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Yassin W, de Moura FB, Withey SL, Cao L, Kangas BD, Bergman J, Kohut SJ. Resting state networks of awake adolescent and adult squirrel monkeys using ultra-high field (9.4T) functional magnetic resonance imaging. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0173-23.2024. [PMID: 38627065 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0173-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Resting state networks (RSNs) are increasingly forwarded as candidate biomarkers for neuropsychiatric disorders. Such biomarkers may provide objective measures for evaluating novel therapeutic interventions in nonhuman primates often used in translational neuroimaging research. This study aimed to characterize the RSNs of awake squirrel monkeys and compare the characteristics of those networks in adolescent and adult subjects. Twenty-seven squirrel monkeys (n=12 adolescents [6 male/6 female] ∼2.5 years and n=15 adults [7 male/8 female] ∼9.5 years) were gradually acclimated to awake scanning procedures; whole-brain fMRI images were acquired with a 9.4 Tesla scanner. Group level independent component (ICA) analysis (30 ICs) with dual regression was used to detect and compare RSNs. Twenty ICs corresponding to physiologically meaningful networks representing a range of neural functions, including motor, sensory, reward, and cognitive processes were identified in both adolescent and adult monkeys. The reproducibility of these RSNs was evaluated across several ICA model orders. Adults showed a trend for greater connectivity compared to adolescent subjects in two of the networks of interest: (1) in the right occipital region with the OFC network and (2) in the left temporal cortex, bilateral occipital cortex, and cerebellum with the posterior cingulate network. However, when age was entered into the above model, this trend for significance was lost. These results demonstrate that squirrel monkey RSNs are stable and consistent with RSNs previously identified in humans, rodents, and other nonhuman primate species. These data also identify several networks in adolescence that are conserved and others that may change into adulthood.Significance Statement Functional magnetic resonance imaging procedures have revealed important information about how the brain is modified by experimental manipulations, disease states, and aging throughout the lifespan. Preclinical neuroimaging, especially in nonhuman primates, has become a frequently used means to answer targeted questions related to brain resting-state functional connectivity. The present study characterized resting state networks (RSNs) in adult and adolescent squirrel monkeys; twenty RSNs corresponding to networks representing a range of neural functions were identified. The RSNs identified here can be utilized in future studies examining the effects of experimental manipulations on brain connectivity in squirrel monkeys. These data also may be useful for comparative analysis with other primate species to provide an evolutionary perspective for understanding brain function and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walin Yassin
- Behavioral Neuroimaging Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
- Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02478
| | - Fernando B de Moura
- Behavioral Neuroimaging Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
- Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02478
| | - Sarah L Withey
- Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02478
| | - Lei Cao
- Behavioral Neuroimaging Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
- Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Brian D Kangas
- Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02478
| | - Jack Bergman
- Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02478
| | - Stephen J Kohut
- Behavioral Neuroimaging Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
- Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02478
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2
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Diehl Rodriguez R, Tavares MCH, Brucki SMD, Takada LT, Otaduy MCG, da Graça Morais Martin M, Kimie Suemoto C, Grinberg LT, Leite CC, Tomaz C, Nitrini R. Bearded capuchin monkeys as a model for Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6287. [PMID: 38491154 PMCID: PMC10943096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56791-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The absence of a natural animal model is one of the main challenges in Alzheimer's disease research. Despite the challenges of using nonhuman primates in studies, these animals can bridge mouse models and humans, as nonhuman primates are phylogenetically closer to humans and can spontaneously develop AD-type pathology. The capuchin monkey, a New World primate, has recently attracted attention due to its skill in creating and using instruments. We analyzed one capuchin brain using structural 7 T MRI and performed a neuropathological evaluation of three animals. Alzheimer-type pathology was found in the two of the capuchins. Widespread β-amyloid pathology was observed, mainly in focal deposits with variable