1
|
Ciubuc-Batcu MT, Stapelberg NJC, Headrick JP, Renshaw GMC. A mitochondrial nexus in major depressive disorder: Integration with the psycho-immune-neuroendocrine network. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166920. [PMID: 37913835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Nervous system processes, including cognition and affective state, fundamentally rely on mitochondria. Impaired mitochondrial function is evident in major depressive disorder (MDD), reflecting cumulative detrimental influences of both extrinsic and intrinsic stressors, genetic predisposition, and mutation. Glucocorticoid 'stress' pathways converge on mitochondria; oxidative and nitrosative stresses in MDD are largely mitochondrial in origin; both initiate cascades promoting mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage with disruptions to mitochondrial biogenesis and tryptophan catabolism. Mitochondrial dysfunction facilitates proinflammatory dysbiosis while directly triggering immuno-inflammatory activation via released mtDNA, mitochondrial lipids and mitochondria associated membranes (MAMs), further disrupting mitochondrial function and mitochondrial quality control, promoting the accumulation of abnormal mitochondria (confirmed in autopsy studies). Established and putative mechanisms highlight a mitochondrial nexus within the psycho-immune neuroendocrine (PINE) network implicated in MDD. Whether lowering neuronal resilience and thresholds for disease, or linking mechanistic nodes within the MDD pathogenic network, impaired mitochondrial function emerges as an important risk, a functional biomarker, providing a therapeutic target in MDD. Several treatment modalities have been demonstrated to reset mitochondrial function, which could benefit those with MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T Ciubuc-Batcu
- Griffith University School of Medicine and Dentistry, Australia; Gold Coast Health, Queensland, Australia
| | - N J C Stapelberg
- Bond University Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Australia; Gold Coast Health, Queensland, Australia
| | - J P Headrick
- Griffith University School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Australia
| | - G M C Renshaw
- Hypoxia and Ischemia Research Unit, Griffith University, School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo B, Zhang M, Hao W, Wang Y, Zhang T, Liu C. Neuroinflammation mechanisms of neuromodulation therapies for anxiety and depression. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:5. [PMID: 36624089 PMCID: PMC9829236 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mood disorders are associated with elevated inflammation, and the reduction of symptoms after multiple treatments is often accompanied by pro-inflammation restoration. A variety of neuromodulation techniques that regulate regional brain activities have been used to treat refractory mood disorders. However, their efficacy varies from person to person and lack reliable indicator. This review summarizes clinical and animal studies on inflammation in neural circuits related to anxiety and depression and the evidence that neuromodulation therapies regulate neuroinflammation in the treatment of neurological diseases. Neuromodulation therapies, including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial electrical stimulation (TES), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), photobiomodulation (PBM), transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), all have been reported to attenuate neuroinflammation and reduce the release of pro-inflammatory factors, which may be one of the reasons for mood improvement. This review provides a better understanding of the effective mechanism of neuromodulation therapies and indicates that inflammatory biomarkers may serve as a reference for the assessment of pathological conditions and treatment options in anxiety and depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingqi Guo
- grid.413259.80000 0004 0632 3337Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China ,grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XBeijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Mengyao Zhang
- grid.413259.80000 0004 0632 3337Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China ,grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XBeijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Wensi Hao
- grid.413259.80000 0004 0632 3337Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China ,grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XBeijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Yuping Wang
- grid.413259.80000 0004 0632 3337Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China ,grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XBeijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing, 100053 China ,grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XInstitute of sleep and consciousness disorders, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing, 100053, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Naoi M, Maruyama W, Shamoto-Nagai M. Neuroprotective Function of Rasagiline and Selegiline, Inhibitors of Type B Monoamine Oxidase, and Role of Monoamine Oxidases in Synucleinopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911059. [PMID: 36232361 PMCID: PMC9570229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are a group of neurodegenerative disorders caused by the accumulation of toxic species of α-synuclein. The common clinical features are chronic progressive decline of motor, cognitive, behavioral, and autonomic functions. They include Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy body, and multiple system atrophy. Their etiology has not been clarified and multiple pathogenic factors include oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired protein degradation systems, and neuroinflammation. Current available therapy cannot prevent