1
|
Hermann R, Robert C, Lagadec V, Dupre M, Pelisson D, Froment Tilikete C. Catch-Up Saccades in Vestibular Hypofunction: A Contribution of the Cerebellum? CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:136-143. [PMID: 36680705 PMCID: PMC10864466 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01512-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Long-term deficits of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) elicited by head rotation can be partially compensated by catch-up saccades (CuS). These saccades are initially visually guided, but their latency can greatly decrease resulting in short latency CuS (SL-CuS). It is still unclear what triggers these CuS and what are the underlying neural circuits. In this study, we aimed at evaluating the impact of cerebellar pathology on CuS by comparing their characteristics between two groups of patients with bilateral vestibular hypofunction, with or without additional cerebellar dysfunction. We recruited 12 patients with both bilateral vestibular hypofunction and cerebellar dysfunction (BVH-CD group) and 12 patients with isolated bilateral vestibular hypofunction (BVH group). Both groups were matched for age and residual VOR gain. Subjects underwent video head impulse test recording of the horizontal semicircular canals responses as well as recording of visually guided saccades in the step, gap, and overlap paradigms. Latency and gain of the different saccades were calculated. The mean age for BVH-CD and BVH was, respectively, 67.8 and 67.2 years, and the mean residual VOR gain was, respectively, 0.24 and 0.26. The mean latency of the first catch-up saccade was significantly longer for the BVH-CD group than that for the BVH group (204 ms vs 145 ms, p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the latency of visually guided saccades between the two groups, for none of the three paradigms. The gain of covert saccades tended to be lower in the BVH-CD group than in BVH group (t test; p = 0.06). The mean gain of the 12° or 20° visually guided saccades were not different in both groups. Our results suggest that the cerebellum plays a role in the generation of compensatory SL-CuS observed in BVH patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Hermann
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, IMPACT, F-69500, Bron, France
- Lyon I University, Lyon, France
- Cervico-Facial Surgery and Audiophonology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, ENT, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - Camille Robert
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, IMPACT, F-69500, Bron, France
| | - Vincent Lagadec
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, IMPACT, F-69500, Bron, France
- French Vestibular Rehabilitation Society, Lyon, France
| | - Mathieu Dupre
- Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hopital Neurologique Et Neurochirurgical P Wertheimer, Lyon, France
| | - Denis Pelisson
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, IMPACT, F-69500, Bron, France
- Lyon I University, Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Froment Tilikete
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, IMPACT, F-69500, Bron, France.
- Lyon I University, Lyon, France.
- Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hopital Neurologique Et Neurochirurgical P Wertheimer, Lyon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tarrit K, Freedman EG, Francisco AA, Horsthuis DJ, Molholm S, Foxe JJ. No evidence for differential saccadic adaptation in children and adults with an autism spectrum diagnosis. Front Integr Neurosci 2023; 17:1232474. [PMID: 37869448 PMCID: PMC10587467 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2023.1232474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Altered patterns of eye-movements during scene exploration, and atypical gaze preferences in social settings, have long been noted as features of the Autism phenotype. While these are typically attributed to differences in social engagement and interests (e.g., preferences for inanimate objects over face stimuli), there are also reports of differential saccade measures to non-social stimuli, raising the possibility that fundamental differences in visuo-sensorimotor processing may be at play. Here, we tested the plasticity of the eye-movement system using a classic saccade-adaptation paradigm to assess whether individuals with ASD make typical adjustments to their eye-movements in response to experimentally introduced errors. Saccade adaptation can be measured in infants as young as 10 months, raising the possibility that such measures could be useful as early neuro-markers of ASD risk. Methods Saccade amplitudes were measured while children and adults with ASD (N = 41) and age-matched typically developing (TD) individuals (N = 68) made rapid eye-movements to peripherally presented targets. During adaptation trials, the target was relocated from 20-degrees to 15-degrees from fixation once a saccade to the original target location was initiated, a manipulation that leads to systematic reduction in saccade amplitudes in typical observers. Results Neither children nor adults with ASD showed any differences relative to TD peers in their abilities to appropriately adapt saccades in the face of persistently introduced errors. Conclusion Of the three studies to date of saccade adaptation in ASD, none have shown deficits in saccade adaptation that are sufficient to generalize to the whole or a subgroup of the ASD population. Unlike prior studies, we found no evidence for a slower adaptation rate during the early adaptation phase, and no of evidence greater variance of saccade amplitudes in ASD. In post hoc analysis, there was evidence for larger primary saccades to non-adapted targets, a finding requiring replication in future work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katy Tarrit
- Information and Computer Sciences Department, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
- The Frederick J. and Marion A. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Edward G. Freedman
- The Frederick J. and Marion A. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Ana A. Francisco
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Douwe J. Horsthuis
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Sophie Molholm
- The Frederick J. and Marion A. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - John J. Foxe
- The Frederick J. and Marion A. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Goettker A, Borgerding N, Leeske L, Gegenfurtner KR. Cues for predictive eye movements in naturalistic scenes. J Vis 2023; 23:12. [PMID: 37728915 PMCID: PMC10516764 DOI: 10.1167/jov.23.10.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously compared following of the same trajectories with eye movements, but either as an isolated targets or embedded in a naturalistic scene-in this case, the movement of a puck in an ice hockey game. We observed that the oculomotor system was able to leverage the contextual cues available in the naturalistic scene to produce predictive eye movements. In this study, we wanted to assess which factors are critical for achieving this predictive advantage by manipulating four factors: the expertise of the viewers, the amount of available peripheral information, and positional and kinematic cues. The more peripheral information became available (by manipulating the area of the video that was visible), the better the predictions of all observers. However, expert ice hockey fans were consistently better at predicting than novices and used peripheral information more effectively for predictive saccades. Artificial cues about player positions did not lead to a predictive advantage, whereas impairing the causal structure of kinematic cues by playing the video in reverse led to a severe impairment. When videos were flipped vertically to introduce more difficult kinematic cues, predictive behavior was comparable to watching the original videos. Together, these results demonstrate that, when contextual information is available in naturalistic scenes, the oculomotor system is successfully integrating them and is not relying only on low-level information about the target trajectory. Critical factors for successful prediction seem to be the amount of available information, experience with the stimuli, and the availability of intact kinematic cues for player movements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Goettker
- Justus Liebig Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Linus Leeske
- Justus Liebig Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Karl R Gegenfurtner
- Justus Liebig Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pomè A, Tyralla S, Zimmermann E. Altered oculomotor flexibility is linked to high autistic traits. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13032. [PMID: 37563189 PMCID: PMC10415324 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism is a multifaced disorder comprising sensory abnormalities and a general inflexibility in the motor domain. The sensorimotor system is continuously challenged to answer whether motion-contingent errors result from own movements or whether they are due to external motion. Disturbances in this decision could lead to the perception of motion when there is none and to an inflexibility with regard to motor learning. Here, we test the hypothesis that altered processing of gaze-contingent sensations are responsible for both the motor inflexibility and the sensory overload in autism. We measured motor flexibility by testing how strong participants adapted in a classical saccade adaptation task. We asked healthy participants, scored for autistic traits, to make saccades to a target that was displaced either in inward or in outward direction during saccade execution. The amount of saccade adaptation, that requires to shift the internal target representation, varied with the autistic symptom severity. The higher participants scored for autistic traits, the less they adapted. In order to test for visual stability, we asked participants to localize the position of the saccade target after they completed their saccade. We found the often-reported saccade-induced mis-localization in low Autistic Quotient (AQ) participants. However, we also found mislocalization in high AQ participants despite the absence of saccade adaptation. Our data suggest that high autistic traits are associated with an oculomotor inflexibility that might produce altered processing of trans-saccadic vision which might increase the perceptual overstimulation that is experienced in autism spectrum disorders (ASD).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Pomè
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Sandra Tyralla
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eckart Zimmermann
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Masselink J, Cheviet A, Froment-Tilikete C, Pélisson D, Lappe M. A triple distinction of cerebellar function for oculomotor learning and fatigue compensation. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011322. [PMID: 37540726 PMCID: PMC10456158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum implements error-based motor learning via synaptic gain adaptation of an inverse model, i.e. the mapping of a spatial movement goal onto a motor command. Recently, we modeled the motor and perceptual changes during learning of saccadic eye movements, showing that learning is actually a threefold process. Besides motor recalibration of (1) the inverse model, learning also comprises perceptual recalibration of (2) the visuospatial target map and (3) of a forward dynamics model that estimates the saccade size from corollary discharge. Yet, the site of perceptual recalibration remains unclear. Here we dissociate cerebellar contributions to the three stages of learning by modeling the learning data of eight cerebellar patients and eight healthy controls. Results showed that cerebellar pathology restrains short-term recalibration of the inverse model while the forward dynamics model is well informed about the reduced saccade change. Adaptation of the visuospatial target map trended in learning direction only in control subjects, yet without reaching significance. Moreover, some patients showed a tendency for uncompensated oculomotor fatigue caused by insufficient upregulation of saccade duration. According to our model, this could induce long-term perceptual compensation, consistent with the overestimation of target eccentricity found in the patients' baseline data. We conclude that the cerebellum mediates short-term adaptation of the inverse model, especially by control of saccade duration, while the forward dynamics model was not affected by cerebellar pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Masselink
- Institute for Psychology & Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexis Cheviet
- IMPACT Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron cedex, France
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Froment-Tilikete
- IMPACT Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron cedex, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon—Pierre-Wertheimer Hospital, Neuro-Ophtalmology Unit, Bron cedex, France
| | - Denis Pélisson
- IMPACT Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron cedex, France
| | - Markus Lappe