morphology and a high density of mature plaques. Notably, plaque-associated dystrophic neurites associated with disruption of axonal transport and early cytoskeletal alteration were frequently found. Unlike in other species of New World monkeys, cerebral arterial angiopathy was not the predominant form of β-amyloid pathology. Additionally, abnormal aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau, resembling neurofibrillary pathology, were observed in the temporal and frontal cortex. Astrocyte hypertrophy surrounding plaques was found, suggesting a neuroinflammatory response. These findings indicate that aged capuchin monkeys can spontaneously develop Alzheimer-type pathology, indicating that they may be an advantageous animal model for research in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Diehl Rodriguez
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Group, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, 255 Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-000, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ressonância Magnética em Neurorradiologia (LIM-44) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 250 Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Clotilde H Tavares
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Brasília, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, CEP 70910-900, Brazil
- Primate Center, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Park Way-Núcleo Bandeirante, Brasília, DF, CEP 71750-000, Brazil
| | - Sonia Maria Dozzi Brucki
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Group, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, 255 Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Leonel Tadao Takada
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Group, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, 255 Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Concepción Garcia Otaduy
- Laboratório de Ressonância Magnética em Neurorradiologia (LIM-44) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 250 Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Maria da Graça Morais Martin
- Laboratório de Ressonância Magnética em Neurorradiologia (LIM-44) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 250 Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Claudia Kimie Suemoto
- Biobank for Aging Studies, University of São Paulo, 455 Dr. Arnaldo, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Biobank for Aging Studies, University of São Paulo, 455 Dr. Arnaldo, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-903, Brazil
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Claudia Costa Leite
- Laboratório de Ressonância Magnética em Neurorradiologia (LIM-44) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 250 Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Tomaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Euro-American University Center-UNIEURO, Asa Sul, Brasilia, DF, CEP 70297-400, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Group, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, 255 Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-000, Brazil.
- Biobank for Aging Studies, University of São Paulo, 455 Dr. Arnaldo, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-903, Brazil.
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3
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Rodriguez RD, Tavares MC, Brucki SM, Takada LT, Otaduy MC, da Graça Morais Martin M, Suemoto C, Grinberg L, Leite C, Tomaz C, Nitrini R. Bearded capuchin monkey as a model for Alzheimer's disease research. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3495799. [PMID: 38106066 PMCID: PMC10723548 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3495799/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The absence of a natural animal model is one of the main challenges in Alzheimer's disease research. Despite the challenges of using non-human primates in studies, they can bridge mouse models and humans, as non-human primates are phylogenetically close to humans and can spontaneously develop AD-type pathology. The capuchin monkey, a New World primate, has recently attracted attention due to its skill in creating and using instruments. We analyzed three capuchin brains using structural 7T MRI and neuropathological evaluation. Alzheimer-type pathology was found in one case. Widespread β-amyloid pathology mainly in the form of focal deposits with variable morphology and high density of mature plaques. Noteworthy, plaque-associated dystrophic neurites, associated with disrupted of axonal transport and early cytoskeletal alteration, were frequently found. Unlike other species of New World monkeys, cerebral arterial angiopathy was not the predominant form of β-amyloid pathology. Additionally, abnormal aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau, resembling neurofibrillary pathology, were observed in the temporal and frontal cortex. Besides, astrocyte hypertrophy surrounding plaques was found, suggesting a neuroinflammatory response. Aged capuchin monkeys can spontaneously develop Alzheimer-type pathology, indicating that they may be an advantageous animal model for research in Alzheimer's disease.
