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Ma C, Rytel K, Chen Y, Sidransky E. New glucocerebrosidase antibodies can advance research in the field of neurodegenerative disorders. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1085-1086. [PMID: 38989943 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Charis Ma
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Siemeling O, Slingerland S, van der Zee S, van Laar T. Study protocol of the GRoningen early-PD Ambroxol treatment (GREAT) trial: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single center trial with ambroxol in Parkinson patients with a GBA mutation. BMC Neurol 2024; 24:146. [PMID: 38693511 PMCID: PMC11061939 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-024-03629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, no disease modifying therapies are available for Parkinson's disease (PD). Since PD is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, there is a high demand for such therapies. Both environmental and genetic risk factors play an important role in the etiology and progression of PD. The most common genetic risk factor for PD is a mutation in the GBA1(GBA)-gene, encoding the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase). The mucolytic ambroxol is a repurposed drug, which has shown the property to upregulate GCase activity in-vitro and in-vivo. Ambroxol therefore has the potency to become a disease modifying therapy in PD, which was the reason to design this randomized controlled trial with ambroxol in PD patients. METHODS This trial is a single-center, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, including 80 PD patients with a GBA mutation, receiving either ambroxol 1800 mg/day or placebo for 48 weeks. The primary outcome measure is the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor subscore (part III) of the Movement Disorder Society (MDS-UPDRSIII) in the practically defined off-state at 60 weeks (after a 12-week washout period). Secondary outcomes include a 3,4-dihydroxy-6-18F-fluoro-I-phenylalanine ([18F]FDOPA) PET-scan of the brain, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (with resting state f-MRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging), GCase activity, both intra- and extracellularly, sphingolipid profiles in plasma, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), quality of life (QoL) measured by the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39) and the Non-Motor Symptom Scale (NMSS) questionnaire. DISCUSSION Ambroxol up to 1200 mg/day has shown effects on human cerebrospinal fluid endpoints, which supports at least passage of the blood-brain-barrier. The dose titration in this trial up to 1800 mg/day will reveal if this dose level is safe and also effective in modifying the course of the disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT05830396. Registration date: March 20, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Siemeling
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Parkinson Expertise Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - S Slingerland
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Parkinson Expertise Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - S van der Zee
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Parkinson Expertise Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - T van Laar
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Parkinson Expertise Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Moors TE, Morella ML, Bertran-Cobo C, Geut H, Udayar V, Timmermans-Huisman E, Ingrassia AMT, Brevé JJP, Bol JGJM, Bonifati V, Jagasia R, van de Berg WDJ. Altered TFEB subcellular localization in nigral neurons of subjects with incidental, sporadic and GBA-related Lewy body diseases. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:67. [PMID: 38581586 PMCID: PMC10998821 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Transcription factor EB (TFEB) is a master regulator of genes involved in the maintenance of autophagic and lysosomal homeostasis, processes which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of GBA-related and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). TFEB activation results in its translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus. Here, we investigated TFEB subcellular localization and its relation to intracellular alpha-synuclein (aSyn) accumulation in post-mortem human brain of individuals with either incidental Lewy body disease (iLBD), GBA-related PD/DLB (GBA-PD/DLB) or sporadic PD/DLB (sPD/DLB), compared to control subjects. We analyzed nigral dopaminergic neurons using high-resolution confocal and stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy and semi-quantitatively scored the TFEB subcellular localization patterns. We observed reduced nuclear TFEB immunoreactivity in PD/DLB patients compared to controls, both in sporadic and GBA-related cases, as well as in iLBD cases. Nuclear depletion of TFEB was more pronounced in neurons with Ser129-phosphorylated (pSer129) aSyn accumulation in all groups. Importantly, we observed previously-unidentified TFEB-immunopositive perinuclear clusters in human dopaminergic neurons, which localized at the Golgi apparatus. These TFEB clusters were more frequently observed and more severe in iLBD, sPD/DLB and GBA-PD/DLB compared to controls, particularly in pSer129 aSyn-positive neurons, but also in neurons lacking detectable aSyn accumulation. In aSyn-negative cells, cytoplasmic TFEB clusters were more frequently observed in GBA-PD/DLB and iLBD patients, and correlated with reduced GBA enzymatic activity as well as increased Braak LB stage. Altered TFEB distribution was accompanied by a reduction in overall mRNA expression levels of selected TFEB-regulated genes, indicating a possible early dysfunction of lysosomal regulation. Overall, we observed cytoplasmic TFEB retention and accumulation at the Golgi in cells without apparent pSer129 aSyn accumulation in iLBD and PD/DLB patients. This suggests potential TFEB impairment at the early stages of cellular disease and underscores TFEB as a promising therapeutic target for synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim E Moors
- Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Program Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martino L Morella
- Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Program Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cesc Bertran-Cobo
- Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Program Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Geut
- Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Program Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vinod Udayar
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development; Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Evelien Timmermans-Huisman
- Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Program Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angela M T Ingrassia
- Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Program Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John J P Brevé
- Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Program Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John G J M Bol
- Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Program Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Bonifati
- Erasmus MC, Department of Clinical Genetics, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ravi Jagasia
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development; Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wilma D J van de Berg
- Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Program Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Sep MSC, Sarabdjitsingh RA, Geuze E, Joels M. Pre-trauma memory contextualization as predictor for PTSD-like behavior in male rats. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 171:84-94. [PMID: 38262164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
While many people experience potentially threatening events during their life, only a minority develops posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The identification of individuals at risk among those exposed to trauma is crucial for PTSD prevention in the future. Since re-experiencing trauma elements outside of the original trauma-context is a core feature of PTSD, we investigate if the ability to bind memories to their original encoding context (i.e. memory contextualization) predicts PTSD vulnerability. We hypothesize that pre-trauma neutral memory contextualization (under stress) negatively relates to PTSD-like behavior, in a prospective design using the cut-off behavioral criteria rat model for PTSD. 72 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided in two experimental groups to assess the predictive value of 1) memory contextualization without acute stress (NS-group) and 2) memory contextualization during the recovery phase of the acute stress-response (S-group) for susceptibility to PTSD-like behavior. A powerful extension to regression analysis -path analysis-was used to test this specific hypothesis, together with secondary research questions. Following traumatic predator scent stress, 19.4% of the rats displayed PTSD-like behavior. Results showed a negative relation between pre-trauma memory contextualization and PTSD-like behavior, but only in the NS-group. Pre-trauma memory contextualization was positively related to fear association in the trauma environment, again only in the NS group. If the predictive value of pre-trauma contextualization of neutral information under non-stressful conditions for PTSD susceptibility is replicated in prospective studies in humans, this factor would supplement already known vulnerability factors for PTSD and improve the identification of individuals at risk among the trauma exposed, especially those at high trauma risk such as soldiers deployed on a mission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milou S C Sep
- Brain Research and Innovation Centre, Ministry of Defence, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; GGZ inGeest Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Mood Anxiety, Psychosis, Sleep & Stress Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - R Angela Sarabdjitsingh
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Elbert Geuze
- Brain Research and Innovation Centre, Ministry of Defence, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marian Joels
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
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5
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Jong T, Gehrlein A, Sidransky E, Jagasia R, Chen Y. Characterization of Novel Human β-glucocerebrosidase Antibodies for Parkinson's Disease Research. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2024; 14:65-78. [PMID: 38251062 PMCID: PMC10836542 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in GBA1, which encodes the lysosome enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase (also referred to as acid β-glucosidase or GCase), are the most common genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Evidence also suggests that loss of GCase activity is implicated in PD without GBA1 mutations. Consequently, therapies targeting GCase are actively being pursued as potential strategies to modify the progression of PD and related synucleinopathies. Despite this significant interest in GCase as a therapeutic target, the lack of well-characterized GCase antibodies continues to impede progress in the development of GCase-targeted therapies. OBJECTIVE This study aims to independently evaluate human GCase (hGCase) antibodies to provide recommendations for western blot, immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, and AlphaLISA (Amplified Luminescent Proximity Homogeneous Assay) assays. METHODS Two mouse monoclonal antibodies, hGCase-1/17 and hGCase-1/23, were raised against hGCase using imiglucerase, the recombinant enzyme developed to treat patients, as the antigen. These novel antibodies, alongside commonly used antibodies in the field, underwent evaluation in a variety of assays. RESULTS The characterization of hGCase-1/17 and hGCase-1/23 using genetic models including GBA1 loss-of-function human neuroglioma H4 line and neurons differentiated from human embryonic stem cells revealed their remarkable specificity and potency in immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation assays. Furthermore, a hGCase AlphaLISA assay with excellent sensitivity, a broad dynamic range, and suitability for high throughput applications was developed using hGCase-1/17 and hGCase-1/23, which enabled a sandwich assay configuration. CONCLUSIONS The hGCase immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, and AlphaLISA assays utilizing hGCase-1/17 and hGCase-1/23 will not only facilitate improved investigations of hGCase biology, but can also serve as tools to assess the distribution and effectiveness of GCase-targeted therapies for PD and related synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Jong
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra Gehrlein
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ravi Jagasia
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yu Chen
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Ng MG, Chan BJL, Koh RY, Ng KY, Chye SM. Prevention of Parkinson's Disease: From Risk Factors to Early Interventions. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:746-760. [PMID: 37326115 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230616092054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurological disorder characterized by progressively worsening motor dysfunction. Currently, available therapies merely alleviate symptoms, and there are no cures. Consequently, some researchers have now shifted their attention to identifying the modifiable risk factors of PD, with the intention of possibly implementing early interventions to prevent the development of PD. Four primary risk factors for PD are discussed including environmental factors (pesticides and heavy metals), lifestyle (physical activity and dietary intake), drug abuse, and individual comorbidities. Additionally, clinical biomarkers, neuroimaging, biochemical biomarkers, and genetic biomarkers could also help to detect prodromal PD. This review compiled available evidence that illustrates the relationship between modifiable risk factors, biomarkers, and PD. In summary, we raise the distinct possibility of preventing PD via early interventions of the modifiable risk factors and early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Guan Ng
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Brendan Jun Lam Chan
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khuen Yen Ng
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Soi Moi Chye
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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7
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Michoel T, Zhang JD. Causal inference in drug discovery and development. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103737. [PMID: 37591410 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
To discover new drugs is to seek and to prove causality. As an emerging approach leveraging human knowledge and creativity, data, and machine intelligence, causal inference holds the promise of reducing cognitive bias and improving decision-making in drug discovery. Although it has been applied across the value chain, the concepts and practice of causal inference remain obscure to many practitioners. This article offers a nontechnical introduction to causal inference, reviews its recent applications, and discusses opportunities and challenges of adopting the causal language in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Michoel
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Postboks 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jitao David Zhang
- Pharma Early Research and Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Basel, Spiegelgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.