- Institute for Psychology & Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tyralla S, Pomè A, Zimmermann E. Motor recalibration of visual and saccadic maps. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222566. [PMID: 36855869 PMCID: PMC9975659 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
How does the brain maintain an accurate visual representation of external space? Movement errors following saccade execution provide sufficient information to recalibrate motor and visual space. Here, we asked whether spatial information for vision and saccades is processed in shared or in separate resources. We used saccade adaptation to modify both, saccade amplitudes and visual mislocalization. After saccade adaptation was induced, we compared participants' saccadic and perceptual localization before and after we inserted 'no error' trials. In these trials, we clamped the post-saccadic error online to the predicted endpoints of saccades. In separate experiments, we either annulled the retinal or the prediction error. We also varied the number of 'no error' trials across conditions. In all conditions, we found that saccade adaptation remained undisturbed by the insertion of 'no error' trials. However, mislocalization decreased as a function of the number of trials in which zero retinal error was displayed. When the prediction error was clamped to zero, no mislocalization was observed at all. The results demonstrate the post-saccadic error is used separately to recalibrate visual and saccadic space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Tyralla
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Antonella Pomè
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eckart Zimmermann
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Teunissen L, Selen LPJ, Medendorp WP. Abrupt, but not gradual, motor adaptation biases saccadic target selection. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:733-748. [PMID: 36812151 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00223.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor costs influence movement selection. These costs could change when movements are adapted in response to errors. When the motor system attributes the encountered errors to an external cause, appropriate movement selection requires an update of the movement goal, which prompts the selection of a different control policy. However, when errors are attributed to an internal cause, the initially selected control policy could remain unchanged, but the internal forward model of the body needs to be updated, resulting in an online correction of the movement. We hypothesized that external attribution of errors leads to the selection of a different control policy, and thus to a change in the expected cost of movements. This should also affect subsequent motor decisions. Conversely, internal attribution of errors may (initially) only evoke online corrections, and thus is expected to leave the motor decision process unchanged. We tested this hypothesis using a saccadic adaptation paradigm, designed to change the relative motor cost of two targets. Motor decisions were measured using a target selection task between the two saccadic targets before and after adaptation. Adaptation was induced by either abrupt or gradual perturbation schedules, which are thought to induce more external or internal attribution of errors, respectively. By taking individual variability into account, our results show that saccadic decisions shift toward the least costly target after adaptation, but only when the perturbation is abruptly, and not gradually, introduced. We suggest that credit assignment of errors not only influences motor adaptation but also subsequent motor decisions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Decisions between potential motor actions are influenced by their costs, but costs change when movements are adapted. Using a saccadic target selection task, we show that target preference shifts after abrupt, but not after gradual adaptation. We suggest that this difference emerges because abrupt adaptation results in target remapping, and thus directly influences cost calculations, whereas gradual adaptation is mainly driven by corrections to a forward model that is not involved in cost calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lonneke Teunissen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Luc P J Selen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - W Pieter Medendorp
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wagner I, Schütz AC. Interaction of dynamic error signals in saccade adaptation. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:717-732. [PMID: 36791071 PMCID: PMC10027077 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00419.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor adaptation maintains movement accuracy. To evaluate movement accuracy, motor adaptation relies on an error signal, generated by the movement target, while suppressing error signals from irrelevant objects in the vicinity. Previous work used static testing environments, where all information required to evaluate movement accuracy was available simultaneously. Using saccadic eye movements as a model for motor adaptation, we tested how movement accuracy is maintained in dynamic environments, where the availability of conflicting error signals varied over time. Participants made a vertical saccade toward a target (either a small square or a large ring). Upon saccade detection, two candidate stimuli were shown left and right of the target, and participants were instructed to discriminate a feature on one of the candidates. Critically, candidate stimuli were presented sequentially, and saccade adaptation, thus, had to resolve a conflict between a task-relevant and a task-irrelevant error signal that were separated in space and time. We found that the saccade target influenced several aspects of oculomotor learning. In presence of a small target, saccade adaptation evaluated movement accuracy based on the first available error signal after the saccade, irrespective of its task relevance. However, a large target not only allowed for greater flexibility when evaluating movement accuracy, but it also promoted a stronger contribution of strategic behavior when compensating inaccurate saccades. Our results demonstrate how motor adaptation maintains movement accuracy in dynamic environments, and how properties of the visual environment modulate the relative contribution of different learning processes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Motor adaptation is typically studied in static environments, where all information that is required to evaluate movement accuracy is available simultaneously. Here, using saccadic eye movements as a model, we studied motor adaptation in a dynamic environment, where the availability of conflicting information about movement accuracy varied over time. We demonstrate that properties of the visual environment determine how dynamic movement errors are corrected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilja Wagner
- AG Allgemeine und Biologische Psychologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexander C Schütz
- AG Allgemeine und Biologische Psychologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Holmqvist K, Örbom SL, Hooge ITC, Niehorster DC, Alexander RG, Andersson R, Benjamins JS, Blignaut P, Brouwer AM, Chuang LL, Dalrymple KA, Drieghe D, Dunn MJ, Ettinger U, Fiedler S, Foulsham T, van der Geest JN, Hansen DW, Hutton SB, Kasneci E, Kingstone A, Knox PC, Kok EM, Lee H, Lee JY, Leppänen JM, Macknik S, Majaranta P, Martinez-Conde S, Nuthmann A, Nyström M, Orquin JL, Otero-Millan J, Park SY, Popelka S, Proudlock F, Renkewitz F, Roorda A, Schulte-Mecklenbeck M, Sharif B, Shic F, Shovman M, Thomas MG, Venrooij W, Zemblys R, Hessels RS. Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline. Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:364-416. [PMID: 35384605 PMCID: PMC9535040 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-021-01762-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a review of how the various aspects of any study using an eye tracker (such as the instrument, methodology, environment, participant, etc.) affect the quality of the recorded eye-tracking data and the obtained eye-movement and gaze measures. We take this review to represent the empirical foundation for reporting guidelines of any study involving an eye tracker. We compare this empirical foundation to five existing reporting guidelines and to a database of 207 published eye-tracking studies. We find that reporting guidelines vary substantially and do not match with actual reporting practices. We end by deriving a minimal, flexible reporting guideline based on empirical research (Section "An empirically based minimal reporting guideline").
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Holmqvist
- Department of Psychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland.
- Department of Computer Science and Informatics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
- Department of Psychology, Regensburg University, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Saga Lee Örbom
- Department of Psychology, Regensburg University, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ignace T C Hooge
- Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Diederick C Niehorster
- Lund University Humanities Lab and Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert G Alexander
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Jeroen S Benjamins
- Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Social, Health and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Blignaut
- Department of Computer Science and Informatics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | | | - Lewis L Chuang
- Department of Ergonomics, Leibniz Institute for Working Environments and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
- Institute of Informatics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Denis Drieghe
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Matt J Dunn
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Susann Fiedler
- Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tom Foulsham
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Essex, UK
| | | | - Dan Witzner Hansen
- Machine Learning Group, Department of Computer Science, IT University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Enkelejda Kasneci
- Human-Computer Interaction, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Paul C Knox
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ellen M Kok
- Department of Education and Pedagogy, Division Education, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Online Learning and Instruction, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Helena Lee
- University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Joy Yeonjoo Lee
- School of Health Professions Education, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jukka M Leppänen
- Department of Psychology and Speed-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Stephen Macknik
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Päivi Majaranta
- TAUCHI Research Center, Computing Sciences, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Susana Martinez-Conde
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Antje Nuthmann
- Institute of Psychology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marcus Nyström
- Lund University Humanities Lab, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jacob L Orquin
- Department of Management, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Research in Marketing and Consumer Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jorge Otero-Millan
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Soon Young Park
- Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stanislav Popelka
- Department of Geoinformatics, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Frank Proudlock
- The University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Frank Renkewitz
- Department of Psychology, University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany
| | - Austin Roorda
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Bonita Sharif
- School of Computing, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Frederick Shic
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of General Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark Shovman
- Eyeviation Systems, Herzliya, Israel
- Department of Industrial Design, Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mervyn G Thomas
- The University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Ward Venrooij
- Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | - Roy S Hessels
- Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Métais C, Nicolas J, Diarra M, Cheviet A, Koun E, Pélisson D. Neural substrates of saccadic adaptation: Plastic changes versus error processing and forward versus backward learning. Neuroimage 2022; 262:119556. [PMID: 35964865 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous behavioral, clinical, and neuroimaging studies suggest that the neural substrates of adaptation of saccadic eye movements involve, beyond the central role of the cerebellum, several, still incompletely determined, cortical areas. Furthermore, no neuroimaging study has yet tackled the differences between saccade lengthening ("forward adaptation") and shortening ("backward adaptation") and neither between their two main components, i.e. error processing and oculomotor changes. The present fMRI study was designed to fill these gaps. Blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal and eye movements of 24 healthy volunteers were acquired while performing reactive saccades under 4 conditions repeated in short blocks of 16 trials: systematic target jump during the saccade and in the saccade direction (forward: FW) or in the opposite direction (backward: BW), randomly directed FW or BW target jump during the saccade (random: RND) and no intra-saccadic target jump (stationary: STA). BOLD signals were analyzed both through general linear model (GLM) approaches applied at the whole-brain level and through sensitive Multi-Variate Pattern Analyses (MVPA) applied to 34 regions of interest (ROIs) identified from independent 'Saccade Localizer' functional data. Oculomotor data were consistent with successful induction of forward and backward adaptation in FW and BW blocks, respectively. The different analyses of voxel activation patterns (MVPAs) disclosed the involvement of 1) a set of ROIs specifically related to adaptation in the right occipital cortex, right and left MT/MST, right FEF and right pallidum; 2) several ROIs specifically involved in error signal processing in the left occipital cortex, left PEF, left precuneus, Medial Cingulate cortex (MCC), left inferior and right superior cerebellum; 3) ROIs specific to the direction of adaptation in the occipital cortex and MT/MST (left and right hemispheres for FW and BW, respectively) and in the pallidum of the right hemisphere (FW). The involvement of the left PEF and of the (left and right) occipital cortex were further supported and qualified by the whole brain GLM analysis: clusters of increased activity were found in PEF for the RND versus STA contrast (related to error processing) and in the left (right) occipital cortex for the FW (BW) versus STA contrasts [related to the FW (BW) direction of error and/or adaptation]. The present study both adds complementary data to the growing literature supporting a role of the cerebral cortex in saccadic adaptation through feedback and feedforward relationships with the cerebellum and provides the basis for improving conceptual frameworks of oculomotor plasticity and of its link with spatial cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Métais
- IMPACT Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028; CNRS UMR5292; University Claude Bernard Lyon 1; 16, av. du Doyen Lépine, 69676, Bron cedex, France
| | - Judith Nicolas
- IMPACT Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028; CNRS UMR5292; University Claude Bernard Lyon 1; 16, av. du Doyen Lépine, 69676, Bron cedex, France; Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Moussa Diarra
- IMPACT Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028; CNRS UMR5292; University Claude Bernard Lyon 1; 16, av. du Doyen Lépine, 69676, Bron cedex, France; Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LEAD - CNRS UMR5022, Université de Bourgogne, Pôle AAFE, 11 Esplanade Erasme, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Alexis Cheviet
- IMPACT Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028; CNRS UMR5292; University Claude Bernard Lyon 1; 16, av. du Doyen Lépine, 69676, Bron cedex, France
| | - Eric Koun
- IMPACT Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028; CNRS UMR5292; University Claude Bernard Lyon 1; 16, av. du Doyen Lépine, 69676, Bron cedex, France
| | - Denis Pélisson
- IMPACT Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028; CNRS UMR5292; University Claude Bernard Lyon 1; 16, av. du Doyen Lépine, 69676, Bron cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Heins F, Lappe M. Mislocalization after inhibition of saccadic adaptation. J Vis 2022; 22:3. [PMID: 35834378 PMCID: PMC9290319 DOI: 10.1167/jov.22.8.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccadic eye movements are often imprecise and result in an error between expected and actual retinal target location after the saccade. Repeated experience of this error produces changes in saccade amplitude to reduce the error and concomitant changes in apparent visual location. We investigated the relationship between these two plastic processes in a series of experiments. Following a recent paradigm of inhibition of saccadic adaptation, in which participants are instructed to look at the initial target position and to continue to look at that position even if the target were to move again, our participants nevertheless perceived a visual probe presented near the saccade target to be shifted in direction of the target error. The location percept of the target gradually shifted and diverged over time from the executed saccade. Our findings indicate that changes in perceived location can be the same even when changes in saccade amplitude differ according to instruction and can develop even when the amplitude of the saccades executed during the adaptation procedure does not change. There are two possible explanations for this divergence between the adaptation states of saccade amplitude and perceived location. Either the intrasaccadic target step might trigger updating of the association between pre- and post-saccadic target positions, causing the localization shift, or the saccade motor command adjusts together with the perceived location at a common adaptation site, downstream from which voluntary control is exerted upon the executed eye movement only.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Heins
- Institute for Psychology and Otto-Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,
| | - Markus Lappe
- Institute for Psychology and Otto-Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Balestrucci P, Wiebusch D, Ernst MO. ReActLab: A Custom Framework for Sensorimotor Experiments “in-the-wild”. Front Psychol 2022; 13:906643. [PMID: 35800945 PMCID: PMC9254679 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.906643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years online platforms for running psychology experiments beyond simple questionnaires and surveys have become increasingly popular. This trend has especially increased after many laboratory facilities had to temporarily avoid in-person data collection following COVID-19-related lockdown regulations. Yet, while offering a valid alternative to in-person experiments in many cases, platforms for online experiments are still not a viable solution for a large part of human-based behavioral research. Two situations in particular pose challenges: First, when the research question requires design features or participant interaction which exceed the customization capability provided by the online platform; and second, when variation among hardware characteristics between participants results in an inadmissible confounding factor. To mitigate the effects of these limitations, we developed ReActLab (Remote Action Laboratory), a framework for programming remote, browser-based experiments using freely available and open-source JavaScript libraries. Since the experiment is run entirely within the browser, our framework allows for portability to any operating system and many devices. In our case, we tested our approach by running experiments using only a specific model of Android tablet. Using ReActLab with this standardized hardware allowed us to optimize our experimental design for our research questions, as well as collect data outside of laboratory facilities without introducing setup variation among participants. In this paper, we describe our framework and show examples of two different experiments carried out with it: one consisting of a visuomotor adaptation task, the other of a visual localization task. Through comparison with results obtained from similar tasks in in-person laboratory settings, we discuss the advantages and limitations for developing browser-based experiments using our framework.
Collapse
|
13
|
Sanz Diez P, Bosco A, Fattori P, Wahl S. Horizontal target size perturbations during grasping movements are described by subsequent size perception and saccade amplitude. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264560. [PMID: 35290373 PMCID: PMC8923441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception and action are essential in our day-to-day interactions with the environment. Despite the dual-stream theory of action and perception, it is now accepted that action and perception processes interact with each other. However, little is known about the impact of unpredicted changes of target size during grasping actions on perception. We assessed whether size perception and saccade amplitude were affected before and after grasping a target that changed its horizontal size during the action execution under the presence or absence of tactile feedback. We have tested twenty-one participants in 4 blocks of 30 trials. Blocks were divided into two experimental tactile feedback paradigms: tactile and non-tactile. Trials consisted of 3 sequential phases: pre-grasping size perception, grasping, and post-grasping size perception. During pre- and post-phases, participants executed a saccade towards a horizontal bar and performed a manual size estimation of the bar size. During grasping phase, participants were asked to execute a saccade towards the bar and to make a grasping action towards the screen. While grasping, 3 horizontal size perturbation conditions were applied: non-perturbation, shortening, and lengthening. 30% of the trials presented perturbation, meaning a symmetrically shortened or lengthened by 33% of the original size. Participants’ hand and eye positions were assessed by a motion capture system and a mobile eye-tracker, respectively. After grasping, in both tactile and non-tactile feedback paradigms, size estimation was significantly reduced in lengthening (p = 0.002) and non-perturbation (p<0.001), whereas shortening did not induce significant adjustments (p = 0.86). After grasping, saccade amplitude became significantly longer in shortening (p<0.001) and significantly shorter in lengthening (p<0.001). Non-perturbation condition did not display adjustments (p = 0.95). Tactile feedback did not generate changes in the collected perceptual responses, but horizontal size perturbations did so, suggesting that all relevant target information used in the movement can be extracted from the post-action target perception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sanz Diez
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (PSD); (AB)
| | - Annalisa Bosco
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Alma Mater Research Institute For Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (Alma Human AI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail: (PSD); (AB)
| | - Patrizia Fattori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Alma Mater Research Institute For Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (Alma Human AI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Azadi R, McPeek RM. Contextual saccade adaptation induced by sequential saccades. J Neurophysiol 2022; 127:746-755. [PMID: 35171695 PMCID: PMC8917932 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00221.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccade adaptation is the gradual adjustment of saccade end point to maintain spatial accuracy. Contextual adaptation refers to a situation in which the adaptation-related change in saccade end point is contingent on the behavioral context in which the saccade is made. For example, in some situations, the same saccade to the same retinotopic location can be simultaneously adapted in opposite directions depending on the context in which it is made. Saccade adaptation has traditionally been studied in isolated movements, but in everyday life, saccades are often planned and executed in sequences. The oculomotor system may therefore have adaptive mechanisms specific to sequential saccades. Here, in five experiments, we investigated contextual saccade adaptation in sequences of saccades. In the first experiment, we demonstrate that saccades to a given retinotopic location can be simultaneously adapted in opposite directions depending on whether they occur in isolation or in a sequence. In the other experiments, we measured the extent to which properties of the previous and following saccades in a sequence can induce contextual saccade adaptation. Overall, we find that the existence, direction, and amplitude of previous and subsequent saccades, as well as the order of the current saccade within a movement sequence, can all induce contextual adaptation. These novel findings demonstrate the surprising flexibility of the system in maintaining end point accuracy, and support the idea that saccades made in a movement sequence are planned concurrently rather than independently.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study reveals a new type of contextual saccade adaptation: sequential saccades are able to induce contextual saccade adaptation when direction, amplitude, or the existence of preceding and following saccades are used as contexts. These novel findings are also consistent with the idea that saccades made in a sequence are planned concurrently rather than independently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Azadi
