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He Y, Amer HM, Xu Z, Liu L, Wu S, He B, Liu J, Kai G. Exploration of the underlying mechanism of Astragaloside III in attenuating immunosuppression via network pharmacology and vitro/vivo pharmacological validation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 330:118235. [PMID: 38648891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Astragalus mongholicus Bunge (AM, recorded in http://www.worldfloraonline.org, 2023-08-03) is a kind of medicine food homology plant with a long medicinal history in China. Astragaloside III (AS-III) has immunomodulatory effects and is one of the most active components in AM. However, its underlying mechanism of action is still not fully explained. AIM OF THE STUDY The research was designed to discuss the protective effects of AS-III on immunosuppression and to elucidate its prospective mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Molecular docking methods and network pharmacology analysis were used to comprehensively investigate potential targets and relative pathways for AS-III and immunosuppression. In order to study and verify the pharmacological activity and mechanism of AS-III in alleviating immunosuppression, immunosuppression mouse model induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX) in vivo and macrophage RAW264.7 cell model induced by hypoxia/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro were used. RESULTS A total of 105 common targets were obtained from the AS-III-related and immunosuppression-related target networks. The results of network pharmacology and molecular docking demonstrate that AS-III may treat immunosuppression through by regulating glucose metabolism-related pathways such as regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes, carbohydrate digestion and absorption, cGMP-PKG signaling pathway, central carbon metabolism in cancer together with HIF-1 pathway. The results of molecular docking showed that AS-III has good binding relationship with LDHA, AKT1 and HIF1A. In CTX-induced immunosuppressive mouse model, AS-III had a significant protective effect on the reduction of body weight, immune organ index and hematological indices. It can also protect immune organs from damage. In addition, AS-III could significantly improve the expression of key proteins involved in energy metabolism and serum inflammatory factors. To further validate the animal results, an initial inflammatory/immune response model of macrophage RAW264.7 cells was constructed through hypoxia and LPS. AS-III improved the immune function of macrophages, reduced the release of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, PDHK-1, LDH, lactate, HK, PK and GLUT-1, and restored the decrease of ATP caused by hypoxia. Besides, AS-III was also demonstrated that it could inhibit the increase of HIF-1α, PDHK-1 and LDH by adding inhibitors and agonists. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the main targets of AS-III for immunosuppressive therapy were initially analyzed. AS-III was systematically confirmed to attenuates immunosuppressive state through the HIF-1α/PDHK-1 pathway. These findings offer an experimental foundation for the use of AS-III as a potential candidate for the treatment of immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining He
- Zhejiang Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China
| | - Heba M Amer
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Dept, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Zonghui Xu
- Zhejiang Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Zhejiang Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China
| | - Shujing Wu
- Zhejiang Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China
| | - Beihui He
- Zhejiang Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China
| | - Junqiu Liu
- Zhejiang Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China.
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Zhejiang Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China; The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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2
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Liu S, Zhou S. Lactate: A New Target for Brain Disorders. Neuroscience 2024; 552:S0306-4522(24)00280-X. [PMID: 38936457 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Lactate in the brain is produced endogenously and exogenously. The primary functional cells that produce lactate in the brain are astrocytes. Astrocytes release lactate to act on neurons, thereby affecting neuronal function, through a process known as the astrocyte-neuron shuttle. Lactate affects microglial function as well and inhibits microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Lactate also provides energy, acts as a signaling molecule, and promotes neurogenesis. This article summarizes the role of lactate in cells, animals, and humans. Lactate is a protective molecule against stress in healthy organisms and in the early stages of brain disorders. Thus, lactate may be a potential therapeutic target for brain disorders. Further research on the role of lactate in microglia may have great prospects. This article provides a new perspective and research direction for the study of lacate in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunfeng Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China.
| | - Shouhong Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China; Basic Medical College, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China.