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8
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Chatterjee D, Krainc D. Mechanisms of Glucocerebrosidase Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168023. [PMID: 36828270 PMCID: PMC10247409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Beta-glucocerebrosidase is a lysosomal hydrolase, encoded by GBA1 that represents the most common risk gene associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) and Lewy Body Dementia. Glucocerebrosidase dysfunction has been also observed in the absence of GBA1 mutations across different genetic and sporadic forms of PD and related disorders, suggesting a broader role of glucocerebrosidase in neurodegeneration. In this review, we highlight recent advances in mechanistic characterization of glucocerebrosidase function as the foundation for development of novel therapeutics targeting glucocerebrosidase in PD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptaman Chatterjee
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. https://twitter.com/NeilChatterBox
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Simpson Querrey Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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9
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Leyns CEG, Prigent A, Beezhold B, Yao L, Hatcher NG, Tao P, Kang J, Suh E, Van Deerlin VM, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY, Kennedy ME, Fell MJ, Henderson MX. Glucocerebrosidase activity and lipid levels are related to protein pathologies in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:74. [PMID: 37169750 PMCID: PMC10175254 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00517-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are progressive neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein in the form of Lewy pathology. While most cases are sporadic, there are rare genetic mutations that cause disease and more common variants that increase incidence of disease. The most prominent genetic mutations for PD and DLB are in the GBA1 and LRRK2 genes. GBA1 mutations are associated with decreased glucocerebrosidase activity and lysosomal accumulation of its lipid substrates, glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine. Previous studies have shown a link between this enzyme and lipids even in sporadic PD. However, it is unclear how the protein pathologies of disease are related to enzyme activity and glycosphingolipid levels. To address this gap in knowledge, we examined quantitative protein pathology, glucocerebrosidase activity and lipid substrates in parallel from 4 regions of 91 brains with no neurological disease, idiopathic, GBA1-linked, or LRRK2-linked PD and DLB. We find that several biomarkers are altered with respect to mutation and progression to dementia. We found mild association of glucocerebrosidase activity with disease, but a strong association of glucosylsphingosine with α-synuclein pathology, irrespective of genetic mutation. This association suggests that Lewy pathology precipitates changes in lipid levels related to progression to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl E G Leyns
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alice Prigent
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Brenna Beezhold
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Lihang Yao
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pk, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Nathan G Hatcher
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pk, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Peining Tao
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - John Kang
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - EunRan Suh
- Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Vivianna M Van Deerlin
- Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Virginia M Y Lee
- Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Matthew J Fell
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael X Henderson
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.
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10
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Yahya V, Di Fonzo A, Monfrini E. Genetic Evidence for Endolysosomal Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease: A Critical Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076338. [PMID: 37047309 PMCID: PMC10094484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in the aging population, and no disease-modifying therapy has been approved to date. The pathogenesis of PD has been related to many dysfunctional cellular mechanisms, however, most of its monogenic forms are caused by pathogenic variants in genes involved in endolysosomal function (LRRK2, VPS35, VPS13C, and ATP13A2) and synaptic vesicle trafficking (SNCA, RAB39B, SYNJ1, and DNAJC6). Moreover, an extensive search for PD risk variants revealed strong risk variants in several lysosomal genes (e.g., GBA1, SMPD1, TMEM175, and SCARB2) highlighting the key role of lysosomal dysfunction in PD pathogenesis. Furthermore, large genetic studies revealed that PD status is associated with the overall “lysosomal genetic burden”, namely the cumulative effect of strong and weak risk variants affecting lysosomal genes. In this context, understanding the complex mechanisms of impaired vesicular trafficking and dysfunctional endolysosomes in dopaminergic neurons of PD patients is a fundamental step to identifying precise therapeutic targets and developing effective drugs to modify the neurodegenerative process in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidal Yahya
- Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Edoardo Monfrini
- Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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11
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Giuffrida G, Markovic U, Condorelli A, Calafiore V, Nicolosi D, Calagna M, Grasso S, Ragusa MTV, Gentile J, Napolitano M. Glucosylsphingosine (Lyso-Gb1) as a reliable biomarker in Gaucher disease: a narrative review. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:27. [PMID: 36782327 PMCID: PMC9926807 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gaucher disease (GD) is a rare, inherited, autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme, acid β-glucosidase. Its diagnosis is achieved via measurements of acid β-glucosidase activity in either fresh peripheral blood leukocytes or dried blood spots, and confirmed by identifying characteristic mutations in the GBA1 gene. Currently, several biomarkers are available for disease monitoring. Chitotriosidase has been used over the last 20 years to assess the severity of GD, but lacks specificity in GD patients. Conversely, the deacylated form of glucosylceramide, glucosylsphingosine (also known as lyso-Gb1), represents a more reliable biomarker characterized by its high sensitivity and specificity in GD. MAIN TEXT Herein, we review the current literature on lyso-Gb1 and describe evidence supporting its usefulness as a biomarker for diagnosing and evaluating disease severity in GD and monitoring treatment efficacy. CONCLUSION Lyso-Gb1 is the most promising biomarker of GD, as demonstrated by its reliability in reflecting disease burden and monitoring treatment response. Furthermore, lyso-Gb1 may play an important role in the onset of monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance, multiple myeloma, and Parkinson's disease in GD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Giuffrida
- Division of Haematology, A.O.U. Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele, Catania, Italy.
