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Rasic P, Jeremic M, Jeremic R, Dusanovic Pjevic M, Rasic M, Djuricic SM, Milickovic M, Vukadin M, Mijovic T, Savic D. Targeting B7-H3-A Novel Strategy for the Design of Anticancer Agents for Extracranial Pediatric Solid Tumors Treatment. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083356. [PMID: 37110590 PMCID: PMC10145344 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent scientific data recognize the B7-H3 checkpoint molecule as a potential target for immunotherapy of pediatric solid tumors (PSTs). B7-H3 is highly expressed in extracranial PSTs such as neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, nephroblastoma, osteosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma, whereas its expression is absent or very low in normal tissues and organs. The influence of B7-H3 on the biological behavior of malignant solid neoplasms of childhood is expressed through different molecular mechanisms, including stimulation of immune evasion and tumor invasion, and cell-cycle disruption. It has been shown that B7-H3 knockdown decreased tumor cell proliferation and migration, suppressed tumor growth, and enhanced anti-tumor immune response in some pediatric solid cancers. Antibody-drug conjugates targeting B7-H3 exhibited profound anti-tumor effects against preclinical models of pediatric solid malignancies. Moreover, B7-H3-targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells demonstrated significant in vivo activity against different xenograft models of neuroblastoma, Ewing sarcoma, and osteosarcoma. Finally, clinical studies demonstrated the potent anti-tumor activity of B7-H3-targeting antibody-radioimmunoconjugates in metastatic neuroblastoma. This review summarizes the established data from various PST-related studies, including in vitro, in vivo, and clinical research, and explains all the benefits and potential obstacles of targeting B7-H3 by novel immunotherapeutic agents designed to treat malignant extracranial solid tumors of childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Rasic
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia "Dr. Vukan Cupic", 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Jeremic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rada Jeremic
- Institute of Medical Physiology "Richard Burian", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Dusanovic Pjevic
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Rasic
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slavisa M Djuricic
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia "Dr. Vukan Cupic", 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Maja Milickovic
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia "Dr. Vukan Cupic", 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miroslav Vukadin
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia "Dr. Vukan Cupic", 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tanja Mijovic
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia "Dr. Vukan Cupic", 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Djordje Savic
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia "Dr. Vukan Cupic", 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Borges R, Pelosine AM, de Souza ACS, Machado J, Justo GZ, Gamarra LF, Marchi J. Bioactive Glasses as Carriers of Cancer-Targeted Drugs: Challenges and Opportunities in Bone Cancer Treatment. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15249082. [PMID: 36556893 PMCID: PMC9781635 DOI: 10.3390/ma15249082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of bone cancer involves tumor resection followed by bone reconstruction of the defect caused by the tumor using biomaterials. Additionally, post-surgery protocols cover chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or drug administration, which are employed as adjuvant treatments to prevent tumor recurrence. In this work, we reviewed new strategies for bone cancer treatment based on bioactive glasses as carriers of cancer-targeted and other drugs that are intended for bone regeneration in conjunction with adjuvant treatments. Drugs used in combination with bioactive glasses can be classified into cancer-target, osteoclast-target, and new therapies (such as gene delivery and bioinorganic). Microparticulated, nanoparticulated, or mesoporous bioactive glasses have been used as drug-delivery systems. Additionally, surface modification through functionalization or the production of composites based on polymers and hydrogels has been employed to improve drug-release kinetics. Overall, although different drugs and drug delivery systems have been developed, there is still room for new studies involving kinase inhibitors or antibody-conjugated drugs, as these drugs have been poorly explored in combination with bioactive glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Borges
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Agatha Maria Pelosine
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
| | | | - Joel Machado
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 05508-070, Brazil
| | - Giselle Zenker Justo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-070, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Marchi
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-4996-8365
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3
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Abdelghaffar SH, Hegazy MA, Eltanany BM. Stability assessment of FDA-approved ramucirumab monoclonal antibody; validated SE-HPLC method for degradation pattern evaluation. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5258. [PMID: 34622957 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ramucirumab (RAMU) is a recently US Food and Drug Administration-approved monoclonal antibody that is included in various anticancer protocols. It has a structural complexity and high degradation risk that have a significant effect on its safety and effectiveness. The major aim of this work was to assess the degradation pattern of RAMU based on physicochemical characterization. Mechanical agitation, repeated freeze-thaw cycles, pH and temperature were the selected stress conditions to which RAMU samples were subjected. The SE-HPLC method was applied and validated to monitor the RAMU monomer along with its aggregates and/or fragments. The purity of the separated peaks together with system suitability parameters were determined through the calculation of percentage purity and percentage drop in RAMU concentration. The results were interpreted by correlating them with those of dynamic light scattering and reducing and non-reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Samples incubated at pH 2.0-10.0 and 37°C for up to 4 weeks were analysed, recording detection of reversed phase (RP) aggregates and low molecular weight peptide fragments. Similarly, samples under short-term storage conditions of 4 weeks at different temperatures (-20, 2-8, 25, 37 and 50°C) showed low molecular weight peptide fragments but to a lesser extent. These results highlight the alarming effect on RAMU multidose vial efficacy and safety.
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Rasic P, Jovanovic-Tucovic M, Jeremic M, Djuricic SM, Vasiljevic ZV, Milickovic M, Savic D. B7 homologue 3 as a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target in gastrointestinal tumors. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13:799-821. [PMID: 34457187 PMCID: PMC8371522 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i8.799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common digestive system (DS) cancers, including tumors of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) such as colorectal cancer (CRC), gastric cancer (GC) and esophageal cancer (EC) as well as tumors of DS accessory organs such as pancreatic and liver cancer, are responsible for more than one-third of all cancer-related deaths worldwide, despite the progress that has been achieved in anticancer therapy. Due to these limitations in treatment strategies, oncological research has taken outstanding steps towards a better understanding of cancer cell biological complexity and heterogeneity. These studies led to new molecular target-driven therapeutic approaches. Different in vivo and in vitro studies have revealed significant expression of B7 homologue 3 (B7-H3) among the most common cancers of the GIT, including CRC, GC, and EC, whereas B7-H3 expression in normal healthy tissue of these organs was shown to be absent or minimal. This molecule is able to influence the biological behavior of GIT tumors through the various immunological and nonimmunological molecular mechanisms, and some of them are shown to be the result of B7-H3-related induction of signal transduction pathways, such as Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and nuclear factor-κB. B7-H3 exerts an important role in progression, metastasis and resistance to anticancer therapy in these tumors. In addition, the results of many studies suggest that B7-H3 stimulates immune evasion in GIT tumors by suppressing antitumor immune response. Accordingly, it was observed that experimental depletion or inhibition of B7-H3 in gastrointestinal cancers improved antitumor immune response, impaired tumor progression, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis and decreased resistance to anticancer therapy. Finally, the high expression of B7-H3 in most common cancers of the GIT was shown to be associated with poor prognosis. In this review, we summarize the established data from different GIT cancer-related studies and suggest that the B7-H3 molecule could be a promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for anticancer immunotherapy in these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Rasic
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia “Dr. Vukan Cupic“, Belgrade 11 000, Serbia
| | - Maja Jovanovic-Tucovic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11 000, Serbia
| | - Marija Jeremic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11 000, Serbia
| | - Slavisa M Djuricic
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia “Dr. Vukan Cupic“, Belgrade 11 000, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka 78 000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Zorica V Vasiljevic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia “Dr. Vukan Cupic“, Belgrade 11 000, Serbia
| | - Maja Milickovic
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia “Dr. Vukan Cupic“, Belgrade 11 000, Serbia
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11 000, Serbia
| | - Djordje Savic
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia “Dr. Vukan Cupic“, Belgrade 11 000, Serbia
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11 000, Serbia
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Arias-Pinilla GA, Modjtahedi H. Therapeutic Application of Monoclonal Antibodies in Pancreatic Cancer: Advances, Challenges and Future Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081781. [PMID: 33917882 PMCID: PMC8068268 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains as one of the most aggressive cancer types. In the absence of reliable biomarkers for its early detection and more effective therapeutic interventions, pancreatic cancer is projected to become the second leading cause of cancer death in the Western world in the next decade. Therefore, it is essential to discover novel therapeutic targets and to develop more effective and pancreatic cancer-specific therapeutic agents. To date, 45 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been approved for the treatment of patients with a wide range of cancers; however, none has yet been approved for pancreatic cancer. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the FDA approved anticancer mAb-based drugs, the results of preclinical studies and clinical trials with mAbs in pancreatic cancer and the factors contributing to the poor response to antibody therapy (e.g. tumour heterogeneity, desmoplastic stroma). MAb technology is an excellent tool for studying the complex biology of pancreatic cancer, to discover novel therapeutic targets and to develop various forms of antibody-based therapeutic agents and companion diagnostic tests for the selection of patients who are more likely to benefit from such therapy. These should result in the approval and routine use of antibody-based agents for the treatment of pancreatic cancer patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A. Arias-Pinilla
