael Millman
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Amy Kemper
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
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2
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Zhao H, Xiong T, Chu Y, Hao W, Zhao T, Sun X, Zhuang Y, Chen B, Zhao Y, Wang J, Chen Y, Dai J. Biomimetic Dual-Network Collagen Fibers with Porous and Mechanical Cues Reconstruct Neural Stem Cell Niche via AKT/YAP Mechanotransduction after Spinal Cord Injury. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311456. [PMID: 38497893 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Tissue engineering scaffolds can mediate the maneuverability of neural stem cell (NSC) niche to influence NSC behavior, such as cell self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation direction, showing the promising application in spinal cord injury (SCI) repair. Here, dual-network porous collagen fibers (PCFS) are developed as neurogenesis scaffolds by employing biomimetic plasma ammonia oxidase catalysis and conventional amidation cross-linking. Following optimizing the mechanical parameters of PCFS, the well-matched Young's modulus and physiological dynamic adaptability of PCFS (4.0 wt%) have been identified as a neurogenetic exciter after SCI. Remarkably, porous topographies and curving wall-like protrusions are generated on the surface of PCFS by simple and non-toxic CO2 bubble-water replacement. As expected, PCFS with porous and matched mechanical properties can considerably activate the cadherin receptor of NSCs and induce a series of serine-threonine kinase/yes-associated protein mechanotransduction signal pathways, encouraging cellular orientation, neuron differentiation, and adhesion. In SCI rats, implanted PCFS with matched mechanical properties further integrated into the injured spinal cords, inhibited the inflammatory progression and decreased glial and fibrous scar formation. Wall-like protrusions of PCFS drive multiple neuron subtypes formation and even functional neural circuits, suggesting a viable therapeutic strategy for nerve regeneration and functional recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, 511442, China
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Tiandi Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yun Chu
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Wangping Hao
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Tongtong Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xinyue Sun
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yan Zhuang
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Bing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yannan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, 511442, China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Michel-Flutot P, Cheng L, Thomas SJ, Lisi B, Schwartz H, Lam S, Lyttle M, Jaffe DA, Smith G, Li S, Wright MC, Lepore AC. PTEN inhibition promotes robust growth of bulbospinal respiratory axons and partial recovery of diaphragm function in a chronic model of cervical contusion spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2024; 378:114816. [PMID: 38789023 PMCID: PMC11200215 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
High spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to persistent and debilitating compromise in respiratory function. Cervical SCI not only causes the death of phrenic motor neurons (PhMNs) that innervate the diaphragm, but also damages descending respiratory pathways originating in the rostral ventral respiratory group (rVRG) located in the brainstem, resulting in denervation and consequent silencing of spared PhMNs located caudal to injury. It is imperative to determine whether interventions targeting rVRG axon growth and respiratory neural circuit reconnection are efficacious in chronic cervical contusion SCI, given that the vast majority of individuals are chronically-injured and most cases of SCI involve contusion-type damage to the cervical region. We therefore employed a rat model of chronic cervical hemicontusion to test therapeutic manipulations aimed at reconstructing damaged rVRG-PhMN-diaphragm circuitry to achieve recovery of respiratory function. At a chronic time point post-injury, we systemically administered: an antagonist peptide directed against phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a central inhibitor of neuron-intrinsic axon growth potential; an antagonist peptide directed against receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPσ), another important negative regulator of axon growth capacity; or a combination of these two peptides. PTEN antagonist peptide (PAP4) promoted partial recovery of diaphragm motor activity out to nine months post-injury (though this effect depended on the anesthetic regimen used during recording), while PTPσ peptide did not impact diaphragm function after cervical SCI. Furthermore, PAP4 promoted robust growth of descending bulbospinal rVRG axons caudal to the injury within the denervated portion of the PhMN pool, while PTPσ peptide did not affect rVRG axon growth at this location that is critical to control of diaphragmatic respiratory function. In conclusion, we find that, when PTEN inhibition is targeted at a chronic time point following cervical contusion, our non-invasive PAP4 strategy can successfully promote significant regrowth of damaged respiratory neural circuitry and also partial recovery of diaphragm motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Michel-Flutot
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Lan Cheng
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Samantha J Thomas
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Brianna Lisi
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Harrison Schwartz
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Sandy Lam
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Megan Lyttle
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - David A Jaffe
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - George Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 191405104, USA
| | - Shuxin Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 191405104, USA
| | - Megan C Wright
- Department of Biology, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA 19038, USA
| | - Angelo C Lepore
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Michel-Flutot P, Cheng L, Thomas SJ, Lisi B, Schwartz H, Lam S, Lyttle M, Jaffe DA, Smith G, Li S, Wright MC, Lepore AC. PTEN inhibition promotes robust growth of bulbospinal respiratory axons and partial recovery of diaphragm function in a chronic model of cervical contusion spinal cord injury. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.10.575021. [PMID: 38260313 PMCID: PMC10802567 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.10.575021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
High spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to persistent and debilitating compromise in respiratory function. Cervical SCI not only causes the death of phrenic motor neurons (PhMNs) that innervate the diaphragm, but also damages descending respiratory pathways originating in the rostral ventral respiratory group (rVRG) located in the brainstem, resulting in denervation and consequent silencing of spared PhMNs located caudal to injury. It is imperative to determine whether interventions targeting rVRG axon growth and respiratory neural circuit reconnection are efficacious in chronic cervical contusion SCI, given that the vast majority of individuals are chronically-injured and most cases of SCI involve contusion-type damage to the cervical region. We therefore employed a clinically-relevant rat model of chronic cervical hemicontusion to test therapeutic manipulations aimed at reconstructing damaged rVRG-PhMN-diaphragm circuitry to achieve recovery of respiratory function. At a chronic time point post-injury, we systemically administered: an antagonist peptide directed against phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a central inhibitor of neuron-intrinsic axon growth potential; an antagonist peptide directed against receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPσ), another important negative regulator of axon growth capacity; or a combination of these two peptides. PTEN antagonist peptide (PAP4) promoted partial recovery of diaphragm motor activity out to nine months post-injury, while PTPσ peptide did not impact diaphragm function after cervical SCI. Furthermore, PAP4 promoted robust growth of descending bulbospinal rVRG axons caudal to the injury within the denervated portion of the PhMN pool, while PTPσ peptide did not affect rVRG axon growth at this location that is critical to control of diaphragmatic respiratory function. In conclusion, we find that, when PTEN inhibition is targeted at a chronic time point following cervical contusion that is most relevant to the SCI clinical population, our non-invasive PAP4 strategy can successfully promote significant regrowth of damaged respiratory neural circuitry and also partial recovery of diaphragm motor function. HIGHLIGHTS PTEN antagonist peptide promotes partial diaphragm function recovery in chronic cervical contusion SCI.PTPσ inhibitory peptide does not impact diaphragm function recovery in chronic cervical contusion SCI.PTEN antagonist peptide promotes growth of bulbospinal rVRG axons in chronic cervical contusion SCI.PTPσ peptide does not affect rVRG axon growth in chronic cervical contusion SCI.