progressive neurodegeneration and “disease-modifying or neuroprotective” therapy has been proposed. This paper presents the molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection by the inhibitors of type B monoamine oxidase, rasagiline and selegiline. They prevent mitochondrial apoptosis, induce anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein family, and pro-survival brain- and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factors. They also prevent toxic oligomerization and aggregation of α-synuclein. Monoamine oxidase is involved in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection, independently of the catalytic activity. Type A monoamine oxidases mediates rasagiline-activated signaling pathways to induce neuroprotective genes in neuronal cells. Multi-targeting propargylamine derivatives have been developed for therapy in various neurodegenerative diseases. Preclinical studies have presented neuroprotection of rasagiline and selegiline, but beneficial effects have been scarcely presented. Strategy to improve clinical trials is discussed to achieve disease-modification in synucleinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Naoi
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-05-6173-1111 (ext. 3494); Fax: +81-561-731-142
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wongso H. Recent progress on the development of fluorescent probes targeting the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO). Anal Biochem 2022; 655:114854. [PMID: 35963341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) was first identified in 1997, and has now become one of the appealing subcellular targets in medicinal chemistry and its related fields. TSPO involves in a variety of diseases, covering neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric disorders, cancers, and so on. To date, various high-affinity TSPO ligands labelled with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/positron emission tomography (PET) radionuclides have been reported, with some third-generation radioligands advanced to clinical trials. On the other hand, only a few number of TSPO ligands have been labelled with fluorophores for disease diagnosis. It is noteworthy that the majority of the TSPO fluorescent probes synthesised to date are based on visible fluorophores, suggesting that their applications are limited to in vitro studies, such as in vitro imaging of cancer cells, post-mortem analysis, and tissue biopsies examinations. In this context, the potential application of TSPO ligands can be broadened for in vivo investigations of human diseases by labelling with near-infrared (NIR)-fluorophores or substituting visible fluorophores with NIR-fluorophores on the currently developed fluorescent probes. In this review article, recent progress on fluorescent probes targeting the TSPO are summarised, with an emphasis on development trend in recent years and application prospects in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hendris Wongso
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency, Puspiptek, Banten, 15314, Indonesia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Giridharan VV, Generoso JS, Lence L, Candiotto G, Streck E, Petronilho F, Pillai A, Sharshar T, Dal-Pizzol F, Barichello T. A crosstalk between gut and brain in sepsis-induced cognitive decline. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:114. [PMID: 35606817 PMCID: PMC9125851 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02472-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a potentially fatal disease characterized by acute organ failure that affects more than 30 million people worldwide. Inflammation is strongly associated with sepsis, and patients can experience impairments in memory, concentration, verbal fluency, and executive functioning after being discharged from the hospital. We hypothesize that sepsis disrupts the microbiota-gut-brain axis homeostasis triggering cognitive impairment. This immune activation persists during treatment, causing neurological dysfunction in sepsis survivors. METHODS To test our hypothesis, adult Wistar rats were subjected to cecal-ligation and perforation (CLP) or sham (non-CLP) surgeries. The animals were subjected to the [11C]PBR28 positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) imaging at 24 h and 10 days after CLP and non-CLP surgeries. At 24 h and 10 days after surgery, we evaluated the gut microbiome, bacterial metabolites, cytokines, microglia, and astrocyte markers. Ten days after sepsis induction, the animals were subjected to the novel object recognition (NOR) and the Morris water maze (MWM) test to assess their learning and memory. RESULTS Compared to the control group, the 24-h and 10-day CLP groups showed increased [11C]PBR28 uptake, glial cells count, and cytokine levels in the brain. Results show that sepsis modulates the gut villus length and crypt depth, alpha and beta microbial diversities, and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). In addition, sepsis surviving animals showed a significant cognitive decline compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS Since several pharmacological studies have failed to prevent cognitive impairment in sepsis survivors, a better understanding of the function of glial cells and gut microbiota can provide new avenues for treating sepsis patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijayasree V Giridharan
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jaqueline S Generoso
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Lence
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Candiotto
- Laboratory of Neurometabolic Diseases, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Emílio Streck
- Laboratory of Neurometabolic Diseases, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Anilkumar Pillai
- Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