- Department of Oncology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK;
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Helmout Modjtahedi
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-02084-172240
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Fang L, Arvind D, Dowlati A, Mohamed A. Role of immunotherapy in gastro-enteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (gep-nens): Current advances and future directions. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12943. [PMID: 33724586 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are heterogeneous tumours originating from neuroendocrine cells (Pearse & Polak, Gut, 1971, 12,783). They were once considered as rare tumours, although their annual incidence has increased significantly and now exceeds seven cases in 100 000 in the USA (Dasari, et al., JAMA oncology, 2017, 3, 1335). They are a group of highly diverse neoplasms and can be classified into the spectrum of well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumours to poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas. This is entirely based on the tumour differentiation and grade (low, intermediate, high), which is determined by the Ki-67/mitotic index. The lower grades (G1/2) of the well-differentiated group are characterised by a relative indolent clinical course and the ability to secrete a variety of peptide hormones (Kloppel, Visceral medicine, 2017, 33, 324). Higher grades and poorly differentiated tumours tend to be more aggressive and have limited therapeutic options (Sorbye et al., Neuroendocrinology, 2019, 108, 54). In the modern era of immuno-oncology, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPIs) that target programmed cell death 1 (pembrolizumab, nivolumab), programmed cell death-ligand1 (avelumab, atezolizumab and durvalumab) or cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (ipilimumab) have revolutionised the management of many solid tumours. In patients with gastro-enteropancreatic (GEP)-NENs, there is a limited data regarding the role of ICPIs either as a single agent or in combination regimens. Here, we review the current advances for ICPIs and where they fit in the management of GEP-NENs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Fang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Hospitals, Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Dasari Arvind
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Afshin Dowlati
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Hospitals, Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Amr Mohamed
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Hospitals, Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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7
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Jafarzadeh L, Khakpoor-Koosheh M, Mirzaei H, Mirzaei HR. Biomarkers for predicting the outcome of various cancer immunotherapies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 157:103161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Effects of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy on tumor regression: insights from a patient-derived xenograft model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7078. [PMID: 32341383 PMCID: PMC7184589 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63796-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies, such as checkpoint blockade of programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), have resulted in unprecedented improvements in survival for patients with lung cancer. Nonetheless, not all patients benefit equally and many issues remain unresolved, including the mechanisms of action and the possible effector function of immune cells from non-lymphoid lineages. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether anti-PD-1 immunotherapy acts on malignant tumor cells through mechanisms beyond those related to T lymphocyte involvement. We used a murine patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of early-stage non–small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) devoid of host lymphoid cells, and studied the tumor and immune non-lymphoid responses to immunotherapy with anti-PD-1 alone or in combination with standard chemotherapy (cisplatin). An antitumor effect was observed in animals that received anti-PD-1 treatment, alone or in combination with cisplatin, likely due to a mechanism independent of T lymphocytes. Indeed, anti-PD-1 treatment induced myeloid cell mobilization to the tumor concomitant with the production of exudates compatible with an acute inflammatory reaction mediated by murine polymorphonuclear leukocytes, specifically neutrophils. Thus, while keeping in mind that more research is needed to corroborate our findings, we report preliminary evidence for a previously undescribed immunotherapy mechanism in this model, suggesting a potential cytotoxic action of neutrophils as PD-1 inhibitor effector cells responsible for tumor regression by necrotic extension.
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Wei B, Han G, Tang J, Sandoval W, Zhang YT. Native Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography Hyphenated to Mass Spectrometry for Characterization of Monoclonal Antibody Minor Variants. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15360-15364. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingchuan Wei
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guanghui Han
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jia Tang
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yonghua Taylor Zhang
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Tan HL, Choo A. Opportunities for Antibody Discovery Using Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: Conservation of Oncofetal Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5752. [PMID: 31731794 PMCID: PMC6888136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) comprise both embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The application of pluripotent stem cells is divided into four main areas, namely: (i) regenerative therapy, (ii) the study and understanding of developmental biology, (iii) drug screening and toxicology and (iv) disease modeling. In this review, we describe a new opportunity for PSCs, the discovery of new biomarkers and generating antibodies against these biomarkers. PSCs are good sources of immunogen for raising monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) because of the conservation of oncofetal antigens between PSCs and cancer cells. Hence mAbs generated using PSCs can potentially be applied in two different fields. First, these mAbs can be used in regenerative cell therapy to characterize the PSCs. In addition, the mAbs can be used to separate or eliminate contaminating or residual undifferentiated PSCs from the differentiated cell product. This step is critical as undifferentiated PSCs can form teratomas in vivo. The mAbs generated against PSCs can also be used in the field of oncology. Here, novel targets can be identified and the mAbs developed as targeted therapy to kill the cancer cells. Conversely, as new and novel oncofetal biomarkers are discovered on PSCs, cancer mAbs that are already approved by the FDA can be repurposed for regenerative medicine, thus expediting the route to the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Liang Tan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore 138668, Singapore;
| | - Andre Choo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore 138668, Singapore;
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
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11
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Tan HL, Tan BZ, Goh WXT, Cua S, Choo A. In vivo surveillance and elimination of teratoma-forming human embryonic stem cells with monoclonal antibody 2448 targeting annexin A2. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2996-3005. [PMID: 31388993 PMCID: PMC6790577 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the use of a previously reported chimerised monoclonal antibody (mAb), ch2448, to kill human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in vivo and prevent or delay the formation of teratomas. ch2448 was raised against hESCs and was previously shown to effectively kill ovarian and breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The antigen target was subsequently found to be Annexin A2, an oncofetal antigen expressed on both embryonic cells and cancer cells. Against cancer cells, ch2448 binds and kills via antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and/or antibody‐drug conjugate (ADC) routes. Here, we investigate if the use of ch2448 can be extended to hESC. ch2448 was found to bind specifically to undifferentiated hESC but not differentiated progenitors. Similar to previous study using cancer cells, ch2448 kills hESC in vivo either indirectly by eliciting ADCC or directly as an ADC. The treatment with ch2448 post‐transplantation eliminated the in vivo circulating undifferentiated cells and prevented or delayed the formation of teratomas. This surveillance role of ch2448 adds an additional layer of safeguard to enhance the safety and efficacious use of pluripotent stem cell‐derived products in regenerative medicine. Thereby, translating the use of ch2448 in the treatment of cancers to a proof of concept study in hESC (or pluripotent stem cell [PSC]), we show that mAbs can also be used to eliminate teratoma forming cells in vivo during PSC‐derived cell therapies. We propose to use this strategy to complement existing methods to eliminate teratoma‐forming cells in vitro. Residual undifferentiated cells may escape in vitro removal methods and be introduced into patients together with the differentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Liang Tan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Bao Zhu Tan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Winfred Xi Tai Goh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Simeon Cua
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Andre Choo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
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12
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Vicioso Y, Gram H, Beck R, Asthana A, Zhang K, Wong DP, Letterio J, Parameswaran R. Combination Therapy for Treating Advanced Drug-Resistant Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1106-1119. [PMID: 31138521 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Drug-resistant acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients do not respond to standard chemotherapy, and an urgent need exists to develop new treatment strategies. Our study exploited the presence of B-cell activating factor receptor (BAFF-R) on the surface of drug-resistant B-ALL cells as a therapeutic target. We used anti-BAFF-R (VAY736), optimized for natural killer (NK) cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), to kill drug-resistant ALL cells. VAY736 antibody and NK cell treatments significantly decreased ALL disease burden and provided survival benefit in vivo However, if the disease was advanced, the ADCC efficacy of NK cells was inhibited by microenvironmental transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ). Inhibiting TGFβ signaling in NK cells using the TGFβ receptor 1 (R1) inhibitor (EW-7197) significantly enhanced VAY736-induced NK cell-mediated ALL killing. Our results highlight the potential of using a combination of VAY736 antibody with EW-7197 to treat advance-stage, drug-resistant B-ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorleny Vicioso
- Department of pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Hermann Gram
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rose Beck
- Department of pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Pathology, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Abhishek Asthana
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Keman Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Derek P Wong
- Department of pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - John Letterio
- The Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.,Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, The Angie Fowler Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Reshmi Parameswaran
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. .,The Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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13