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Hu J, Zhang G, Rodemer W, Jin LQ, Selzer ME. Combined RhoA morpholino and ChABC treatment protects identified lamprey neurons from retrograde apoptosis after spinal cord injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1292012. [PMID: 38179205 PMCID: PMC10764559 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1292012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that RhoA knockdown by morpholino antisense oligonucleotides (MOs), and enzymatic digestion of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) at the site of injury with chondroitinase ABC (ChABC), each can reduce retrograde neuronal apoptosis after spinal cord transection in the lamprey. To elucidate the mechanisms in neuronal survival and axon regeneration, we have investigated whether these two effects are additive in vivo. We used lampreys as a spinal cord injury model. MOs were used to knockdown RhoA and Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) was used to digest CSPGs in vivo. Retrograde labeling, fluorochrome-labeled inhibitor of caspase activity (FLICA), immunohistochemistry, and western blots were performed to assess axonal regeneration, neuronal apoptotic signaling and Akt activation. Four treatment combinations were evaluated at 2-, 4-, and 10-weeks post-transection: (1) Control MO plus enzyme buffer (Ctrl); (2) control MO plus ChABC; (3) RhoA MO plus enzyme buffer (RhoA MO); and (4) RhoA MO plus ChABC (RhoA MO + ChABC). Consistent with our previous findings, at 4-weeks post-transection, there was less caspase activation in the ChABC and RhoA MO groups than in the Ctrl group. Moreover, the RhoA MO plus ChABC group had the best protective effect on identified reticulospinal (RS) neurons among the four treatment combinations. At 2 weeks post-transection, when axons have retracted maximally in the rostral stump and are beginning to regenerate back toward the lesion, the axon tips in the three treatment groups each were closer to the transection than those in the Ctr MO plus enzyme buffer group. Long-term axon regeneration also was evaluated for the large, individually identified RS neurons at 10 weeks post-transection by retrograde labeling. The percent regenerated axons in the RhoA MO plus ChABC group was greater than that in any of the other groups. Akt phosphorylation levels at threonine 308 was quantified in the identified RS neurons by western blots and immunofluorescence. The RhoA MO plus ChABC treatment enhanced pAkt-308 phosphorylation more than any of the other treatment groups. Although some of the effects of CSPGs are mediated through RhoA activation, some growth-inhibiting mechanisms of RhoA and CSPGs are independent of each other, so combinatorial therapies may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Hu
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center), Lewis Katz School of Medicine (LKSOM) at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neural Sciences, LKSOM, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Guixin Zhang
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center), Lewis Katz School of Medicine (LKSOM) at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neural Sciences, LKSOM, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - William Rodemer
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Li-Qing Jin
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center), Lewis Katz School of Medicine (LKSOM) at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neural Sciences, LKSOM, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael E. Selzer
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center), Lewis Katz School of Medicine (LKSOM) at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neural Sciences, LKSOM, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, LKSOM, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Chambel SS, Cruz CD. Axonal growth inhibitors and their receptors in spinal cord injury: from biology to clinical translation. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2573-2581. [PMID: 37449592 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.373674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal growth inhibitors are released during traumatic injuries to the adult mammalian central nervous system, including after spinal cord injury. These molecules accumulate at the injury site and form a highly inhibitory environment for axonal regeneration. Among these inhibitory molecules, myelin-associated inhibitors, including neurite outgrowth inhibitor A, oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein, myelin-associated glycoprotein, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and repulsive guidance molecule A are of particular importance. Due to their inhibitory nature, they represent exciting molecular targets to study axonal inhibition and regeneration after central injuries. These molecules are mainly produced by neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes within the scar and in its immediate vicinity. They exert their effects by binding to specific receptors, localized in the membranes of neurons. Receptors for these inhibitory cues include Nogo receptor 1, leucine-rich repeat, and Ig domain containing 1 and p75 neurotrophin receptor/tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 19 (that form a receptor complex that binds all myelin-associated inhibitors), and also paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and repulsive guidance molecule A bind to Nogo receptor 1, Nogo receptor 3, receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase σ and leucocyte common antigen related phosphatase, and neogenin, respectively. Once activated, these receptors initiate downstream signaling pathways, the most common amongst them being the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. These signaling cascades result in actin depolymerization, neurite outgrowth inhibition, and failure to regenerate after spinal cord injury. Currently, there are no approved pharmacological treatments to overcome spinal cord injuries other than physical rehabilitation and management of the array of symptoms brought on by spinal cord injuries. However, several novel therapies aiming to modulate these inhibitory proteins and/or their receptors are under investigation in ongoing clinical trials. Investigation has also been demonstrating that combinatorial therapies of growth inhibitors with other therapies, such as growth factors or stem-cell therapies, produce stronger results and their potential application in the clinics opens new venues in spinal cord injury treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Sousa Chambel
- Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine of Porto; Translational NeuroUrology, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S and IBMC, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia Duarte Cruz
- Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine of Porto; Translational NeuroUrology, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S and IBMC, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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John U, Patro N, Patro IK. Astrogliosis and associated CSPG upregulation adversely affect dendritogenesis, spinogenesis and synaptic activity in the cerebellum of a double-hit rat model of protein malnutrition (PMN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced bacterial infection. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 131:102286. [PMID: 37169039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a vital role in growth, guidance and survival of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). The chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are a type of ECM proteins that are crucial for CNS homeostasis. The major goal of this study was to uncover the effects of astroglial activation and associated intensified expression of CSPGs on dendritogenesis, spinogenesis as well as on synaptic activity in cerebellum following protein malnutrition (PMN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced bacterial infection. Female Wistar albino rats (3 months old) were switched to control (20% protein) or low protein (LP, 8% protein) diet for 15 days followed by breeding. A set of pups born to control/LP mothers and maintained on respective diets throughout the experimental period constituted the control and LP groups, while a separate set of both control and LP group pups exposed to bacterial infection by a single intraperitoneal injection of LPS (0.3 mg/ kg body weight) on postnatal day-9 (P-9) constituted control+LPS and LP+LPS groups respectively. The consequences of astrogliosis induced CSPG upregulation on cerebellar cytoarchitecture and synaptic activity were studied using standard immunohistochemical and histological tools on P-21 and 6 months of age. The results revealed reactive astrogliosis and associated CSPG upregulation in a double-hit model of PMN and LPS induced bacterial infection resulted in disrupted dendritogenesis, reduced postsynaptic density protein (PSD-95) levels and a deleterious impact on normal spine growth. Such alterations frequently have the potential to cause synaptic dysregulation and inhibition of plasticity both during development as well as adulthood. At the light of our results, we can envision that upregulation of CSPGs in PMN and LPS co-challenged individuals might emerge as an important modulator of brain circuitry and a major causative factor for many neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmilla John
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India; School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
| | - Nisha Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
| | - Ishan K Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India; School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India.
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Le C, Hu X, Tong L, Ye X, Zhang J, Yan J, Sherchan P, Zhang JH, Gao F, Tang J. Inhibition of LAR attenuates neuroinflammation through RhoA/IRS-1/Akt signaling pathway after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:869-881. [PMID: 36802818 PMCID: PMC10196755 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231159352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte common antigen-related phosphatase (LAR) is widely expressed in the central nervous system and is known to regulate a variety of processes including cell growth, differentiation, and inflammation. However, little is currently known about LAR signaling mediated neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The objective of this study was to investigate the role of LAR in ICH using autologous blood injection-induced ICH mouse model. Expression of endogenous proteins, brain edema and neurological function after ICH were evaluated. Extracellular LAR peptide (ELP), an inhibitor of LAR, was administered to ICH mice and outcomes were evaluated. LAR activating-CRISPR or IRS inhibitor NT-157 was administered to elucidate the mechanism. The results showed that expressions of LAR, its endogenous agonist chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) including neurocan and brevican, and downstream factor RhoA increased after ICH. Administration of ELP reduced brain edema, improved neurological function, and decreased microglia activation after ICH. ELP decreased RhoA and phosphorylated serine-IRS1, increased phosphorylated tyrosine-IRS1 and p-Akt, and attenuated neuroinflammation after ICH, which was reversed by LAR activating-CRISPR or NT-157. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that LAR contributed to neuroinflammation after ICH via RhoA/IRS-1 pathway, and ELP may be a potential therapeutic strategy to attenuate LAR mediated neuroinflammation after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chensheng Le
- Department of Neurology, The Second
Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,
China
- Department of Physiology and
Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Ningbo
Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Physiology and
Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, West
China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lusha Tong
- Department of Neurology, The Second
Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,
China
- Department of Physiology and
Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Xianghua Ye
- Department of Neurology, The Second
Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,
China
| | - Junyi Zhang
- Department of Physiology and
Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Physiology and
Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangxi
Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Prativa Sherchan
- Department of Physiology and
Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and
Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Second
Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,
China
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and
Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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John U, Patro N, Patro I. Perineuronal nets: Cruise from a honeycomb to the safety nets. Brain Res Bull 2022; 190:179-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Fell CW, Hagelkruys A, Cicvaric A, Horrer M, Liu L, Li JSS, Stadlmann J, Polyansky AA, Mereiter S, Tejada MA, Kokotović T, Achuta VS, Scaramuzza A, Twyman KA, Morrow MM, Juusola J, Yan H, Wang J, Burmeister M, Choudhury B, Andersen TL, Wirnsberger G, Holmskov U, Perrimon N, Žagrović B, Monje FJ, Moeller JB, Penninger JM, Nagy V. FIBCD1 is an endocytic GAG receptor associated with a novel neurodevelopmental disorder. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e15829. [PMID: 35916241 PMCID: PMC9449597 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202215829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-exome sequencing of two patients with idiopathic complex neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) identified biallelic variants of unknown significance within FIBCD1, encoding an endocytic acetyl group-binding transmembrane receptor with no known function in the central nervous system. We found that FIBCD1 preferentially binds and endocytoses glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chondroitin sulphate-4S (CS-4S) and regulates GAG content of the brain extracellular matrix (ECM). In silico molecular simulation studies and GAG binding analyses of patient variants determined that such variants are loss-of-function by disrupting FIBCD1-CS-4S association. Gene knockdown in flies resulted in morphological disruption of the neuromuscular junction and motor-related behavioural deficits. In humans and mice, FIBCD1 is expressed in discrete brain regions, including the hippocampus. Fibcd1 KO mice exhibited normal hippocampal neuronal morphology but impaired hippocampal-dependent learning. Further, hippocampal synaptic remodelling in acute slices from Fibcd1 KO mice was deficient but restored upon enzymatically modulating the ECM. Together, we identified FIBCD1 as an endocytic receptor for GAGs in the brain ECM and a novel gene associated with an NDD, revealing a critical role in nervous system structure, function and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Fell