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Benarroch E. What Is the Role of Lactate in Brain Metabolism, Plasticity, and Neurodegeneration? Neurology 2024; 102:e209378. [PMID: 38574305 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
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Gao X, Fu J, Yu D, Lu F, Liu S. Integrated network pharmacology and phosphoproteomic analyses of Baichanting in Parkinson's disease model mice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26916. [PMID: 38509878 PMCID: PMC10951462 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence rate of Parkinson's disease (PD) is increasing yearly. Neuronal apoptosis caused by abnormal protein phosphorylation is closely related to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. At present, few PD-specific apoptosis pathways have been revealed. To investigate the effect of Baichanting (BCT) on apoptosis from the perspective of protein phosphorylation, α-syn transgenic mice were selected to observe the behavioral changes of the mice, and the apoptosis of substantia nigra cells were detected by the HE method and TUNEL method. Network pharmacology combined with phosphorylation proteomics was used to find relevant targets for BCT treatment of PD and was further verified by PRM and western blotting. BCT improved the morphology of neurons in the substantia nigra and reduced neuronal apoptosis. The main enriched pathways in the network pharmacology results were apoptosis, the p53 signaling pathway and autophagy. Western blot results showed that BCT significantly regulated the protein expression levels of BAX, Caspase-3, LC3B, P53 and mTOR and upregulated autophagy to alleviate apoptosis. Using phosphorylated proteomics and PRM validation, we found that Pak5, Grin2b, Scn1a, BcaN, L1cam and Braf are closely correlated with the targets of the web-based pharmacological screen and may be involved in p53/mTOR-mediated autophagy and apoptosis pathways. BCT can inhibit the activation of the p53/mTOR signaling pathway, thereby enhancing the autophagy function of cells, and reducing the apoptosis of neurons which is the main mechanism of its neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jiaqi Fu
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - DongHua Yu
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Fang Lu
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Shumin Liu
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
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5
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Gan QX, Peng MY, Wei HB, Chen LL, Chen XY, Li ZH, An GQ, Ma YT. Gastrodia elata polysaccharide alleviates Parkinson's disease via inhibiting apoptotic and inflammatory signaling pathways and modulating the gut microbiota. Food Funct 2024; 15:2920-2938. [PMID: 38385354 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo05169b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common, chronic, and progressive degenerative disease of the central nervous system for which there is no effective treatment. Gastrodia elata is a well-known food and medicine homologous resource with neuroprotective potential. Gastrodia elata polysaccharide (GEP), which is a highly active and safe component in Gastrodia elata, is an important ingredient in the development of functional products. In this study, GEP was administered to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mice over 3 weeks to investigate its neuroprotective effects. The results showed that GEP significantly alleviated the motor dysfunction of PD mice, inhibited the accumulation of α-synuclein, and reduced the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. Moreover, GEP increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and decreased the cleaved-caspase-3 level, suggesting that GEP may ameliorate PD by preventing MPTP-induced mitochondrial apoptosis. GEP also significantly inhibited the increase of GFAP and decreased the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the brain of PD mice, which may be the result of the inhibition of neuroinflammation by the inactivation of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, the neuroprotective effects of GEP involve the gut-brain axis, as it has been shown that GEP regulated the dysbiosis of PD-related gut microbiota such as Akkermansia, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Faecalibacterium, increased the content of microbial metabolites SCFAs in the colon and increased the level of occludin that repairs the intestinal barrier of PD mice. In conclusion, this study is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the development and application of functional products with GEP from the perspective of neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Xia Gan
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese, Medicine, No.1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Mao-Yao Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese, Medicine, No.1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Hao-Bo Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese, Medicine, No.1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Lin-Lin Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese, Medicine, No.1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese, Medicine, No.1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Zi-Han Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese, Medicine, No.1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Guang-Qin An
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese, Medicine, No.1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yun-Tong Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese, Medicine, No.1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China