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Fasquelle F, Scuotto A, Vreulx AC, Petit T, Charpentier T, Betbeder D. Nasal vaccination of six squirrel monkeys ( Saimiri sciureus): Improved immunization protocol against Toxoplasma gondii with a nanoparticle-born vaccine. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2023; 22:69-74. [PMID: 37720360 PMCID: PMC10500419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoon found worldwide, which completes its life cycle between felids (its definitive host) and other warm-blooded animals. While the infection rarely leads to severe complications in humans, many animal species are very susceptible to this infection, for example the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) which is the subject of this study. Toxoplasmosis is lethal for 80% of cases in this species, and fatal outbreaks are frequently reported in zoological parks. No efficient treatment exists, but a new vaccine prepared with maltodextrin nanoparticles containing killed T. gondii antigens has been tested recently in French zoos. The animals were immunized through heterologous administrations, with two nasal doses at one-month interval, followed by nasal/subcutaneous boosts thereafter. No death has been reported since the beginning of this vaccination campaign, but we felt the protocol could be simplified. Here, an improved and less-invasive immunization protocol was evaluated on 6 Saimiri sciureus in the French zoo La Palmyre. It consisted of two nasal administrations at one-month interval, followed by a nasal boost at 6 months. A specific memory T-cell immunity was observed by ELISPOT after two administrations in all the animals, without humoral responses. The results suggest that 2 nasal administrations induce a protective immune response against T. gondii infection and might be sufficient to induce a strong Tcell memory, further improving immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thierry Petit
- Zoo de La Palmyre, 6 avenue de Royan, 17570, Les Mathes, France
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Huang S, Wen J, Zhang Y, Bai X, Cui ZK. Choosing the right animal model for osteomyelitis research: Considerations and challenges. J Orthop Translat 2023; 43:47-65. [PMID: 38094261 PMCID: PMC10716383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteomyelitis is a debilitating bone disorder characterized by an inflammatory process involving the bone marrow, bone cortex, periosteum, and surrounding soft tissue, which can ultimately result in bone destruction. The etiology of osteomyelitis can be infectious, caused by various microorganisms, or noninfectious, such as chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) and chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO). Researchers have turned to animal models to study the pathophysiology of osteomyelitis. However, selecting an appropriate animal model that accurately recapitulates the human pathology of osteomyelitis while controlling for multiple variables that influence different clinical presentations remains a significant challenge. In this review, we present an overview of various animal models used in osteomyelitis research, including rodent, rabbit, avian/chicken, porcine, minipig, canine, sheep, and goat models. We discuss the characteristics of each animal model and the corresponding clinical scenarios that can provide a basic rationale for experimental selection. This review highlights the importance of selecting an appropriate animal model for osteomyelitis research to improve the accuracy of the results and facilitate the development of novel treatment and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yiqing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiaochun Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhong-Kai Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
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Sengupta A, Wang F, Mishra A, Reed JL, Chen LM, Gore JC. Detection and characterization of resting state functional networks in squirrel monkey brain. Cereb Cortex Commun 2023; 4:tgad018. [PMID: 37753115 PMCID: PMC10518810 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Resting-state fMRI based on analyzing BOLD signals is widely used to derive functional networks in the brain and how they alter during disease or injury conditions. Resting-state networks can also be used to study brain functional connectomes across species, which provides insights into brain evolution. The squirrel monkey (SM) is a non-human primate (NHP) that is widely used as a preclinical model for experimental manipulations to understand the organization and functioning of the brain. We derived resting-state networks from the whole brain of anesthetized SMs using Independent Component Analysis of BOLD acquisitions. We detected 15 anatomically constrained resting-state networks localized in the cortical and subcortical regions as well as in the white-matter. Networks encompassing visual, somatosensory, executive control, sensorimotor, salience and default mode regions, and subcortical networks including the Hippocampus-Amygdala, thalamus, basal-ganglia and brainstem region correspond well with previously detected networks in humans and NHPs. The connectivity pattern between the networks also agrees well with previously reported seed-based resting-state connectivity of SM brain. This study demonstrates that SMs share remarkable homologous network organization with humans and other NHPs, thereby providing strong support for their suitability as a translational animal model for research and additional insight into brain evolution across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Sengupta
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Feng Wang
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Arabinda Mishra
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Jamie L Reed
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Li Min Chen
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - John C Gore
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
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Orset T, Royo J, Santin MD, Pouget P, Thiebaut de Schotten M. A new open, high-resolution, multishell, diffusion-weighted imaging dataset of the living squirrel monkey. Sci Data 2023; 10:224. [PMID: 37081025 PMCID: PMC10119165 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although very well adapted to brain study, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) remains limited by the facilities and capabilities required to acquire data, especially for non-human primates. Addressing the data gaps resulting from these limitations requires making data more accessible and open. In contempt of the regular use of Saimiri sciureus in neuroscience research, in vivo diffusion has yet to be openly available for this species. Here we built and made openly available a unique new resource consisting of a high-resolution, multishell diffusion-weighted dataset in the anesthetized Saimiri sciureus. The data were acquired on 11 individuals with an 11.7 T MRI scanner (isotropic resolution of 400 µm3). This paper presents an overview of our dataset and illustrates some of its possible use through example analyses. To assess the quality of our data, we analyzed long-range connections (whole-brain tractography), microstructure (Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging), and axon diameter in the corpus callosum (ActiveAx). Constituting an essential new resource for primate evolution studies, all data are openly available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Orset
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne University, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France.