| | - Uros Markovic
- grid.412844.f0000 0004 1766 6239Division of Haematology, A.O.U. Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele, Catania, Italy ,Oncohematology and BMT Unit, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande, Italy ,grid.10438.3e0000 0001 2178 8421Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Annalisa Condorelli
- grid.412844.f0000 0004 1766 6239Division of Haematology, A.O.U. Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele, Catania, Italy ,grid.8158.40000 0004 1757 1969Postgraduate School of Hematology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Calafiore
- grid.412844.f0000 0004 1766 6239Division of Haematology, A.O.U. Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniela Nicolosi
- grid.412844.f0000 0004 1766 6239Division of Haematology, A.O.U. Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele, Catania, Italy
| | - Marianna Calagna
- grid.412844.f0000 0004 1766 6239Division of Haematology, A.O.U. Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele, Catania, Italy ,grid.8158.40000 0004 1757 1969Postgraduate School of Hematology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Stephanie Grasso
- grid.412844.f0000 0004 1766 6239Division of Haematology, A.O.U. Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele, Catania, Italy
| | | | | | - Mariasanta Napolitano
- grid.10776.370000 0004 1762 5517Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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12
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Gaubert S, Hourregue C, Mouton-Liger F, Millot P, Franco M, Amar-Bouaziz E, Aarsland D, Hugon J, Paquet C. Exploring the link between GBA1 mutations and Dementia with Lewy bodies, A mini-review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104856. [PMID: 36084847 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a neurodegenerative disease linked to abnormal accumulation of phosphorylated α-synuclein. GBA1 is the gene encoding the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), whose mutations are a risk factor of DLB. OBJECTIVE To report all available data exploring the association between GBA1 mutations and DLB. EVIDENCE REVIEW All publications focused on GCase and DLB in humans between 2003 and 2022 were identified on PubMed, Cochrane and ClinicalTrials.gov. FINDINGS 29 studies were included and confirmed the strong association between GBA1 mutations and DLB (Odds Ratio [OR]: 8.28). GBA1 mutation carriers presented a more malignant phenotype, with earlier symptom onset, more severe motor and cognitive dysfunctions, more visual hallucinations and rapid eye movement sleep disorder. GBA1 mutations were associated with "purer" neuropathological DLB. No therapeutic recommendations exist and clinical trials targeting GCase are just starting in DLB patients. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This review reports a link between GBA1 mutations and the DLB phenotype with limited evidence due to the small number of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead Gaubert
- Université de Paris Cité; Centre de Neurologie Cognitive, GHU AP-HP Nord, Hôpital Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Paris, France; INSERM U1144 Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université de Paris Cité, France
| | - Claire Hourregue
- Centre de Neurologie Cognitive, GHU AP-HP Nord, Hôpital Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Paris, France
| | - François Mouton-Liger
- Université de Paris Cité; INSERM U1144 Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université de Paris Cité, France
| | - Périne Millot
- Université de Paris Cité; INSERM U1144 Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université de Paris Cité, France
| | - Mélanie Franco
- Université de Paris Cité; UMR-S1134, BIGR, Inserm, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Amar-Bouaziz
- Université de Paris Cité; INSERM U1144 Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université de Paris Cité, France; Département de Biochimie, GHU AP-HP Nord, Hôpital Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Paris, France
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK; Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jacques Hugon
- Université de Paris Cité; Centre de Neurologie Cognitive, GHU AP-HP Nord, Hôpital Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Paris, France; INSERM U1144 Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université de Paris Cité, France
| | - Claire Paquet
- Université de Paris Cité; Centre de Neurologie Cognitive, GHU AP-HP Nord, Hôpital Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Paris, France; INSERM U1144 Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université de Paris Cité, France.
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13
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Vieira SRL, Schapira AHV. Glucocerebrosidase mutations and Parkinson disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:1105-1117. [PMID: 35932311 PMCID: PMC9463283 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02531-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) mutations as the greatest numerical genetic risk factor for the development of Parkinson disease (PD) resulted in a paradigm shift within the research landscape. Efforts to elucidate the mechanisms behind GBA1-associated PD have highlighted shared pathways in idiopathic PD including the loss and gain-of-function hypotheses, endoplasmic reticulum stress, lipid metabolism, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and altered autophagy-lysosomal pathway responsible for degradation of aggregated and misfolded a-synuclein. GBA1-associated PD exhibits subtle differences in phenotype and disease progression compared to idiopathic counterparts notably an earlier age of onset, faster motor decline and greater frequency of non-motor symptoms (which also constitute a significant aspect of the prodromal phase of the disease). GBA1-targeted therapies have been developed and are being investigated in clinical trials. The most notable are Ambroxol, a small molecule chaperone, and Venglustat, a blood-brain-barrier-penetrant substrate reduction therapy agent. It is imperative that further studies clarify the aetiology of GBA1-associated PD, enabling the development of a greater abundance of targeted therapies in this new era of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia R L Vieira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Rowland Hill St., London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Rowland Hill St., London, NW3 2PF, UK.
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14
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Bellucci A, Longhena F, Spillantini MG. The Role of Rab Proteins in Parkinson's Disease Synaptopathy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081941. [PMID: 36009486 PMCID: PMC9406004 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients affected by Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, the brain is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal system, leading to dyshomeostasis of the basal ganglia network activity that is linked to motility dysfunction. PD mostly arises as an age-associated sporadic disease, but several genetic forms also exist. Compelling evidence supports that synaptic damage and dysfunction characterize the very early phases of either sporadic or genetic forms of PD and that this early PD synaptopathy drives retrograde terminal-to-cell body degeneration, culminating in neuronal loss. The Ras-associated binding protein (Rab) family of small GTPases, which is involved in the maintenance of neuronal vesicular trafficking, synaptic architecture and function in the central nervous system, has recently emerged among the major players in PD synaptopathy. In this manuscript, we provide an overview of the main findings supporting the involvement of Rabs in either sporadic or genetic PD pathophysiology, and we highlight how Rab alterations participate in the onset of early synaptic damage and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Bellucci
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0303-717-380
| | - Francesca Longhena
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Clifford Albutt Building, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Maria Grazia Spillantini
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Clifford Albutt Building, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
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15
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Xue J, Zhu Y, Wei L, Huang H, Li G, Huang W, Zhu H, Duan R. Loss of Drosophila NUS1 results in cholesterol accumulation and Parkinson's disease-related neurodegeneration. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22411. [PMID: 35695805 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200212r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
NgBR is the Nogo-B receptor, encoded by NUS1 gene. As NgBR contains a C-terminal domain that is similar to cis-isoprenyltransferase (cis-IPTase), NgBR was speculated to stabilize nascent Niemann-Pick type C 2 (NPC2) to facilitate cholesterol transport out of lysosomes. Mutations in the NUS1 were known as risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD). In our previous study, it was shown that knockdown of Drosophila NUS1 orthologous gene tango14 causes decreased climbing ability, loss of dopaminergic neurons, and decreased dopamine contents. In this study, tango14 mutant flies were generated with a mutation in the C-terminal enzyme activity region using CRISPR/Cas9. Tango14 mutant showed a reduced lifespan with locomotive defects and cholesterol accumulation in Malpighian tubules and brains, especially in dopaminergic neurons. Multilamellar bodies were found in tango14 mutants using electron microscopy. Neurodegenerative-related brain vacuolization was also detected in tango14 knockdown flies in an age-dependent manner. In addition, tango14 knockdown increased α-synuclein (α-syn) neurotoxicity in α-syn-overexpressing flies, with decreased locomotive activities, dopamine contents, and the numbers of dopaminergic neurons in aging flies. Thus, these observations suggest a role of NUS1, the ortholog of tango14, in PD-related pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xue
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingbao Zhu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liyi Wei
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongjing Huang
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guangxu Li
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Jilin, China
| | - Ranhui Duan
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
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16
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Moors TE, Mona D, Luehe S, Duran-Pacheco G, Spycher L, Mundigl O, Kaluza K, Huber S, Hug MN, Kremer T, Ritter M, Dziadek S, Dernick G, van de Berg WDJ, Britschgi M. Multi-platform quantitation of alpha-synuclein human brain proteoforms suggests disease-specific biochemical profiles of synucleinopathies. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:82. [PMID: 35659116 PMCID: PMC9164351 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01382-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on immunostainings and biochemical analyses, certain post-translationally modified alpha-synuclein (aSyn) variants, including C-terminally truncated (CTT) and Serine-129 phosphorylated (pSer129) aSyn, are proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies such as Parkinson’s disease with (PDD) and without dementia (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). However, quantitative information about aSyn proteoforms in the human brain in physiological and different pathological conditions is still limited. To address this, we generated sequential biochemical extracts of the substantia nigra, putamen and hippocampus from 28 donors diagnosed and neuropathologically-confirmed with different synucleinopathies (PD/PDD/DLB/MSA), as well as Alzheimer’s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and aged normal subjects. The tissue extracts were used to build a reverse phase array including 65 aSyn antibodies for detection. In this multiplex approach, we observed increased immunoreactivity in donors with synucleinopathies compared to controls in detergent-insoluble fractions, mainly for antibodies against CT aSyn and pSer129 aSyn. In addition, despite of the restricted sample size, clustering analysis suggested disease-specific immunoreactivity signatures in patient groups with different synucleinopathies. We aimed to validate and quantify these findings using newly developed immunoassays towards total, 119 and 122 CTT, and pSer129 aSyn. In line with previous studies, we found that synucleinopathies shared an enrichment of post-translationally modified aSyn in detergent-insoluble fractions compared to the other analyzed groups. Our measurements allowed for a quantitative separation of PDD/DLB patients from other synucleinopathies based on higher detergent-insoluble pSer129 aSyn concentrations in the hippocampus. In addition, we found that MSA stood out due to enrichment of CTT and pSer129 aSyn also in the detergent-soluble fraction of the SN and putamen. Together, our results achieved by multiplexed and quantitative immunoassay-based approaches in human brain extracts of a limited sample set point to disease-specific biochemical aSyn proteoform profiles in distinct neurodegenerative disorders.