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed DiseasesViennaAustria
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Department of NeurologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Astrid Hagelkruys
- VBC – Vienna BioCenter CampusIMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Ana Cicvaric
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Centre for Physiology and PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA
| | - Marion Horrer
- VBC – Vienna BioCenter CampusIMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Lucy Liu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolHoward Hughes Medical InstituteBostonMAUSA
| | - Joshua Shing Shun Li
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolHoward Hughes Medical InstituteBostonMAUSA
| | - Johannes Stadlmann
- VBC – Vienna BioCenter CampusIMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Institute of BiochemistryUniversity of Natural Resource and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Anton A Polyansky
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz LabsUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
- MM Shemyakin and Yu A Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic ChemistryRussian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
| | - Stefan Mereiter
- VBC – Vienna BioCenter CampusIMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Miguel Angel Tejada
- VBC – Vienna BioCenter CampusIMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Research Unit on Women's Health‐Institute of Health Research INCLIVAValenciaSpain
| | - Tomislav Kokotović
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed DiseasesViennaAustria
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Department of NeurologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Venkat Swaroop Achuta
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed DiseasesViennaAustria
- Department of NeurologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Angelica Scaramuzza
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed DiseasesViennaAustria
- Department of NeurologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | | | | | - Huifang Yan
- Department of PediatricsPeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
- Joint International Research Center of Translational and Clinical ResearchBeijingChina
| | - Jingmin Wang
- Department of PediatricsPeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
- Joint International Research Center of Translational and Clinical ResearchBeijingChina
| | - Margit Burmeister
- Michigan Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Departments of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, Psychiatry and Human GeneticsUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Biswa Choudhury
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUCSDLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Thomas Levin Andersen
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of PathologyOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
- Pathology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research and Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Gerald Wirnsberger
- VBC – Vienna BioCenter CampusIMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Apeiron Biologics AG, Vienna BioCenter CampusViennaAustria
| | - Uffe Holmskov
- Cancer and Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolHoward Hughes Medical InstituteBostonMAUSA
| | - Bojan Žagrović
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz LabsUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Francisco J Monje
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Centre for Physiology and PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Jesper Bonnet Moeller
- Cancer and Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced StudyUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Josef M Penninger
- VBC – Vienna BioCenter CampusIMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Science InstituteUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Vanja Nagy
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed DiseasesViennaAustria
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Department of NeurologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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11
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Nguyen MQ, Taniguchi M, Yasumura M, Iguchi T, Sato M. Cytoneme-like protrusion formation induced by LAR is promoted by receptor dimerization. Biol Open 2022; 11:276051. [PMID: 35735010 PMCID: PMC9346286 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin-based protrusions called cytonemes are reported to function in cell communication by supporting events such as morphogen gradient establishment and pattern formation. Despite the crucial roles of cytonemes in cell signaling, the molecular mechanism for cytoneme establishment remains elusive. In this study, we showed that the leukocyte common antigen-related (LAR) receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase plays an important role in cytoneme-like protrusion formation. Overexpression of LAR in HEK293T cells induced the formation of actin-based protrusions, some of which exceeded 200 µm in length and displayed a complex morphology with branches. Upon focusing on the regulation of LAR dimerization or clustering and the resulting regulatory effects on LAR phosphatase activity, we found that longer and more branched protrusions were formed when LAR dimerization was artificially induced and when heparan sulfate was applied. Interestingly, although the truncated form of LAR lacking phosphatase-related domains promoted protrusion formation, the phosphatase-inactive forms did not show clear changes, suggesting that LAR dimerization triggers the formation of cytoneme-like protrusions in a phosphatase-independent manner. Our results thus emphasize the importance of LAR and its dimerization in cell signaling. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: We showed that the formation of cytoneme-like protrusions, which function in cell signaling, is induced by LAR and clarified that it is LAR dimerization which promotes protrusion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Quynh Nguyen
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Manabu Taniguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Misato Yasumura
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tokuichi Iguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Fukui Health Science University, Fukui, Japan
| | - Makoto Sato
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui (UGSCD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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12
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Zachariou D, Evangelopoulos DS, Rozis M, Papagrigorakis E, Galanis A, Vavourakis M, Pneumaticos SG, Vlamis J. Application of Collagen-Based Scaffolds for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injuries in Animal Models: A Literature Update. Cureus 2022; 14:e25997. [PMID: 35859951 PMCID: PMC9288156 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
SCI is regarded as one of the most devastating central nervous system (CNS) injuries, exhibiting an alarmingly rising incidence rate, indirectly connected with the expansion of the global economy. The consequences of SCI are multidimensional: SCI injuries may result in permanent voluntary motor dysfunction and loss of sensation while incurring heavy economic and psychological burdens as part of the treatment. Thus, it is crucial to develop effective and suitable SCI treatment strategies. Collagen-based scaffold application is one of the most promising methods of SCI treatment. This review compiles newer bibliographical data regarding the application of collagen scaffolds for the treatment of Spinal cord injury (SCI) in animal models. Recently, several relevant studies have been carried out using carefully selected animals with similar pathophysiology to humans. In mouse, rat and canine models that have undergone transection or hemisection, the stump connection, the transplanted cell differentiation, and the elimination of glial scar are promising. Also, encouraging results have been found regarding the increased neuronal growth, the decreased collagen deposition, the behavioral recovery, the improved electrophysiology, and the enhanced axonal regeneration.
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13
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Hu J, Jin LQ, Selzer ME. Inhibition of central axon regeneration: perspective from chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in lamprey spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1955-1956. [PMID: 35142672 PMCID: PMC8848628 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Hu
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Li-Qing Jin
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael E Selzer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation); Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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14
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Ding Y, Zhang D, Wang S, Zhang X, Yang J. Hematogenous Macrophages: A New Therapeutic Target for Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:767888. [PMID: 34901013 PMCID: PMC8653770 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.767888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating disease leading to loss of sensory and motor functions, whose pathological process includes mechanical primary injury and secondary injury. Macrophages play an important role in SCI pathology. According to its origin, it can be divided into resident microglia and peripheral monocyte-derived macrophages (hematogenous Mφ). And it can also be divided into M1-type macrophages and M2-type macrophages on the basis of its functional characteristics. Hematogenous macrophages may contribute to the SCI process through infiltrating, scar forming, phagocytizing debris, and inducing inflammatory response. Although some of the activities of hematogenous macrophages are shown to be beneficial, the role of hematogenous macrophages in SCI remains controversial. In this review, following a brief introduction of hematogenous macrophages, we mainly focus on the function and the controversial role of hematogenous macrophages in SCI, and we propose that hematogenous macrophages may be a new therapeutic target for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhe Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics, Wenzhou, China.,Chinese Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Society, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingquan Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics, Wenzhou, China
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15
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Liu JT, Wang SY, Xiao HP, Gu B, Li HN. Effects of methylprednisolone and treadmill training on spinal cord injury in experimental rats. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1413. [PMID: 34676006 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylprednisolone (MP) is widely used to treat clinical spinal cord injury (SCI). Treadmill training is also considered an important treatment after SCI to improve motor function in patients, resulting in an evident improvement. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate and contrast the effects of MP and treadmill training administered in combination or alone after SCI in adult rats. A rat spinal cord T10 contusion model was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats using an impact device. A total of 40 rats were divided into four groups (n=10 rats/group): the MP, MP + treadmill training, SCI and sham group. At 30 min after injury, MP sodium succinate was injected into the rats of the MP and MP + treadmill training groups. Treadmill training began on the second week post-trauma and was performed for 8 weeks. The results showed that MP therapy combined with treadmill training significantly ameliorated several parameters of hind limb function compared with those by MP treatment alone (all P<0.05). A significantly reduced immunopositive area of Nogo receptor and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and reduced relative expression of these mRNAs were found in the MP + treadmill training group (P<0.05) compared with the findings in the MP group. In conclusion, the present study indicated that combined MP and treadmill training treatment improved the recovery of hind limb function in rats with SCI, thus potentially representing a promising strategy to cure SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Tao Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, P.R. China
| | - Shuo-Yu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, P.R. China
| | - Han-Ping Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, P.R. China
| | - Bing Gu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Nan Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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16
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Pan D, Li Y, Yang F, Lv Z, Zhu S, Shao Y, Huang Y, Ning G, Feng S. Increasing toll-like receptor 2 on astrocytes induced by Schwann cell-derived exosomes promotes recovery by inhibiting CSPGs deposition after spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:172. [PMID: 34372877 PMCID: PMC8353762 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02215-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severely disabling disease that leads to loss of sensation, motor, and autonomic function. As exosomes have great potential in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of SCI because of their ability to easily cross the blood–brain barrier, the function of Schwann cell-derived exosomes (SCDEs) is still largely unknown. Methods A T10 spinal cord contusion was established in adult female mice. SCDEs were injected into the tail veins of mice three times a week for 4 weeks after the induction of SCI, and the control group was injected with PBS. High-resolution transmission electron microscope and western blot were used to characterize the SCDEs. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression on astrocytes, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) deposition and neurological function recovery were measured in the spinal cord tissues of each group by immunofluorescence staining of TLR2, GFAP, CS56, 5-HT, and β-III-tublin, respectively. TLR2f/f mice were crossed to the GFAP-Cre strain to generate astrocyte specific TLR2 knockout mice (TLR2−/−). Finally, western blot analysis was used to determine the expression of signaling proteins and IKKβ inhibitor SC-514 was used to validate the involved signaling pathway. Results Here, we found that TLR2 increased significantly on astrocytes post-SCI. SCDEs treatment can promote functional recovery and induce the expression of TLR2 on astrocytes accompanied with decreased CSPGs deposition. The specific knockout of TLR2 on astrocytes abolished the decreasing CSPGs deposition and neurological functional recovery post-SCI. In addition, the signaling pathway of NF-κB/PI3K involved in the TLR2 activation was validated by western blot. Furthermore, IKKβ inhibitor SC-514 was also used to validate this signaling pathway. Conclusion Thus, our results uncovered that SCDEs can promote functional recovery of mice post-SCI by decreasing the CSPGs deposition via increasing the TLR2 expression on astrocytes through NF-κB/PI3K signaling pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02215-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayu Pan