- Research and Development, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Tarek Sharshar
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neuroscience, Neurointensive Care and Neuroanesthesia Department, Paris, France
- Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, NSERM UMR 1266, Paris, France
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Molecular biomarkers to track clinical improvement following an integrative treatment model in autistic toddlers. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2021; 33:267-272. [PMID: 33928890 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2021.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Identifying an objective, laboratory-based diagnostic tool (e.g. changes in gene expression), when used in conjunction with disease-specific clinical assessment, could increase the accuracy of the effectiveness of a therapeutic intervention. METHODS We assessed the association between treatment outcome and blood RNA expression before the therapeutic intervention to post-treatment (after 1 year) of five autism spectrum disorder (ASD) toddlers who underwent an intensive cognitive-behavioural intervention integrated with psychomotor and speech therapy. RESULTS We found 113 significant differentially expressed genes enriched for the nervous system, immune system, and transcription and translation-related pathways. Some of these genes, as MALAT-1, TSPO, and CFL1, appear to be promising candidates. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that changes in peripheral gene expression could be used in conjunction with clinical scales to monitor a rehabilitation intervention's effectiveness in toddlers affected by ASD. These results need to be validated in a larger cohort.
Collapse
|
7
|
Giordani A, Menziani MC, Moresco RM, Matarrese M, Paolino M, Saletti M, Giuliani G, Anzini M, Cappelli A. Exploring Translocator Protein (TSPO) Medicinal Chemistry: An Approach for Targeting Radionuclides and Boron Atoms to Mitochondria. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9649-9676. [PMID: 34254805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Translocator protein 18 kDa [TSPO or peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR)] was identified in the search of binding sites for benzodiazepine anxiolytic drugs in peripheral regions. In these areas, binding sites for TSPO ligands were recognized in steroid-producing tissues. TSPO plays an important role in many cellular functions, and its coding sequence is highly conserved across species. TSPO is located predominantly on the membrane of mitochondria and is overexpressed in several solid cancers. TSPO basal expression in the CNS is low, but it becomes high in neurodegenerative conditions. Thus, TSPO constitutes not only as an outstanding drug target but also as a valuable marker for the diagnosis of a number of diseases. The aim of the present article is to show the lesson we have learned from our activity in TSPO medicinal chemistry and in approaching the targeted delivery to mitochondria by means of TSPO ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Giordani
- Rottapharm Biotech S.p.A., Via Valosa di Sopra 9, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Menziani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Moresco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, IBFM-CNR, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Matarrese
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, IBFM-CNR, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Paolino
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Mario Saletti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Germano Giuliani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Anzini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Cappelli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dominguini D, Steckert AV, Abatti MR, Generoso JS, Barichello T, Dal-Pizzol F. The Protective Effect of PK-11195 on Cognitive Impairment in Rats Survived of Polymicrobial Sepsis. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2724-2733. [PMID: 33495933 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is an organ dysfunction caused by a host's unregulated response to infection, causing long-term brain dysfunction with microglial activation, the release of inflammatory components, and mitochondrial changes. Neuroinflammation can increase the expression of the 18-kD translocator protein (TSPO) in the mitochondria, leading to the activation of the microglia and the release of inflammatory components. The antagonist PK-11195 can modulate TSPO and reduce microglial activation and cognitive damage presented in an animal model of sepsis. The aim of this was to evaluate the effects of PK-11195 on long-term brain inflammation and cognitive impairment in an animal model of sepsis. Wistar rats, 60 days old, were submitted to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery, divided into groups control/saline, control/PK-11195, sepsis/saline, and sepsis/PK-11195. Immediately after surgery, the antagonist PK-11195 was administered at a dose of 3 mg/kg. Ten days after CLP surgery, the animals were submitted to behavioral tests and determination of brain inflammatory parameters. The sepsis/saline group presented cognitive damage. However, there was damage prevention in animals that received PK-11195. Besides, the sepsis increased the levels of cytokines and M1 microglia markers and caused oxidative damage. However, PK-11195 had the potential to decrease inflammation. These events show that the modulation of neuroinflammation during sepsis by PK-11195, possibly related to changes in TSPO, improves mitochondrial function in the animals' brains. In conclusion, the antagonist PK-11195 attenuated brain inflammation and prevented cognitive impairment in animals subjected to sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Dominguini
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil.