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17
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Höglinger G, Schulte C, Jost WH, Storch A, Woitalla D, Krüger R, Falkenburger B, Brockmann K. GBA-associated PD: chances and obstacles for targeted treatment strategies. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:1219-1233. [PMID: 35639160 PMCID: PMC9463270 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02511-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Given the clear role of GBA in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and its impact on phenotypical characteristics, this review provides an overview of the current knowledge of GBA-associated PD with a special focus on clinical trajectories and the underlying pathological mechanisms. Importantly, differences and characteristics based on mutation severity are recognized, and current as well as potential future treatment options are discussed. These findings will inform future strategies for patient stratification and cohort enrichment as well as suitable outcome measures when designing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Höglinger
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease (DZNE), Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Storch
- Department of Neurology, Rostock University, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dirk Woitalla
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Katholische Kliniken Ruhrhalbinsel, Contilia Gruppe, Essen, Germany
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg.,Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Parkinson Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Björn Falkenburger
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kathrin Brockmann
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany. .,German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease (DZNE), Tuebingen, Germany.
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18
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GBA Variants and Parkinson Disease: Mechanisms and Treatments. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081261. [PMID: 35455941 PMCID: PMC9029385 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The GBA gene encodes for the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), which maintains glycosphingolipid homeostasis. Approximately 5–15% of PD patients have mutations in the GBA gene, making it numerically the most important genetic risk factor for Parkinson disease (PD). Clinically, GBA-associated PD is identical to sporadic PD, aside from the earlier age at onset (AAO), more frequent cognitive impairment and more rapid progression. Mutations in GBA can be associated with loss- and gain-of-function mechanisms. A key hallmark of PD is the presence of intraneuronal proteinaceous inclusions named Lewy bodies, which are made up primarily of alpha-synuclein. Mutations in the GBA gene may lead to loss of GCase activity and lysosomal dysfunction, which may impair alpha-synuclein metabolism. Models of GCase deficiency demonstrate dysfunction of the autophagic-lysosomal pathway and subsequent accumulation of alpha-synuclein. This dysfunction can also lead to aberrant lipid metabolism, including the accumulation of glycosphingolipids, glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine. Certain mutations cause GCase to be misfolded and retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), activating stress responses including the unfolded protein response (UPR), which may contribute to neurodegeneration. In addition to these mechanisms, a GCase deficiency has also been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. This review discusses the pathways associated with GBA-PD and highlights potential treatments which may act to target GCase and prevent neurodegeneration.
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19
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Galvagnion C, Marlet FR, Cerri S, Schapira AHV, Blandini F, Di Monte DA. Sphingolipid changes in Parkinson L444P GBA mutation fibroblasts promote α-synuclein aggregation. Brain 2022; 145:1038-1051. [PMID: 35362022 PMCID: PMC9050548 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraneuronal accumulation of aggregated α-synuclein is a pathological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease. Therefore, mechanisms capable of promoting α-synuclein deposition bear important pathogenetic implications. Mutations of the glucocerebrosidase 1 (GBA) gene represent a prevalent Parkinson’s disease risk factor. They are associated with loss of activity of a key enzyme involved in lipid metabolism, glucocerebrosidase, supporting a mechanistic relationship between abnormal α-synuclein–lipid interactions and the development of Parkinson pathology. In this study, the lipid membrane composition of fibroblasts isolated from control subjects, patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease and Parkinson's disease patients carrying the L444P GBA mutation (PD-GBA) was assayed using shotgun lipidomics. The lipid profile of PD-GBA fibroblasts differed significantly from that of control and idiopathic Parkinson’s disease cells. It was characterized by an overall increase in sphingolipid levels. It also featured a significant increase in the proportion of ceramide, sphingomyelin and hexosylceramide molecules with shorter chain length and a decrease in the percentage of longer-chain sphingolipids. The extent of this shift was correlated to the degree of reduction of fibroblast glucocerebrosidase activity. Lipid extracts from control and PD-GBA fibroblasts were added to recombinant α-synuclein solutions. The kinetics of α-synuclein aggregation were significantly accelerated after addition of PD-GBA extracts as compared to control samples. Amyloid fibrils collected at the end of these incubations contained lipids, indicating α-synuclein–lipid co-assembly. Lipids extracted from α-synuclein fibrils were also analysed by shotgun lipidomics. Data revealed that the lipid content of these fibrils was significantly enriched by shorter-chain sphingolipids. In a final set of experiments, control and PD-GBA fibroblasts were incubated in the presence of the small molecule chaperone ambroxol. This treatment restored glucocerebrosidase activity and sphingolipid levels and composition of PD-GBA cells. It also reversed the pro-aggregation effect that lipid extracts from PD-GBA fibroblasts had on α-synuclein. Taken together, the findings of this study indicate that the L444P GBA mutation and consequent enzymatic loss are associated with a distinctly altered membrane lipid profile that provides a biological fingerprint of this mutation in Parkinson fibroblasts. This altered lipid profile could also be an indicator of increased risk for α-synuclein aggregate pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Galvagnion
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany.,Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Frederik Ravnkilde Marlet
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Silvia Cerri
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Fabio Blandini
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Donato A Di Monte
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
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20
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Udayar V, Chen Y, Sidransky E, Jagasia R. Lysosomal dysfunction in neurodegeneration: emerging concepts and methods. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:184-199. [PMID: 35034773 PMCID: PMC8854344 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of lysosomes has come a long way since the initial discovery of their role in degrading cellular waste. The lysosome is now recognized as a highly dynamic organelle positioned at the crossroads of cell signaling, transcription, and metabolism. Underscoring its importance is the observation that, in addition to rare monogenic lysosomal storage disorders, genes regulating lysosomal function are implicated in common sporadic neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Developing therapies for these disorders is particularly challenging, largely due to gaps in knowledge of the underlying molecular and cellular processes. In this review, we discuss technological advances that have propelled deeper understanding of the lysosome in neurodegeneration, from elucidating the functions of lysosome-related disease risk variants at the level of the organelle, cell, and tissue, to the development of disease-specific biological models that recapitulate disease manifestations. Finally, we identify key questions to be addressed to successfully bridge the gap to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Udayar
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery & Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yu Chen
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Ravi Jagasia
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery & Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.
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21
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Pang SYY, Lo RCN, Ho PWL, Liu HF, Chang EES, Leung CT, Malki Y, Choi ZYK, Wong WY, Kung MHW, Ramsden DB, Ho SL. LRRK2, GBA and their interaction in the regulation of autophagy: implications on therapeutics in Parkinson's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:5. [PMID: 35101134 PMCID: PMC8805403 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and glucocerebrosidase (GBA) represent two most common genetic causes of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Both genes are important in the autophagic-lysosomal pathway (ALP), defects of which are associated with α-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation. LRRK2 regulates macroautophagy via activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase/extracellular signal regulated protein kinase (MAPK/ERK) kinase (MEK) and the calcium-dependent adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways. Phosphorylation of Rab GTPases by LRRK2 regulates lysosomal homeostasis and endosomal trafficking. Mutant LRRK2 impairs chaperone-mediated autophagy, resulting in α-syn binding and oligomerization on lysosomal membranes. Mutations in GBA reduce glucocerebrosidase (GCase) activity, leading to glucosylceramide accumulation, α-syn aggregation and broad autophagic abnormalities. LRRK2 and GBA influence each other: GCase activity is reduced in LRRK2 mutant cells, and LRRK2 kinase inhibition can alter GCase activity in GBA mutant cells. Clinically, LRRK2 G2019S mutation seems to modify the effects of GBA mutation, resulting in milder symptoms than those resulting from GBA mutation alone. However, dual mutation carriers have an increased risk of PD and earlier age of onset compared with single mutation carriers, suggesting an additive deleterious effect on the initiation of PD pathogenic processes. Crosstalk between LRRK2 and GBA in PD exists, but its exact mechanism is unclear. Drugs that inhibit LRRK2 kinase or activate GCase are showing efficacy in pre-clinical models. Since LRRK2 kinase and GCase activities are also altered in idiopathic PD (iPD), it remains to be seen if these drugs will be useful in disease modification of iPD.
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22
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Hatton SL, Pandey MK. Fat and Protein Combat Triggers Immunological Weapons of Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems to Launch Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1089. [PMID: 35163013 PMCID: PMC8835271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease in the world, affecting up to 10 million people. This disease mainly happens due to the loss of dopaminergic neurons accountable for memory and motor function. Partial glucocerebrosidase enzyme deficiency and the resultant excess accumulation of glycosphingolipids and alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation have been linked to predominant risk factors that lead to neurodegeneration and memory and motor defects in PD, with known and unknown causes. An increasing body of evidence uncovers the role of several other lipids and their association with α-syn aggregation, which activates the innate and adaptive immune system and sparks brain inflammation in PD. Here, we review the emerging role of a number of lipids, i.e., triglyceride (TG), diglycerides (DG), glycerophosphoethanolamines (GPE), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), sphingolipids, gangliosides, glycerophospholipids (GPL), and cholesterols, and their connection with α-syn aggregation as well as the induction of innate and adaptive immune reactions that trigger neuroinflammation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Loraine Hatton
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Manoj Kumar Pandey
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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23
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Glucocerebrosidase dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:873-883. [PMID: 34528667 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and related neurodegenerative disorders, termed the synucleinopathies, are characterized pathologically by the accumulation of protein aggregates containing α-synuclein (aSyn), resulting in progressive neuronal loss. There is considerable need for the development of neuroprotective strategies to halt or slow disease progression in these disorders. To this end, evaluation of genetic mutations associated with the synucleinopathies has helped to elucidate crucial mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, revealing key roles for lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction. The GBA1 gene, which encodes the lysosomal hydrolase β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) is the most common genetic risk factor for PD and is also linked to other neurodegenerative disorders including dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Additionally, homozygous mutations in GBA1 are associated with the rare lysosomal storage disorder, Gaucher's disease (GD). In this review, we discuss the current knowledge in the field regarding the diverse roles of GCase in neurons and the multifactorial effects of loss of GCase enzymatic activity. Importantly, GCase has been shown to have a bidirectional relationship with aSyn, resulting in a pathogenic feedback loop that can lead to progressive aSyn accumulation. Alterations in GCase activity have furthermore been linked to multiple distinct pathways involved in neurodegeneration, and therefore GCase has emerged as a promising target for therapeutic drug development for PD and related neurodegenerative disorders, particularly DLB.