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Athari SZ, Farajdokht F, Keyhanmanesh R, Mohaddes G. AMPK Signaling Pathway as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Parkinson's Disease. Adv Pharm Bull 2024; 14:120-131. [PMID: 38585465 PMCID: PMC10997932 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2024.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons. Genetic factors, inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, metabolic disorders, cytotoxic factors, and mitochondrial dysfunction are all involved in neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases. The risk of PD can be higher in aging individuals due to decreased mitochondrial function, energy metabolism, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) function. The potential of AMPK to regulate neurodegenerative disorders lies in its ability to enhance antioxidant capacity, reduce oxidative stress, improve mitochondrial function, decrease mitophagy and macroautophagy, and inhibit inflammation. In addition, it has been shown that modulating the catalytic activity of AMPK can protect the nervous system. This article reviews the mechanisms by which AMPK activation can modulate PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Zanyar Athari
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Farajdokht
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rana Keyhanmanesh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gisou Mohaddes
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Biomedical Education, California Health Sciences University, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Clovis, CA, USA
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7
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Huang M, Zhang Y, Liu X. The mechanism of cuproptosis in Parkinson's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 95:102214. [PMID: 38311254 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease with an increased morbidity. The pathogenesis PD has not been fully elucidated, and whatever mechanism is involved, it ultimately leads to dopamine (DA) neuronal apoptosis. Cuproptosis is a novel form of cell death. Its morphology, biochemical properties, and mechanism of action differ from known forms of cell death, such as apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis and pyroptosis. Copper binds to the lipoylated components of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, causing proteotoxic stress that ultimately leads to cellular cuproptosis. PD has biochemical features such as mitochondrial dysfunction and decreased levels of copper and glutathione in brain regions. This is closely related to the cuproptosis mechanism. However, the specific link between the pathogenesis of PD and cuproptosis is unclear. Herein, we summarizes cuproptosis as the cause of DA neuronal death in PD, and the relationship between cuproptosis and the PD pathogenesis. This article provides a research basis for targeted cuproptosis for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuehong Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China.
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8
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Wang L, Cai Z, Gu Q, Xu C. cGAS Deficiency Regulates the Phenotypic Polarization and Glycolysis of Microglia Through Lactylation in Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Cell Model. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-023-10631-2. [PMID: 38246965 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10631-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Promoting the M2 phenotype polarization of microglia is of great significance in alleviating hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). The umbilical artery blood sample was collected to evaluate the expression of cGAS, and the aberrant expressed cGAS was verified in the oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) microglia which was established to mimic HIE in vitro. Then the regulating role of cGAS on the transformation of microglia M2 phenotype polarization and glycolysis was investigated. Moreover, the lactylation of cGAS in OGD treated microglia was evaluated by western blot. cGAS was found to be highly expressed in umbilical artery blood of HIE group, and OGD treated microglia. OGD interference activated microglia into M1 phenotype by enhancing CD86 and suppressing CD206 levels; meanwhile, the microglia in OGD group highly expressed IL-1β, iNOS and TNF-α, and lowly expressed IL-4, IL-10, and Arg-1. Inhibition of cGAS promotes the transformation of microglia from M1 to M2 phenotype. Meanwhile, OGD increased ECAR and decreased OCR to regulate glycolysis, cGAS deficiency inhibits glycolysis in OGD treated microglia. Moreover, the pan lysine lactylation (Pan-Kla) levels and lactated cGAS levels in microglia were upregulated in the OGD group. Lactate reversed the effects of cGAS knockdown on microglia polarization and glycolysis. The present study reveals that the cGAS-mediated neuron injury is associated with high level of cGAS lactylation. Inhibition of cGAS promotes the M2 phenotype polarization of microglia and suppress glycolysis. Thereby, targeting cGAS provides a new strategy for the development of therapeutic agents against HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Funing County People's Hospital, No.111, Fucheng Street, Funing County, Yancheng, 224400, China
| | - Zhonghua Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, Funing County People's Hospital, No.111, Fucheng Street, Funing County, Yancheng, 224400, China
| | - Qi Gu
- Department of Pediatrics, Funing County People's Hospital, No.111, Fucheng Street, Funing County, Yancheng, 224400, China
| | - Changli Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Funing County People's Hospital, No.111, Fucheng Street, Funing County, Yancheng, 224400, China.