| | - Amanda V Steckert
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Mariane R Abatti
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline S Generoso
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cui Y, Pan M, Ma J, Song X, Cao W, Zhang P. Recent progress in the use of mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore in mitochondrial dysfunction-related disease therapies. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:493-506. [PMID: 33000352 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03926-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have various cellular functions, including ATP synthesis, calcium homeostasis, cell senescence, and death. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been identified in a variety of disorders correlated with human health. Among the many underlying mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction, the opening up of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) is one that has drawn increasing interest in recent years. It plays an important role in apoptosis and necrosis; however, the molecular structure and function of the mPTP have still not been fully elucidated. In recent years, the abnormal opening up of the mPTP has been implicated in the development and pathogenesis of diverse diseases including ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), neurodegenerative disorders, tumors, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This review provides a systematic introduction to the possible molecular makeup of the mPTP and summarizes the mitochondrial dysfunction-correlated diseases and highlights possible underlying mechanisms. Since the mPTP is an important target in mitochondrial dysfunction, this review also summarizes potential treatments, which may be used to inhibit pore opening up via the molecules composing mPTP complexes, thus suppressing the progression of mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Cui
- School of Life Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mingyue Pan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jing Ma
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xinhua Song
- School of Life Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong Province, China
| | - Weiling Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Role of PPARs in Progression of Anxiety: Literature Analysis and Signaling Pathways Reconstruction. PPAR Res 2020; 2020:8859017. [PMID: 33312191 PMCID: PMC7721491 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8859017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) group includes three isoforms encoded by PPARG, PPARA, and PPARD genes. High concentrations of PPARs are found in parts of the brain linked to anxiety development, including hippocampus and amygdala. Among three PPAR isoforms, PPARG demonstrates the highest expression in CNS, where it can be found in neurons, astrocytes, and glial cells. Herein, the highest PPARG expression occurs in amygdala. However, little is known considering possible connections between PPARs and anxiety behavior. We reviewed possible connections between PPARs and anxiety. We used the Pathway Studio software (Elsevier). Signal pathways were created according to previously developed algorithms. SNEA was performed in Pathway Studio. Current study revealed 14 PPAR-regulated proteins linked to anxiety. Possible mechanism of PPAR involvement in neuroinflammation protection is proposed. Signal pathway reconstruction and reviewing aimed to reveal possible connection between PPARG and CCK-ergic system was conducted. Said analysis revealed that PPARG-dependent regulation of MME and ACE peptidase expression may affect levels of nonhydrolysed, i.e., active CCK-4. Impairments in PPARG regulation and following MME and ACE peptidase expression impairments in amygdala may be the possible mechanism leading to pathological anxiety development, with brain CCK-4 accumulation being a key link. Literature data analysis and signal pathway reconstruction and reviewing revealed two possible mechanisms of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors involvement in pathological anxiety: (1) cytokine expression and neuroinflammation mechanism and (2) regulation of peptidases targeted to anxiety-associated neuropeptides, primarily CCK-4, mechanism.