| | - Julie Royo
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Sorbonne University, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France
| | | | - Pierre Pouget
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Sorbonne University, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France
| | - Michel Thiebaut de Schotten
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives-UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Yassin W, de Moura FB, Withey SL, Cao L, Kangas BD, Bergman J, Kohut SJ. Resting state networks of awake adolescent and adult squirrel monkeys using ultra-high field (9.4T) functional magnetic resonance imaging. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.08.523000. [PMID: 36711620 PMCID: PMC9881954 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.08.523000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Resting state networks (RSNs) are increasingly forwarded as candidate biomarkers for neuropsychiatric disorders. Such biomarkers may provide objective measures for evaluating novel therapeutic interventions in nonhuman primates often used in translational neuroimaging research. This study aimed to characterize the RSNs of awake squirrel monkeys and compare the characteristics of those networks in adolescent and adult subjects. Twenty-seven squirrel monkeys ( n =12 adolescents [6 male/6 female] ∼2.5 years and n =15 adults [7 male/8 female] ∼9.5 years) were gradually acclimated to awake scanning procedures; whole-brain fMRI images were acquired with a 9.4 Tesla scanner. Group level independent component (IC) analysis (30 ICs) with dual regression was used to detect and compare RSNs. Twenty ICs corresponding to physiologically meaningful networks representing a range of neural functions, including motor, sensory, reward (e.g., basal ganglia), and cognitive processes were identified in both adolescent and adult monkeys. Significant age-related differences between the adult and adolescent subjects (adult > adolescent) were found in two networks of interest: (1) the right upper occipital region with an OFC IC and (2) the left temporal cortex, bilateral visual areas, and cerebellum with the cingulate IC. These results demonstrate that squirrel monkey RSNs are stable and consistent with RSNs previously identified in humans, rodents, and other nonhuman primate species. These data also identify several networks in adolescence that are conserved and others that may change into adulthood. Significance Statement Functional magnetic resonance imaging procedures have revealed important information about how the brain is modified by experimental manipulations, disease states, and aging throughout the lifespan. Preclinical neuroimaging, especially in nonhuman primates, has become a frequently used means to answer targeted questions related to brain resting-state functional connectivity. The present study characterized resting state networks (RSNs) in adult and adolescent squirrel monkeys; twenty RSNs corresponding to networks representing a range of neural functions were identified. The RSNs identified here can be utilized in future studies examining the effects of experimental manipulations on brain connectivity in squirrel monkeys. These data also may be useful for comparative analysis with other primate species to provide an evolutionary perspective for understanding brain function and organization.
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Abstract
The platyrrhine family Cebidae (capuchin and squirrel monkeys) exhibit among the largest primate encephalization quotients. Each cebid lineage is also characterized by notable lineage-specific traits, with capuchins showing striking similarities to Hominidae such as high sensorimotor intelligence with tool use, advanced cognitive abilities, and behavioral flexibility. Here, we take a comparative genomics approach, performing genome-wide tests for positive selection across five cebid branches, to gain insight into major periods of cebid adaptive evolution. We uncover candidate targets of selection across cebid evolutionary history that may underlie the emergence of lineage-specific traits. Our analyses highlight shifting and sustained selective pressures on genes related to brain development, longevity, reproduction, and morphology, including evidence for cumulative and diversifying neurobiological adaptations across cebid evolution. In addition to generating a high-quality reference genome assembly for robust capuchins, our results lend to a better understanding of the adaptive diversification of this distinctive primate clade.
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