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Park G, Son B, Kang J, Lee S, Jeon J, Kim JH, Yi GR, Youn H, Moon C, Nam SY, Youn B. LDR-Induced miR-30a and miR-30b Target the PAI-1 Pathway to Control Adverse Effects of NSCLC Radiotherapy. Mol Ther 2018; 27:342-354. [PMID: 30424954 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy has been a central part in curing non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, it is possible that not all of the tumor cells are destroyed by radiation; therefore, it is important to effectively control residual tumor cells that could become aggressive and resistant to radiotherapy. In this study, we aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of decreased NSCLC radioresistance by low-dose radiation (LDR) pretreatment. The results indicated that miR-30a and miR-30b, which effectively inhibited plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), were overexpressed by treatment of LDR to NSCLC cells. Phosphorylation of Akt and ERK, the downstream survival signals of PAI-1, was decreased by PAI-1 inhibition. Reduced cell survival and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by PAI-1 inhibition were confirmed in NSCLC cells. Moreover, in vivo orthotopic xenograft mouse models with 7C1 nanoparticles to deliver miRNAs showed that tumor growth and aggressiveness were efficiently decreased by LDR treatment followed by radiotherapy. Taken together, the present study suggested that PAI-1, whose expression is regulated by LDR, was critical for controlling surviving tumor cells after radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaeul Park
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Beomseok Son
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - JiHoon Kang
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewan Jeon
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiation Oncology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University School of Medicine, Busan 48108, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hyung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Gi-Ra Yi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - HyeSook Youn
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Young Nam
- Low-Dose Radiation Research Team, Radiation Health Institute, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., Seoul 01450, Republic of Korea
| | - BuHyun Youn
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Tan HL, Yong C, Tan BZ, Fong WJ, Padmanabhan J, Chin A, Ding V, Lau A, Zheng L, Bi X, Yang Y, Choo A. Conservation of oncofetal antigens on human embryonic stem cells enables discovery of monoclonal antibodies against cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11608. [PMID: 30072783 PMCID: PMC6072701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are used as targeted therapies against cancers. These mAbs kill cancer cells via various mechanisms of actions. In this study, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) was used as the immunogen to generate a panel of antibodies. From this panel of mAbs, A19 was found to bind both hESC and various cancer cell lines. The antigen target of A19 was identified as Erbb-2 and glycan analysis showed that A19 binds to a N-glycan epitope on the antigen. A19 was elucidated to internalize into cancer cells following binding to Erbb-2 and hence developed as an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC). Using ADC as the mechanism of action, A19 was able to kill cancer cells in vitro and delayed the onset of tumour formation in mice xenograft model. When compared to Herceptin, A19 binds to different isoforms of Erbb-2 and does not compete with Herceptin for the same epitope. Hence, A19 has the potential to be developed as an alternative targeted therapeutic agent for cancers expressing Erbb-2.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/pharmacology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Human Embryonic Stem Cells/immunology
- Humans
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Liang Tan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Charlene Yong
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bao Zhu Tan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wey Jia Fong
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jayanthi Padmanabhan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Angela Chin
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vanessa Ding
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ally Lau
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lu Zheng
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xuezhi Bi
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuansheng Yang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andre Choo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
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15
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Segatori VI, Cuello HA, Gulino CA, Albertó M, Venier C, Guthmann MD, Demarco IA, Alonso DF, Gabri MR. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity induced by active immunotherapy based on racotumomab in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1285-1296. [PMID: 29936534 PMCID: PMC11028311 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2188-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antitumor strategies based on positive modulation of the immune system currently represent therapeutic options with prominent acceptance for cancer patients' treatment due to its selectivity and higher tolerance compared to chemotherapy. Racotumomab is an anti-idiotype (anti-Id) monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed to NeuGc-containing gangliosides such as NeuGcGM3, a widely reported tumor-specific neoantigen in many human cancers. Racotumomab has been approved in Latin American countries as an active immunotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment. In this work, we evaluated the induction of Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) in NSCLC patients included in a phase III clinical trial, in response to vaccination with racotumomab. The development of anti-NeuGcGM3 antibodies (Abs) in serum samples of immunized patients was first evaluated using the NeuGcGM3-expressing X63 cells, showing that racotumomab vaccination developed antigen-specific Abs that are able to recognize NeuGcGM3 expressed in tumor cell membranes. ADCC response against NeuGcGM3-expressing X63 (target) was observed in racotumomab-treated- but not in control group patients. When target cells were depleted of gangliosides by treatment with a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor, we observed a significant reduction of the ADCC activity developed by sera from racotumomab-vaccinated patients, suggesting a target-specific response. Our data demonstrate that anti-NeuGcGM3 Abs induced by racotumomab vaccination are able to mediate an antigen-specific ADCC response against tumor cells in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria I Segatori
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National University of Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, B1876BXD, Argentina
| | - Héctor A Cuello
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National University of Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, B1876BXD, Argentina
| | - Cynthia A Gulino
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National University of Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, B1876BXD, Argentina
| | - Marina Albertó
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National University of Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, B1876BXD, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Venier
- Institute of Immunology, Genetics and Metabolism (INIGEM), University of Buenos Aires, Avenida Córdoba 2351, Buenos Aires, C1120AAF, Argentina
| | | | | | - Daniel F Alonso
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National University of Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, B1876BXD, Argentina
| | - Mariano R Gabri
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National University of Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, B1876BXD, Argentina.
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16
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Chae YK, Arya A, Iams W, Cruz MR, Chandra S, Choi J, Giles F. Current landscape and future of dual anti-CTLA4 and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade immunotherapy in cancer; lessons learned from clinical trials with melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:39. [PMID: 29769148 PMCID: PMC5956851 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is among the most rapidly evolving treatment strategies in oncology. The therapeutic potential of immune-checkpoint inhibitors is exemplified by the recent hail of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals for their use in various malignancies. Continued efforts to enhance outcomes with immunotherapy agents have led to the formulation of advanced treatment strategies. Recent evidence from pre-clinical studies evaluating immune-checkpoint inhibitors in various cancer cell-lines has suggested that combinatorial approaches may have superior survival outcomes compared to single-agent immunotherapy regimens. Preliminary trials assessing combination therapy with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 plus anti-CTLA-4 immune-checkpoint inhibitors have documented considerable advantages in survival indices over single-agent immunotherapy. The therapeutic potential of combinatorial approaches is highlighted by the recent FDA approval of nivolumab plus ipilimumab for patients with advanced melanoma. Presently, dual-immune checkpoint inhibition with anti-programmed death receptor-1/programmed cell death receptor- ligand-1 (anti-PD-1/PD-L1) plus anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (anti-CTLA-4) monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) is being evaluated for a wide range of tumor histologies. Furthermore, several ongoing clinical trials are investigating combination checkpoint inhibition in association with traditional treatment modalities such as chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation. In this review, we summarize the current landscape of combination therapy with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 plus anti-CTLA-4 MoAbs for patients with melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We present a synopsis of the prospects for expanding the indications of dual immune-checkpoint inhibition therapy to a more diverse set of tumor histologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Kwang Chae
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Early Phase Clinical Trials Unit, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Ayush Arya
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Early Phase Clinical Trials Unit, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Wade Iams
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Marcelo R. Cruz
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Early Phase Clinical Trials Unit, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Sunandana Chandra
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Early Phase Clinical Trials Unit, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA ,0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA ,0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Jaehyuk Choi
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA ,0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Francis Giles
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Early Phase Clinical Trials Unit, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA ,0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA ,0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
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17