Collapse
|
11
|
Resende R, Fernandes T, Pereira AC, De Pascale J, Marques AP, Oliveira P, Morais S, Santos V, Madeira N, Pereira CF, Moreira PI. Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and innate immune dysfunction in mood disorders: Do Mitochondria-Associated Membranes (MAMs) play a role? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165752. [PMID: 32119897 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mood disorders like major depression and bipolar disorder (BD) are among the most prevalent forms of mental illness. Current knowledge of the neurobiology and pathophysiology of these disorders is still modest and clear biological markers are still missing. Thus, a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms to identify potential therapeutic targets is a prerequisite for the design of new drugs as well as to develop biomarkers that help in a more accurate and earlier diagnosis. Multiple pieces of evidence including genetic and neuro-imaging studies suggest that mood disorders are associated with abnormalities in endoplasmic-reticulum (ER)-related stress responses, mitochondrial function and calcium signalling. Furthermore, deregulation of the innate immune response has been described in patients diagnosed with mood disorders, including depression and BD. These disease-related events are associated with functions localized to a subdomain of the ER, known as Mitochondria-Associated Membranes (MAMs), which are lipid rafts-like domains that connect mitochondria and ER, both physically and biochemically. This review will outline the current understanding of the role of mitochondria and ER dysfunction under pathological brain conditions, particularly in major depressive disorder (MDD) and BD, that support the hypothesis that MAMs can act in these mood disorders as the link connecting ER-related stress response and mitochondrial impairment, as well as a mechanisms behind sterile inflammation arising from deregulation of innate immune responses. The role of MAMs in the pathophysiology of these pathologies and its potential relevance as a potential therapeutic target will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Resende
- Center for Neuroscience and Cellular Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - T Fernandes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cellular Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A C Pereira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cellular Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J De Pascale
- Center for Neuroscience and Cellular Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A P Marques
- Center for Neuroscience and Cellular Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - P Oliveira
- Department of Psychiatry, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Portugal; Institute of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - S Morais
- Department of Psychiatry, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Portugal; Institute of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - V Santos
- Department of Psychiatry, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Portugal; Institute of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - N Madeira
- Department of Psychiatry, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Portugal; Institute of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C F Pereira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cellular Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - P I Moreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cellular Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Betlazar C, Middleton RJ, Banati R, Liu GJ. The Translocator Protein (TSPO) in Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Immune Processes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020512. [PMID: 32102369 PMCID: PMC7072813 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO) is an outer mitochondrial membrane protein that is widely used as a biomarker of neuroinflammation, being markedly upregulated in activated microglia in a range of brain pathologies. Despite its extensive use as a target in molecular imaging studies, the exact cellular functions of this protein remain in question. The long-held view that TSPO plays a fundamental role in the translocation of cholesterol through the mitochondrial membranes, and thus, steroidogenesis, has been disputed by several groups with the advent of TSPO knockout mouse models. Instead, much evidence is emerging that TSPO plays a fundamental role in cellular bioenergetics and associated mitochondrial functions, also part of a greater role in the innate immune processes of microglia. In this review, we examine the more direct experimental literature surrounding the immunomodulatory effects of TSPO. We also review studies which highlight a more central role for TSPO in mitochondrial processes, from energy metabolism, to the propagation of inflammatory responses through reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulation. In this way, we highlight a paradigm shift in approaches to TSPO functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Calina Betlazar
- Human Health, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; (R.J.M.); (R.B.)
- Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (G-J.L.)
| | - Ryan J. Middleton
- Human Health, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; (R.J.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Richard Banati
- Human Health, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; (R.J.M.); (R.B.)
- Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Guo-Jun Liu
- Human Health, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; (R.J.M.); (R.B.)
- Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (G-J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lacapere JJ, Duma L, Finet S, Kassiou M, Papadopoulos V. Insight into the Structural Features of TSPO: Implications for Drug Development. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 41:110-122. [PMID: 31864680 PMCID: PMC7021566 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO), an 18-kDa transmembrane protein primarily found in the outer mitochondrial membrane, is evolutionarily conserved and widely distributed across species. In mammals, TSPO has been described as a key member of a multiprotein complex involved in many putative functions and, over the years, several classes of ligand have been developed to modulate these functions. In this review, we consider the currently available atomic structures of mouse and bacterial TSPO and propose a rationale for the development of new ligands for the protein. We provide a review of TSPO monomeric and oligomeric states and their conformational flexibility, together with ligand-binding site and interaction mechanisms. These data are expected to help considerably the development of high-affinity ligands for TSPO-based therapies or diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Jacques Lacapere
- Sorbonne Université, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Luminita Duma
- CNRS Enzyme and Cell Engineering Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Stephanie Finet
- IMPMC, UMR 7590 CNRS Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, F11, Eastern Ave, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Giridharan VV, Collodel A, Generoso JS, Scaini G, Wassather R, Selvaraj S, Hasbun R, Dal-Pizzol F, Petronilho F, Barichello T. Neuroinflammation trajectories precede cognitive impairment after experimental meningitis-evidence from an in vivo PET study. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:5. [PMID: 31901235 PMCID: PMC6942362 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1692-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial meningitis is a devastating central nervous system (CNS) infection with acute and long-term neurological consequences, including cognitive impairment. The aim of this study was to understand the association between activated microglia-induced neuroinflammation and post-meningitis cognitive impairment. Method Meningitis was induced in male Wistar rats by injecting Streptococcus pneumoniae into the brain through the cisterna magna, and rats were then treated with ceftriaxone. Twenty-four hours and 10 days after meningitis induction, rats were imaged with positron emission tomography (PET) using [11C]PBR28, a specific translocator protein (TSPO) radiotracer, to determine in vivo microglial activation. Following imaging, the expression of TSPO, cardiolipin, and cytochrome c, inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress markers, and glial activation markers were evaluated in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Ten days after meningitis induction, animals were subjected to behavioral tests, such as the open-field, step-down inhibitory avoidance, and novel object recognition tests. Results Both 24-h (acute) and 10-day (long-term) groups of rats demonstrated increased [11C]PBR28 uptake and microglial activation in the whole brain compared to levels in the control group. Although free from infection, 10-day group rats exhibited increased expression levels of cytokines and markers of oxidative stress, microglial activation (IBA-1), and astrocyte activation (GFAP) similar to those seen in the 24-h group. Acute meningitis induction also elevated TSPO, cytochrome c, and caspase-3 levels with no change in caspase-9 levels. Furthermore, upregulated levels of TSPO, cytochrome c, and caspase-3 and caspase-9 were observed in the rat hippocampus 10 days after meningitis induction with a simultaneous reduction in cardiolipin levels. Animals showed a cognitive decline in all tasks compared with the control group, and this impairment may be at least partially mediated by activating a glia-mediated immune response and upregulating TSPO. Conclusions TSPO-PET could potentially be used as an imaging biomarker for microglial activation and long-term cognitive impairment post-meningitis. Additionally, this study opens a new avenue for the potential use of TSPO ligands after infection-induced neurological sequelae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijayasree V Giridharan
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Allan Collodel
- Experimental Physiopathology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline S Generoso
- Experimental Physiopathology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Giselli Scaini
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rico Wassather
- Micro Analysis Group, Keyence Corporation of America, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Sudhakar Selvaraj
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rodrigo Hasbun
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Experimental Physiopathology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA. .,Experimental Physiopathology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Characterisation of the ligand binding sites in the translocator protein TSPO using the chimeric bacterial-mammalian constructs. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 164:105456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.105456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
16
|
Pace-Schott EF, Amole MC, Aue T, Balconi M, Bylsma LM, Critchley H, Demaree HA, Friedman BH, Gooding AEK, Gosseries O, Jovanovic T, Kirby LA, Kozlowska K, Laureys S, Lowe L, Magee K, Marin MF, Merner AR, Robinson JL, Smith RC, Spangler DP, Van Overveld M, VanElzakker MB. Physiological feelings. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 103:267-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