- Department, of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjin Li
- Department, of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuhan Yang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zenghui Lv
- Department, of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shibo Zhu
- Department, of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixin Shao
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- Department, of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China. .,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department, of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China. .,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Hu J, Rodemer W, Zhang G, Jin LQ, Li S, Selzer ME. Chondroitinase ABC Promotes Axon Regeneration and Reduces Retrograde Apoptosis Signaling in Lamprey. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:653638. [PMID: 33842481 PMCID: PMC8027354 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.653638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paralysis following spinal cord injury (SCI) is due to failure of axonal regeneration. It is believed that axon growth is inhibited by the presence of several types of inhibitory molecules in central nervous system (CNS), including the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs). Many studies have shown that digestion of CSPGs with chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) can enhance axon growth and functional recovery after SCI. However, due to the complexity of the mammalian CNS, it is still unclear whether this involves true regeneration or only collateral sprouting by uninjured axons, whether it affects the expression of CSPG receptors such as protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPσ), and whether it influences retrograde neuronal apoptosis after SCI. In the present study, we assessed the roles of CSPGs in the regeneration of spinal-projecting axons from brainstem neurons, and in the process of retrograde neuronal apoptosis. Using the fluorochrome-labeled inhibitor of caspase activity (FLICA) method, apoptotic signaling was seen primarily in those large, individually identified reticulospinal (RS) neurons that are known to be “bad-regenerators.” Compared to uninjured controls, the number of all RS neurons showing polycaspase activity increased significantly at 2, 4, 8, and 11 weeks post-transection (post-TX). ChABC application to a fresh TX site reduced the number of polycaspase-positive RS neurons at 2 and 11 weeks post-TX, and also reduced the number of active caspase 3-positive RS neurons at 4 weeks post-TX, which confirmed the beneficial role of ChABC treatment in retrograde apoptotic signaling. ChABC treatment also greatly promoted axonal regeneration at 10 weeks post-TX. Correspondingly, PTPσ mRNA expression was reduced in the perikaryon. Previously, PTPσ mRNA expression was shown to correlate with neuronal apoptotic signaling at 2 and 10 weeks post-TX. In the present study, this correlation persisted after ChABC treatment, which suggests that PTPσ may be involved more generally in signaling axotomy-induced retrograde neuronal apoptosis. Moreover, ChABC treatment caused Akt activation (pAkt-308) to be greatly enhanced in brain post-TX, which was further confirmed in individually identified RS neurons. Thus, CSPG digestion not only enhances axon regeneration after SCI, but also inhibits retrograde RS neuronal apoptosis signaling, possibly by reducing PTPσ expression and enhancing Akt activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Hu
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - William Rodemer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Guixin Zhang
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Li-Qing Jin
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael E Selzer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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18
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Shahsavani N, Kataria H, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Mechanisms and repair strategies for white matter degeneration in CNS injury and diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166117. [PMID: 33667627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
White matter degeneration is an important pathophysiological event of the central nervous system that is collectively characterized by demyelination, oligodendrocyte loss, axonal degeneration and parenchymal changes that can result in sensory, motor, autonomic and cognitive impairments. White matter degeneration can occur due to a variety of causes including trauma, neurotoxic exposure, insufficient blood flow, neuroinflammation, and developmental and inherited neuropathies. Regardless of the etiology, the degeneration processes share similar pathologic features. In recent years, a plethora of cellular and molecular mechanisms have been identified for axon and oligodendrocyte degeneration including oxidative damage, calcium overload, neuroinflammatory events, activation of proteases, depletion of adenosine triphosphate and energy supply. Extensive efforts have been also made to develop neuroprotective and neuroregenerative approaches for white matter repair. However, less progress has been achieved in this area mainly due to the complexity and multifactorial nature of the degeneration processes. Here, we will provide a timely review on the current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of white matter degeneration and will also discuss recent pharmacological and cellular therapeutic approaches for white matter protection as well as axonal regeneration, oligodendrogenesis and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Shahsavani
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hardeep Kataria
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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19
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CXCL12 promotes spinal nerve regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Neuroreport 2021; 32:450-457. [PMID: 33657074 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to permanent loss of motor and sensory function due to the complex mechanisms of the external microenvironment and internal neurobiochemistry that restrict neuronal plasticity and axonal regeneration. Chemokine CXCL12 was verified in regulating the development of central nervous system (CNS) and repairing of CNS disease. In the present study, CXCL12 was downregulated in the spinal cord after SCI. SCI also induced gliosis and loss of synapse. Intrathecal treatment of CXCL12 promoted the functional recovery of SCI by inducing the formation of neuronal connections and suppressing glia scar. To confirm whether CXCL12 promoted synapse formation and functional neuronal connections, the primary cortical neurons were treated with CXCL12 peptide, the synapse was examined using Immunofluorescence staining and the function of synapse was tested using a whole-cell patch clamp. The results indicated that CXCL12 peptide promoted axonal elongation, branche formation, dendrite generation and synaptogenesis. The electrophysiological results showed that CXCL12 peptide increased functional connections among neurons. Taken together, the present study illustrated an underlying mechanism of the development of SCI and indicated a potential approach to facilitate functional recovery of spinal cord after SCI.
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20
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Ribas VT, Vahsen BF, Tatenhorst L, Estrada V, Dambeck V, Almeida RA, Bähr M, Michel U, Koch JC, Müller HW, Lingor P. AAV-mediated inhibition of ULK1 promotes axonal regeneration in the central nervous system in vitro and in vivo. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:213. [PMID: 33637688 PMCID: PMC7910615 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Axonal damage is an early step in traumatic and neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Damaged axons are not able to regenerate sufficiently in the adult mammalian CNS, leading to permanent neurological deficits. Recently, we showed that inhibition of the autophagic protein ULK1 promotes neuroprotection in different models of neurodegeneration. Moreover, we demonstrated previously that axonal protection improves regeneration of lesioned axons. However, whether axonal protection mediated by ULK1 inhibition could also improve axonal regeneration is unknown. Here, we used an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector to express a dominant-negative form of ULK1 (AAV.ULK1.DN) and investigated its effects on axonal regeneration in the CNS. We show that AAV.ULK1.DN fosters axonal regeneration and enhances neurite outgrowth in vitro. In addition, AAV.ULK1.DN increases neuronal survival and enhances axonal regeneration after optic nerve lesion, and promotes long-term axonal protection after spinal cord injury (SCI) in vivo. Interestingly, AAV.ULK1.DN also increases serotonergic and dopaminergic axon sprouting after SCI. Mechanistically, AAV.ULK1.DN leads to increased ERK1 activation and reduced expression of RhoA and ROCK2. Our findings outline ULK1 as a key regulator of axonal degeneration and regeneration, and define ULK1 as a promising target to promote neuroprotection and regeneration in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Toledo Ribas
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil.
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Björn Friedhelm Vahsen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars Tatenhorst
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Straße 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Veronica Estrada
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University Medical Center Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vivian Dambeck
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Straße 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Raquel Alves Almeida
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Michel
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Christoph Koch
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans Werner Müller
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University Medical Center Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Straße 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Rechts der Isar Hospital of the Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
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21
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Cheng L, Sami A, Ghosh B, Urban MW, Heinsinger NM, Liang SS, Smith GM, Wright MC, Li S, Lepore AC. LAR inhibitory peptide promotes recovery of diaphragm function and multiple forms of respiratory neural circuit plasticity after cervical spinal cord injury. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 147:105153. [PMID: 33127470 PMCID: PMC7726004 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), up-regulated in and around the lesion after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), are key extracellular matrix inhibitory molecules that limit axon growth and consequent recovery of function. CSPG-mediated inhibition occurs via interactions with axonal receptors, including leukocyte common antigen- related (LAR) phosphatase. We tested the effects of a novel LAR inhibitory peptide in rats after hemisection at cervical level 2, a SCI model in which bulbospinal inspiratory neural circuitry originating in the medullary rostral ventral respiratory group (rVRG) becomes disconnected from phrenic motor neuron (PhMN) targets in cervical spinal cord, resulting in persistent partial-to-complete diaphragm paralysis. LAR peptide was delivered by a soaked gelfoam, which was placed directly over the injury site immediately after C2 hemisection and replaced at 1 week post-injury. Axotomized rVRG axons originating in ipsilateral medulla or spared rVRG fibers originating in contralateral medulla were separately assessed by anterograde tracing via AAV2-mCherry injection into rVRG. At 8 weeks post-hemisection, LAR peptide significantly improved ipsilateral hemidiaphragm function, as assessed in vivo with electromyography recordings. LAR peptide promoted robust regeneration of ipsilateral-originating rVRG axons into and through the lesion site and into intact caudal spinal cord to reach PhMNs located at C3-C5 levels. Furthermore, regenerating rVRG axons re-established putative monosynaptic connections with their PhMNs targets. In addition, LAR peptide stimulated robust sprouting of both modulatory serotonergic axons and contralateral-originating rVRG fibers within the PhMN pool ipsilateral/ caudal to the hemisection. Our study demonstrates that targeting LAR-based axon growth inhibition promotes multiple forms of respiratory neural circuit plasticity and provides a new peptide-based therapeutic strategy to ameliorate the devastating respiratory consequences of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Cheng
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America
| | - Armin Sami
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America
| | - Biswarup Ghosh
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America
| | - Mark W Urban
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America
| | - Nicolette M Heinsinger
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America
| | - Sophia S Liang
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America
| | - George M Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals for Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140-5104, United States of America
| | - Megan C Wright
- Department of Biology, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA 19038, United States of America
| | - Shuxin Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shriners Hospitals for Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140-5104, United States of America
| | - Angelo C Lepore
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America.