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9
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Chen J, Li G, Sun D, Li H, Chen L. Research progress of hexokinase 2 in inflammatory-related diseases and its inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:115986. [PMID: 38011767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Hexokinase 2 (HK2) is a crucial enzyme involved in glycolysis, which converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate and plays a significant role in glucose metabolism. HK2 can mediate glycolysis, which is linked to the release of inflammatory factors. The over-expression of HK2 increases the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, exacerbating the inflammatory reaction. Consequently, HK2 is closely linked to various inflammatory-related diseases affecting multiple systems, including the digestive, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, reproductive systems, as well as rheumatoid arthritis. HK2 is regarded as a novel therapeutic target for inflammatory-related diseases, and this article provides a comprehensive review of its roles in these conditions. Furthermore, the development of potent HK2 inhibitors has garnered significant attention in recent years. Therefore, this review also presents a summary of potential HK2 inhibitors, offering promising prospects for the treatment of inflammatory-related diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Guirong Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Dejuan Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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10
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Tong Y, Zhang P, Yang X, Liu X, Zhang J, Grudniewska M, Jung I, Abegg D, Liu J, Childs-Disney JL, Gibaut QMR, Haniff HS, Adibekian A, Mouradian MM, Disney MD. Decreasing the intrinsically disordered protein α-synuclein levels by targeting its structured mRNA with a ribonuclease-targeting chimera. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2306682120. [PMID: 38181056 PMCID: PMC10786272 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306682120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein is an important drug target for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), but it is an intrinsically disordered protein lacking typical small-molecule binding pockets. In contrast, the encoding SNCA mRNA has regions of ordered structure in its 5' untranslated region (UTR). Here, we present an integrated approach to identify small molecules that bind this structured region and inhibit α-synuclein translation. A drug-like, RNA-focused compound collection was studied for binding to the 5' UTR of SNCA mRNA, affording Synucleozid-2.0, a drug-like small molecule that decreases α-synuclein levels by inhibiting ribosomes from assembling onto SNCA mRNA. This RNA-binding small molecule was converted into a ribonuclease-targeting chimera (RiboTAC) to degrade cellular SNCA mRNA. RNA-seq and proteomics studies demonstrated that the RiboTAC (Syn-RiboTAC) selectively degraded SNCA mRNA to reduce its protein levels, affording a fivefold enhancement of cytoprotective effects as compared to Synucleozid-2.0. As observed in many diseases, transcriptome-wide changes in RNA expression are observed in PD. Syn-RiboTAC also rescued the expression of ~50% of genes that were abnormally expressed in dopaminergic neurons differentiated from PD patient-derived iPSCs. These studies demonstrate that the druggability of the proteome can be expanded greatly by targeting the encoding mRNAs with both small molecule binders and RiboTAC degraders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuquan Tong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL33458
- Department of Chemistry, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL33458
| | - Peiyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL33458
| | - Xueyi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL33458
- Department of Chemistry, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL33458
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL33458
| | - Jie Zhang
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, Piscataway, NJ08854
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ08854
| | - Magda Grudniewska
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, Piscataway, NJ08854
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ08854
| | - Ikrak Jung
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, Piscataway, NJ08854
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ08854
| | - Daniel Abegg
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL33458
| | - Jun Liu
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, Piscataway, NJ08854
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ08854
| | - Jessica L. Childs-Disney
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL33458
- Department of Chemistry, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL33458
| | - Quentin M. R. Gibaut
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL33458
- Department of Chemistry, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL33458
| | - Hafeez S. Haniff
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL33458
| | | | - M. Maral Mouradian
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, Piscataway, NJ08854
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ08854
| | - Matthew D. Disney
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL33458
- Department of Chemistry, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL33458
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11
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Yang C, Pan RY, Guan F, Yuan Z. Lactate metabolism in neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:69-74. [PMID: 37488846 PMCID: PMC10479854 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.374142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactate, a byproduct of glycolysis, was thought to be a metabolic waste until the discovery of the Warburg effect. Lactate not only functions as a metabolic substrate to provide energy but can also function as a signaling molecule to modulate cellular functions under pathophysiological conditions. The Astrocyte-Neuron Lactate Shuttle has clarified that lactate plays a pivotal role in the central nervous system. Moreover, protein lactylation highlights the novel role of lactate in regulating transcription, cellular functions, and disease development. This review summarizes the recent advances in lactate metabolism and its role in neurodegenerative diseases, thus providing optimal perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoguang Yang