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24
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Milenkovic I, Blumenreich S, Futerman AH. GBA mutations, glucosylceramide and Parkinson's disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 72:148-154. [PMID: 34883387 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in GBA, which encodes the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase, are the highest genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD), although the mechanistic link between GBA mutations and PD is unknown. An attractive hypothesis is that the lipid substrate of glucocerebrosidase, glucosylceramide, accumulates in patients with PD with a GBA mutation (PD-GBA). Despite the availability of new and accurate methods to quantitatively measure brain glucosylceramide levels, there is little evidence that glucosylceramide, or its deacetylated derivative, glucosylsphingosine, accumulates in human PD or PD-GBA brain or cerebrospinal fluid. Thus, a straightforward association between glucosylceramide levels and the development of PD does not appear valid, necessitating the involvement of other cellular pathways to explain this association, which could involve defects in lysosomal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Milenkovic
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shani Blumenreich
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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25
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Lee CY, Menozzi E, Chau KY, Schapira AHV. Glucocerebrosidase 1 and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 in Parkinson disease and interplay between the two genes. J Neurochem 2021; 159:826-839. [PMID: 34618942 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The glucocerebrosidase 1 gene (GBA1), bi-allelic variants of which cause Gaucher disease (GD), encodes the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase) and is a risk factor for Parkinson Disease (PD). GBA1 variants are linked to a reduction in GCase activity in the brain. Variants in Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2), such as the gain-of-kinase-function variant G2019S, cause the most common familial form of PD. In patients without GBA1 and LRRK2 mutations, GCase and LRRK2 activity are also altered, suggesting that these two genes are implicated in all forms of PD and that they may play a broader role in PD pathogenesis. In this review, we review the proposed roles of GBA1 and LRRK2 in PD, focussing on the endolysosomal pathway. In particular, we highlight the discovery of Ras-related in brain (Rab) guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) as LRRK2 kinase substrates and explore the links between increased LRRK2 activity and Rab protein function, lysosomal dysfunction, alpha-synuclein accumulation and GCase activity. We also discuss the discovery of RAB10 as a potential mediator of LRRK2 and GBA1 interaction in PD. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic implications of these findings, including current approaches and future perspectives related to novel drugs targeting LRRK2 and GBA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Yin Lee
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Elisa Menozzi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Kai-Yin Chau
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
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26
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Senkevich K, Rudakou U, Gan-Or Z. New therapeutic approaches to Parkinson's disease targeting GBA, LRRK2 and Parkin. Neuropharmacology 2021; 202:108822. [PMID: 34626666 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is defined as a complex disorder with multifactorial pathogenesis, yet a more accurate definition could be that PD is not a single entity, but rather a mixture of different diseases with similar phenotypes. Attempts to classify subtypes of PD have been made based on clinical phenotypes or biomarkers. However, the most practical approach, at least for a portion of the patients, could be to classify patients based on genes involved in PD. GBA and LRRK2 mutations are the most common genetic causes or risk factors of PD, and PRKN is the most common cause of autosomal recessive form of PD. Patients carrying variants in GBA, LRRK2 or PRKN differ in some of their clinical characteristics, pathology and biochemical parameters. Thus, these three PD-associated genes are of special interest for drug development. Existing therapeutic approaches in PD are strictly symptomatic, as numerous clinical trials aimed at modifying PD progression or providing neuroprotection have failed over the last few decades. The lack of precision medicine approach in most of these trials could be one of the reasons why they were not successful. In the current review we discuss novel therapeutic approaches targeting GBA, LRRK2 and PRKN and discuss different aspects related to these genes and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Senkevich
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Uladzislau Rudakou
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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27
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Senkevich KA, Kopytova AE, Usenko TS, Emelyanov AK, Pchelina SN. Parkinson's Disease Associated with GBA Gene Mutations: Molecular Aspects and Potential Treatment Approaches. Acta Naturae 2021; 13:70-78. [PMID: 34377557 PMCID: PMC8327146 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease. To date, genome-wide association studies have identified more than 70 loci associated with the risk of PD. Variants in the GBA gene encoding glucocerebrosidase are quite often found in PD patients in all populations across the world, which justifies intensive investigation of this gene. A number of biochemical features have been identified in patients with GBA-associated Parkinson's disease (GBA-PD). In particular, these include decreased activity of glucocerebrosidase and accumulation of the glucosylceramide substrate. These features were the basis for putting forward a hypothesis about treatment of GBA-PD using new strategies aimed at restoring glucocerebrosidase activity and reducing the substrate concentration. This paper discusses the molecular and genetic mechanisms of GBA-PD pathogenesis and potential approaches to the treatment of this form of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. A. Senkevich
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Saint-Petersburg, 188300 Russia
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, Saint-Petersburg, 197022 Russia
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - A. E. Kopytova
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Saint-Petersburg, 188300 Russia
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, Saint-Petersburg, 197022 Russia
| | - T. S. Usenko
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Saint-Petersburg, 188300 Russia
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, Saint-Petersburg, 197022 Russia
| | - A. K. Emelyanov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Saint-Petersburg, 188300 Russia
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, Saint-Petersburg, 197022 Russia
| | - S. N. Pchelina
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Saint-Petersburg, 188300 Russia
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, Saint-Petersburg, 197022 Russia
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, 197376 Russia
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28
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Harms AS, Ferreira SA, Romero-Ramos M. Periphery and brain, innate and adaptive immunity in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 141:527-545. [PMID: 33555429 PMCID: PMC7952334 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder where alpha-synuclein plays a central role in the death and dysfunction of neurons, both, in central, as well as in the peripheral nervous system. Besides the neuronal events observed in patients, PD also includes a significant immune component. It is suggested that the PD-associated immune response will have consequences on neuronal health, thus opening immunomodulation as a potential therapeutic strategy in PD. The immune changes during the disease occur in the brain, involving microglia, but also in the periphery with changes in cells of the innate immune system, particularly monocytes, as well as those of adaptive immunity, such as T-cells. This realization arises from multiple patient studies, but also from data in animal models of the disease, providing strong evidence for innate and adaptive immune system crosstalk in the central nervous system and periphery in PD. Here we review the data showing that alpha-synuclein plays a crucial role in the activation of the innate and adaptive immune system. We will also describe the studies suggesting that inflammation in PD includes early changes in innate and adaptive immune cells that develop dynamically through time during disease, contributing to neuronal degeneration and symptomatology in patients. This novel finding has contributed to the definition of PD as a multisystem disease that should be approached in a more integratory manner rather than a brain-focused classical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley S Harms
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sara A Ferreira
- Department of Biomedicine and CNS Disease Modelling Group, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marina Romero-Ramos
- Department of Biomedicine and CNS Disease Modelling Group, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark.