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22
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Yeh JZ, Wang DH, Cherng JH, Wang YW, Fan GY, Liou NH, Liu JC, Chou CH. A Collagen-Based Scaffold for Promoting Neural Plasticity in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2245. [PMID: 33003601 PMCID: PMC7600216 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In spinal cord injury (SCI) therapy, glial scarring formed by activated astrocytes is a primary problem that needs to be solved to enhance axonal regeneration. In this study, we developed and used a collagen scaffold for glial scar replacement to create an appropriate environment in an SCI rat model and determined whether neural plasticity can be manipulated using this approach. We used four experimental groups, as follows: SCI-collagen scaffold, SCI control, normal spinal cord-collagen scaffold, and normal control. The collagen scaffold showed excellent in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility. Immunofluorescence staining revealed increased expression of neurofilament and fibronectin and reduced expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and anti-chondroitin sulfate in the collagen scaffold-treated SCI rats at 1 and 4 weeks post-implantation compared with that in untreated SCI control. This indicates that the collagen scaffold implantation promoted neuronal survival and axonal growth within the injured site and prevented glial scar formation by controlling astrocyte production for their normal functioning. Our study highlights the feasibility of using the collagen scaffold in SCI repair. The collagen scaffold was found to exert beneficial effects on neuronal activity and may help in manipulating synaptic plasticity, implying its great potential for clinical application in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue-Zong Yeh
- Department of Pharmacy, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
| | - Ding-Han Wang
- School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Juin-Hong Cherng
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (J.-H.C.); (Y.-W.W.); (N.-H.L.); (J.-C.L.)
- Department of Gerontological Health Care, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Wang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (J.-H.C.); (Y.-W.W.); (N.-H.L.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Gang-Yi Fan
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
| | - Nien-Hsien Liou
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (J.-H.C.); (Y.-W.W.); (N.-H.L.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Jiang-Chuan Liu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (J.-H.C.); (Y.-W.W.); (N.-H.L.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Chung-Hsing Chou
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
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23
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Hussein RK, Mencio CP, Katagiri Y, Brake AM, Geller HM. Role of Chondroitin Sulfation Following Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:208. [PMID: 32848612 PMCID: PMC7419623 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury produces long-term neurological damage, and presents a significant public health problem with nearly 18,000 new cases per year in the U.S. The injury results in both acute and chronic changes in the spinal cord, ultimately resulting in the production of a glial scar, consisting of multiple cells including fibroblasts, macrophages, microglia, and reactive astrocytes. Within the scar, there is an accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules—primarily tenascins and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs)—which are considered to be inhibitory to axonal regeneration. In this review article, we discuss the role of CSPGs in the injury response, especially how sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains act to inhibit plasticity and regeneration. This includes how sulfation of GAG chains influences their biological activity and interactions with potential receptors. Comprehending the role of CSPGs in the inhibitory properties of the glial scar provides critical knowledge in the much-needed production of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan K Hussein
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Caitlin P Mencio
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yasuhiro Katagiri
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alexis M Brake
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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24
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Yang X. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans: key modulators of neuronal plasticity, long-term memory, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders. Rev Neurosci 2020; 31:555-568. [PMID: 32126020 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2019-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are large groups of heterogenous proteoglycans that are mainly expressed by reactive astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). They share similar core proteins and are post-transcriptionally modified by chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans. CSPGs are the major components of the perineuronal nets (PNN) that regulate the opening and closure of the critical period. Mounting reports have documented the crucial roles of CSPGs in restricting neuronal plasticity, axonal growth, and pathfinding during development as well as axonal regeneration after CNS injury. Moreover, CSPGs and PNNs modulate long-term memory, which impairments frequently happened in several neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. This review will shortly introduce the expression patterns of CSPGs during development and after injury, the PNNs constitutions, the roles of CSPGs and PNNs in axonal regrowth, discuss the most recently identified roles of CSPGs and PNNs in mediating long-term memory and their correlation with brain disorders, and finally, propose a short perspective of future investigations. Hopefully, further explorations may validate the therapeutic potentials of PNNs and CSPGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P.R. China
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25
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Sami A, Selzer ME, Li S. Advances in the Signaling Pathways Downstream of Glial-Scar Axon Growth Inhibitors. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:174. [PMID: 32714150 PMCID: PMC7346763 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon growth inhibitors generated by reactive glial scars play an important role in failure of axon regeneration after CNS injury in mature mammals. Among the inhibitory factors, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are potent suppressors of axon regeneration and are important molecular targets for designing effective therapies for traumatic brain injury or spinal cord injury (SCI). CSPGs bind with high affinity to several transmembrane receptors, including two members of the leukocyte common antigen related (LAR) subfamily of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs). Recent studies demonstrate that multiple intracellular signaling pathways downstream of these two RPTPs mediate the growth-inhibitory actions of CSPGs. A better understanding of these signaling pathways may facilitate development of new and effective therapies for CNS disorders characterized by axonal disconnections. This review will focus on recent advances in the downstream signaling pathways of scar-mediated inhibition and their potential as the molecular targets for CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Sami
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael E Selzer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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26
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Zhong J, Lan C, Zhang C, Yang Y, Chen WX, Zhang KY, Zhao HL, Fang XY, Li HH, Tan L, Wang P, Ge HF, Hu R, Feng H. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan represses neural stem/progenitor cells migration via PTPσ/α-actinin4 signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:11008-11021. [PMID: 30688376 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) are a promising candidate for the cell-replacement therapy after central nervous system (CNS) injury. However, the short of sufficient NSPCs migration and integration into the lesions is an essential challenge for cell-based therapy after CNS injury due to the disturbance of local environmental homeostasis. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) is obviously accumulated at the lesions and destroyed local homeostasis after CNS injury. The previous study has demonstrated that the CSPG is a dominating ingredient inhibiting axonal regrowth of newly born neurons after CNS injury. NSPCs, a strain of special neural subtypes, hold the capacity of leading processes formation to regulate NSPCs migration, which has the same mechanism as axonal regrowth. Hence, it is worth investigating the effect of CSPG on NSPCs migration and its underlying mechanism. Here, different concentration of CSPG was used to evaluate its effect on NSPCs migration. The results showed that the CSPG suppressed NSPCs migration in a dose-dependent manner from 10 to 80 µg/mL with phase-contrast microscopy after 24 hours. Meanwhile, transwell assays were performed to certify the above results. Our data indicated that the 40 µg/mL CSPG obviously suppressed NSPCs migration via decreasing filopodia formation using immunofluorescence staining. Furthermore, data indicated that the 40 µg/mL CSPG upregulated protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor σ (PTPσ) expression and decreased α-actinin4 (ACTN4) expression through immunofluorescence, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot assays. While the inhibitory effect was attenuated using PTPσ-specific small interfering RNA. In addition, data demonstrated that the 40 µg/mL CSPG facilitated NSPCs differentiation into glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells and inhibited NSPCs directing into MAP2- and MBP-positive cells. Collectively, these data demonstrated that the CSPG suppressed NSPCs migration through PTPσ/ACTN4 signaling pathway. Meanwhile, CSPG facilitated NSPCs differentiation into astrocytes and inhibited NSPCs directing into neurons and oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Lan
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Wei-Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Kai-Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Heng-Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xuan-Yu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Huan-Huan Li
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hong-Fei Ge
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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27