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Arias-Pinilla GA, Dalgleish AG, Mudan S, Bagwan I, Walker AJ, Modjtahedi H. Development of novel monoclonal antibodies against CD109 overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:19994-20007. [PMID: 29731998 PMCID: PMC5929441 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive and lethal types of cancer, and more effective therapeutic agents are urgently needed. Overexpressed cell surface antigens are ideal targets for therapy with monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based drugs, but none have been approved for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Here, we report development of two novel mouse mAbs, KU42.33C and KU43.13A, against the human pancreatic cancer cell line BxPC-3. Using ELISA, flow cytometry, competitive assay and immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry, we discovered that these two mAbs target two distinct epitopes on the external domain of CD109 that are overexpressed by varying amounts in human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Treatment with these two naked antibodies alone did not affect tumour cell growth or migration in vitro. Of the two mAbs, only KU42.33C was useful in determining the expression of CD109 in tumour cells by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Interestingly, immunohistochemistry of human pancreatic carcinoma tissue arrays with mAb KU42.33C showed that 94% of the 65 human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cases were CD109 positive, with no expression in normal pancreatic tissues. Our results suggest that these two novel mAbs are excellent tools for determining the expression level of CD109 in the tumour specimens and sera of patients with a wide range of cancers, in particular pancreatic cancer, and for investigating its diagnostic, prognostic and predictive value. Further research is warranted and should aim to unravel the therapeutic potential of the humanised forms or conjugated versions of such antibodies in patients whose tumours overexpress CD109 antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Arias-Pinilla
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, UK
| | - Angus G Dalgleish
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Satvinder Mudan
- Department of Surgery of Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Izhar Bagwan
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK
| | - Anthony J Walker
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, UK
| | - Helmout Modjtahedi
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, UK
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18
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Moggridge J, Biggar K, Dawson N, Storey KB. Sensitive Detection of Immunoglobulin G Stability Using in Real-Time Isothermal Differential Scanning Fluorimetry: Determinants of Protein Stability for Antibody-Based Therapeutics. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2017; 16:997-1005. [PMID: 28602127 PMCID: PMC5762059 DOI: 10.1177/1533034617714149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein instability is a major obstacle in the production and delivery of monoclonal antibody-based therapies for cancer. This study presents real-time isothermal differential scanning fluorimetry as an emerging method to evaluate the stability of human immunoglobulin G protein with high sensitivity. The stability of polyclonal human immunoglobulin G against urea-induced denaturation was assessed following: (1) oxidation by the free-radical generator 2,2-Azobis[2-amidinopropane]dihydrochloride and (2) in selected storage buffers. Significant differences in immunoglobulin G stability were detected by real-time isothermal differential scanning fluorimetry when the immunoglobulin G was stored in 1,4-Piperazinediethanesulfonic acid buffer compared to phosphate-buffered saline, with half-maximal rate of denaturation occurring at a higher urea concentration in 1,4-Piperazinediethanesulfonic acid than phosphate-buffered saline (Knd;PIPES = 3.56 ± 0.09 M, Knd;PBS = 2.94 ± 0.08 M; P < .01), but differential scanning fluorimetry did not detect differences in unfolding temperature (Tm;PIPES = 70.5 ± 0.3°C, Tm;PBS = 69.7 ± 0.2°C). The effects of 2,2-Azobis[2-amidinopropane]dihydrochloride-induced oxidation on immunoglobulin G stability were analyzed by real-time isothermal differential scanning fluorimetry; the oxidized protein showed greater sensitivity to urea (Knd;CNTRL = 3.96 ± 0.19 M, Knd;AAPH = 3.49 ± 0.07 M; P < .05). Similarly, differential scanning fluorimetry indicated greater thermal sensitivity of oxidized immunoglobulin G (Tm;CNTRL = 70.5 ± 0.3°C, Tm;AAPH = 62.9 ± 0.1°C; P < .001). However, a third method for assessing protein stability, pulse proteolysis, proved to be substantially less sensitive and did not detect significant effects of 2,2-Azobis[2-amidinopropane]dihydrochloride on the half-maximal concentration of urea needed to denature immunoglobulin G (Cm;CNTRL= 6.8 ± 0.1 M; Cm;AAPH = 6.4 ± 0.7 M). Overall these results demonstrate the merit of using real-time isothermal differential scanning fluorimetry as a rapid and sensitive technique for the evaluation of protein stability in solution using a quantitative real-time thermocycler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Moggridge
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle Biggar
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neal Dawson
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Lee FT, Burvenich IJG, Guo N, Kocovski P, Tochon-Danguy H, Ackermann U, O'Keefe GJ, Gong S, Rigopoulos A, Liu Z, Gan HK, Scott AM. L-Tyrosine Confers Residualizing Properties to a d-Amino Acid-Rich Residualizing Peptide for Radioiodination of Internalizing Antibodies. Mol Imaging 2016; 15:1536012116647535. [PMID: 27457521 PMCID: PMC5470130 DOI: 10.1177/1536012116647535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of the study were to develop and evaluate a novel residualizing peptide for labeling internalizing antibodies with (124)I to support clinical development using immuno-positron emission tomography (PET). METHODS The anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody ch806 was radiolabeled directly or indirectly with isotopes and various residualizing peptides. Azido-derivatized radiolabeled peptides were conjugated to dibenzylcyclooctyne-derivatized ch806 antibody via click chemistry. The radiochemical purities, antigen-expressing U87MG.de2-7 human glioblastoma cell-binding properties, and targeting of xenografts at 72 hours post injection of all radioconjugates were compared. Biodistribution of (124)I-PEG4-tptddYddtpt-ch806 and immuno-PET imaging were evaluated in tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS Biodistribution studies using xenografts at 72 hours post injection showed that (131)I-PEG4-tptddYddtpt-ch806 tumor uptake was similar to (111)In-CHX-A″-DTPA-ch806. (125)I-PEG4-tptddyddtpt-ch806 showed a lower tumor uptake value but higher than directly labeled (125)I-ch806. (124)I-PEG4-tptddYddtpt-ch806 was produced at 23% labeling efficiency, 98% radiochemical purity, 25.9 MBq/mg specific activity, and 64% cell binding in the presence of antigen excess. Tumor uptake for (124)I-PEG4-tptddYddtpt-ch806 was similar to (111)In-CHX-A″-DTPA-ch806. High-resolution immuno-PET/magnetic resonance imaging of tumors showed good correlation with biodistribution data. CONCLUSIONS The mixed d/l-enantiomeric peptide, dThr-dPro-dThr-dAsp-dAsp-Tyr-dAsp-dAsp-dThr-dPro-dThr, is suitable for radiolabeling antibodies with radiohalogens such as (124)I for high-resolution immuno-PET imaging of tumors and for evaluation in early-phase clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fook T Lee
- Tumour Targeting Program, Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ingrid J G Burvenich
- Tumour Targeting Program, Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nancy Guo
- Tumour Targeting Program, Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pece Kocovski
- Tumour Targeting Program, Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Henri Tochon-Danguy
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Uwe Ackermann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graeme J O'Keefe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sylvia Gong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angela Rigopoulos
- Tumour Targeting Program, Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhanqi Liu
- Tumour Targeting Program, Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hui K Gan
- Tumour Targeting Program, Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew M Scott
- Tumour Targeting Program, Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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20
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Carvalho S, Levi‐Schaffer F, Sela M, Yarden Y. Immunotherapy of cancer: from monoclonal to oligoclonal cocktails of anti-cancer antibodies: IUPHAR Review 18. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1407-24. [PMID: 26833433 PMCID: PMC4831314 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based therapy of cancer employs monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to soluble ligands, membrane antigens of T-lymphocytes or proteins located at the surface of cancer cells. The latter mAbs are often combined with cytotoxic regimens, because they block survival of residual fractions of tumours that evade therapy-induced cell death. Antibodies, along with kinase inhibitors, have become in the last decade the mainstay of oncological pharmacology. However, partial and transient responses, as well as emergence of tumour resistance, currently limit clinical application of mAbs. To overcome these hurdles, oligoclonal antibody mixtures are being tested in animal models and in clinical trials. The first homo-combination of two mAbs, each engaging a distinct site of HER2, an oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), has been approved for treatment of breast cancer. Likewise, a hetero-combination of antibodies to two distinct T-cell antigens, PD1 and CTLA4, has been approved for treatment of melanoma. In a similar vein, additive or synergistic anti-tumour effects observed in animal models have prompted clinical testing of hetero-combinations of antibodies simultaneously engaging distinct RTKs. We discuss the promise of antibody cocktails reminiscent of currently used mixtures of chemotherapeutics and highlight mechanisms potentially underlying their enhanced clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Carvalho
- Department of Biological RegulationWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Francesca Levi‐Schaffer
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of MedicineThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Michael Sela
- Department of ImmunologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Yosef Yarden
- Department of Biological RegulationWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
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21
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Mourão CA, Carmignotto GP, Bueno SMA. Separation of human IgG fragments using copper, nickel, zinc, and cobalt chelated to CM-Asp-agarose by positive and negative chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1017-1018:163-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Synergistic anti-tumor therapy by a comb-like multifunctional antibody nanoarray with exceptionally potent activity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15712. [PMID: 26508306 PMCID: PMC4623742 DOI: 10.1038/srep15712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simultaneously blocking multiple mediators offers new hope for the treatment of complex diseases. However, the curative potential of current combination therapy by chronological administration of separate monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or multi-specific mAbs is still moderate due to inconvenient manipulation, low cooperative effectors, poor pharmacokinetics and insufficient tumor accumulation. Here, we describe a facile strategy that arms distinct mAbs with cooperative effectors onto a long chain to form a multicomponent comb-like nano mAb. Unlike dissociative parental mAbs, the multifunctional mAb nanoarray (PL-RB) constructed from type I/II anti-CD20 mAbs shows good pharmacokinetics. This PL-RB simultaneously targets distinct epitopes on a single antigen (Ag) and neighboring Ags on different lymphocytes. This unique intra- and intercellular Ag cross-linking endows the multifunctional mAb nanoarray with potent apoptosis activity. The exceptional apoptosis, complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) that are synchronously evoked by the nano PL-RB are further synergistically promoted via enhanced permeability and retention (EPR), which resulted in high intratumor accumulation and excellent anti-lymphoma efficiency.