- 1Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland,2Graduate Center for Vision Research, State University of
New York College of Optometry, New York, New York
| | - Robert M. McPeek
- 2Graduate Center for Vision Research, State University of
New York College of Optometry, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cheviet A, Masselink J, Koun E, Salemme R, Lappe M, Froment-Tilikete C, Pélisson D. Cerebellar Signals Drive Motor Adjustments and Visual Perceptual Changes during Forward and Backward Adaptation of Reactive Saccades. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:3896-3916. [PMID: 34979550 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccadic adaptation ($SA$) is a cerebellar-dependent learning of motor commands ($MC$), which aims at preserving saccade accuracy. Since $SA$ alters visual localization during fixation and even more so across saccades, it could also involve changes of target and/or saccade visuospatial representations, the latter ($CDv$) resulting from a motor-to-visual transformation (forward dynamics model) of the corollary discharge of the $MC$. In the present study, we investigated if, in addition to its established role in adaptive adjustment of $MC$, the cerebellum could contribute to the adaptation-associated perceptual changes. Transfer of backward and forward adaptation to spatial perceptual performance (during ocular fixation and trans-saccadically) was assessed in eight cerebellar patients and eight healthy volunteers. In healthy participants, both types of $SA$ altered $MC$ as well as internal representations of the saccade target and of the saccadic eye displacement. In patients, adaptation-related adjustments of $MC$ and adaptation transfer to localization were strongly reduced relative to healthy participants, unraveling abnormal adaptation-related changes of target and $CDv$. Importantly, the estimated changes of $CDv$ were totally abolished following forward session but mainly preserved in backward session, suggesting that an internal model ensuring trans-saccadic localization could be located in the adaptation-related cerebellar networks or in downstream networks, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Cheviet
- IMPACT Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron cedex 69676, France
| | - Jana Masselink
- Institute for Psychology and Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Eric Koun
- IMPACT Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron cedex 69676, France
| | - Roméo Salemme
- IMPACT Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron cedex 69676, France
| | - Markus Lappe
- Institute for Psychology and Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Caroline Froment-Tilikete
- IMPACT Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron cedex 69676, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon - Pierre-Wertheimer Hospital, Neuro-Ophtalmology unit, Bron cedex 69500, France
| | - Denis Pélisson
- IMPACT Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron cedex 69676, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tsay JS, Kim H, Haith AM, Ivry RB. Understanding implicit sensorimotor adaptation as a process of proprioceptive re-alignment. eLife 2022; 11:76639. [PMID: 35969491 PMCID: PMC9377801 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple learning processes contribute to successful goal-directed actions in the face of changing physiological states, biomechanical constraints, and environmental contexts. Amongst these processes, implicit sensorimotor adaptation is of primary importance, ensuring that movements remain well-calibrated and accurate. A large body of work on reaching movements has emphasized how adaptation centers on an iterative process designed to minimize visual errors. The role of proprioception has been largely neglected, thought to play a passive role in which proprioception is affected by the visual error but does not directly contribute to adaptation. Here, we present an alternative to this visuo-centric framework, outlining a model in which implicit adaptation acts to minimize a proprioceptive error, the distance between the perceived hand position and its intended goal. This proprioceptive re-alignment model (PReMo) is consistent with many phenomena that have previously been interpreted in terms of learning from visual errors, and offers a parsimonious account of numerous unexplained phenomena. Cognizant that the evidence for PReMo rests on correlational studies, we highlight core predictions to be tested in future experiments, as well as note potential challenges for a proprioceptive-based perspective on implicit adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Tsay
- Department of Psychology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Hyosub Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of DelawareNewarkUnited States,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of DelawareNewarkUnited States
| | - Adrian M Haith
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wolf C, Lappe M. Vision as oculomotor reward: cognitive contributions to the dynamic control of saccadic eye movements. Cogn Neurodyn 2021; 15:547-568. [PMID: 34367360 PMCID: PMC8286912 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-020-09661-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans and other primates are equipped with a foveated visual system. As a consequence, we reorient our fovea to objects and targets in the visual field that are conspicuous or that we consider relevant or worth looking at. These reorientations are achieved by means of saccadic eye movements. Where we saccade to depends on various low-level factors such as a targets' luminance but also crucially on high-level factors like the expected reward or a targets' relevance for perception and subsequent behavior. Here, we review recent findings how the control of saccadic eye movements is influenced by higher-level cognitive processes. We first describe the pathways by which cognitive contributions can influence the neural oculomotor circuit. Second, we summarize what saccade parameters reveal about cognitive mechanisms, particularly saccade latencies, saccade kinematics and changes in saccade gain. Finally, we review findings on what renders a saccade target valuable, as reflected in oculomotor behavior. We emphasize that foveal vision of the target after the saccade can constitute an internal reward for the visual system and that this is reflected in oculomotor dynamics that serve to quickly and accurately provide detailed foveal vision of relevant targets in the visual field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wolf
- Institute for Psychology, University of Muenster, Fliednerstrasse 21, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Lappe
- Institute for Psychology, University of Muenster, Fliednerstrasse 21, 48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
On average, we redirect our gaze with a frequency at about 3 Hz. In real life, gaze shifts consist of eye and head movements. Much research has focused on how the accuracy of eye movements is monitored and calibrated. By contrast, little is known about how head movements remain accurate. I wondered whether serial dependencies between artificially induced errors in head movement targeting and the immediately following head movement might recalibrate movement accuracy. I also asked whether head movement targeting errors would influence visual localization. To this end, participants wore a head mounted display and performed head movements to targets, which were displaced as soon as the start of the head movement was detected. I found that target displacements influenced head movement amplitudes in the same trial, indicating that participants could adjust their movement online to reach the new target location. However, I also found serial dependencies between the target displacement in trial n-1 and head movements amplitudes in the following trial n. I did not find serial dependencies between target displacements and visuomotor localization. The results reveal that serial dependencies recalibrate head movement accuracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eckart Zimmermann
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Song Y, Ouchene L, Khan AZ. Saccadic adaptation in the presence of artificial central scotomas. J Vis 2021; 21:8. [PMID: 33439238 PMCID: PMC7814353 DOI: 10.1167/jov.21.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccadic adaptation can occur over a short period of time through a constant adjustment of the saccade target during the saccade, resulting in saccadic re-referencing, which directs the saccade to a location different from the target that elicited the saccade. Saccade re-referencing could be used to help patients with age-related macular degeneration to optimally use their residual visual function. However, it remains unknown whether saccade adaptation can take place in the presence of central scotomas (i.e., without central vision). We tested participants in two experiments in a conventional double-step paradigm with a central gaze-contingent artificial scotoma. Experiment 1 (N = 12) comprised a backward adaptation paradigm with no scotoma control, visible, and invisible 3° diameter scotoma conditions. Experiment 2 (N = 13) comprised a forward adaptation paradigm with no scotoma control, invisible 2°, and 4° diameter scotoma conditions. In Experiment 1, we observed significant adaptation in both the visible and invisible scotoma conditions comparable to the control condition with no scotoma. This was the case even when the saccade landed such that the target was occluded by the scotoma. We observed that adaptation occurred based on peripheral viewing of the stepped target during the deceleration period. In Experiment 2, we found that both scotoma conditions showed adaptation again comparable to the control condition with no scotoma. We conclude that saccadic adaptation can occur with central scotomas, showing that it does not require central vision and can be driven primarily by peripheral retinal error.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngmin Song
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Vision, Attention and Action Laboratory, School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.,
| | - Lydia Ouchene
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,
| | - Aarlenne Zein Khan
- Vision, Attention and Action Laboratory, School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada., http://www.opto.umontreal.ca/visattac/
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Motor adaptation maintains movement accuracy over the lifetime. Saccadic eye movements have been used successfully to study the mechanisms and neural basis of adaptation. Using behaviorally irrelevant targets, it has been shown that saccade adaptation is driven by errors only in a brief temporal interval after movement completion. However, under natural conditions, eye movements are used to extract information from behaviorally relevant objects and to guide actions manipulating these objects. In this case, the action outcome often becomes apparent only long after movement completion, outside the supposed temporal window of error evaluation. Here, we show that saccade adaptation can be driven by error signals long after the movement when using behaviorally relevant targets. Adaptation occurred when a task-relevant target appeared two seconds after the saccade, or when a retro-cue indicated which of two targets, stored in visual working memory, was task-relevant. Our results emphasize the important role of visual working memory for optimal movement control.
Collapse
|
21
|
Bosco A, Rifai K, Wahl S, Fattori P, Lappe M. Trans-saccadic adaptation of perceived size independent of saccadic adaptation. J Vis 2021; 20:19. [PMID: 32692824 PMCID: PMC7424105 DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.7.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic shortening or lengthening of target objects during saccades modifies saccade amplitudes and perceived size of the objects. These two events are concomitant when size change during the saccade occurs asymmetrically, thereby shifting the center of mass of the object. In the present study, we asked whether or not the two are necessarily linked. We tested human participants in symmetrical systematic shortening and lengthening of a vertical bar during a horizontal saccade, aiming to not modify the saccade amplitude. Before and after a phase of trans-saccadic changes of the target bar, participants manually indicated the sizes of various vertically oriented bars by open-loop grip aperture. We evaluated the effect of trans-saccadic changes of bar length on manual perceptual reports and whether this change depended on saccade amplitude. As expected, we did not induce any change in horizontal or vertical components of saccade amplitude, but we found a significant difference in perceived size after the lengthening experiment compared to after the shortening experiment. Moreover, after the lengthening experiment, perceived size differed significantly from pre-lengthening baseline. These findings suggest that a change of size perception can be induced trans-saccadically, and its mechanism does not depend on saccadic amplitude change.