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Melrose J. Keratan sulfate (KS)-proteoglycans and neuronal regulation in health and disease: the importance of KS-glycodynamics and interactive capability with neuroregulatory ligands. J Neurochem 2019; 149:170-194. [PMID: 30578672 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Compared to the other classes of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), that is, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, heparin/heparan sulfate and hyaluronan, keratan sulfate (KS), have the least known of its interactive properties. In the human body, the cornea and the brain are the two most abundant tissue sources of KS. Embryonic KS is synthesized as a linear poly-N-acetyllactosamine chain of d-galactose-GlcNAc repeat disaccharides which become progressively sulfated with development, sulfation of GlcNAc is more predominant than galactose. KS contains multi-sulfated high-charge density, monosulfated and non-sulfated poly-N-acetyllactosamine regions and thus is a heterogeneous molecule in terms of chain length and charge distribution. A recent proteomics study on corneal KS demonstrated its interactivity with members of the Slit-Robbo and Ephrin-Ephrin receptor families and proteins which regulate Rho GTPase signaling and actin polymerization/depolymerization in neural development and differentiation. KS decorates a number of peripheral nervous system/CNS proteoglycan (PG) core proteins. The astrocyte KS-PG abakan defines functional margins of the brain and is up-regulated following trauma. The chondroitin sulfate/KS PG aggrecan forms perineuronal nets which are dynamic neuroprotective structures with anti-oxidant properties and roles in neural differentiation, development and synaptic plasticity. Brain phosphacan a chondroitin sulfate, KS, HNK-1 PG have roles in neural development and repair. The intracellular microtubule and synaptic vesicle KS-PGs MAP1B and SV2 have roles in metabolite transport, storage, and export of neurotransmitters and cytoskeletal assembly. MAP1B has binding sites for tubulin and actin through which it promotes cytoskeletal development in growth cones and is highly expressed during neurite extension. The interactive capability of KS with neuroregulatory ligands indicate varied roles for KS-PGs in development and regenerative neural processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Northern Campus, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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28
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Goncalves K, Przyborski S. The utility of stem cells for neural regeneration. Brain Neurosci Adv 2018; 2:2398212818818071. [PMID: 32166173 PMCID: PMC7058206 DOI: 10.1177/2398212818818071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of stem cells in biomedical research is an extremely active area of science. This is because they provide tools that can be used both in vivo and vitro to either replace cells lost in degenerative processes, or to model such diseases to elucidate their underlying mechanisms. This review aims to discuss the use of stem cells in terms of providing regeneration within the nervous system, which is particularly important as neurons of the central nervous system lack the ability to inherently regenerate and repair lost connections. As populations are ageing, incidence of neurodegenerative diseases are increasing, highlighting the need to better understand the regenerative capacity and many uses of stem cells in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Przyborski
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK.,Reprocell Europe, Sedgefield, UK
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29
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Tran AP, Warren PM, Silver J. The Biology of Regeneration Failure and Success After Spinal Cord Injury. Physiol Rev 2018. [PMID: 29513146 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since no approved therapies to restore mobility and sensation following spinal cord injury (SCI) currently exist, a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms following SCI that compromise regeneration or neuroplasticity is needed to develop new strategies to promote axonal regrowth and restore function. Physical trauma to the spinal cord results in vascular disruption that, in turn, causes blood-spinal cord barrier rupture leading to hemorrhage and ischemia, followed by rampant local cell death. As subsequent edema and inflammation occur, neuronal and glial necrosis and apoptosis spread well beyond the initial site of impact, ultimately resolving into a cavity surrounded by glial/fibrotic scarring. The glial scar, which stabilizes the spread of secondary injury, also acts as a chronic, physical, and chemo-entrapping barrier that prevents axonal regeneration. Understanding the formative events in glial scarring helps guide strategies towards the development of potential therapies to enhance axon regeneration and functional recovery at both acute and chronic stages following SCI. This review will also discuss the perineuronal net and how chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) deposited in both the glial scar and net impede axonal outgrowth at the level of the growth cone. We will end the review with a summary of current CSPG-targeting strategies that help to foster axonal regeneration, neuroplasticity/sprouting, and functional recovery following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Phuong Tran
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio ; and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
| | - Philippa Mary Warren
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio ; and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
| | - Jerry Silver
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio ; and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
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30
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Huebner EA, Budel S, Jiang Z, Omura T, Ho TSY, Barrett L, Merkel JS, Pereira LM, Andrews NA, Wang X, Singh B, Kapur K, Costigan M, Strittmatter SM, Woolf CJ. Diltiazem Promotes Regenerative Axon Growth. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3948-3957. [PMID: 30232777 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1349-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Axotomy results in permanent loss of function after brain and spinal cord injuries due to the minimal regenerative propensity of the adult central nervous system (CNS). To identify pharmacological enhancers of axon regeneration, 960 compounds were screened for cortical neuron axonal regrowth using an in vitro cortical scrape assay. Diltiazem, verapamil, and bromopride were discovered to facilitate axon regeneration in rat cortical cultures, in the presence of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs). Diltiazem, an L-type calcium channel blocker (L-CCB), also promotes axon outgrowth in adult primary mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and induced human sensory (iSensory) neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Huebner
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Stéphane Budel
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Zhaoxin Jiang
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Takao Omura
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tammy Szu-Yu Ho
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lee Barrett
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Janie S Merkel
- Yale Center for Molecular Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Luis M Pereira
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nick A Andrews
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Xingxing Wang
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Bhagat Singh
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kush Kapur
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael Costigan
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Nieuwenhuis B, Haenzi B, Andrews MR, Verhaagen J, Fawcett JW. Integrins promote axonal regeneration after injury of the nervous system. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1339-1362. [PMID: 29446228 PMCID: PMC6055631 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are cell surface receptors that form the link between extracellular matrix molecules of the cell environment and internal cell signalling and the cytoskeleton. They are involved in several processes, e.g. adhesion and migration during development and repair. This review focuses on the role of integrins in axonal regeneration. Integrins participate in spontaneous axonal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system through binding to various ligands that either inhibit or enhance their activation and signalling. Integrin biology is more complex in the central nervous system. Integrins receptors are transported into growing axons during development, but selective polarised transport of integrins limits the regenerative response in adult neurons. Manipulation of integrins and related molecules to control their activation state and localisation within axons is a promising route towards stimulating effective regeneration in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Nieuwenhuis
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0PYU.K.
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor SystemsNetherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)1105 BAAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Barbara Haenzi
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0PYU.K.
| | | | - Joost Verhaagen
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor SystemsNetherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)1105 BAAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVrije Universiteit Amsterdam1081 HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - James W. Fawcett
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0PYU.K.
- Centre of Reconstructive NeuroscienceInstitute of Experimental Medicine142 20Prague 4Czech Republic
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Ohtake Y, Saito A, Li S. Diverse functions of protein tyrosine phosphatase σ in the nervous and immune systems. Exp Neurol 2018; 302:196-204. [PMID: 29374568 PMCID: PMC6275553 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation is a common means of regulating protein functions and signal transduction in multiple cells. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are a large family of signaling enzymes that remove phosphate groups from tyrosine residues of target proteins and change their functions. Among them, receptor-type PTPs (RPTPs) exhibit a distinct spatial pattern of expression and play essential roles in regulating neurite outgrowth, axon guidance, and synaptic organization in developmental nervous system. Some RPTPs function as essential receptors for chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans that inhibit axon regeneration following CNS injury. Interestingly, certain RPTPs are also important to regulate functions of immune cells and development of autoimmune diseases. PTPσ, a RPTP in the LAR subfamily, is expressed in various immune cells and regulates their differentiation, production of various cytokines and immune responses. In this review, we highlight the physiological and pathological significance of PTPσ and related molecules in both nervous and immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ohtake
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Department of Stress Protein Processing, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Dias DO, Kim H, Holl D, Werne Solnestam B, Lundeberg J, Carlén M, Göritz C, Frisén J. Reducing Pericyte-Derived Scarring Promotes Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. Cell 2018; 173:153-165.e22. [PMID: 29502968 PMCID: PMC5871719 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
CNS injury often severs axons. Scar tissue that forms locally at the lesion site is thought to block axonal regeneration, resulting in permanent functional deficits. We report that inhibiting the generation of progeny by a subclass of pericytes led to decreased fibrosis and extracellular matrix deposition after spinal cord injury in mice. Regeneration of raphespinal and corticospinal tract axons was enhanced and sensorimotor function recovery improved following spinal cord injury in animals with attenuated pericyte-derived scarring. Using optogenetic stimulation, we demonstrate that regenerated corticospinal tract axons integrated into the local spinal cord circuitry below the lesion site. The number of regenerated axons correlated with improved sensorimotor function recovery. In conclusion, attenuation of pericyte-derived fibrosis represents a promising therapeutic approach to facilitate recovery following CNS injury. Inhibition of pericyte proliferation reduces fibrotic scar tissue following injury Attenuated pericyte-derived scarring facilitates motor axon regeneration Regenerated axons functionally re-integrate into the local spinal circuitry Attenuated pericyte-derived scarring improves sensorimotor recovery
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Affiliation(s)
- David Oliveira Dias
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hoseok Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Holl
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Beata Werne Solnestam