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29
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Lerche S, Schulte C, Wurster I, Machetanz G, Roeben B, Zimmermann M, Deuschle C, Hauser AK, Böhringer J, Krägeloh-Mann I, Waniek K, Lachmann I, Petterson XMT, Chiang R, Park H, Wang B, Liepelt-Scarfone I, Maetzler W, Galasko D, Scherzer CR, Gasser T, Mielke MM, Hutten SJ, Mollenhauer B, Sardi SP, Berg D, Brockmann K. The Mutation Matters: CSF Profiles of GCase, Sphingolipids, α-Synuclein in PD GBA. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1216-1228. [PMID: 33547828 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With pathway-specific trials in PD associated with variants in the glucocerebrosidase gene (PDGBA ) under way, we need markers that confirm the impact of genetic variants in patient-derived biofluids in order to allow patient stratification merely based on genetics and that might serve as biochemical read-out for target engagement. OBJECTIVE To explore GBA-pathway-specific biomarker profiles cross-sectionally (TUEPAC-MIGAP, PPMI) and longitudinally (PPMI). METHODS We measured enzyme activity of the lysosomal glucocerebrosidase, CSF levels of glucosylceramides (upstream substrate of glucocerebrosidase), CSF levels of ceramides (downstream product of glucocerebrosidase), lactosylceramides, sphingosines, sphingomyelin (by-products) and CSF levels of total α-synuclein in PDGBA patients compared to PDGBA_wildtype patients. RESULTS Cross-sectionally in both cohorts and longitudinally in PPMI: (1) glucocerebrosidase activity was significantly lower in PDGBA compared to PDGBA_wildtype . (2) CSF levels of upstream substrates (glucosylceramides species) were higher in PDGBA compared to PDGBA_wildtype . (3) CSF levels of total α-synuclein were lower in PDGBA compared to PDGBA_wildtype . All of these findings were most pronounced in PDGBA with severe mutations (PDGBA_severe ). Cross-sectionally in TUEPAC-MIGAP and longitudinally in PPMI, CSF levels of downstream-products (ceramides) were higher in PDGBA_severe . Cross-sectionally in TUEPAC-MIGAP by-products sphinganine and sphingosine-1-phosphate and longitudinally in PPMI species of by-products lactosylceramides and sphingomyelin were higher in PDGBA_severe . INTERPRETATION These findings confirm that GBA mutations have a relevant functional impact on biomarker profiles in patients. Bridging the gap between genetics and biochemical profiles now allows patient stratification for clinical trials merely based on mutation status. Importantly, all findings were most prominent in PDGBA with severe variants. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Lerche
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Isabel Wurster
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Gerrit Machetanz
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Roeben
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Milan Zimmermann
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Deuschle
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Hauser
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Xuan-Mai T Petterson
- Department of Health Sciences Research and Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ruby Chiang
- Rare and Neurologic Diseases Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hyejung Park
- Rare and Neurologic Diseases Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Rare and Neurologic Diseases Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Inga Liepelt-Scarfone
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Douglas Galasko
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Clemens R Scherzer
- Center for Advanced Parkinson Research, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michelle M Mielke
- Department of Health Sciences Research and Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Samantha J Hutten
- Michel J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (MJFF), New York, New York, USA
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Paracelsus-Elena Klinik Kassel, Kassel, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Pablo Sardi
- Rare and Neurologic Diseases Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniela Berg
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kathrin Brockmann
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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30
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Behl T, Kaur G, Fratila O, Buhas C, Judea-Pusta CT, Negrut N, Bustea C, Bungau S. Cross-talks among GBA mutations, glucocerebrosidase, and α-synuclein in GBA-associated Parkinson's disease and their targeted therapeutic approaches: a comprehensive review. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:4. [PMID: 33446243 PMCID: PMC7809876 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Current therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD) are palliative, of which the levodopa/carbidopa therapy remains the primary choice but is unable to modulate the progression of neurodegeneration. Due to the complication of such a multifactorial disorder and significant limitations of the therapy, numerous genetic approaches have been proved effective in finding out genes and mechanisms implicated in this disease. Following the observation of a higher frequency of PD in Gaucher's disease (GD), a lysosomal storage condition, mutations of glycosylceramidase beta (GBA) encoding glucocerebrosidase (GCase) have been shown to be involved and have been explored in the context of PD. GBA mutations are the most common genetic risk factor of PD. Various studies have revealed the relationships between PD and GBA gene mutations, facilitating a better understanding of this disorder. Various hypotheses delineate that the pathological mutations of GBA minimize the enzymatic activity of GCase, which affects the proliferation and clearance of α-synuclein; this affects the lysosomal homeostasis, exacerbating the endoplasmic reticulum stress or encouraging the mitochondrial dysfunction. Identification of the pathological mechanisms underlying the GBA-associated parkinsonism (GBA + PD) advances our understanding of PD. This review based on current literature aims to elucidate various genetic and clinical characteristics correlated with GBA mutations and to identify the numerous pathological processes underlying GBA + PD. We also delineate the therapeutic strategies to interfere with the mutant GCase function for further improvement of the related α-synuclein-GCase crosstalks. Moreover, the various therapeutic approaches such as gene therapy, chaperone proteins, and histone deacetylase inhibitors for the treatment of GBA + PD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
| | - Gagandeep Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Ovidiu Fratila
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Camelia Buhas
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Bihor County, Romania
| | - Claudia Teodora Judea-Pusta
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Bihor County, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Negrut
- Department of Psycho-Neuroscience and Recovery, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Cristiana Bustea
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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31
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Behl T, Kaur G, Fratila O, Buhas C, Judea-Pusta CT, Negrut N, Bustea C, Bungau S. Cross-talks among GBA mutations, glucocerebrosidase, and α-synuclein in GBA-associated Parkinson’s disease and their targeted therapeutic approaches: a comprehensive review. Transl Neurodegener 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40035-020-00226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCurrent therapies for Parkinson’s disease (PD) are palliative, of which the levodopa/carbidopa therapy remains the primary choice but is unable to modulate the progression of neurodegeneration. Due to the complication of such a multifactorial disorder and significant limitations of the therapy, numerous genetic approaches have been proved effective in finding out genes and mechanisms implicated in this disease. Following the observation of a higher frequency of PD in Gaucher’s disease (GD), a lysosomal storage condition, mutations of glycosylceramidase beta (GBA) encoding glucocerebrosidase (GCase) have been shown to be involved and have been explored in the context of PD. GBA mutations are the most common genetic risk factor of PD. Various studies have revealed the relationships between PD and GBA gene mutations, facilitating a better understanding of this disorder. Various hypotheses delineate that the pathological mutations of GBA minimize the enzymatic activity of GCase, which affects the proliferation and clearance of α-synuclein; this affects the lysosomal homeostasis, exacerbating the endoplasmic reticulum stress or encouraging the mitochondrial dysfunction. Identification of the pathological mechanisms underlying the GBA-associated parkinsonism (GBA + PD) advances our understanding of PD. This review based on current literature aims to elucidate various genetic and clinical characteristics correlated with GBA mutations and to identify the numerous pathological processes underlying GBA + PD. We also delineate the therapeutic strategies to interfere with the mutant GCase function for further improvement of the related α-synuclein–GCase crosstalks. Moreover, the various therapeutic approaches such as gene therapy, chaperone proteins, and histone deacetylase inhibitors for the treatment of GBA + PD are discussed.
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32
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The interplay between Glucocerebrosidase, α-synuclein and lipids in human models of Parkinson's disease. Biophys Chem 2020; 273:106534. [PMID: 33832803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2020.106534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene GBA, encoding glucocerebrosidase (GCase), are the highest genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). GCase is a lysosomal glycoprotein responsible for the hydrolysis of glucosylceramide into glucose and ceramide. Mutations in GBA cause a decrease in GCase activity, stability and protein levels which in turn lead to the accumulation of GCase lipid substrates as well as α-synuclein (αS) in vitro and in vivo. αS is the main constituent of Lewy bodies found in the brain of PD patients and an increase in its levels was found to be associated with a decrease in GCase activity/protein levels in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we describe the reported biophysical and biochemical changes that GBA mutations can induce in GCase activity and stability as well as the current overview of the levels of GCase protein/activity, αS and lipids measured in patient-derived samples including post-mortem brains, stem cell-derived neurons, cerebrospinal fluid, blood and fibroblasts as well as in SH-SY5Y cells. In particular, we report how the levels of αS and lipids are affected by/correlated to significant changes in GCase activity/protein levels and which cellular pathways are activated or disrupted by these changes in each model. Finally, we review the current strategies used to revert the changes in the levels of GCase activity/protein, αS and lipids in the context of PD.