17
|
Chaves-Filho AJM, Macedo DS, de Lucena DF, Maes M. Shared microglial mechanisms underpinning depression and chronic fatigue syndrome and their comorbidities. Behav Brain Res 2019; 372:111975. [PMID: 31136774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.111975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In 2011, it was reviewed that a) there is a strong co-occurrence between major depression and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), with fatigue and physio-somatic symptoms being key symptoms of depression, and depressive symptoms appearing during the course of CFS; and b) the comorbidity between both disorders may in part be explained by activated immune-inflammatory pathways, including increased translocation of Gram-negative bacteria and increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1. Nevertheless, the possible involvement of activated microglia in this comorbidity has remained unclear. This paper aims to review microglial disturbances in major depression, CFS and their comorbidity. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed / MEDLINE database to identify studies, which are relevant to this current review. Depressed patients present neuroinflammatory alterations, probably related to microglial activation, while animal models show that a microglial response to immune challenges including lipopolysaccharides is accompanied by depressive-like behaviors. Recent evidence from preclinical studies indicates that activated microglia have a key role in the onset of fatigue. In chronic inflammatory conditions, such as infections and senescence, microglia orchestrate an inflammatory microenvironment thereby causing fatigue. In conclusion, based on our review we may posit that shared immune-inflammatory pathways and especially activated microglia underpin comorbid depression and CFS. As such, microglial activation and neuro-inflammation may be promising targets to treat the overlapping manifestations of both depression and CFS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriano José Maia Chaves-Filho
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Danielle S Macedo
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | - David Freitas de Lucena
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; IMPACT Strategic Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Translocator Protein Ligand Protects against Neurodegeneration in the MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinsonism. J Neurosci 2019; 39:3752-3769. [PMID: 30796158 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2070-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, after Alzheimer's disease. Parkinson's disease is a movement disorder with characteristic motor features that arise due to the loss of dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra. Although symptomatic treatment by the dopamine precursor levodopa and dopamine agonists can improve motor symptoms, no disease-modifying therapy exists yet. Here, we show that Emapunil (AC-5216, XBD-173), a synthetic ligand of the translocator protein 18, ameliorates degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, preserves striatal dopamine metabolism, and prevents motor dysfunction in female mice treated with the MPTP, as a model of parkinsonism. We found that Emapunil modulates the inositol requiring kinase 1α (IRE α)/X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) unfolded protein response pathway and induces a shift from pro-inflammatory toward anti-inflammatory microglia activation. Previously, Emapunil was shown to cross the blood-brain barrier and to be safe and well tolerated in a Phase II clinical trial. Therefore, our data suggest that Emapunil may be a promising approach in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our study reveals a beneficial effect of Emapunil on dopaminergic neuron survival, dopamine metabolism, and motor phenotype in the MPTP mouse model of parkinsonism. In addition, our work uncovers molecular networks which mediate neuroprotective effects of Emapunil, including microglial activation state and unfolded protein response pathways. These findings not only contribute to our understanding of biological mechanisms of translocator protein 18 (TSPO) function but also indicate that translocator protein 18 may be a promising therapeutic target. We thus propose to further validate Emapunil in other Parkinson's disease mouse models and subsequently in clinical trials to treat Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
|
19
|
Expression and purification of the mammalian translocator protein for structural studies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198832. [PMID: 29897975 PMCID: PMC5999236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO) is an 18 kDa polytopic membrane protein of the outer mitochondrial membrane, abundantly present in the steroid-synthesising cells. TSPO has been linked to a number of disorders, and it is recognised as a promising drug target with a range of potential medical applications. Structural and biochemical characterisation of a mammalian TSPO requires expression and purification of the protein of high quality in sufficiently large quantities. Here we describe detailed procedures for heterologous expression and purification of mammalian TSPO in HEK293 cells. We demonstrate that the established procedures can be used for untagged TSPO as well as for C-terminally fused TSPO constructs. Our protocol can be routinely used to generate high-quality TSPO preparations for biochemical and structural studies.