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joakim Lundeberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Carlén
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Christian Göritz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jonas Frisén
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Dias DO, Göritz C. Fibrotic scarring following lesions to the central nervous system. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:561-570. [PMID: 29428230 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Following lesions to the central nervous system, scar tissue forms at the lesion site. Injury often severs axons and scar tissue is thought to block axonal regeneration, resulting in permanent functional deficits. While scar-forming astrocytes have been extensively studied, much less attention has been given to the fibrotic, non-glial component of the scar. We here review recent progress in understanding fibrotic scar formation following different lesions to the brain and spinal cord. We specifically highlight recent evidence for pericyte-derived fibrotic scar tissue formation, discussing the origin, recruitment, function and therapeutic relevance of fibrotic scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Oliveira Dias
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Göritz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Ham TR, Leipzig ND. Biomaterial strategies for limiting the impact of secondary events following spinal cord injury. Biomed Mater 2018; 13:024105. [PMID: 29155409 PMCID: PMC5824690 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa9bbb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The nature of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) often involves limited recovery and long-term quality of life complications. The initial injury sets off a variety of secondary cascades, which result in an expanded lesion area. Ultimately, the native tissue fails to regenerate. As treatments are developed in the laboratory, the management of this secondary cascade is an important first step in achieving recovery of normal function. Current literature identifies four broad targets for intervention: inflammation, oxidative stress, disruption of the blood-spinal cord barrier, and formation of an inhibitory glial scar. Because of the complex and interconnected nature of these events, strategies that combine multiple therapies together show much promise. Specifically, approaches that rely on biomaterials to perform a variety of functions are generating intense research interest. In this review, we examine each target and discuss how biomaterials are currently used to address them. Overall, we show that there are an impressive amount of biomaterials and combinatorial treatments which show good promise for slowing secondary events and improving outcomes. If more emphasis is placed on growing our understanding of how materials can manage secondary events, treatments for SCI can be designed in an increasingly rational manner, ultimately improving their potential for translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor R Ham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Auburn Science and Engineering Center 275, West Tower, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, United States of America
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36
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Wiersma AM, Fouad K, Winship IR. Enhancing Spinal Plasticity Amplifies the Benefits of Rehabilitative Training and Improves Recovery from Stroke. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10983-10997. [PMID: 29025926 PMCID: PMC6596489 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0770-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited recovery that occurs following stroke happens almost entirely in the first weeks postinjury. Moreover, the efficacy of rehabilitative training is limited beyond this narrow time frame. Sprouting of spared corticospinal tract axons in the contralesional spinal cord makes a significant contribution to sensorimotor recovery, but this structural plasticity is also limited to the first few weeks after stroke. Here, we tested the hypothesis that inducing plasticity in the spinal cord during chronic stroke could improve recovery from persistent sensorimotor impairment. We potentiated spinal plasticity during chronic stroke, weeks after the initial ischemic injury, in male Sprague-Dawley rats via intraspinal injections of chondroitinase ABC. Our data show that chondroitinase injections into the contralesional gray matter of the cervical spinal cord administered 28 d after stroke induced significant sprouting of corticospinal axons originating in the peri-infarct cortex. Chondroitinase ABC injection during chronic stroke without additional training resulted in moderate improvements of sensorimotor deficits. Importantly, this therapy dramatically potentiated the efficacy of rehabilitative training delivered during chronic stroke in a skilled forelimb reaching task. These novel data suggest that spinal therapy during chronic stroke can amplify the benefits of delayed rehabilitative training with the potential to reduce permanent disability in stroke survivors.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The brain and spinal cord undergo adaptive rewiring ("plasticity") following stroke. This plasticity allows for partial functional recovery from stroke induced sensorimotor impairments. However, the plasticity that underlies recovery occurs predominantly in the first weeks following stroke, and most stroke survivors are left with permanent disability even after rehabilitation. Using animal models, our data show that removal of plasticity-inhibiting signals in the spinal cord (via intraspinal injections of the enzyme chondroitinase ABC) augments rewiring of circuits connecting the brain to the spinal cord, even weeks after stroke. Moreover, this plasticity can be harnessed by rehabilitative training to significantly promote sensorimotor recovery. Thus, intraspinal therapy may augment rehabilitative training and improve recovery even in individuals living with chronic disability due to stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karim Fouad
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, and
| | - Ian R Winship
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute,
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
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37
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The spatiotemporal relationships between chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and terminations of calcitonin gene related peptide and parvalbumin immunoreactive afferents in the spinal cord of mouse embryos. Neurosci Lett 2017; 655:61-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Shijo T, Warita H, Suzuki N, Kitajima Y, Ikeda K, Akiyama T, Ono H, Mitsuzawa S, Nishiyama A, Izumi R, Aoki M. Aberrant astrocytic expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan receptors in a rat model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:222-233. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Shijo
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Hitoshi Warita
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Naoki Suzuki
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Yasuo Kitajima
- Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Kensuke Ikeda
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Tetsuya Akiyama
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Hiroya Ono
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Shio Mitsuzawa
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Ayumi Nishiyama
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Rumiko Izumi
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Masashi Aoki
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
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Chondroitin sulfates and their binding molecules in the central nervous system. Glycoconj J 2017; 34:363-376. [PMID: 28101734 PMCID: PMC5487772 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-017-9761-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is the most abundant glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in the central nervous system (CNS) matrix. Its sulfation and epimerization patterns give rise to different forms of CS, which enables it to interact specifically and with a significant affinity with various signalling molecules in the matrix including growth factors, receptors and guidance molecules. These interactions control numerous biological and pathological processes, during development and in adulthood. In this review, we describe the specific interactions of different families of proteins involved in various physiological and cognitive mechanisms with CSs in CNS matrix. A better understanding of these interactions could promote a development of inhibitors to treat neurodegenerative diseases.
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40
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Clarke KE, Tams DM, Henderson AP, Roger MF, Whiting A, Przyborski SA. A robust and reproducible human pluripotent stem cell derived model of neurite outgrowth in a three-dimensional culture system and its application to study neurite inhibition. Neurochem Int 2016; 106:74-84. [PMID: 28011165 PMCID: PMC5455986 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The inability of neurites to grow and restore neural connections is common to many neurological disorders, including trauma to the central nervous system and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, there is need for a robust and reproducible model of neurite outgrowth, to provide a tool to study the molecular mechanisms that underpin the process of neurite inhibition and to screen molecules that may be able to overcome such inhibition. In this study a novel in vitro pluripotent stem cell based model of human neuritogenesis was developed. This was achieved by incorporating additional technologies, notably a stable synthetic inducer of neural differentiation, and the application of three-dimensional (3D) cell culture techniques. We have evaluated the use of photostable, synthetic retinoid molecules to promote neural differentiation and found that 0.01 μM EC23 was the optimal concentration to promote differentiation and neurite outgrowth from human pluripotent stem cells within our model. We have also developed a methodology to enable quick and accurate quantification of neurite outgrowth derived from such a model. Furthermore, we have obtained significant neurite outgrowth within a 3D culture system enhancing the level of neuritogenesis observed and providing a more physiological microenvironment to investigate the molecular mechanisms that underpin neurite outgrowth and inhibition within the nervous system. We have demonstrated a potential application of our model in co-culture with glioma cells, to recapitulate aspects of the process of neurite inhibition that may also occur in the injured spinal cord. We propose that such a system that can be utilised to investigate the molecular mechanisms that underpin neurite inhibition mediated via glial and neuron interactions. Development of a robust, novel neurite outgrowth assay from human pluripotent stem cell derived neural cell aggregates. Synthetic retinoids induce neural differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to a greater extent than natural ATRA. Neurospheres cultured on a 3D scaffold provide a more physiologically relevant model of neurite outgrowth. Suppression of neurite outgrowth by glioma cells in 3D enables the study of neurite inhibitory mechanisms in the glial scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty E Clarke
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Daniel M Tams
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Andrew P Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Mathilde F Roger
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Andrew Whiting
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Stefan A Przyborski
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; ReproCELL Europe Ltd., NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield TS21 3FD, UK.