Collapse
|
22
|
Masselink J, Lappe M. Visuomotor learning from postdictive motor error. eLife 2021; 10:64278. [PMID: 33687328 PMCID: PMC8057815 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensorimotor learning adapts motor output to maintain movement accuracy. For saccadic eye movements, learning also alters space perception, suggesting a dissociation between the performed saccade and its internal representation derived from corollary discharge (CD). This is critical since learning is commonly believed to be driven by CD-based visual prediction error. We estimate the internal saccade representation through pre- and trans-saccadic target localization, showing that it decouples from the actual saccade during learning. We present a model that explains motor and perceptual changes by collective plasticity of spatial target percept, motor command, and a forward dynamics model that transforms CD from motor into visuospatial coordinates. We show that learning does not follow visual prediction error but instead a postdictive update of space after saccade landing. We conclude that trans-saccadic space perception guides motor learning via CD-based postdiction of motor error under the assumption of a stable world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Masselink
- Institute for Psychology and Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Lappe
- Institute for Psychology and Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gheorghe DA, Panouillères MTN, Walsh ND. Investigating the effects of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation on saccadic adaptation and cortisol response. CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2021; 8:1. [PMID: 33397502 PMCID: PMC7784285 DOI: 10.1186/s40673-020-00124-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) over the prefrontal cortex has been shown to modulate subjective, neuronal and neuroendocrine responses, particularly in the context of stress processing. However, it is currently unknown whether tDCS stimulation over other brain regions, such as the cerebellum, can similarly affect the stress response. Despite increasing evidence linking the cerebellum to stress-related processing, no studies have investigated the hormonal and behavioural effects of cerebellar tDCS. METHODS This study tested the hypothesis of a cerebellar tDCS effect on mood, behaviour and cortisol. To do this we employed a single-blind, sham-controlled design to measure performance on a cerebellar-dependent saccadic adaptation task, together with changes in cortisol output and mood, during online anodal and cathodal stimulation. Forty-five participants were included in the analysis. Stimulation groups were matched on demographic variables, potential confounding factors known to affect cortisol levels, mood and a number of personality characteristics. RESULTS Results showed that tDCS polarity did not affect cortisol levels or subjective mood, but did affect behaviour. Participants receiving anodal stimulation showed an 8.4% increase in saccadic adaptation, which was significantly larger compared to the cathodal group (1.6%). CONCLUSION The stimulation effect on saccadic adaptation contributes to the current body of literature examining the mechanisms of cerebellar stimulation on associated function. We conclude that further studies are needed to understand whether and how cerebellar tDCS may module stress reactivity under challenge conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delia A. Gheorghe
- School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Muriel T. N. Panouillères
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- CIAMS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- CIAMS, Université d’Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Stein N. A Comparison of Eye Tracking Latencies Among Several Commercial Head-Mounted Displays. Iperception 2021; 12:2041669520983338. [PMID: 33628410 PMCID: PMC7883159 DOI: 10.1177/2041669520983338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of virtual reality head-mounted displays (HMDs) with integrated eye trackers have recently become commercially available. If their eye tracking latency is low and reliable enough for gaze-contingent rendering, this may open up many interesting opportunities for researchers. We measured eye tracking latencies for the Fove-0, the Varjo VR-1, and the High Tech Computer Corporation (HTC) Vive Pro Eye using simultaneous electrooculography measurements. We determined the time from the occurrence of an eye position change to its availability as a data sample from the eye tracker (delay) and the time from an eye position change to the earliest possible change of the display content (latency). For each test and each device, participants performed 60 saccades between two targets 20° of visual angle apart. The targets were continuously visible in the HMD, and the saccades were instructed by an auditory cue. Data collection and eye tracking calibration were done using the recommended scripts for each device in Unity3D. The Vive Pro Eye was recorded twice, once using the SteamVR SDK and once using the Tobii XR SDK. Our results show clear differences between the HMDs. Delays ranged from 15 ms to 52 ms, and the latencies ranged from 45 ms to 81 ms. The Fove-0 appears to be the fastest device and best suited for gaze-contingent rendering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Stein
- Institute for Psychology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Vencato V, Madelain L. Perception of saccadic reaction time. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17192. [PMID: 33057041 PMCID: PMC7560701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72659-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
That saccadic reaction times (SRTs) may depend on reinforcement contingencies has been repeatedly demonstrated. It follows that one must be able to discriminate one's latencies to adequately assign credit to one's actions, which is to connect behaviour to its consequence. To quantify the ability to perceive one's SRT, we used an adaptive procedure to train sixteen participants in a stepping visual target saccade paradigm. Subsequently, we measured their RTs perceptual threshold at 75% in a conventional constant stimuli procedure. For each trial, observers had to saccade to a stepping target. Then, in a 2-AFC task, they had to choose one value representing the actual SRT, while the other value proportionally differed from the actual SRT. The relative difference between the two alternatives was computed by either adding or subtracting from the actual SRT a percent-difference value randomly chosen among a fixed set. Feedback signalling the correct choice was provided after each response. Overall, our results showed that the 75% SRT perceptual threshold averaged 23% (about 40 ms). The ability to discriminate small SRT differences provides support for the possibility that the credit assignment problem may be solved even for short reaction times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vencato
- UMR 9193-SCALab, CNRS, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France.
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Aix Marseille Université, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille, 13005, France.
| | - Laurent Madelain
- UMR 9193-SCALab, CNRS, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Aix Marseille Université, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille, 13005, France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
A dichoptic feedback-based oculomotor training method to manipulate interocular alignment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15634. [PMID: 32973252 PMCID: PMC7515870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72561-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Strabismus is a prevalent impairment of binocular alignment that is associated with a spectrum of perceptual deficits and social disadvantages. Current treatments for strabismus involve ocular alignment through surgical or optical methods and may include vision therapy exercises. In the present study, we explore the potential of real-time dichoptic visual feedback that may be used to quantify and manipulate interocular alignment. A gaze-contingent ring was presented independently to each eye of 11 normally-sighted observers as they fixated a target dot presented only to their dominant eye. Their task was to center the rings within 2° of the target for at least 1 s, with feedback provided by the sizes of the rings. By offsetting the ring in the non-dominant eye temporally or nasally, this task required convergence or divergence, respectively, of the non-dominant eye. Eight of 11 observers attained 5° asymmetric convergence and 3 of 11 attained 3° asymmetric divergence. The results suggest that real-time gaze-contingent feedback may be used to quantify and transiently simulate strabismus and holds promise as a method to augment existing therapies for oculomotor alignment disorders.
Collapse
|
27
|
Reactive saccade adaptation boosts orienting of visuospatial attention. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13430. [PMID: 32778710 PMCID: PMC7417993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70120-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention and saccadic eye movements are critical components of visual perception. Recent studies proposed the hypothesis of a tight coupling between saccadic adaptation (SA) and attention: SA increases the processing speed of unpredictable stimuli, while increased attentional load boosts SA. Moreover, their cortical substrates partially overlap. Here, we investigated for the first time whether this coupling in the reactive/exogenous modality is specific to the orienting system of attention. We studied the effect of adaptation of reactive saccades (RS), elicited by the double-step paradigm, on exogenous orienting, measured using a Posner-like detection paradigm. In 18 healthy subjects, the attentional benefit—the difference in reaction time to targets preceded by informative versus uninformative cues—in a control exposure condition was subtracted from that of each adaptation exposure condition (backward and forward); then, this cue benefit difference was compared between the pre- and post-exposure phases. We found that, the attentional benefit significantly increased for cued-targets presented in the left hemifield after backward adaptation and for cued-targets presented in the right hemifield after forward adaptation. These findings provide strong evidence in humans for a coupling between RS adaptation and attention, possibly through the activation of a common neuronal pool.
Collapse
|
28
|
Erkelens IM, Bobier WR. Reflexive Fusional Vergence and Its Plasticity Are Impaired in Convergence Insufficiency. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:21. [PMID: 32780865 PMCID: PMC7441356 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.10.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We compared the adaptive capacities of reflexive fusional convergence and divergence in 10 participants with untreated convergence insufficiency (CI) to 10 age-matched binocularly normal controls (BNCs) in an effort to elucidate the functional basis of CI. Methods Vergence responses were monitored binocularly at 250 Hz using video-based infrared oculography, while single and double-step disparity stimuli were viewed dichoptically. The double-step stimuli were designed to induce an adaptive increase in the convergence or divergence reflexive fusional response dynamics. Results As expected, convergence responses in the CI population were significantly slower at baseline (BNC 12.0 ± 1.8°/s vs. CI 7.4 ± 2.5°/s; P < 0.001), but divergence response velocities were similar between groups (P = 0.38). Critically, we observed an impaired adaptive change in convergence peak velocities in the CI group when compared to BNCs (–18.2% ± 27.3% vs. 25.4% ± 9.8%; P < 0.001). Adaptive changes in reflexive fusional divergence responses were similar between groups (P > 0.5) and significantly less robust when compared to BNC convergence. Conclusions The results support the hypothesis that the adaptive capacities of vergence are related to the strength of the underlying reflexive fusional response. Combined, the evidence suggests that the clinical condition of convergence insufficiency is underpinned by an underdeveloped or perturbated reflexive fusional vergence response mechanism. We relate these observations to different clinical guidelines for the management and treatment of this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Erkelens
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - William R Bobier
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Saccadic adaptation shapes perceived size: Common codes for action and perception. Atten Percept Psychophys 2020; 82:3676-3685. [PMID: 32725486 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-020-02102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that perceptual and motor systems share common codes; for instance, perceived object location is known to correlate with motor changes in the oculomotor system. Here, we investigate whether modifying saccade amplitude affects object size perception. Participants saw in peripheral vision a test disk that could vary in size across trials. This disk was then replaced by a small target cross, which was the signal to make a saccade. After the saccade, the target cross was extinguished and replaced by a reference disk (thus seen in foveal vision). Participants had to compare the post- to the pre-saccade disk sizes. Psychometric functions were obtained before and after one session of 142 saccades made toward the cross that either stepped toward the fixation point during the saccade (backward adaptation group) or remained stationary (control group). In the experimental group, stepping the target cross toward fixation during saccades decreased movement amplitude, a phenomenon called saccadic adaptation. We observed a concurrent shift in the psychometric functions reflecting a decrease in perceived object size. Such a perceptual modification did not occur in the control group. Our results reveal that motor changes co-occur with changes in perceived object size. Unlike previous studies evaluating the impact of saccadic adaptation on perceived location, we measured here the perception of another spatial feature (the object size) that is not relevant for the sensorimotor transformation. Theoretical implications of the strong links between oculomotor parameters and object perception are discussed.