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23
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Lindner R, Moosmann A, Dietrich A, Böttinger H, Kontermann R, Siemann-Herzberg M. Process development of periplasmatically produced single chain fragment variable against epidermal growth factor receptor in Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol 2015; 192 Pt A:136-45. [PMID: 25450642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prokaryotic production systems have been widely used to manufacture recombinant therapeutic proteins. Economically, the prokaryotic production – especially of small therapeutic molecules – is advantageous compared to eukaryotic production strategies. However, due to the potential endotoxin and host cell protein contamination, the requirements for the purification process are disproportionately higher and therefore more expensive and elaborate to circumvent. For this reason, the goal of this work was to develop and establish a rapid, simple, inexpensive and ‘up-scalable’ production and purification process, using the therapeutic relevant protein anti-EGFR scFv hu225 as model molecule. Configuring high cell density cultivation of Escherichia coli – using the rha-BAD expression system as production platform – a specific product concentration up to 20 mgscFv/gCDW was obtained. By combining freeze-and-thaw, osmotic shock and pH induced host cell protein precipitation, almost 70% of the product was extracted from the biomass. In a novel approach a mixed mode chromatography was implemented as a capturing and desalting step, which allowed the direct application of further ion exchange chromatography steps for purification up to pharmaceutical grade. Thereby, 50% of the produced scFv could be purified within 10 h while maintaining the biological activity.
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Devarakonda CV, Kita D, Phoenix KN, Claffey KP. Patient-derived heavy chain antibody targets cell surface HSP90 on breast tumors. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:614. [PMID: 26334999 PMCID: PMC4559304 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1608-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monoclonal antibodies have been used to effectively treat various tumors. We previously established a unique strategy to identify tumor specific antibodies by capturing B-cell response against breast tumor antigens from patient-derived sentinel lymph nodes. Initial application of this approach led to identification of a tumor specific single domain antibody. In this paper we optimized our previous strategy by generating heavy chain antibodies (HCAbs) to overcome the deficiencies of single domain antibodies. Here we identified and characterized a heavy chain antibody (HCAb2) that targets cell surface HSP90 antigen on breast tumor cells but not normal cells. Methods Eight HCAbs derived from 4 breast cancer patients were generated using an in vitro expression system. HCAbs were screened against normal breast cells (MCF10A, HMEC) and tumor cell lines (MCF7, MDA-MB-231) to identify cell surface targeting and tumor specific antibodies using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Results observed with cell lines were validated by screening a cohort of primary human breast normal and tumor tissues using immunofluorescence. Respective antigens for two HCAbs (HCAb1 and HCAb2) were identified using immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry. Finally, we generated MDA-MB-231 xenograft tumors in NOD scid gamma mice and performed in vivo tumor targeting analysis of HCAb1 and HCAb2. Results Flow cytometry screen revealed that HCAb2 selectively bound to the surface of MDA-MB-231 cells in comparison to MCF10A and MCF7 cells. HCAb2 showed punctate membrane staining on MDA-MB-231 cells and preferential binding to human breast tumor tissues in comparison to normal breast tissues. In primary breast tumor tissues, HCAb2 showed positive binding to both E-cadherin positive and negative tumor cells. We identified and validated the target antigen of HCAb2 as Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). HCAb2 also selectively targeted MDA-MB-231 xenograft tumor cells in vivo with little targeting to mouse normal tissues. Finally, HCAb2 specifically targeted calnexin negative xenograft tumor cells. Conclusions From our screening methodology, we identified HCAb2 as a breast tumor specific heavy chain antibody targeting cell surface HSP90. HCAb2 also targeted MDA-MB-231 tumor cells in vivo suggesting that HCAb2 could be an ideal tumor targeting antibody. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1608-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charan V Devarakonda
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Lab E5029, Farmington, CT-06030-3501, USA.
| | - Daniel Kita
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Lab E5029, Farmington, CT-06030-3501, USA.
| | - Kathryn N Phoenix
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Lab E5029, Farmington, CT-06030-3501, USA.
| | - Kevin P Claffey
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Lab E5029, Farmington, CT-06030-3501, USA.
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Bertoldi I, Faleri A, Galli B, Lo Surdo P, Liguori A, Norais N, Santini L, Masignani V, Pizza M, Giuliani MM. Exploiting chimeric human antibodies to characterize a protective epitope of Neisseria adhesin A, one of the Bexsero vaccine components. FASEB J 2015; 30:93-101. [PMID: 26304221 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-273813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria adhesin A (NadA) is one of the antigens of Bexsero, the recently licensed multicomponent vaccine against serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis (MenB). NadA belongs to the class of oligomeric coiled-coil adhesins and is able to mediate adhesion and invasion of human epithelial cells. As a vaccine antigen, NadA has been shown to induce high levels of bactericidal antibodies; however, the domains important for protective response are still unknown. In order to further investigate its immunogenic properties, we have characterized the murine IgG1 mAb (6E3) that was able to recognize the 2 main antigenic variants of NadA on the surface of MenB strains. The epitope targeted by mAb 6E3 was mapped by hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and shown to be located on the coiled-coil stalk region of NadA (aa 206-249). Although no serum bactericidal activity was observed for murine IgG1 mAb 6E3, functional activity was restored when using chimeric antibodies in which the variable regions of the murine mAb 6E3 were fused to human IgG3 constant regions, thus confirming the protective nature of the mAb 6E3 epitope. The use of chimeric antibody molecules will enable future investigations of complement-mediated antibody functionality independently of the Fc-mediated differences in complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnese Faleri
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, GlaxoSmithKline, Siena, Italy
| | - Barbara Galli
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, GlaxoSmithKline, Siena, Italy
| | - Paola Lo Surdo
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, GlaxoSmithKline, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessia Liguori
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, GlaxoSmithKline, Siena, Italy
| | - Nathalie Norais
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, GlaxoSmithKline, Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Santini
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, GlaxoSmithKline, Siena, Italy
| | - Vega Masignani
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, GlaxoSmithKline, Siena, Italy
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Zanetti M. Tapping CD4 T Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy: The Choice of Personalized Genomics. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2049-56. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Strand J, Nordeman P, Honarvar H, Altai M, Orlova A, Larhed M, Tolmachev V. Site-Specific Radioiodination of HER2-Targeting Affibody Molecules using 4-Iodophenethylmaleimide Decreases Renal Uptake of Radioactivity. ChemistryOpen 2015; 4:174-82. [PMID: 25969816 PMCID: PMC4420590 DOI: 10.1002/open.201402097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Affibody molecules are small scaffold-based affinity proteins with promising properties as probes for radionuclide-based molecular imaging. However, a high reabsorption of radiolabeled Affibody molecules in kidneys is an issue. We have shown that the use of 125I-3-iodo-((4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl)maleimide (IHPEM) for site-specific labeling of cysteine-containing Affibody molecules provides high tumor uptake but low radioactivity retention in kidneys. We hypothesized that the use of 4-iodophenethylmaleimide (IPEM) would further reduce renal retention of radioactivity because of higher lipophilicity of radiometabolites. An anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) Affibody molecule (ZHER2:2395) was labeled using 125I-IPEM with an overall yield of 45±3 %. 125I-IPEM-ZHER2:2395 bound specifically to HER2-expressing human ovarian carcinoma cells (SKOV-3 cell line). In NMRI mice, the renal uptake of 125I-IPEM-ZHER2:2395 (24±2 and 5.7±0.3 % IA g−1at 1 and 4 h after injection, respectively) was significantly lower than uptake of 125I-IHPEM-ZHER2:2395 (50±8 and 12±2 % IA g−1at 1 and 4 h after injection, respectively). In conclusion, the use of a more lipophilic linker for the radioiodination of Affibody molecules reduces renal radioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Strand
- Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Uppsala University 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik Nordeman
- Preclinical PET Platform, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hadis Honarvar
- Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Uppsala University 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mohamed Altai
- Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Uppsala University 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Orlova
- Preclinical PET Platform, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- Preclinical PET Platform, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Tolmachev
- Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Uppsala University 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