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33
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Brockmann K. GBA-Associated Synucleinopathies: Prime Candidates for Alpha-Synuclein Targeting Compounds. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:562522. [PMID: 33102473 PMCID: PMC7545538 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.562522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With disease-modifying compounds targeting alpha-synuclein available in clinical trials, patient stratification according to alpha-synuclein-specific enrichment strategies is a much-needed prerequisite. Such a scenario will be exemplified for GBA, one major genetic risk factor that is specifically associated with the alpha-synucleinopathies: Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Brockmann
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
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34
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Omer N, Giladi N, Gurevich T, Bar-Shira A, Gana-Weisz M, Goldstein O, Kestenbaum M, Cedarbaum JM, Orr-Urtreger A, Mirelman A, Thaler A. A Possible Modifying Effect of the G2019S Mutation in the LRRK2 Gene on GBA Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2020; 35:1249-1253. [PMID: 32353202 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phenotype of Parkinson's disease (PD) is milder among patients with LRRK2-PD and more severe among patients with GBA-PD; however, whether an additive phenotypical effect occurs among dual-mutation carriers requires validation. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to explore the phenotypic expression of patients with PD who carry mutations in both genes compared with a single-mutation presentation. METHODS Patients with PD were genotyped for the G2019S-LRRK2 mutation and 9 mutations in the GBA gene. Subjects were classified into 5 groups: idiopathic PD, mild GBA-PD, severe GBA-PD, LRRK2-PD, and LRRK2+GBA-PD. Clinical symptoms were evaluated using performance-based measures. RESULTS A total of 1090 patients with idiopathic PD, 155 patients with LRRK2-PD, 155 patients with mild GBA-PD, 56 patients with severe GBA-PD, and 27 patients with LRRK2+GBA-PD participated in this study. The patients with LRRK2-PD and LRRK2+GBA-PD exhibited lower scores on total Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (P < 0.01) and better olfaction (P < 0.01) compared with GBA-PD. CONCLUSIONS Patients with LRRK2+GBA-PD were symptomatically similar to patients with LRRK2-PD, suggesting a dominant effect of LRRK2 over GBA in the phenotypic presentation. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Omer
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurological Institute, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Giladi
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurological Institute, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Tanya Gurevich
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurological Institute, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Anat Bar-Shira
- Genetic Institute, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Mali Gana-Weisz
- Genomic Research Laboratory for Neurodegeneration, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Orly Goldstein
- Genomic Research Laboratory for Neurodegeneration, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Meir Kestenbaum
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Neurology Department, Meir Hospital, Kfar-Saba, Israel
| | - Jesse M Cedarbaum
- Biogen Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Coeruleus Clinical Sciences LLC, Woodbridge, Connecticut, USA
| | - Avi Orr-Urtreger
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Genomic Research Laboratory for Neurodegeneration, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Anat Mirelman
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Laboratory of Early Markers of Neurodegeneration, Neurological Institute, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Avner Thaler
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurological Institute, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Laboratory of Early Markers of Neurodegeneration, Neurological Institute, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW GBA1 mutations, which result in the lysosomal disorder Gaucher disease, are the most common known genetic risk factor for Parkinson disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB). The pathogenesis of this association is not fully understood, but further elucidation of this link could lead to new therapeutic options. RECENT FINDINGS The characteristic clinical phenotype of GBA1-PD resembles sporadic Parkinson disease, but with an earlier onset and more severe course. Many different GBA1 mutations increase the risk of Parkinson disease, some primarily detected in specific populations. Glucocerebrosidase deficiency appears to be associated with increased α-synuclein aggregation and accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction because of impaired autophagy, and increased endoplasmic reticulum stress. SUMMARY As our understanding of GBA1-associated Parkinson disease increases, new treatment opportunities emerge. MicroRNA profiles are providing examples of both up-regulated and down-regulated proteins related to GBA1 and may provide new therapeutic targets. Chaperone therapy, directed at either misfolded glucocerebrosidase or α-synuclein aggregation, is currently under development and there are several early clinical trials ongoing. Substrate reduction therapy, aimed at lowering the accumulation of metabolic by-products, especially glucosylsphingosine, is also being explored. Basic science insights from the rare disorder Gaucher disease are serving to catapult drug discovery for parkinsonism.
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Teil M, Arotcarena ML, Faggiani E, Laferriere F, Bezard E, Dehay B. Targeting α-synuclein for PD Therapeutics: A Pursuit on All Fronts. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030391. [PMID: 32138193 PMCID: PMC7175302 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is characterized both by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the presence of cytoplasmic inclusions called Lewy Bodies. These Lewy Bodies contain the aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn) protein, which has been shown to be able to propagate from cell to cell and throughout different regions in the brain. Due to its central role in the pathology and the lack of a curative treatment for PD, an increasing number of studies have aimed at targeting this protein for therapeutics. Here, we reviewed and discussed the many different approaches that have been studied to inhibit α-syn accumulation via direct and indirect targeting. These analyses have led to the generation of multiple clinical trials that are either completed or currently active. These clinical trials and the current preclinical studies must still face obstacles ahead, but give hope of finding a therapy for PD with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Teil
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (M.T.); (M.-L.A.); (E.F.); (F.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Laure Arotcarena
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (M.T.); (M.-L.A.); (E.F.); (F.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Emilie Faggiani
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (M.T.); (M.-L.A.); (E.F.); (F.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Florent Laferriere
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (M.T.); (M.-L.A.); (E.F.); (F.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (M.T.); (M.-L.A.); (E.F.); (F.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Benjamin Dehay
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (M.T.); (M.-L.A.); (E.F.); (F.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Correspondence:
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Lerche S, Wurster I, Roeben B, Zimmermann M, Riebenbauer B, Deuschle C, Hauser A, Schulte C, Berg D, Maetzler W, Waniek K, Lachmann I, Liepelt‐Scarfone I, Gasser T, Brockmann K. Parkinson's Disease:
Glucocerebrosidase 1
Mutation Severity Is Associated with CSF Alpha‐Synuclein Profiles. Mov Disord 2019; 35:495-499. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Lerche
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie‐Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Isabel Wurster
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie‐Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Benjamin Roeben
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie‐Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Milan Zimmermann
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie‐Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Benjamin Riebenbauer
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie‐Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Christian Deuschle
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie‐Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Ann‐Kathrin Hauser
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie‐Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie‐Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of NeurologyChristian‐Albrechts University Kiel Germany
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of NeurologyChristian‐Albrechts University Kiel Germany
| | | | | | - Inga Liepelt‐Scarfone
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie‐Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie‐Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Kathrin Brockmann
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie‐Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
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Do J, McKinney C, Sharma P, Sidransky E. Glucocerebrosidase and its relevance to Parkinson disease. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:36. [PMID: 31464647 PMCID: PMC6716912 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0336-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in GBA1, the gene encoding the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase, are among the most common known genetic risk factors for the development of Parkinson disease and related synucleinopathies. A great deal is known about GBA1, as mutations in GBA1 are causal for the rare autosomal storage disorder Gaucher disease. Over the past decades, significant progress has been made in understanding the genetics and cell biology of glucocerebrosidase. A least 495 different mutations, found throughout the 11 exons of the gene are reported, including both common and rare variants. Mutations in GBA1 may lead to degradation of the protein, disruptions in lysosomal targeting and diminished performance of the enzyme in the lysosome. Gaucher disease is phenotypically diverse and has both neuronopathic and non-neuronopathic forms. Both patients with Gaucher disease and heterozygous carriers are at increased risk of developing Parkinson disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies, although our understanding of the mechanism for this association remains incomplete. There appears to be an inverse relationship between glucocerebrosidase and α-synuclein levels, and even patients with sporadic Parkinson disease have decreased glucocerebrosidase. Glucocerebrosidase may interact with α-synuclein to maintain basic cellular functions, or impaired glucocerebrosidase could contribute to Parkinson pathogenesis by disrupting lysosomal homeostasis, enhancing endoplasmic reticulum stress or contributing to mitochondrial impairment. However, the majority of patients with GBA1 mutations never develop parkinsonism, so clearly other risk factors play a role. Treatments for Gaucher disease have been developed that increase visceral glucocerebrosidase levels and decrease lipid storage, although they have yet to properly address the neurological defects associated with impaired glucocerebrosidase. Mouse and induced pluripotent stem cell derived models have improved our understanding of glucocerebrosidase function and the consequences of its deficiency. These models have been used to test novel therapies including chaperone proteins, histone deacetylase inhibitors, and gene therapy approaches that enhance glucocerebrosidase levels and could prove efficacious in the treatment of forms of parkinsonism. Consequently, this rare monogenic disorder, Gaucher disease, provides unique insights directly applicable to our understanding and treatment of Parkinson disease, a common and complex neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Do
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 35A, Room 1E623, 35 Convent Drive, MSC 3708, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3708, USA
| | - Cindy McKinney
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 35A, Room 1E623, 35 Convent Drive, MSC 3708, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3708, USA
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 35A, Room 1E623, 35 Convent Drive, MSC 3708, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3708, USA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 35A, Room 1E623, 35 Convent Drive, MSC 3708, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3708, USA.
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The Link between Gaucher Disease and Parkinson's Disease Sheds Light on Old and Novel Disorders of Sphingolipid Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133304. [PMID: 31284408 PMCID: PMC6651136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipid metabolism starts with the biosynthesis of ceramide, a bioactive lipid and the backbone for the biosynthesis of complex sphingolipids such as sphingomyelin and glycosphingolipids. These are degraded back to ceramide and then to sphingosine, which enters the ceramide–sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling pathway or is further degraded. Several enzymes with multiple catalytic properties and subcellular localizations are thus involved in such metabolism. Hereditary defects of lysosomal hydrolases have been known for several years to be the cause of lysosomal storage diseases such as gangliosidoses, Gaucher disease, Niemann–Pick disease, Krabbe disease, Fabry disease, and Farber disease. More recently, many other inborn errors of sphingolipid metabolism have been recognized, involving enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of ceramide, sphingomyelin, and glycosphingolipids. Concurrently, epidemiologic and biochemical evidence has established a link between Gaucher disease and Parkinson’s disease, showing that glucocerebrosidase variants predispose individuals to α-synuclein accumulation and neurodegeneration even in the heterozygous status. This appears to be due not only to lysosomal overload of non-degraded glucosylceramide, but to the derangement of vesicle traffic and autophagy, including mitochondrial autophagy, triggered by both sphingolipid intermediates and misfolded proteins. In this review, old and novel disorders of sphingolipid metabolism, in particular those of ganglioside biosynthesis, are evaluated in light of recent investigations of the link between Gaucher disease and Parkinson’s disease, with the aim of better understanding their pathogenic mechanisms and addressing new potential therapeutic strategies.