Collapse
|
30
|
Wolf C, Wagner I, Schütz AC. Competition between salience and informational value for saccade adaptation. J Vis 2020; 19:26. [PMID: 31880782 DOI: 10.1167/19.14.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
What we see is influenced by where we look. When confronted with multiple relevant targets, inaccurate saccade target selection can impair perceptual performance. Here we ask whether endpoint selection can be optimized by the mechanism maintaining saccade accuracy: saccade adaptation. Therefore, we introduce a double-target adaptation task, where a presaccadic peripheral stimulus (plaid) splits vertically into its two components (Gabor patches) during horizontal saccades. While both targets were task-relevant, one of them provided more information for the perceptual task, because it could only be identified after the saccade with near-foveal vision. The other target was highly salient and could also be identified in the presaccadic plaid using peripheral vision. This double-target paradigm induced saccade adaptation: Without a perceptual task, participants adapted to the salient target. When both targets were judged sequentially, participants mostly adapted to the target they had to judge first. When targets were judged simultaneously, endpoints were biased toward the informative target but showed no gradual learning and fell short of optimality. We observed gradual adaptation when targets shifted randomly such that a strategic adjustment of endpoints was not possible. Overall, these findings show that when multiple targets compete, our oculomotor system can learn to adjust endpoints in order to maximize information for perception. Yet individual variability and other factors affecting target priority play a crucial role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wolf
- AG Allgemeine und Biologische Psychologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Allgemeine Psychologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Ilja Wagner
- AG Allgemeine und Biologische Psychologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexander C Schütz
- AG Allgemeine und Biologische Psychologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kosovicheva A, Bex PJ. Perceptual effects of unequal saccadic adaptation produced by a dichoptic step. J Vis 2020; 20:7. [PMID: 32428198 PMCID: PMC7409615 DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.5.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The binocular coordination of eye movements in a three-dimensional environment involves a combination of saccade and vergence movements. To maintain binocular accuracy and control in the face of sensory and motor changes (that occur with e.g., normal aging, surgery, corrective lenses), the oculomotor system must adapt in response to manifest visual errors. This may be achieved through a combination of binocular and monocular mechanisms, including the recalibration of saccade and vergence amplitudes in response to different visual errors induced in each eye (Maiello, Harrison, & Bex, 2016). This work has used a double-step paradigm to recalibrate eye movements in response to visual errors produced by dichoptic target steps (e.g., leftward in the left eye and rightward in the right eye). Here, we evaluated the immediate perceptual effects of this adaptation. Experiment 1 measured localization errors following adaptation by comparing the apparent locations of pre- and postsaccadic probes. Consistent with previous work showing localization errors following saccadic adaptation, our results demonstrated that adaptation to a dichoptic step produces different localization errors in the two eyes. Furthermore, in Experiment 2, this effect was reduced for a vergence shift in the absence of a saccade, indicating that saccade programming is responsible for a large component of this illusory shift. Experiment 3 measured postsaccadic stereopsis thresholds and indicated that, unlike localization judgments, adaptation did not influence stereoacuity. Together, these results demonstrate novel dichoptic visual errors following oculomotor adaptation and point to monocular and binocular mechanisms involved in the maintenance of binocular coordination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kosovicheva
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter J. Bex
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Souto D, Schütz AC. Task-relevance is causal in eye movement learning and adaptation. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
33
|
Guidetti G, Guidetti R, Manfredi M, Manfredi M, Lucchetta A, Livio S. Saccades and driving. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 39:186-196. [PMID: 31131838 PMCID: PMC6536025 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100x-2176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Driving is not only a physical task, but is also a mental task. Visual inputs are indispensable in scanning the road, communicating with other road users and monitoring in-vehicle devices. The probability to detect an object while driving (conspicuity) is very important for assessment of driving effectiveness, and correct choice of information relevant to the safety of driving determines the efficiency of a driver. Accordingly, eye fixation and eye movements are essential for attention and choice in decision making. Saccades are the most used and effective means of maintaining a correct fixation while driving. In order to identify the features of the most predisposed subjects at high driving performances and those of the high-level sportsmen, we used a special tool called Visual Exploration Training System. We evaluated by saccade and attentional tests various groups of ordinary drivers, past professional racing drivers, professional truck drivers and professional athletes. Males have faster reaction time compared to females and an age below 30 seems to guarantee better precision of performance and accuracy in achieving all visual targets. The effect on physical activity and sports is confirmed. The performances of the Ferrari Driver Academy (FDA) selected students who were significantly better than those of a group of aspiring students and amateur racing drivers probably thanks to individual predisposition, training and so-called ‘neural efficiency’.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Guidetti
- Vertigo Center, Poliambulatorio Chirurgico Modenese, Modena, Italy
| | - R Guidetti
- Vertigo Center, Poliambulatorio Chirurgico Modenese, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Marco Manfredi
- Vertigo Center, Poliambulatorio Chirurgico Modenese, Modena, Italy
| | | | - S Livio
- Professional Motor Coach, Modena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Nicolas J, Bidet-Caulet A, Pélisson D. Inducing oculomotor plasticity to disclose the functional link between voluntary saccades and endogenous attention deployed perifoveally. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17770. [PMID: 31780727 PMCID: PMC6882914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To what extent oculomotor and attention systems are linked remains strongly debated. Previous studies suggested that saccadic adaptation, a well-studied model of oculomotor plasticity, and orienting of attention rely on overlapping networks in the parietal cortex and can functionally interact. Using a Posner-like paradigm in healthy human subjects, we demonstrate for the first time that saccadic adaptation boosts endogenous attention orienting. Indeed, the discrimination of perifoveal targets benefits more from central cues after backward adaptation of leftward voluntary saccades than after a control saccade task. We propose that the overlap of underlying neural networks actually consists of neuronal populations co-activated by oculomotor plasticity and endogenous attention deployed perifoveally. The functional coupling demonstrated here plaids for conceptual models not belonging to the framework of the premotor theory of attention as the latter has been rejected precisely for this voluntary/endogenous modality. These results also open new perspective for rehabilitation of visuo-attentional deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Nicolas
- Integrative Multisensory Perception Action & Cognition Team (ImpAct), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, 69500, Bron, France. .,Brain Dynamics and Cognition (Dycog Team), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, 69500, Bron, France. .,University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France.
| | - Aurélie Bidet-Caulet
- Brain Dynamics and Cognition (Dycog Team), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, 69500, Bron, France.,University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France
| | - Denis Pélisson
- Integrative Multisensory Perception Action & Cognition Team (ImpAct), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, 69500, Bron, France.,University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gremmler S, Lappe M. Postsaccadic eye position contributes to oculomotor error estimation in saccadic adaptation. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:1909-1917. [PMID: 31533010 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00095.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether the proprioceptive eye position signal after the execution of a saccadic eye movement is used to estimate the accuracy of the movement. If so, saccadic adaptation, the mechanism that maintains saccade accuracy, could use this signal in a similar way as it uses visual feedback after the saccade. To manipulate the availability of the proprioceptive eye position signal we utilized the finding that proprioceptive eye position information builds up gradually after a saccade over a time interval comparable to typical saccade latencies. We confined the retention time of gaze at the saccade landing point by asking participants to make fast return saccades to the fixation point that preempt the usability of proprioceptive eye position signals. In five experimental conditions we measured the influence of the visual and proprioceptive feedback, together and separately, on the development of adaptation. We found that the adaptation of the previously shortened saccades in the case of visual feedback being unavailable after the saccade was significantly weaker when the use of proprioceptive eye position information was impaired by fast return saccades. We conclude that adaptation can be driven by proprioceptive eye position feedback.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that proprioceptive eye position information is used after a saccade to estimate motor error and adapt saccade control. Previous studies on saccadic adaptation focused on visual feedback about saccade accuracy. A multimodal error signal combining visual and proprioceptive information is likely more robust. Moreover, combining proprioceptive and visual measures of saccade performance can be helpful to keep vision, proprioception, and motor control in alignment and produce a coherent representation of space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Gremmler
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Lappe
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Flierman NA, Ignashchenkova A, Negrello M, Thier P, De Zeeuw CI, Badura A. Glissades Are Altered by Lesions to the Oculomotor Vermis but Not by Saccadic Adaptation. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:194. [PMID: 31507389 PMCID: PMC6716469 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccadic eye movements enable fast and precise scanning of the visual field, which is partially controlled by the posterior cerebellar vermis. Textbook saccades have a straight trajectory and a unimodal velocity profile, and hence have well-defined epochs of start and end. However, in practice only a fraction of saccades matches this description. One way in which a saccade can deviate from its trajectory is the presence of an overshoot or undershoot at the end of a saccadic eye movement just before fixation. This additional movement, known as a glissade, is regarded as a motor command error and was characterized decades ago but was almost never studied. Using rhesus macaques, we investigated the properties of glissades and changes to glissade kinematics following cerebellar lesions. Additionally, in monkeys with an intact cerebellum, we investigated whether the glissade amplitude can be modulated using multiple adaptation paradigms. Our results show that saccade kinematics are altered by the presence of a glissade, and that glissades do not appear to have any adaptive function as they do not bring the eye closer to the target. Quantification of these results establishes a detailed description of glissades. Further, we show that lesions to the posterior cerebellum have a deleterious effect on both saccade and glissade properties, which recovers over time. Finally, the saccadic adaptation experiments reveal that glissades cannot be modulated by this training paradigm. Together our work offers a functional study of glissades and provides new insight into the cerebellar involvement in this type of motor error.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nico A Flierman
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alla Ignashchenkova
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mario Negrello
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter Thier
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany.,Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nicolas J, Bompas A, Bouet R, Sillan O, Koun E, Urquizar C, Bidet-Caulet A, Pélisson D. Saccadic Adaptation Boosts Ongoing Gamma Activity in a Subsequent Visuoattentional Task. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:3606-3617. [PMID: 30295717 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention and saccadic adaptation (SA) are critical components of visual perception, the former enhancing sensory processing of selected objects, the latter maintaining the eye movements accuracy toward them. Recent studies propelled the hypothesis of a tight functional coupling between these mechanisms, possibly due to shared neural substrates. Here, we used magnetoencephalography to investigate for the first time the neurophysiological bases of this coupling and of SA per se. We compared visual discrimination performance of 12 healthy subjects before and after SA. Eye movements and magnetic signals were recorded continuously. Analyses focused on gamma band activity (GBA) during the pretarget period of the discrimination and the saccadic tasks. We found that GBA increases after SA. This increase was found in the right hemisphere for both postadaptation saccadic and discrimination tasks. For the latter, GBA also increased in the left hemisphere. We conclude that oculomotor plasticity involves GBA modulation within an extended neural network which persists after SA, suggesting a possible role of gamma oscillations in the coupling between SA and attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Nicolas