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Chen Y, Gao DY, Huang L. In vivo delivery of miRNAs for cancer therapy: challenges and strategies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 81:128-41. [PMID: 24859533 PMCID: PMC5009470 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs, can regulate post-transcriptional gene expressions and silence a broad set of target genes. miRNAs, aberrantly expressed in cancer cells, play an important role in modulating gene expressions, thereby regulating downstream signaling pathways and affecting cancer formation and progression. Oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes regulated by miRNAs mediate cell cycle progression, metabolism, cell death, angiogenesis, metastasis and immunosuppression in cancer. Recently, miRNAs have emerged as therapeutic targets or tools and biomarkers for diagnosis and therapy monitoring in cancer. Since miRNAs can regulate multiple cancer-related genes simultaneously, using miRNAs as a therapeutic approach plays an important role in cancer therapy. However, one of the major challenges of miRNA-based cancer therapy is to achieve specific, efficient and safe systemic delivery of therapeutic miRNAs in vivo. This review discusses the key challenges to the development of the carriers for miRNA-based therapy and explores current strategies to systemically deliver miRNAs to cancer without induction of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunching Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Dong-Yu Gao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Leaf Huang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Radhakrishnan V, S. Swanson M, K. Sinha U. Monoclonal Antibodies as Treatment Modalities in Head and Neck Cancers. AIMS MEDICAL SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/medsci.2015.4.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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The future of glioblastoma therapy: synergism of standard of care and immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:1953-85. [PMID: 25268164 PMCID: PMC4276952 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6041953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current standard of care for glioblastoma (GBM) is maximal surgical resection with adjuvant radiotherapy and temozolomide (TMZ). As the 5-year survival with GBM remains at a dismal <10%, novel therapies are needed. Immunotherapies such as the dendritic cell (DC) vaccine, heat shock protein vaccines, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRvIII) vaccines have shown encouraging results in clinical trials, and have demonstrated synergistic effects with conventional therapeutics resulting in ongoing phase III trials. Chemoradiation has been shown to have synergistic effects when used in combination with immunotherapy. Cytotoxic ionizing radiation is known to trigger pro-inflammatory signaling cascades and immune activation secondary to cell death, which can then be exploited by immunotherapies. The future of GBM therapeutics will involve finding the place for immunotherapy in the current treatment regimen with a focus on developing strategies. Here, we review current GBM therapy and the evidence for combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors, DC and peptide vaccines with the current standard of care.
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Lim BN, Tye GJ, Choong YS, Ong EBB, Ismail A, Lim TS. Principles and application of antibody libraries for infectious diseases. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:2381-92. [PMID: 25214212 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies have been used efficiently for the treatment and diagnosis of many diseases. Recombinant antibody technology allows the generation of fully human antibodies. Phage display is the gold standard for the production of human antibodies in vitro. To generate monoclonal antibodies by phage display, the generation of antibody libraries is crucial. Antibody libraries are classified according to the source where the antibody gene sequences were obtained. The most useful library for infectious diseases is the immunized library. Immunized libraries would allow better and selective enrichment of antibodies against disease antigens. The antibodies generated from these libraries can be translated for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This review focuses on the generation of immunized antibody libraries and the potential applications of the antibodies derived from these libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bee Nar Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia,
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32
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Zhou L, Xu N, Sun Y, Liu XM. Targeted biopharmaceuticals for cancer treatment. Cancer Lett 2014; 352:145-51. [PMID: 25016064 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex invasive genetic disease that causes significant mortality rate worldwide. Protein-based biopharmaceuticals have significantly extended the lives of millions of cancer patients. This article reviews the biological function and application of targeted anticancer biopharmaceuticals. We first discuss the specific antigens and core pathways that are used in the development of targeted cancer therapy. The innovative monoclonal antibodies, non-antibody proteins, and small molecules targeting these antigens or pathways are then reviewed. Finally, the current challenges in anticancer biopharmaceuticals development and the potential solutions to address these challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufang Zhou
- Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ningning Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Yan Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China; Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaoguang Margaret Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China.
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33
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Wilks MQ, Knowles SM, Wu AM, Huang SC. Improved modeling of in vivo kinetics of slowly diffusing radiotracers for tumor imaging. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:1539-44. [PMID: 24994929 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.140038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Large-molecule tracers, such as labeled antibodies, have shown success in immuno-PET for imaging of specific cell surface biomarkers. However, previous work has shown that localization of such tracers shows high levels of heterogeneity in target tissues, due to both the slow diffusion and the high affinity of these compounds. In this work, we investigate the effects of subvoxel spatial heterogeneity on measured time-activity curves in PET imaging and the effects of ignoring diffusion limitation on parameter estimates from kinetic modeling. METHODS Partial differential equations (PDE) were built to model a radially symmetric reaction-diffusion equation describing the activity of immuno-PET tracers. The effects of slower diffusion on measured time-activity curves and parameter estimates were measured in silico, and a modified Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm with Bayesian priors was developed to accurately estimate parameters from diffusion-limited data. This algorithm was applied to immuno-PET data of mice implanted with prostate stem cell antigen-overexpressing tumors and injected with (124)I-labeled A11 anti-prostate stem cell antigen minibody. RESULTS Slow diffusion of tracers in linear binding models resulted in heterogeneous localization in silico but no measurable differences in time-activity curves. For more realistic saturable binding models, measured time-activity curves were strongly dependent on diffusion rates of the tracers. Fitting diffusion-limited data with regular compartmental models led to parameter estimate bias in an excess of 1,000% of true values, while the new model and fitting protocol could accurately measure kinetics in silico. In vivo imaging data were also fit well by the new PDE model, with estimates of the dissociation constant (Kd) and receptor density close to in vitro measurements and with order of magnitude differences from a regular compartmental model ignoring tracer diffusion limitation. CONCLUSION Heterogeneous localization of large, high-affinity compounds can lead to large differences in measured time-activity curves in immuno-PET imaging, and ignoring diffusion limitations can lead to large errors in kinetic parameter estimates. Modeling of these systems with PDE models with Bayesian priors is necessary for quantitative in vivo measurements of kinetics of slow-diffusion tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Q Wilks
- Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Scott M Knowles
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anna M Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sung-Cheng Huang
- Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Nonneutralizing functional antibodies: a new "old" paradigm for HIV vaccines. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:1023-36. [PMID: 24920599 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00230-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Animal and human data from various viral infections and vaccine studies suggest that nonneutralizing antibodies (nNAb) without neutralizing activity in vitro may play an important role in protection against viral infection in vivo. This was illustrated by the recent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RV144 vaccine efficacy trial, which demonstrated that HIV-specific IgG-mediated nNAb directed against the V2 loop of HIV type 1 envelope (Env) were inversely correlated with risk for HIV acquisition, while Env-specific plasma IgA-mediated antibodies were directly correlated with risk. However, tier 1 NAb in the subset of responders with a low level of plasma Env-specific IgA correlated with decreased risk. Nonhuman primate simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge studies suggest that Env-mediated antibodies are essential and sufficient for protection. A comparison of immune responses generated in human efficacy trials reveals subtle differences in the fine specificities of the antibody responses, in particular in HIV-specific IgG subclasses. The underlying mechanisms that may have contributed to protection against HIV acquisition in humans, although not fully understood, are possibly mediated by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and/or other nonneutralizing humoral effector functions, such as antibody-mediated phagocytosis. The presence of such functional nNAb in mucosal tissues and cervico-vaginal and rectal secretions challenges the paradigm that NAb are the predominant immune response conferring protection, although this does not negate the desirability of evoking neutralizing antibodies through vaccination. Instead, NAb and nNAb should be looked upon as complementary or synergistic humoral effector functions. Several HIV vaccine clinical trials to study these antibody responses in various prime-boost modalities in the systemic and mucosal compartments are ongoing. The induction of high-frequency HIV-specific functional nNAb at high titers may represent an attractive hypothesis-testing strategy in future HIV vaccine efficacy trials.