Collapse
|
20
|
Miyajima N, Ito M, Rokugawa T, Iimori H, Momosaki S, Omachi S, Shimosegawa E, Hatazawa J, Abe K. Detection of neuroinflammation before selective neuronal loss appearance after mild focal ischemia using [ 18F]DPA-714 imaging. EJNMMI Res 2018; 8:43. [PMID: 29884977 PMCID: PMC5993708 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-018-0400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Translocator protein (TSPO) imaging can be used to detect neuroinflammation (including microglial activation) after acute cerebral infarction. However, longitudinal changes of TSPO binding after mild ischemia that induces selective neuronal loss (SNL) without acute infarction are not well understood. Here, we performed TSPO imaging with [18F]DPA-714 to determine the time course of neuroinflammation and SNL after mild focal ischemia. Results Mild focal ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 20 min. In MCAO rats without acute infarction investigated by 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, in vitro ARG revealed a significant increase of [18F]DPA-714 binding in the ipsilateral striatum compared with that in the contralateral side at 1, 2, 3, and 7 days after MCAO. Increased [18F]DPA-714 binding was observed in the cerebral cortex penumbra, reaching maximal values at 7 days after MCAO. Activation of striatal microglia and astrocytes was observed with immunohistochemistry of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) at 2, 3, and 7 days after MCAO. SNL was investigated with Nissl staining and neuronal nuclei (NeuN) immunostaining and observed in the ischemic core region of the striatum on days 3 and 7 after MCAO. We confirmed that total distribution volume of [18F]DPA-714 in the ipsilateral striatum was significantly increased at 2 and 7 days after MCAO using positron emission tomography (PET). Conclusions [18F]DPA-714 binding measured with in vitro ARG was increased before SNL appeared, and this change was detected by in vivo PET. These findings suggest that TSPO PET imaging might be useful for detection of neuroinflammation leading to SNL after focal ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Miyajima
- Translational Research Unit, Biomarker R&D Department, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, 5610825, Japan.
| | - Miwa Ito
- Translational Research Unit, Biomarker R&D Department, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, 5610825, Japan
| | - Takemi Rokugawa
- Translational Research Unit, Biomarker R&D Department, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, 5610825, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Iimori
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Analysis, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Sotaro Momosaki
- Translational Research Unit, Biomarker R&D Department, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, 5610825, Japan
| | - Shigeki Omachi
- Department of medical affairs, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Eku Shimosegawa
- Department of Molecular Imaging in Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Tracer Kinetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,PET Molecular Imaging Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Hatazawa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Tracer Kinetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,PET Molecular Imaging Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohji Abe
- Translational Research Unit, Biomarker R&D Department, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, 5610825, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Translocator protein (18kDa TSPO) binding, a marker of microglia, is reduced in major depression during cognitive-behavioral therapy. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:1-7. [PMID: 29269262 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies indicated that neuroinflammation might play a role in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). The purpose of this study was to examine changes in a microglial marker in the brain of patients with MDD during cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and supportive psychotherapy (SPT). Participants were newly diagnosed patients with MDD receiving CBT (n=20) or SPT (n=20) who were compared with 20 healthy control subjects. We used [18F]-FEPPA positron emission tomography (PET) to examine translocator protein total distribution volume (TSPO VT), a marker of microglial density and inflammation. Patients were scanned before and after CBT and SPT. Before therapy, TSPO VT was significantly elevated in neocortical grey matter, frontal cortex, temporal cortex, and hippocampus in MDD relative to the control subjects. In the CBT group, but not in the SPT group, TSPO VT was significantly reduced during the treatment period. Reductions in TSPO VT were correlated with the amelioration of depressive symptoms. This correlation was consistent in the hippocampus in both CBT and SPT groups. In conclusion, CBT, when it reduced symptoms, also decreased TSPO VT. Efficient psychosocial interventions were accompanied by the normalization of a glial marker in the brain of patients with MDD, which may indicate reduced pro-inflammatory activity.
Collapse
|