- ImpAct Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS-UMR5292, University Lyon1, 16, Ave. Doyen Lépine, France.,DyCog Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS-UMR5292, University Lyon1, 95 bd. Pinel, France
| | - Aline Bompas
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff, UK
| | - Romain Bouet
- DyCog Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS-UMR5292, University Lyon1, 95 bd. Pinel, France
| | - Olivier Sillan
- ImpAct Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS-UMR5292, University Lyon1, 16, Ave. Doyen Lépine, France
| | - Eric Koun
- ImpAct Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS-UMR5292, University Lyon1, 16, Ave. Doyen Lépine, France
| | - Christian Urquizar
- ImpAct Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS-UMR5292, University Lyon1, 16, Ave. Doyen Lépine, France
| | - Aurélie Bidet-Caulet
- DyCog Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS-UMR5292, University Lyon1, 95 bd. Pinel, France
| | - Denis Pélisson
- ImpAct Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS-UMR5292, University Lyon1, 16, Ave. Doyen Lépine, France
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cassanello CR, Ostendorf F, Rolfs M. A generative learning model for saccade adaptation. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006695. [PMID: 31398185 PMCID: PMC6703699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasticity in the oculomotor system ensures that saccadic eye movements reliably meet their visual goals-to bring regions of interest into foveal, high-acuity vision. Here, we present a comprehensive description of sensorimotor learning in saccades. We induced continuous adaptation of saccade amplitudes using a double-step paradigm, in which participants saccade to a peripheral target stimulus, which then undergoes a surreptitious, intra-saccadic shift (ISS) as the eyes are in flight. In our experiments, the ISS followed a systematic variation, increasing or decreasing from one saccade to the next as a sinusoidal function of the trial number. Over a large range of frequencies, we confirm that adaptation gain shows (1) a periodic response, reflecting the frequency of the ISS with a delay of a number of trials, and (2) a simultaneous drift towards lower saccade gains. We then show that state-space-based linear time-invariant systems (LTIS) represent suitable generative models for this evolution of saccade gain over time. This state-equation algorithm computes the prediction of an internal (or hidden state-) variable by learning from recent feedback errors, and it can be compared to experimentally observed adaptation gain. The algorithm also includes a forgetting rate that quantifies per-trial leaks in the adaptation gain, as well as a systematic, non-error-based bias. Finally, we study how the parameters of the generative models depend on features of the ISS. Driven by a sinusoidal disturbance, the state-equation admits an exact analytical solution that expresses the parameters of the phenomenological description as functions of those of the generative model. Together with statistical model selection criteria, we use these correspondences to characterize and refine the structure of compatible state-equation models. We discuss the relation of these findings to established results and suggest that they may guide further design of experimental research across domains of sensorimotor adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R. Cassanello
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (CRC); (MR)
| | - Florian Ostendorf
- Department of Neurology, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Rolfs
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (CRC); (MR)
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that saccadic reaction times (SRTs) are influenced by the temporal regularities of dynamic environments (Vullings & Madelain, 2018). Here, we ask whether discriminative control (i.e., the possibility to use external stimuli signaling the future state of the environment) of latencies in a search task might be established using reinforcement contingencies. Eight participants made saccades within 80-750 ms toward a target displayed among distractors. We constructed two latency classes, "short" and "long," using the first and last quartiles of the individual baseline distributions. We then used a latency-contingent display paradigm in which finding the visual target among other items was made contingent upon specific SRTs. For a first group, the postsaccadic target was displayed only following short latencies with leftward saccades, and following long latencies with rightward saccades. The opposite was true for a second group. When short- and long-latency saccades were reinforced (i.e., the target was displayed) depending on the saccade direction, median latencies differed by 74 ms on average (all outside the 98% null hypothesis confidence intervals). Posttraining, in the absence of reinforcement, we still observed strong differences in latency distributions, averaging 64 ms for leftward versus rightward saccades. Our results demonstrate the discriminative control of SRTs, further supporting the effects of reinforcement learning for saccade. This study reveals that saccade triggering is finely controlled by learned temporal and spatial properties of the environment using predictive mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Vullings
- Université de Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Lille, France
| | - Laurent Madelain
- Université de Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Lille, France.,Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sensorimotor maps can be dynamically calibrated using an adaptive-filter model of the cerebellum. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007187. [PMID: 31295248 PMCID: PMC6622474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial experimental evidence suggests the cerebellum is involved in calibrating sensorimotor maps. Consistent with this involvement is the well-known, but little understood, massive cerebellar projection to maps in the superior colliculus. Map calibration would be a significant new role for the cerebellum given the ubiquity of map representations in the brain, but how it could perform such a task is unclear. Here we investigated a dynamic method for map calibration, based on electrophysiological recordings from the superior colliculus, that used a standard adaptive-filter cerebellar model. The method proved effective for complex distortions of both unimodal and bimodal maps, and also for predictive map-based tracking of moving targets. These results provide the first computational evidence for a novel role for the cerebellum in dynamic sensorimotor map calibration, of potential importance for coordinate alignment during ongoing motor control, and for map calibration in future biomimetic systems. This computational evidence also provides testable experimental predictions concerning the role of the connections between cerebellum and superior colliculus in previously observed dynamic coordinate transformations. The human brain contains a structure known as the cerebellum, which contains a vast number of neurons–around 80% of the total ~90 billion. We believe the cerebellum is involved in learning motor skills, and so is vitally important for accurately controlling the movements of our body, amongst other things. However, like most regions of the brain, we still do not fully understand the role of the cerebellum and evidence for new roles is appearing all the time. One such new role is in the calibration of sensorimotor maps in the brain that link our sensory perception to motor function, such as when a visual stimulus causes a redirect of our gaze. We investigated this problem by connecting a mathematical model of the cerebellar cortical microcircuit to simulated sensory maps in the superior colliculus that are used to control orienting movements. We found the error signal generated by inaccurate orienting movements could be used to accurately calibrate sensorimotor maps, and to allow predictive tracking of moving targets. This finding points to a potentially widespread role for the cerebellum in calibrating the sensorimotor maps that are ubiquitous in the brain and could prove useful in controlling the movements of multi-joint robots.
Collapse
|
41
|
Inter-individual variability and consistency of saccade adaptation in oblique saccades: Amplitude increase and decrease in the horizontal or vertical saccade component. Vision Res 2019; 160:82-98. [PMID: 31082404 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite changes in the physical structures controlling the eyes, saccades, the rapid eye movements used to explore the visual environment, remain accurate throughout the lifetime. The process underlying this sensorimotor adaptation is studied using a double step paradigm: an intra-saccadic target displacement introduces a systematic position error which triggers changes in saccadic amplitude or direction across trials. Numerous researches on this saccade adaptation have been conducted, but the level of inter-individual variability and consistency in saccade gain change and how it relates to increase- or decrease-amplitude paradigms is not fully described. We conducted experiments in four groups of 25 participants with 800 trials per participant, including 200 baseline trials and 200 recovery trials. We used four distinct double-step paradigms that differed by the intra-saccadic target-step leading to either a horizontal (Backward or Forward) or vertical (Upward or Downward) gain modulation. Across experiments 95% of the participants exhibited adaptation, revealing the consistency of this phenomenon. We observed strong inter-individual differences, both in the extent and rate of adaptation, which were not correlated with the individual baseline saccades characteristics. As previously reported, the rates of adaptation were higher for gain decrease than for gain increase experiments but the final extent of adaptation were similar. Our results also support the view that adaptation of oblique saccades occurs where the saccade command is represented as a vector. Finally, at the individual level, we did not observe systematic changes in the saccade metrics in relation to adaptation.
Collapse
|
42
|
Mikula L, Jacob M, Tran T, Pisella L, Khan AZ. Spatial and temporal dynamics of presaccadic attentional facilitation before pro- and antisaccades. J Vis 2019; 18:2. [PMID: 30326049 DOI: 10.1167/18.11.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The premotor theory of attention and the visual attention model make different predictions about the temporal and spatial allocation of presaccadic attentional facilitation. The current experiment investigated the spatial and temporal dynamics of presaccadic attentional facilitation during pro- and antisaccade planning; we investigated whether attention shifts only to the saccade goal location or to the target location or elsewhere, and when. Participants performed a dual-task paradigm with blocks of either anti- or prosaccades and also discriminated symbols appearing at different locations before saccade onset (measure of attentional allocation). In prosaccades blocks, correct prosaccade discrimination was best at the target location, while during errors, discrimination was best at the location opposite to the target location. This pattern was inversed in antisaccades blocks, although discrimination remained high opposite to the target location. In addition, we took the benefit of a large range of saccadic landing positions and showed that performance across both types of saccades was best at the actual saccade goal location (where the eye will actually land) rather than at the instructed position. Finally, temporal analyses showed that discrimination remained highest at the saccade goal location, from long before to closer to saccade onset, increasing slightly for antisaccades closer to saccade onset. These findings are in line with the premises of the premotor theory of attention, showing that attentional allocation is primarily linked both temporally and spatially to the saccade goal location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mikula
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,ImpAct team, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Bron, France
| | - Marilyn Jacob
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Trang Tran
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Laure Pisella
- ImpAct team, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Bron, France
| | - Aarlenne Z Khan
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Casteau S, Smith DT. Associations and Dissociations between Oculomotor Readiness and Covert Attention. Vision (Basel) 2019; 3:vision3020017. [PMID: 31735818 PMCID: PMC6802773 DOI: 10.3390/vision3020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea that covert mental processes such as spatial attention are fundamentally dependent on systems that control overt movements of the eyes has had a profound influence on theoretical models of spatial attention. However, theories such as Klein’s Oculomotor Readiness Hypothesis (OMRH) and Rizzolatti’s Premotor Theory have not gone unchallenged. We previously argued that although OMRH/Premotor theory is inadequate to explain pre-saccadic attention and endogenous covert orienting, it may still be tenable as a theory of exogenous covert orienting. In this article we briefly reiterate the key lines of argument for and against OMRH/Premotor theory, then evaluate the Oculomotor Readiness account of Exogenous Orienting (OREO) with respect to more recent empirical data. These studies broadly confirm the importance of oculomotor preparation for covert, exogenous attention. We explain this relationship in terms of reciprocal links between parietal ‘priority maps’ and the midbrain oculomotor centres that translate priority-related activation into potential saccade endpoints. We conclude that the OMRH/Premotor theory hypothesis is false for covert, endogenous orienting but remains tenable as an explanation for covert, exogenous orienting.