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Parameswaran R, Lim M, Fei F, Abdel-Azim H, Arutyunyan A, Schiffer I, McLaughlin ME, Gram H, Huet H, Groffen J, Heisterkamp N. Effector-mediated eradication of precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia with a novel Fc-engineered monoclonal antibody targeting the BAFF-R. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1567-77. [PMID: 24825858 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
B-cell activating factor receptor (BAFF-R) is expressed on precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pre-B ALL) cells, but not on their pre-B normal counterparts. Thus, selective killing of ALL cells is possible by targeting this receptor. Here, we have further examined therapeutic targeting of pre-B ALL based on the presence of the BAFF-R. Mouse pre-B ALL cells lacking BAFF-R function had comparable viability and proliferation to wild-type cells, but were more sensitive to drug treatment in vitro. Viability of human pre-B ALL cells was further reduced when antibodies to the BAFF-R were combined with other drugs, even in the presence of stromal protection. This indicates that inhibition of BAFF-R function reduces fitness of stressed pre-B ALL cells. We tested a novel humanized anti-BAFF-R monoclonal antibody optimalized for FcRγIII-mediated, antibody-dependent cell killing by effector cells. Antibody binding to human ALL cells was inhibitable, in a dose-dependent manner, by recombinant human BAFF. There was no evidence for internalization of the antibodies. The antibodies significantly stimulated natural killer cell-mediated killing of different human patient-derived ALL cells. Moreover, incubation of such ALL cells with these antibodies stimulated phagocytosis by macrophages. When this was tested in an immunodeficient transplant model, mice that were treated with the antibody had a significantly decreased leukemia burden in bone marrow and spleen. In view of the restricted expression of the BAFF-R on normal cells and the multiple anti-pre-B ALL activities stimulated by this antibody, a further examination of its use for treatment of pre-B ALL is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshmi Parameswaran
- Authors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, SwitzerlandAuthors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Min Lim
- Authors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, SwitzerlandAuthors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fei Fei
- Authors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, SwitzerlandAuthors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hisham Abdel-Azim
- Authors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Arutyunyan
- Authors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, SwitzerlandAuthors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Schiffer
- Authors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, SwitzerlandAuthors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Margaret E McLaughlin
- Authors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hermann Gram
- Authors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heather Huet
- Authors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John Groffen
- Authors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, SwitzerlandAuthors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, SwitzerlandAuthors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nora Heisterkamp
- Authors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, SwitzerlandAuthors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, SwitzerlandAuthors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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36
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Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies have been used since the end of nineteenth century, but their use is progressively increased and recently, with the availability of monoclonal antibodies, they are successfully employed in a large disease spectrum, which transversally covers different fields of medicine. Hyperimmune polyclonal immune globulin has been used against infectious diseases, in a period in which anti-microbial drugs were not yet available, and it still maintains a relevant place in prophylaxis/therapy. Although immune globulin should be considered life-saving as replacement therapy in humoral immunodeficiencies, its place in the immune-modulating treatment is not usually first-choice, but it should be considered as support to standard approved treatments. Despite therapeutic monoclonal antibodies have been lastly introduced in therapy, their extreme potentiality is reflected by the large number of approved molecules, addressed toward different immunological targets and able to heavily influence the prognosis and quality of life of a wide range of different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Salemi
- Sapienza Università di Roma -Facoltà di Medicina e Psicologia , Azienda Ospedaliera S. Andrea, Roma , Italy
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37
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Engineered antibody fragments for immuno-PET imaging of endogenous CD8+ T cells in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:1108-13. [PMID: 24390540 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1316922111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The noninvasive detection and quantification of CD8(+) T cells in vivo are important for both the detection and staging of CD8(+) lymphomas and for the monitoring of successful cancer immunotherapies, such as adoptive cell transfer and antibody-based immunotherapeutics. Here, antibody fragments are constructed to target murine CD8 to obtain rapid, high-contrast immuno-positron emission tomography (immuno-PET) images for the detection of CD8 expression in vivo. The variable regions of two anti-murine CD8-depleting antibodies (clones 2.43 and YTS169.4.2.1) were sequenced and reformatted into minibody (Mb) fragments (scFv-CH3). After production and purification, the Mbs retained their antigen specificity and bound primary CD8(+) T cells from the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood. Importantly, engineering of the parental antibodies into Mbs abolished the ability to deplete CD8(+) T cells in vivo. The Mbs were subsequently conjugated to S-2-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid for (64)Cu radiolabeling. The radiotracers were injected i.v. into antigen-positive, antigen-negative, immunodeficient, antigen-blocked, and antigen-depleted mice to evaluate specificity of uptake in lymphoid tissues by immuno-PET imaging and ex vivo biodistribution. Both (64)Cu-radiolabeled Mbs produced high-contrast immuno-PET images 4 h postinjection and showed specific uptake in the spleen and lymph nodes of antigen-positive mice.
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38
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Cheadle EJ, Gornall H, Baldan V, Hanson V, Hawkins RE, Gilham DE. CAR T cells: driving the road from the laboratory to the clinic. Immunol Rev 2013; 257:91-106. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor J. Cheadle
- Clinical and Experimental Immunotherapy Group; Department of Medical Oncology; Institute of Cancer Sciences; The University of Manchester; Manchester Academic Healthcare Science Centre; Manchester UK
- Targeted Therapy Group; Institute of Cancer Sciences; The University of Manchester; Manchester Academic Healthcare Science Centre; Manchester UK
| | - Hannah Gornall
- Clinical and Experimental Immunotherapy Group; Department of Medical Oncology; Institute of Cancer Sciences; The University of Manchester; Manchester Academic Healthcare Science Centre; Manchester UK
| | - Vania Baldan
- Clinical and Experimental Immunotherapy Group; Department of Medical Oncology; Institute of Cancer Sciences; The University of Manchester; Manchester Academic Healthcare Science Centre; Manchester UK
| | - Vivien Hanson
- Transplantation Laboratory; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Oxford UK
| | - Robert E. Hawkins
- Clinical and Experimental Immunotherapy Group; Department of Medical Oncology; Institute of Cancer Sciences; The University of Manchester; Manchester Academic Healthcare Science Centre; Manchester UK
| | - David E. Gilham
- Clinical and Experimental Immunotherapy Group; Department of Medical Oncology; Institute of Cancer Sciences; The University of Manchester; Manchester Academic Healthcare Science Centre; Manchester UK
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39
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Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma symbolizes a heterogeneous group of diseases resulting from malignant transformation of lymphocytes with differing patterns of behavior and responses to treatment. The potential curability of non-Hodgkin lymphoma differs among the various histologic subtypes and is associated in part with the stage at presentation. CD19 antigen is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin Ig superfamily. CD19 is specifically expressed in normal and neoplastic B-cells. Recent study showed that in a mouse model, CD19 and c-Myc synergize functionally to accelerate B-cell lymphomagenesis, which is associated with increased disease severity. Specificity is the most important challenge in cancer therapeutics. Antibody–drug conjugates have the prospect of enhancing the therapeutic efficacy over unconjugated monoclonal antibodies through the selective delivery of cytotoxic agents to cancer cells. The ubiquitous expression of CD19 in these tumors, especially at an earlier stage and the property of efficient internalization, makes CD19 an attractive and affective target for antibody–drug conjugate therapy as compared to CD20. SAR3419 (huB4-DM4) is a novel antibody–drug conjugate that is composed of a humanized monoclonal IgG1 anti-CD19 antibody (huB4) attached to the potent cytotoxic drug, a maytansine derivative (DM4), through a cleavable disulfide cross-linking agent N-Succinimidyl-4-2-pyridyldithio butanoic acid (SPDB). The preclinical efficacy of maytansine derivative–anti-CD19 conjugate was demonstrated in our laboratory, and SAR3419 was found to be more effective than CHOP in a xenograft model. Phase I trials have also been conducted on the basis of preclinical studies that demonstrated promising antitumor activity with acceptable safety results in human B-cell lymphoma models. Additional trials are ongoing and will provide additional insight into the full potential of this novel drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Raufi
- Lymphoma Research Laboratory, Wayne State University School of Medicine (WSU-SOM), Gordon Scott Hall for Basic Medical Sciences, Detroit, MI, USA
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40
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Zigler M, Shir A, Levitzki A. Targeted cancer immunotherapy. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:504-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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41
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Pranchevicius MCS, Vieira TR. Production of recombinant immunotherapeutics for anticancer treatment: the role of bioengineering. Bioengineered 2013; 4:305-12. [PMID: 23644447 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.24666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most important health problems because many cases are difficult to prevent. Cancer still has unknown mechanisms of pathogenesis, and its capacity to produce temporary or permanent damage, besides death, is very high. Although many anticancer therapies are available, finding a cure for cancer continues to be a difficult task. Thus, many efforts have been made to develop more effective treatments, such as immunotherapy based on a new class of tumor-specific products that are produced using recombinant DNA technology. These recombinant products are used with the main objectives of killing the tumor and stimulating immune cells to respond to the cancer cells. The principal recombinant products in anticancer therapy are immunostimulants, vaccines, antibodies, immunotoxins and fusion proteins. This review focuses on the general aspects of these genetically engineered products, their clinical performance, current advances and future prospects for this type of anticancer therapy.