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Rui-Yuan Pan
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fangxia Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Zengqiang Yuan
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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He J, Yang H, Liu Z, Chen M, Ye Y, Tao Y, Li S, Fang J, Xu J, Wu X, Qi H. Elevated expression of glycolytic genes as a prominent feature of early-onset preeclampsia: insights from integrative transcriptomic analysis. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1248771. [PMID: 37818100 PMCID: PMC10561389 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1248771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Preeclampsia (PE), a notable pregnancy-related disorder, leads to 40,000+ maternal deaths yearly. Recent research shows PE divides into early-onset (EOPE) and late-onset (LOPE) subtypes, each with distinct clinical features and outcomes. However, the molecular characteristics of various subtypes are currently subject to debate and are not consistent. Methods: We integrated transcriptomic expression data from a total of 372 placental samples across 8 publicly available databases via combat algorithm. Then, a variety of strategies including Random Forest Recursive Feature Elimination (RF-RFE), differential analysis, oposSOM, and Weighted Correlation Network Analysis were employed to identify the characteristic genes of the EOPE and LOPE subtypes. Finally, we conducted in vitro experiments on the key gene HK2 in HTR8/SVneo cells to explore its function. Results: Our results revealed a complex classification of PE placental samples, wherein EOPE manifests as a highly homogeneous sample group characterized by hypoxia and HIF1A activation. Among the core features is the upregulation of glycolysis-related genes, particularly HK2, in the placenta-an observation corroborated by independent validation data and single-cell data. Building on the pronounced correlation between HK2 and EOPE, we conducted in vitro experiments to assess the potential functional impact of HK2 on trophoblast cells. Additionally, the LOPE samples exhibit strong heterogeneity and lack distinct features, suggesting a complex molecular makeup for this subtype. Unsupervised clustering analysis indicates that LOPE likely comprises at least two distinct subtypes, linked to cell-environment interaction and cytokine and protein modification functionalities. Discussion: In summary, these findings elucidate potential mechanistic differences between the two PE subtypes, lend support to the hypothesis of classifying PE based on gestational weeks, and emphasize the potential significant role of glycolysis-related genes, especially HK2 in EOPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Miaomiao Chen
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuelan Tao
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuhong Li
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Fang
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiacheng Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiafei Wu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongbo Qi
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Yu H, Chang Q, Sun T, He X, Wen L, An J, Feng J, Zhao Y. Metabolic reprogramming and polarization of microglia in Parkinson's disease: Role of inflammasome and iron. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:102032. [PMID: 37572760 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by α-synuclein aggregation and dopaminergic neuronal death. Recent evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is an early event in the pathogenesis of PD. Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system that can be activated into either pro-inflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes as found in peripheral macrophages. To exert their immune functions, microglia respond to various stimuli, resulting in the flexible regulation of their metabolic pathways. Inflammasomes activation in microglia induces metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, and leads to the polarization of microglia to pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, finally causing neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In addition, iron accumulation induces microglia take an inflammatory and glycolytic phenotype. M2 phenotype microglia is more sensitive to ferroptosis, inhibition of which can attenuate neuroinflammation. Therefore, this review highlights the interplay between microglial polarization and metabolic reprogramming of microglia. Moreover, it will interpret how inflammasomes and iron regulate microglial metabolism and phenotypic shifts, which provides a promising therapeutic target to modulate neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in PD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Yu
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China; Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Tong Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lulu Wen
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jing An
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Yuhong Zhao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China; Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
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14