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41
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Abu-Rub MT, Newland B, Naughton M, Wang W, McMahon S, Pandit A. Non-viral xylosyltransferase-1 siRNA delivery as an effective alternative to chondroitinase in an in vitro model of reactive astrocytes. Neuroscience 2016; 339:267-275. [PMID: 27743984 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Reactive astrocytosis and the subsequent glial scar is ubiquitous to injuries of the central nervous system, especially spinal cord injury (SCI) and primarily serves to protect against further damage, but is also a prominent inhibitor of regeneration. Manipulating the glial scar by targeting chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) has been the focus of much study as a means to improve axon regeneration and subsequently functional recovery. In this study we investigate the ability of small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivered by a non-viral polymer vector to silence the rate-limiting enzyme involved in CSPG synthesis. Gene expression of this enzyme, xylosyltransferase-1, was silenced by 65% in Neu7 astrocytes which conferred a reduced expression of CSPGs. Furthermore, conditioned medium taken from treated Neu7s, or co-culture experiments with dorsal root ganglia (DRG) showed that siRNA treatment resulted in a more permissive environment for DRG neurite outgrowth than treatment with chondroitinase ABC alone. These results indicate that there is a role for targeted siRNA therapy using polymeric vectors to facilitate regeneration of injured axons following central nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad T Abu-Rub
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ben Newland
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michelle Naughton
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Wenxin Wang
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Siobhan McMahon
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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42
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Ohtake Y, Wong D, Abdul-Muneer PM, Selzer ME, Li S. Two PTP receptors mediate CSPG inhibition by convergent and divergent signaling pathways in neurons. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37152. [PMID: 27849007 PMCID: PMC5111048 DOI: 10.1038/srep37152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase σ (PTPσ) and its subfamily member LAR act as transmembrane receptors that mediate growth inhibition of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs). Inhibition of either receptor increases axon growth into and beyond scar tissues after CNS injury. However, it is unclear why neurons express two similar CSPG receptors, nor whether they use the same or different intracellular pathways. We have now studied the signaling pathways of these two receptors using N2A cells and primary neurons derived from knockout mice. We demonstrate that both receptors share certain signaling pathways (RhoA, Akt and Erk), but also use distinct signals to mediate CSPG actions. Activation of PTPσ by CSPGs selectively inactivated CRMP2, APC, S6 kinase and CREB. By contrast LAR activation inactivated PKCζ, cofilin and LKB1. For the first time, we propose a model of the signaling pathways downstream of these two CSPG receptors. We also demonstrate that deleting both receptors exhibits additive enhancement of axon growth in adult neuronal cultures in vitro. Our findings elucidate the novel downstream pathways of CSPGs and suggest potential synergy of blocking their two PTP receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ohtake
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Daniella Wong
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - P. M. Abdul-Muneer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Michael E. Selzer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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43
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Ohtake Y, Smith GM, Li S. Reactive astrocyte scar and axon regeneration: suppressor or facilitator? Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1050-1. [PMID: 27630674 PMCID: PMC4994433 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.187022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ohtake
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George M Smith
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Exosomes Derived from Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Promote Axonal Growth of Cortical Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2659-2673. [PMID: 26993303 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9851-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of brain injury with exosomes derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) enhances neurite growth. However, the direct effect of exosomes on axonal growth and molecular mechanisms underlying exosome-enhanced neurite growth are not known. Using primary cortical neurons cultured in a microfluidic device, we found that MSC-exosomes promoted axonal growth, whereas attenuation of argonaut 2 protein, one of the primary microRNA (miRNA) machinery proteins, in MSC-exosomes abolished their effect on axonal growth. Both neuronal cell bodies and axons internalized MSC-exosomes, which was blocked by botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) that cleave proteins of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex. Moreover, tailored MSC-exosomes carrying elevated miR-17-92 cluster further enhanced axonal growth compared to native MSC-exosomes. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed that the tailored MSC-exosomes increased levels of individual members of this cluster and activated the PTEN/mTOR signaling pathway in recipient neurons, respectively. Together, our data demonstrate that native MSC-exosomes promote axonal growth while the tailored MSC-exosomes can further boost this effect and that tailored exosomes can deliver their selective cargo miRNAs into and activate their target signals in recipient neurons. Neuronal internalization of MSC-exosomes is mediated by the SNARE complex. This study reveals molecular mechanisms that contribute to MSC-exosome-promoted axonal growth, which provides a potential therapeutic strategy to enhance axonal growth.
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Marcos ABW, Forner S, Martini AC, Patrício ES, Clarke JR, Costa R, Felix-Alves J, Vieira VJ, de Andrade EL, Mazzuco TL, Calixto JB, Figueiredo CP. Temporal and Regional Expression of Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide and Its Receptor in Spinal Cord Injured Rats. J Neurotrauma 2015; 33:261-8. [PMID: 26421658 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.3877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in loss of movement, sensibility, and autonomic control at the level of the lesion and at lower parts of the body. Several experimental strategies have been used in attempts to increase endogenous mechanisms of neuroprotection, neuroplasticity, and repair, but with limited success. It is known that glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and its receptor (GIPR) can enhance synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, and axonal outgrowth. However, their role in the injury has never been studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in expression levels of both GIP and GIPR in acute and chronic phases of SCI in rats. Following SCI (2 to 24 h after damage), the rat spinal cord showed a lesion in which the epicenter had a cavity with hemorrhage and necrosis. Furthermore, the lesion cavity also showed ballooned cells 14 and 28 days after injury. We found that SCI induced increases in GIPR expression in areas neighboring the site of injury at 6 h and 28 days after the injury. Moreover, higher GIP expression was observed in these regions on day 28. Neuronal projections from the injury epicenter showed an increase in GIP immunoreactivity 24 h and 14 and 28 days after SCI. Interestingly, GIP was also found in progenitor cells at the spinal cord canal 24 h after injury, whereas both GIP and GIPR were present in progenitor cells at the injury epicenter 14 days after in SCI animals. These results suggest that GIP and its receptor might be implicated with neurogenesis and the repair process after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz W Marcos
- 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Stefania Forner
- 2 Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Alessandra C Martini
- 2 Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Eliziane S Patrício
- 2 Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Julia R Clarke
- 3 Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Robson Costa
- 3 Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - João Felix-Alves
- 2 Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Vilberto José Vieira
- 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Edinéia Lemos de Andrade
- 2 Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Tânia Longo Mazzuco
- 4 Departamento de Clínica Médica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina , PR, Brazil
| | - João Batista Calixto
- 2 Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Claudia Pinto Figueiredo
- 3 Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Oohashi T, Edamatsu M, Bekku Y, Carulli D. The hyaluronan and proteoglycan link proteins: Organizers of the brain extracellular matrix and key molecules for neuronal function and plasticity. Exp Neurol 2015; 274:134-44. [PMID: 26387938 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hyaluronan and proteoglycanbinding link protein (Hapln) is a key molecule in the formation and control of hyaluronan-based condensed perineuronal matrix in the adult brain. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding the role of Haplns in the formation and control of two distinct types of perineuronal matrices, one for "classical" PNN and the other for the specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) at the node of Ranvier in the central nervous system (CNS). We introduce the structural components of each ECM organization including the basic concept of supramolecular structure named "HLT model". We furthermore summarize the developmental and physiological role of perineuronal ECMs from the studies of Haplns and related molecules. Finally, we also discuss the potential mechanism modulating PNNs in the adult CNS. This layer of organized matrices may exert a direct effect via core protein or sugar moiety from the structure or by acting as a binding site for biologically active molecules, which are important for neuronal plasticity and saltatory conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshitaka Oohashi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Midori Edamatsu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yoko Bekku
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, 522 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Daniela Carulli
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
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Dyck SM, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans: Key modulators in the developing and pathologic central nervous system. Exp Neurol 2015; 269:169-87. [PMID: 25900055 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans (CSPGs) are a major component of the extracellular matrix in the central nervous system (CNS) and play critical role in the development and pathophysiology of the brain and spinal cord. Developmentally, CSPGs provide guidance cues for growth cones and contribute to the formation of neuronal boundaries in the developing CNS. Their presence in perineuronal nets plays a crucial role in the maturation of synapses and closure of critical periods by limiting synaptic plasticity. Following injury to the CNS, CSPGs are dramatically upregulated by reactive glia which form a glial scar around the lesion site. Increased level of CSPGs is a hallmark of all CNS injuries and has been shown to limit axonal plasticity, regeneration, remyelination, and conduction after injury. Additionally, CSPGs create a non-permissive milieu for cell replacement activities by limiting cell migration, survival and differentiation. Mounting evidence is currently shedding light on the potential benefits of manipulating CSPGs in combination with other therapeutic strategies to promote spinal cord repair and regeneration. Moreover, the recent discovery of multiple receptors for CSPGs provides new therapeutic targets for targeted interventions in blocking the inhibitory properties of CSPGs following injury. Here, we will provide an in depth discussion on the impact of CSPGs in normal and pathological CNS. We will also review the recent preclinical therapies that have been developed to target CSPGs in the injured CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Dyck
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and the Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and the Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Modulation of the proteoglycan receptor PTPσ promotes recovery after spinal cord injury. Nature 2014; 518:404-8. [PMID: 25470046 PMCID: PMC4336236 DOI: 10.1038/nature13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to a variety of disabilities due to limited neuronal regeneration and functional plasticity. It is well established that an upregulation of glial derived chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) within the glial scar and perineuronal net (PNN) creates a barrier to axonal regrowth and sprouting1–5. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase σ (PTPσ), along with its sister phosphatase Leukocyte common Antigen-Related (LAR), and the Nogo Receptors 1 and 3 (NgR) have recently been identified as receptors for the inhibitory glycosylated side chains of CSPGs6–8. We found that PTPσ plays a critical role in converting growth cones into a dystrophic state by tightly stabilizing them within CSPG-rich substrates. We generated a membrane-permeable peptide mimetic of the PTPσ wedge domain that binds to PTPσ and relieves CSPG-mediated inhibition. Systemic delivery of this peptide over weeks restored substantial serotonergic innervation to the spinal cord below the level of injury and facilitated functional recovery of both locomotor and urinary systems. Our results add a new layer of understanding to the critical role of PTPσ in mediating the growth-inhibited state of neurons due to CSPGs within the injured adult spinal cord.
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