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42
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The role of tumour-stromal interactions in modifying drug response: challenges and opportunities. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12:217-28. [PMID: 23449307 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of stromal cells and the tumour microenvironment in general in modulating tumour sensitivity is increasingly becoming a key consideration for the development of active anticancer therapeutics. Here, we discuss how these tumour-stromal interactions affect tumour cell signalling, survival, proliferation and drug sensitivity. Particular emphasis is placed on the ability of stromal cells to confer - to tumour cells - resistance or sensitization to different classes of therapeutics, depending on the specific microenvironmental context. The mechanistic understanding of these microenvironmental interactions can influence the evaluation and selection of candidate agents for various cancers, in both the primary site as well as the metastatic setting. Progress in in vitro screening platforms as well as orthotopic and 'orthometastatic' xenograft mouse models has enabled comprehensive characterization of the impact of the tumour microenvironment on therapeutic efficacy. These recent advances can hopefully bridge the gap between preclinical studies and clinical trials of anticancer agents.
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43
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Mellor JD, Brown MP, Irving HR, Zalcberg JR, Dobrovic A. A critical review of the role of Fc gamma receptor polymorphisms in the response to monoclonal antibodies in cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2013; 6:1. [PMID: 23286345 PMCID: PMC3549734 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-6-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is a major mechanism of action of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) such as cetuximab, rituximab and trastuzumab. Fc gamma receptors (FcgR) on human white blood cells are an integral part of the ADCC pathway. Differential response to therapeutic mAbs has been reported to correlate with specific polymorphisms in two of these genes: FCGR2A (H131R) and FCGR3A (V158F). These polymorphisms are associated with differential affinity of the receptors for mAbs. This review critically examines the current evidence for genotyping the corresponding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to predict response to mAbs in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Mellor
- Pharmacy Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia.
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44
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Knowles SM, Wu AM. Advances in immuno-positron emission tomography: antibodies for molecular imaging in oncology. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30:3884-92. [PMID: 22987087 PMCID: PMC3478579 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.42.4887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of cancer cell-surface biomarkers and advances in antibody engineering have led to a sharp increase in the development of therapeutic antibodies. These same advances have led to a new generation of radiolabeled antibodies and antibody fragments that can be used as cancer-specific imaging agents, allowing quantitative imaging of cell-surface protein expression in vivo. Immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET) imaging with intact antibodies has shown success clinically in diagnosing and staging cancer. Engineered antibody fragments, such as diabodies, minibodies, and single-chain Fv (scFv) -Fc, have been successfully employed for immunoPET imaging of cancer cell-surface biomarkers in preclinical models and are poised to bring same-day imaging into clinical development. ImmunoPET can potentially provide a noninvasive approach for obtaining target-specific information useful for titrating doses for radioimmunotherapy, for patient risk stratification and selection of targeted therapies, for evaluating response to therapy, and for predicting adverse effects, thus contributing to the ongoing development of personalized cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Knowles
- All authors: David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Anna M. Wu
- All authors: David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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45
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Miura K, Fujibuchi W, Unno M. Splice isoforms as therapeutic targets for colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:2311-9. [PMID: 23118106 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative pre-mRNA splicing allows exons of pre-mRNA to be spliced in different arrangements to produce functionally distinct mRNAs. More than 95% of human genes encode splice isoforms, some of which exert antagonistic functions. Recent studies revealed that alterations of the splicing machinery can cause the development of neoplasms, and understanding the splicing machinery is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies for malignancies. Colorectal cancer patients need novel strategies not only to enhance the efficacy of the currently available agents but also to utilize newly identified therapeutic targets. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the splice isoforms of VEGFA, UGT1A, PXR, cyclin D1, BIRC5 (survivin), DPD, K-RAS, SOX9, SLC39A14 and other genes, which may be possible therapeutic targets for colorectal cancer. Among them, the VEGFA splice isoforms are classified into VEGFAxxx and VEGFAxxxb, which have proangiogenic and antiangiogenic properties, respectively; UGT1A is alternatively spliced into UGT1A1 and other isoforms, which are regulated by pregnane X receptor isoforms and undergo further splicing modifications. Recently, the splicing machinery has been extensively investigated and novel discoveries in this research field are being reported at a rapid pace. The information contained in this review also provides suggestions for how therapeutic strategies targeting alternative splicing can be further developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh Miura
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
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46
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Oncol 2012; 24:756-68. [PMID: 23079785 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0b013e32835a4c91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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47
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Brown BK, Wieczorek L, Kijak G, Lombardi K, Currier J, Wesberry M, Kappes JC, Ngauy V, Marovich M, Michael N, Ochsenbauer C, Montefiori DC, Polonis VR. The role of natural killer (NK) cells and NK cell receptor polymorphisms in the assessment of HIV-1 neutralization. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29454. [PMID: 22509241 PMCID: PMC3324450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of innate immune cells in HIV-1 pathogenesis and protection has been highlighted by the role of natural killer (NK) cells in the containment of viral replication. Use of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in immunologic studies provides both HIV-1 target cells (ie. CD4+ T cells), as well as anti-HIV-1 effector cells, such as NK cells. In this study, NK and other immune cell populations were analyzed in HIV-negative donor PBMC for an impact on the anti-HIV activity of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. NK cell percentages were significantly higher in donor PBMC that supported lower levels of viral replication. While the percentage of NK cells was not directly associated with neutralization titers, NK cell-depletion significantly diminished the antiviral antibody activity by up to three logs, and polymorphisms in NK killer immunoglobulin receptor (KIR) and FcγRIIIa alleles appear to be associated with this affect. These findings demonstrate that NK cells and NK cell receptor polymorphisms may influence assessment of traditional HIV-1 neutralization in a platform where antibody is continuously present. This format appears to simultaneously assess conventional entry inhibition (neutralization) and non-neutralizing antibody-dependent HIV inhibition, which may provide the opportunity to delineate the dominant antibody function(s) in polyclonal vaccine responses.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Genotype
- HIV-1/immunology
- HIV-1/physiology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/virology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Neutralization Tests
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, KIR3DS1/genetics
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce K. Brown
- Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lindsay Wieczorek
- Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gustavo Kijak
- Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kara Lombardi
- Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Currier
- Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maggie Wesberry
- Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John C. Kappes
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Viseth Ngauy
- Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mary Marovich
- Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nelson Michael
- Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | - Victoria R. Polonis
- Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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48
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Abstract
The use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for cancer therapy has achieved considerable success in recent years. Antibody-drug conjugates are powerful new treatment options for lymphomas and solid tumours, and immunomodulatory antibodies have also recently achieved remarkable clinical success. The development of therapeutic antibodies requires a deep understanding of cancer serology, protein-engineering techniques, mechanisms of action and resistance, and the interplay between the immune system and cancer cells. This Review outlines the fundamental strategies that are required to develop antibody therapies for cancer patients through iterative approaches to target and antibody selection, extending from preclinical studies to human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Scott
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; University of Melbourne; and Centre for PET, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3084, Australia.
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