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Wu A, Lee D, Xiong WC. Lactate Metabolism, Signaling, and Function in Brain Development, Synaptic Plasticity, Angiogenesis, and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13398. [PMID: 37686202 PMCID: PMC10487923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural tissue requires a great metabolic demand despite negligible intrinsic energy stores. As a result, the central nervous system (CNS) depends upon a continuous influx of metabolic substrates from the blood. Disruption of this process can lead to impairment of neurological functions, loss of consciousness, and coma within minutes. Intricate neurovascular networks permit both spatially and temporally appropriate metabolic substrate delivery. Lactate is the end product of anaerobic or aerobic glycolysis, converted from pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase-5 (LDH-5). Although abundant in the brain, it was traditionally considered a byproduct or waste of glycolysis. However, recent evidence indicates lactate may be an important energy source as well as a metabolic signaling molecule for the brain and astrocytes-the most abundant glial cell-playing a crucial role in energy delivery, storage, production, and utilization. The astrocyte-neuron lactate-shuttle hypothesis states that lactate, once released into the extracellular space by astrocytes, can be up-taken and metabolized by neurons. This review focuses on this hypothesis, highlighting lactate's emerging role in the brain, with particular emphasis on its role during development, synaptic plasticity, angiogenesis, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Wu
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (A.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Daehoon Lee
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (A.W.); (D.L.)
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (A.W.); (D.L.)
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Li S, Hou Q, Wang R, Hou Y, Wang Q, Zhang B, Ni C, Zheng H. Sevoflurane upregulates neuron death process-related Ddit4 expression by NMDAR in the hippocampus. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:5698-5712. [PMID: 37348034 PMCID: PMC10333074 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a serious and common complication induced by anesthesia and surgery. Neuronal apoptosis induced by general anesthetic neurotoxicity is a high-risk factor. However, a comprehensive analysis of general anesthesia-regulated gene expression patterns and further research on molecular mechanisms are lacking. Here, we performed bioinformatics analysis of gene expression in the hippocampus of aged rats that received sevoflurane anesthesia in GSE139220 from the GEO database, found a total of 226 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and investigated hub genes according to the number of biological processes in which the genes were enriched and performed screening by 12 algorithms with cytoHubba in Cytoscape. Among the screened hub genes, Agt, Cdkn1a, Ddit4, and Rhob are related to the neuronal death process. We further confirmed that these genes, especially Ddit4, were upregulated in the hippocampus of aged mice that received sevoflurane anesthesia. NMDAR, the core target receptor of sevoflurane, rather than GABAAR, mediates the sevoflurane regulation of DDIT4 expression. Our study screened sevoflurane-regulated DEGs and focused on the neuronal death process to reveal DDIT4 as a potential target mediated by NMDAR, which may provide a new target for the treatment of sevoflurane neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Qi Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Runjia Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yu Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Cheng Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
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Singh M, Afonso J, Sharma D, Gupta R, Kumar V, Rani R, Baltazar F, Kumar V. Targeting monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in cancer: How close are we to the clinics? Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 90:1-14. [PMID: 36706846 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
As a result of metabolic reprogramming, cancer cells display high rates of glycolysis, causing an excess production of lactate along with an increase in extracellular acidity. Proton-linked monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) are crucial in the maintenance of this metabolic phenotype, by mediating the proton-coupled lactate flux across cell membranes, also contributing to cancer cell pH regulation. Among the proteins codified by the SLC16 gene family, MCT1 and MCT4 isoforms are the most explored in cancers, being overexpressed in many cancer types, from solid tumours to haematological malignancies. Similarly to what occurs in particular physiological settings, MCT1 and MCT4 are able to mediate lactate shuttles among cancer cells, and also between cancer and stromal cells in the tumour microenvironment. This form of metabolic cooperation is responsible for important cancer aggressiveness features, such as cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, migration, invasion, metastasis, immune tolerance and therapy resistance. The growing understanding of MCT functions and regulation is offering a new path to the design of novel inhibitors that can be foreseen in clinical practices. This review provides an overview of the role of MCT isoforms in cancer and summarizes the recent advances in their pharmacological targeting, highlighting the potential of new potent and selective MCT1 and/or MCT4 inhibitors in cancer therapeutics, and anticipating its inclusion in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Singh
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research Amity, University UP, Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Julieta Afonso
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Dolly Sharma
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research Amity, University UP, Sector-125, Noida 201313, India; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University UP, Sector-125, Noida, India-201313
| | - Rajat Gupta
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research Amity, University UP, Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, DBG College, Sector-18, Panipat, Haryana, India
| | - Reshma Rani
- Drug Discovery, Jubilant Biosys, Greater Noida 201306, UP, India.