Collapse
|
44
|
Lau WK, Maus GW. Directional biases for blink adaptation in voluntary and reflexive eye blinks. J Vis 2019; 19:13. [PMID: 30921815 DOI: 10.1167/19.3.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The oculomotor system is subject to noise, and adaptive processes compensate for consistent errors in gaze targeting. Recent evidence suggests that positional errors induced by eye blinks are also corrected by an adaptive process: When a fixation target is displaced during repeated blinks, subsequent blinks are accompanied by an automatic compensating eye movement anticipating the updated target location after the blink. Here, we further tested the extent of this "blink adaptation." Participants were tasked to look at a white target dot on a black screen and encouraged to blink voluntarily, or air puffs were used to elicit reflexive blinks. In separate runs, the target was displaced by 0.7° in either of the four cardinal directions during blinks. Participants adapted to positional changes during blinks, i.e., the postblink gaze position was biased in the direction of the dot displacement. Adaptation occurred for both voluntary and reflexive blinks. However, adaptation was unequal across different adaptation directions: Horizontally, temporal displacements experienced larger adaptation than nasal displacements; vertically, downward displacements led to larger adaptation than upward displacements. Results paralleled anisotropies commonly found for saccade amplitudes, and thus it is likely that gaze corrections across eye blinks share general constraints of the oculomotor system with saccades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wee K Lau
- School of Social Sciences, Psychology Programme, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Gerrit W Maus
- School of Social Sciences, Psychology Programme, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
van Es DM, Knapen T. Implicit and explicit learning in reactive and voluntary saccade adaptation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0203248. [PMID: 30650083 PMCID: PMC6334942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccades can either be elicited automatically by salient peripheral stimuli or can additionally depend on explicit cognitive goals. Similarly, it is thought that motor adaptation is driven by the combination of a more automatic, implicit process and a more explicit, cognitive process. However, the degree to which such implicit and explicit learning contribute to the adaptation of more reactive and voluntary saccades remains elusive. To study this question, we employed a global saccadic adaptation paradigm with both increasing and decreasing saccade amplitudes. We assessed the resulting adaptation using a dual state model of motor adaptation. This model decomposes learning into a fast and slow process, which are thought to constitute explicit and implicit learning, respectively. Our results show that adaptation of reactive saccades is equally driven by fast and slow learning, while fast learning is nearly absent when adapting voluntary (i.e. scanning) saccades. This pattern of results was present both when saccade gain was increased or decreased. Our results suggest that the increased cognitive demands associated with voluntary compared to reactive saccade planning interfere specifically with explicit learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Marten van Es
- Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Tomas Knapen
- Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, the Netherlands
- Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging, Royal Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Guidetti G, Guidetti R, Sgalla RA. The saccadic training for driving safety. HEARING, BALANCE AND COMMUNICATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/21695717.2018.1540233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Guidetti
- Vertigo Center – Poliambulatorio Chirurgico Modenese, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Antonio Sgalla
- Director for Special Departments of the State Italian Police of Italian Ministry of the Interior, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Several times per second, humans make rapid eye movements called saccades which redirect their gaze to sample new regions of external space. Saccades present unique challenges to both perceptual and motor systems. During the movement, the visual input is smeared across the retina and severely degraded. Once completed, the projection of the world onto the retina has undergone a large-scale spatial transformation. The vector of this transformation, and the new orientation of the eye in the external world, is uncertain. Memory for the pre-saccadic visual input is thought to play a central role in compensating for the disruption caused by saccades. Here, we review evidence that memory contributes to (1) detecting and identifying changes in the world that occur during a saccade, (2) bridging the gap in input so that visual processing does not have to start anew, and (3) correcting saccade errors and recalibrating the oculomotor system to ensure accuracy of future saccades. We argue that visual working memory (VWM) is the most likely candidate system to underlie these behaviours and assess the consequences of VWM's strict resource limitations for transsaccadic processing. We conclude that a full understanding of these processes will require progress on broader unsolved problems in psychology and neuroscience, in particular how the brain solves the object correspondence problem, to what extent prior beliefs influence visual perception, and how disparate signals arriving with different delays are integrated.
Collapse
|
48
|
Guillaume A, Fuller JR, Srimal R, Curtis CE. Cortico-cerebellar network involved in saccade adaptation. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:2583-2594. [PMID: 30207858 PMCID: PMC6295533 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00392.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Saccade adaptation is the learning process that ensures that vision and saccades remain calibrated. The central nervous system network involved in these adaptive processes remains unclear because of difficulties in isolating the learning process from the correlated visual and motor processes. Here we imaged the human brain during a novel saccade adaptation paradigm that allowed us to isolate neural signals involved in learning independent of the changes in the amplitude of corrective saccades usually correlated with adaptation. We show that the changes in activation in the ipsiversive cerebellar vermis that track adaptation are not driven by the changes in corrective saccades and thus provide critical supporting evidence for previous findings. Similarly, we find that activation in the dorsomedial wall of the contraversive precuneus mirrors the pattern found in the cerebellum. Finally, we identify dorsolateral and dorsomedial cortical areas in the frontal and parietal lobes that encode the retinal errors following inaccurate saccades used to drive recalibration. Together, these data identify a distributed network of cerebellar and cortical areas and their specific roles in oculomotor learning. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The central nervous system constantly learns from errors and adapts to keep visual targets and saccades in registration. We imaged the human brain while the gain of saccades adapted to a visual target that was displaced while the eye was in motion, inducing retinal error. Activity in the cerebellum and precuneus tracked learning, whereas parts of the dorsolateral and dorsomedial frontal and parietal cortex encoded the retinal error used to drive learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Guillaume
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Aix Marseille Université , Marseille , France
- Department of Psychology, New York University , New York, New York
| | - Jason R Fuller
- Department of Psychology, New York University , New York, New York
| | - Riju Srimal
- Center for Neural Science, New York University , New York, New York
| | - Clayton E Curtis
- Department of Psychology, New York University , New York, New York
- Center for Neural Science, New York University , New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Pélisson D, Habchi O, Panouillères MTN, Hernoux C, Farnè A. A cortical substrate for the long-term memory of saccadic eye movements calibration. Neuroimage 2018; 179:348-356. [PMID: 29933041 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How movements are continuously adapted to physiological and environmental changes is a fundamental question in systems neuroscience. While many studies have elucidated the mechanisms which underlie short-term sensorimotor adaptation (∼10-30 min), how these motor memories are maintained over longer-term (>3-5 days) -and thanks to which neural systems-is virtually unknown. Here, we examine in healthy human participants whether the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) is causally involved in the induction and/or the retention of saccadic eye movements' adaptation. Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (spTMS) was applied while subjects performed a ∼15min size-decrease adaptation task of leftward reactive saccades. A TMS pulse was delivered over the TPJ in the right hemisphere (rTPJ) in each trial either 30, 60, 90 or 120 msec (in 4 separate adaptation sessions) after the saccade onset. In two control groups of subjects, the same adaptation procedure was achieved either alone (No-TMS) or combined with spTMS applied over the vertex (SHAM-TMS). While the timing of spTMS over the rTPJ did not significantly affect the speed and immediate after-effect of adaptation, we found that the amount of adaptation retention measured 10 days later was markedly larger (42%) than in both the No-TMS (21%) and the SHAM-TMS (11%) control groups. These results demonstrate for the first time that the cerebral cortex is causally involved in maintaining long-term oculomotor memories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Pélisson
- Lyon Neurosciences Research Center (CRNL), Inserm U1028 - CNRS UMR5292 - University Claude Bernard, Lyon, France.
| | - Ouazna Habchi
- Lyon Neurosciences Research Center (CRNL), Inserm U1028 - CNRS UMR5292 - University Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
| | | | - Charles Hernoux
- Lyon Neurosciences Research Center (CRNL), Inserm U1028 - CNRS UMR5292 - University Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
| | - Alessandro Farnè
- Lyon Neurosciences Research Center (CRNL), Inserm U1028 - CNRS UMR5292 - University Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Feil M, Abegg M, Abegg M. Timing of concurrent visual stimuli determines modulation of saccadic amplitude. J Vis 2018; 18:8. [PMID: 30347095 DOI: 10.1167/18.11.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporal relation of competing visual stimuli may determine the corresponding oculomotor response. In this study we systematically varied the temporal coincidence of two conflicting stimuli and investigated saccades that were elicited from such stimuli. We varied the time of presentation of two identical spatially separated stimuli between 0 and +165 ms and measured the amplitude of the saccade elicited by these stimuli using infrared eye tracking. In the first experiment, all stimuli were shown for 36 ms only. In the second experiment, stimuli remained on the screen until the subsequent stimulus appeared, whereas in the third experiment all stimuli were removed after saccade onset. Up to an interstimulus interval of 82 ms, we found a significant shift of the saccadic endpoint toward the location of the second stimulus as compared to saccades toward the first stimulus alone. The strongest saccadic bias was observed if a stimulus was shown 36 ms after or before another stimulus. In contrast, time intervals longer than 82 ms elicited saccade adaptation-that is, the saccadic landing point gradually moved toward the second location over time. In more than 99% of trials, the second stimulus appeared before the saccade reached its endpoint. The timing of a conflicting stimulus determines the associated saccadic response: Simultaneous presentation of two stimuli results in a saccadic endpoint at an averaged intermediate position, short interstimulus intervals result in a strong shift of the saccadic endpoint toward the location of the second of two consecutive stimuli, and longer interstimulus intervals elicit saccade adaptation. The timing of two stimuli thus is associated with distinct processes, which complement each other in order to provide an optimal oculomotor response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Feil
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Meinrad Abegg
- Forest Resources and Management, WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Abegg
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|