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Jellinger KA. Neuropathology and pathogenesis of extrapyramidal movement disorders: a critical update-I. Hypokinetic-rigid movement disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:933-995. [PMID: 31214855 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extrapyramidal movement disorders include hypokinetic rigid and hyperkinetic or mixed forms, most of them originating from dysfunction of the basal ganglia (BG) and their information circuits. The functional anatomy of the BG, the cortico-BG-thalamocortical, and BG-cerebellar circuit connections are briefly reviewed. Pathophysiologic classification of extrapyramidal movement disorder mechanisms distinguish (1) parkinsonian syndromes, (2) chorea and related syndromes, (3) dystonias, (4) myoclonic syndromes, (5) ballism, (6) tics, and (7) tremor syndromes. Recent genetic and molecular-biologic classifications distinguish (1) synucleinopathies (Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease-dementia, and multiple system atrophy); (2) tauopathies (progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, FTLD-17; Guamian Parkinson-dementia; Pick's disease, and others); (3) polyglutamine disorders (Huntington's disease and related disorders); (4) pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration; (5) Wilson's disease; and (6) other hereditary neurodegenerations without hitherto detected genetic or specific markers. The diversity of phenotypes is related to the deposition of pathologic proteins in distinct cell populations, causing neurodegeneration due to genetic and environmental factors, but there is frequent overlap between various disorders. Their etiopathogenesis is still poorly understood, but is suggested to result from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Multiple etiologies and noxious factors (protein mishandling, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, energy failure, and chronic neuroinflammation) are more likely than a single factor. Current clinical consensus criteria have increased the diagnostic accuracy of most neurodegenerative movement disorders, but for their definite diagnosis, histopathological confirmation is required. We present a timely overview of the neuropathology and pathogenesis of the major extrapyramidal movement disorders in two parts, the first one dedicated to hypokinetic-rigid forms and the second to hyperkinetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, 1150, Vienna, Austria.
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41
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Lerche S, Machetanz G, Wurster I, Roeben B, Zimmermann M, Pilotto A, Preische O, Stransky E, Deuschle C, Hauser A, Schulte C, Lachmann I, Waniek K, Gasser T, Berg D, Maetzler W, Brockmann K. Dementia with lewy bodies:
GBA1
mutations are associated with cerebrospinal fluid alpha‐synuclein profile. Mov Disord 2019; 34:1069-1073. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Lerche
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie‐Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Gerrit Machetanz
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie‐Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Isabel Wurster
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie‐Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Benjamin Roeben
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie‐Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Milan Zimmermann
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie‐Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Andrea Pilotto
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental SciencesUniversity of Brescia Brescia Italy
- Parkinson's Disease Rehabilitation CentreFERB ONLUS–S. Isidoro Hospital Trescore Balneario (BG) Italy
| | - Oliver Preische
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Elke Stransky
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie‐Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Christian Deuschle
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie‐Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Ann‐Kathrin Hauser
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie‐Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie‐Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Gasser
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie‐Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of NeurologyChristian‐Albrechts University Kiel Germany
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of NeurologyChristian‐Albrechts University Kiel Germany
| | - Kathrin Brockmann
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie‐Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesUniversity of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
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Bieri G, Brahic M, Bousset L, Couthouis J, Kramer NJ, Ma R, Nakayama L, Monbureau M, Defensor E, Schüle B, Shamloo M, Melki R, Gitler AD. LRRK2 modifies α-syn pathology and spread in mouse models and human neurons. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:961-980. [PMID: 30927072 PMCID: PMC6531417 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-01995-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Progressive aggregation of the protein alpha-synuclein (α-syn) and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) are key histopathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD). Accruing evidence suggests that α-syn pathology can propagate through neuronal circuits in the brain, contributing to the progressive nature of the disease. Thus, it is therapeutically pertinent to identify modifiers of α-syn transmission and aggregation as potential targets to slow down disease progression. A growing number of genetic mutations and risk factors has been identified in studies of familial and sporadic forms of PD. However, how these genes affect α-syn aggregation and pathological transmission, and whether they can be targeted for therapeutic interventions, remains unclear. We performed a targeted genetic screen of risk genes associated with PD and parkinsonism for modifiers of α-syn aggregation, using an α-syn preformed-fibril (PFF) induction assay. We found that decreased expression of Lrrk2 and Gba modulated α-syn aggregation in mouse primary neurons. Conversely, α-syn aggregation increased in primary neurons from mice expressing the PD-linked LRRK2 G2019S mutation. In vivo, using LRRK2 G2019S transgenic mice, we observed acceleration of α-syn aggregation and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc, exacerbated degeneration-associated neuroinflammation and behavioral deficits. To validate our findings in a human context, we established a novel human α-syn transmission model using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS)-derived neurons (iNs), where human α-syn PFFs triggered aggregation of endogenous α-syn in a time-dependent manner. In PD subject-derived iNs, the G2019S mutation enhanced α-syn aggregation, whereas loss of LRRK2 decreased aggregation. Collectively, these findings establish a strong interaction between the PD risk gene LRRK2 and α-syn transmission across mouse and human models. Since clinical trials of LRRK2 inhibitors in PD are currently underway, our findings raise the possibility that these may be effective in PD broadly, beyond cases caused by LRRK2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Bieri
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, M322 Alway Building, Stanford, CA, 94305-5120, USA
- Stanford Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michel Brahic
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, M322 Alway Building, Stanford, CA, 94305-5120, USA
| | - Luc Bousset
- Institut François Jacob, MIRCen, CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Julien Couthouis
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, M322 Alway Building, Stanford, CA, 94305-5120, USA
| | - Nicholas J Kramer
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, M322 Alway Building, Stanford, CA, 94305-5120, USA
- Stanford Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rosanna Ma
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, M322 Alway Building, Stanford, CA, 94305-5120, USA
| | - Lisa Nakayama
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, M322 Alway Building, Stanford, CA, 94305-5120, USA
| | - Marie Monbureau
- Stanford Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erwin Defensor
- Stanford Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Birgitt Schüle
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mehrdad Shamloo
- Stanford Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ronald Melki
- Institut François Jacob, MIRCen, CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Aaron D Gitler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, M322 Alway Building, Stanford, CA, 94305-5120, USA.
- Stanford Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Alecu I, Bennett SAL. Dysregulated Lipid Metabolism and Its Role in α-Synucleinopathy in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:328. [PMID: 31031582 PMCID: PMC6470291 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, the main pathological hallmark of which is the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) and the formation of filamentous aggregates called Lewy bodies in the brainstem, limbic system, and cortical areas. Lipidomics is a newly emerging field which can provide fresh insights and new answers that will enhance our capacity for early diagnosis, tracking disease progression, predicting critical endpoints, and identifying risk in pre-symptomatic persons. In recent years, lipids have been implicated in many aspects of PD pathology. Biophysical and lipidomic studies have demonstrated that α-syn binds preferentially not only to specific lipid families but also to specific molecular species and that these lipid-protein complexes enhance its interaction with synaptic membranes, influence its oligomerization and aggregation, and interfere with the catalytic activity of cytoplasmic lipid enzymes and lysosomal lipases, thereby affecting lipid metabolism. The genetic link between aberrant lipid metabolism and PD is even more direct, with mutations in GBA and SMPD1 enhancing PD risk in humans and loss of GALC function increasing α-syn aggregation and accumulation in experimental murine models. Moreover, a number of lipidomic studies have reported PD-specific lipid alterations in both patient brains and plasma, including alterations in the lipid composition of lipid rafts in the frontal cortex. A further aspect of lipid dysregulation promoting PD pathogenesis is oxidative stress and inflammation, with proinflammatory lipid mediators such as platelet activating factors (PAFs) playing key roles in arbitrating the progressive neurodegeneration seen in PD linked to α-syn intracellular trafficking. Lastly, there are a number of genetic risk factors of PD which are involved in normal lipid metabolism and function. Genes such as PLA2G6 and SCARB2, which are involved in glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism either directly or indirectly are associated with risk of PD. This review seeks to describe these facets of metabolic lipid dysregulation as they relate to PD pathology and potential pathomechanisms involved in disease progression, while highlighting incongruous findings and gaps in knowledge that necessitate further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Alecu
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Catalysis and Research Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Steffany A. L. Bennett
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Catalysis and Research Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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