| | - Fátima Baltazar
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Vinit Kumar
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research Amity, University UP, Sector-125, Noida 201313, India.
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Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are caused by the progressive loss of specific neurons. The exact mechanisms of action of these diseases are unknown, and many studies have focused on pathways related to abnormal accumulation and processing of proteins, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress leading to apoptotic death. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that aberrant cell cycle re-entry plays a major role in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. The activation of the cell cycle in mature neurons could be promoted by several signaling mechanisms, including c-Jun N-terminal kinases, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascades; post-translational modifications such as Tau-phosphorylation; and DNA damage response. In all these events, implicated Cdk5, a proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase, seems to be responsible for several cellular processes in neurons including axon growth, neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, neuronal migration, and maintenance of neuronal survival. However, under pathological conditions, Cdk5 dysregulation may lead to cell cycle re-entry in post-mitotic neurons. Thus, Cdk5 hyperactivation, by its physiologic activator p25, hyper-phosphorylates downstream substrates related to neurodegenerative diseases. This review summarizes factors such as oxidative stress, DNA damage response, signaling pathway disturbance, and Ubiquitin proteasome malfunction contributing to cell cycle re-entry in post-mitotic neurons. It also describes how all these factors are linked to a greater or lesser extent with Cdk5. Thus, it offers a global vision of the function of cell cycle-related proteins in mature neurons with a focus on Cdk5 and how this protein contributes to the development of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease by cell cycle activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Requejo-Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain,Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14071 Córdoba, Spain,Correspondence to: Raquel Requejo-Aguilar, PhD, .
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Liu MM, Zhou N, Jiang N, Lu KM, Wu CF, Bao JK. Neuroprotective Effects of Oligosaccharides From Periplaneta Americana on Parkinson’s Disease Models In Vitro and In Vivo. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:936818. [PMID: 35924055 PMCID: PMC9340460 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.936818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the neurodegenerative diseases that is characterized by obvious motor and some nonmotor symptoms. Various therapeutics failed in the effective treatment of PD because of impaired neurological function in the brain and various complications. Periplaneta Americana oligosaccharides (OPA), the main active ingredients extracted from the medicine residues of Periplaneta Americana (P. Americana), have been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible mechanisms of OPA against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced apotosis in SH-SY5Y cells and its potential neuroprotective effects in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD subacute model mice. The data demonstrated that OPA significantly reversed the MPP+-induced decrease in SH-SY5Y cell viability, reduced the proportion of apoptotic cells, and protected SH-SY5Y cells from apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner by regulating the expression of apoptosis-related genes. Furthermore, OPA also alleviated the motor dysfunction of PD model mice, prevented the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase positive cells, suppressed the apoptosis of substantia nigra cells, and improved the dysbiosis of gut microbiota in vivo, suggesting that OPA demonstrated a significantly neuroprotective effect on PD model mice. These results indicated that OPA might be the possibility of PD therapeutics with economic utility and high safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Miao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Na Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai-Min Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Chuan-Fang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Chuan-Fang Wu, ; Jin-Ku Bao,
| | - Jin-Ku Bao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Chuan-Fang Wu, ; Jin-Ku Bao,
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